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The Best Experience on the Great Barrier Reef

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The Best Experience on the Great Barrier Reef LADY MUSGRAVE REEF FACTS The Best Experience on the Great Barrier Reef 07 4151 5225 ladymusgraveexperience.com.au 2300KMS OF QUEENSLAND REEF COOKTOWN 8000 YEARS OLD CAIRNS TOWNSVILLE MACKAY Great Barrier Reef Lady Musgrave Island ROCKHAMPTON AUSTRALIA BUNDABERG SUNSHINE COAST BRISBANE GOLD COAST large reef areas exposed. It is during these times that the wind eroded large gullies and ridges amongst the coral. When the polar caps melted up of over 2,700 individual reefs with and sea levels rose, what was ORIGIN OF almost as many islands and cays. once dry limestone bedrock once again supported coral growth. This The first reef systems began to grow THE GREAT process of sea level change has in this area some 2 million years occurred many times in the last 2 BARRIER REEF ago when Northern Australia drifted million years since the reef formed. The Great Barrier Reef is one into the tropics. Due to tides and of the world’s most complex and currents many different organisms Due to this continual growth of new biologically diverse ecosystems. drifted down from the surrounding coral over the old skeleton as the The reef stretches for 2,300 areas of Malaysia and Indonesia sea level rose and fell, the Great kilometres along most of the where they were able to establish Barrier Reef today in most places is Queensland coast, starting at Cape and grow in this new environment. a maximum of 300 metres thick. The York in the north to just north of Since this time several ice ages present day Great Barrier Reef is Bundaberg in the south. The reef have occurred resulting in dramatic around 8000 years old with much of however, as the name suggests is sea level changes. During each ice this growth taking place in a period not one continual barrier but is made age, sea levels subsided leaving of relatively stable sea levels. and rainwater but maintain their REEFSCAPES basic shape. After rising sea levels Lady Musgrave’s story began submerge them again, new coral 2 million years ago when coral reefs grows over the ancient structure. first began to form in this area. Sea level reached its lowest (about SEA LEVEL STABILISED Following their formation, reefs have 120m below the present level) in the been flooded and stranded as sea 6000 YEARS AGO last ice age some 18,000 years ago. levels have risen and fallen. When At that time land reached out to the reefs are exposed as limestone hills edge of the continental shelf. The at times of very low sea level, they polar icecaps began to melt, and are eroded by wind for 10,000 years the sea level rose. Coral grew on the mounds of the old reefs as they were submerged, but could not keep up with the rising sea. About 6,000 years ago, the sea level stabilised, and reefs grew closer to the surface. Some have now reached sea level, while others are still well below it. SOUTHERN GREAT BARRIER REEF years. (In 1983 a large bulk carrier, At the southern end of The Great DISCOVERY the TNT Alltrans grounded on Lady Barrier Reef, close to the Tropic of In 1770, Captain James Cook Musgrave Reef, but was refloated). Capricorn, lies a string of islands travelled up the Queensland coast Capricornia’s peace was shattered in and reefs known as “Capricornia” close to the mainland, out of sight of the late 19th Century with the arrival the Capricorn and Bunker Group. the islands of Capricornia. Flinders of miners seeking phosphate rock Capricornia’s 22 reefs, 13 of them in 1802 may have seen Masthead or guano. They began on Lady Elliot with islands, are about 80km Island but the first definite sighting Island in 1863 and left a devastated from the mainland, in the shallow of the Capricornia cays was by landscape stripped of trees and seas above the continental Captain Bunker in 1803. The topsoil. Grazing goats aggravated shelf. Capricornia is an important southernmost cay on the reef, Lady the damage and only in the last conservation area and is part of Elliott Island was named after Lady 20 years has the island begun to the World Heritage Site declared Elliot which sailed past in 1816. The recover. Fairfax and Lady Musgrave over the Great Barrier Reef. island’s position was fixed three Islands were mined at the end of Eighteen thousand years ago, the years later by Phillip Parker King, the 19th Century, and on both reefs of Capricornia were limestone on the first of his 3 voyages to the these islands, goats also caused hills on a coastal landscape. southern reef. On his second voyage extensive damage. Aboriginal family groups painted in 1820, King named the island and Lady Musgrave Island was the site in the caves and harvested rich in 1821 he observed several other of Capricornia’s second tourist food supplies from the coastal Capricornia Islands. Masthead Island resort, established in 1939, but plains and fringing reefs. Then, was named in 1839 by Wickham this soon closed due to financial generation after generation, the and Stokes in the Beagle, then in troubles. (The first tourist resort was tribes traditional hunting grounds 1843 Captain Blackwood in H.M.S. established in 1932 on Heron Island, were flooded by a slowly rising Fly, accompanied the Bramble and utilising the old turtle soup cannery). sea. The cays which developed in surveyed all the islands and reefs. Canneries were established on both Capricornia were a long journey The party visited North West Island Heron and North West Islands in the across often rough water and there and named Wreck Island (after the early 1900’s. Harvesting ceased by is no evidence that they were America which was wrecked there 1930 due to over exploitation and visited by Aboriginals. in 1831), Heron Island (named after 20 years later turtles were the graceful egrets) and One Tree protected. Half of Lady Musgrave Island. Jukes also wrote about Lady Island was declared a national park Musgrave, calling it “The First Bunker in 1938 with the remainder declared Island”. Lady Musgrave Island was in 1967. CAPRICORN named after Jeannie, the American born wife of a Queensland Governor, GROUP KEPPEL IS. Sir Anthony Musgrave. YEPPOON NORTHWEST IS. WILSON IS. Later as ports of central and LADY MUSGRAVE HERON IS. northern Queensland became MASTHEAD established, shipping in the vicinity ISLAND WAS CAMP IS. FITZROY REEF of Capricornia increased. In 1866 a NAMED AFTER LLEWELLYN REEF BOULT REEF temporary lighthouse was erected THE QUEENSLAND GLADSTONE FAIRFAX IS. on Lady Elliott Island and a more LADY MUSGRAVE permanent structure was built in GOVERNOR 1873. North reef lighthouse followed SIR ANTHONY BUNKER in 1878. A lighthouse was placed on Lady Musgrave Island in 1974. In MUSGRAVE’S WIFE GROUP spite of these beacons, there have been numerous shipwrecks over the AUSTRALIA BUNDABERG LADY MUSGRAVE ISLAND IS A 14 HECTARE CORAL CAY THE SHELTERED LAGOON IS UP TO LADY MUSGRAVE 8 METRES DEEP ISLAND AND REEF Lady Musgrave Island is the southernmost island in the Much of the island has been formed from coral shingle, Bunker Group. The island is a 14-hectare coral cay with a and its shallow soils, along with strong winds, have 1192 ha surrounding reef, occupied by a large sheltered influenced the vegetation. lagoon. Cays in Capricornia such as Lady Musgrave are The tree canopy is low compared to sandy cays further low, flat islands which have never been connected to the north, rising from 6 – 8 metres on the southern side to a mainland but have formed from the reef which surrounds maximum of about 15 metres. The open vegetation of the them. They develop as fragments of coral, algae and southern eastern side of the island gives way to rambling other reef inhabitants are deposited on one part of the stands of Pisonia and sandpiper fig in the centre. The reef, (usually the leeside) by waves and storms. This Pisonia forest gradually increase in height and density process has resulted in the formation of Lady Musgrave towards the sheltered north western side. Island. The surrounding beaches are mostly sandy. Conglomerate and beach rock outcrops which can be The island tree Pisonia (Pisonia grandis) is well adapted to seen on the island, have been formed by chemical island life, and often grows in dense forests which allows processes which cement the coral shingle and sand. little light to penetrate the forest floor, thus excluding most other plants. Pisonias flourish in the calcium rich The platform reef of Lady Musgrave has distinct natural cay soils and in dry times survive by shedding leaves. zones and includes a deep lagoon. The windward reef Branches blown down in storms sprout new leaves slope is steep, with a “spur and groove” structure. On and roots. The sticky seeds are dispersed by seabirds, the spurs are beautiful branching staghorn corals whilst especially the black noddies that nest in the Pisonias. the grooves that are scoured by tides and currents, are relatively bare. The reef crest, a rocky rim, is the The beach on the lee side of Lady Musgrave is backed highest point on the reef and is covered with cemented by stands of the graceful coastal sheoak and on the encrusting algae. windward side by pandanus trees. On the beach, creepers, herbs and grasses, such as the green, The outer edge of the reef flat boasts many coral pincushion like beach carrot are abundant. varieties, whilst sand dominates the bottom, inside the lagoon. The sheltered lagoon is up to 8 metres deep Native animals living on the island arrived by flying, with intermittent patch reefs.
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