Communicating with the Calf
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Beef Showmanship Parts of a Steer
Beef Showmanship Parts of a Steer Wholesale Cuts of a Market Steer Common Cattle Breeds Angus (English) Maine Anjou Charolaise Short Horn Hereford (English) Simmental Showmanship Terms/Questions Bull: an intact adult male Steer: a male castrated prior to development of secondary sexual characteristics Stag: a male castrated after development of secondary sexual characteristics Cow: a female that has given birth Heifer: a young female that has not yet given birth Calf: a young bovine animal Polled: a beef animal that naturally lacks horns 1. What is the feed conversion ratio for cattle? a. 7 lbs. feed/1 lb. gain 2. About what % of water will a calf drink of its body weight in cold weather? a. 8% …and in hot weather? a. 19% 2. What is the average daily weight gain of a market steer? a. 2.0 – 4 lbs./day 3. What is the approximate percent crude protein that growing cattle should be fed? a. 12 – 16% 4. What is the most common concentrate in beef rations? a. Corn 5. What are three examples of feed ingredients used as a protein source in a ration? a. Cottonseed meal, soybean meal, distillers grain brewers grain, corn gluten meal 6. Name two forage products used in a beef cattle ration: a. Alfalfa, hay, ground alfalfa, leaf meal, ground grass 7. What is the normal temperature of a cow? a. 101.0°F 8. The gestation period for a cow is…? a. 285 days (9 months, 7 days) 9. How many stomachs does a steer have? Name them. a. 4: Rumen, Omasum, Abomasum, and Reticulum 10. -
Calf Stretching and Strengthening Exercises
Julie Dass Injury Clinic 108 Milton Road Phone: 01234349464 Clapham Email: [email protected] Bedford MK416as Exercise plan: Patient: Date: Calf Stretches and Strengthening Mrs Julie Dass 31st Mar 2017 Exercises Eccentric calf strengthening exercise Stand with your toes on the edge of a step or a box. Hold onto something stable for support if required. We will assume the leg you are trying to strengthen is your left leg (the injured side). Lift your left leg off the step, and go onto your toes on your right leg. Now place your left foot beside the right, and place all your weight on your left leg. Drop your heels downwards below the level of the step. Use your right leg (non-injured leg) to lift yourself back to the start position. Make sure you keep your leg straight during the exercise. This exercise can help strengthen the calf muscle and may be useful for treating Achilles tendinopathy. Full squat single leg Stand on one leg, and bend your knee to the full squat (90 degrees) position. Make sure when you squat you keep the middle of your knee cap in line with the middle toes of your foot. Do not let your knee drift off to one side. Also keep your hips and pelvis level as you squat, so you go down in a straight line. Be careful not to slump forwards as you squat, maintain good posture. Always keep your foot flat on the ground, do not let your heel raise up. Video: http://youtu.be/afJNrDNonAc Full wall squat Open your legs slightly wider than shoulder width, stand with your back resting against a wall, and bend your knees to the full squat position (90 degrees). -
GLOSSARY of MEDICAL and ANATOMICAL TERMS
GLOSSARY of MEDICAL and ANATOMICAL TERMS Abbreviations: • A. Arabic • abb. = abbreviation • c. circa = about • F. French • adj. adjective • G. Greek • Ge. German • cf. compare • L. Latin • dim. = diminutive • OF. Old French • ( ) plural form in brackets A-band abb. of anisotropic band G. anisos = unequal + tropos = turning; meaning having not equal properties in every direction; transverse bands in living skeletal muscle which rotate the plane of polarised light, cf. I-band. Abbé, Ernst. 1840-1905. German physicist; mathematical analysis of optics as a basis for constructing better microscopes; devised oil immersion lens; Abbé condenser. absorption L. absorbere = to suck up. acervulus L. = sand, gritty; brain sand (cf. psammoma body). acetylcholine an ester of choline found in many tissue, synapses & neuromuscular junctions, where it is a neural transmitter. acetylcholinesterase enzyme at motor end-plate responsible for rapid destruction of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter. acidophilic adj. L. acidus = sour + G. philein = to love; affinity for an acidic dye, such as eosin staining cytoplasmic proteins. acinus (-i) L. = a juicy berry, a grape; applied to small, rounded terminal secretory units of compound exocrine glands that have a small lumen (adj. acinar). acrosome G. akron = extremity + soma = body; head of spermatozoon. actin polymer protein filament found in the intracellular cytoskeleton, particularly in the thin (I-) bands of striated muscle. adenohypophysis G. ade = an acorn + hypophyses = an undergrowth; anterior lobe of hypophysis (cf. pituitary). adenoid G. " + -oeides = in form of; in the form of a gland, glandular; the pharyngeal tonsil. adipocyte L. adeps = fat (of an animal) + G. kytos = a container; cells responsible for storage and metabolism of lipids, found in white fat and brown fat. -
ANTERIOR KNEE PAIN Home Exercises
ANTERIOR KNEE PAIN Home Exercises Anterior knee pain is pain that occurs at the front and center of the knee. It can be caused by many different problems, including: • Weak or overused muscles • Chondromalacia of the patella (softening and breakdown of the cartilage on the underside of the kneecap) • Inflammations and tendon injury (bursitis, tendonitis) • Loose ligaments with instability of the kneecap • Articular cartilage damage (chondromalacia patella) • Swelling due to fluid buildup in the knee joint • An overload of the extensor mechanism of the knee with or without malalignment of the patella You may feel pain after exercising or when you sit too long. The pain may be a nagging ache or an occasional sharp twinge. Because the pain is around the front of your knee, treatment has traditionally focused on the knee itself and may include taping or bracing the kneecap, or patel- la, and/ or strengthening the thigh muscle—the quadriceps—that helps control your kneecap to improve the contact area between the kneecap and the thigh bone, or femur, beneath it. Howev- er, recent evidence suggests that strengthening your hip and core muscles can also help. The control of your knee from side to side comes from the glutes and core control; that is why those areas are so important in management of anterior knee pain. The exercises below will work on a combination of flexibility and strength of your knee, hip, and core. Although some soreness with exercise is expected, we do not want any sharp pain–pain that gets worse with each rep of an exercise or any increased soreness for more than 24 hours. -
SOP DC-407 Calving Cows-Heifers
Macdonald Campus Farm Cattle Complex Standard Operating Procedure # DC-407 CALVING COWS/ HEIFERS 1. PURPOSE To facilitate comfort and ease of calving and to identify and address any complications which may arise. 2. RESPONSIBILITY 2.1 All permanent, casual and student staff 2.2 Dairy Manager and Technician 2.3 Herd Veterinarian 3. MATERIALS 3.1 Halter 3.2 Chains and handles 3.3 Pail with Endure® and warm water 3.4 Lubricating gel 3.5 Insemination gloves 3.6 Paper towel 3.7 Calf puller 3.8 Iodine 4. GENERAL 4.1 3 general stages of Calving: Stage and Time Events I – Preparatory Calf rotates to upright position Uterine contraction begins (15 minute intervals) (2 to 6 hours) Water sac expelled Cow usually lying down II – Delivery Fetus enters birth canal (30 minutes – 4 hours) Uterine contractions: (2-minute intervals) Expulsion and delivery of the calf Expulsion of the fetal membrane or placenta III – Cleaning (2 to 8 hours) 4.2 Normal delivery should be completed within 2 to 3 hours after the water sac appears in the heifers, and 1 to 2 hours in cow/heifers. If prolonged, the calf may be born dead or weak. 4.3 Most calf fatalities are caused by injuries or suffocation resulting from difficult or delayed parturition. (See Table 2: Factors Contributing to Calving Problems). 4.4 Any abnormal fetal positions must be corrected in the early stages of delivery. 4.5 Heifers and cows with small pelvic areas will likely need assistance. 4.6 If a cow has had more than one calf, the calving time may be considerably shorter. -
Thigh and Calf Discrimination in the Motor Innervation of the Chick Hindlimb Following Deletions of Limb Segments1
0270~6474/83/0306-1199$02.00/0 The Journal of Neuroscience Copyright 0 Society for Neuroscience Vol. 3, No. 6, pp. 1199-1215 Printed in U.S.A. June 1983 THIGH AND CALF DISCRIMINATION IN THE MOTOR INNERVATION OF THE CHICK HINDLIMB FOLLOWING DELETIONS OF LIMB SEGMENTS1 VIRGINIA WHITELAW** AND MARGARET HOLLYDAY$3 * Departmen,t of Biophysics and Theoretical Biology and $ Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637 Received August 11, 1982; Revised December 27, 1982; Accepted January 17, 1983 Abstract In this paper we report studies on the organization of the motor projections to chick hindlimbs lacking limb segments as a result of surgical manipulations during early embryonic development. The innervation of partial limbs, missing either a thigh or both a calf and a foot, was studied using both retrograde and orthograde horseradish peroxidase nerve-tracing techniques, as well as by serial reconstruction. In addition, [3H]thymidine autoradiography was used to characterize motoneuron production and loss. Motor organization was assessed both before and after the period of naturally occurring motoneuron death. Prior to the period of cell death, we verified by autoradiography that the organization of the motor column (i.e., motoneuron birthdates and settling patterns) was normal despite deletions of the periphery. It was also found that, initially, the entire motor column projected to the partial limbs, entering via normal crural and sciatic pathways. The proximal branching patterns of the nerves leaving the plexus were normal; however, the distal projections of the nerves which would normally serve the missing limb segment were truncated. -
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THE AUSTRALIAN WATER BUFFALO MANUAL Barry Lemcke Department of Primary Industry and Resources Northern Territory Government FOREWORD The Australian Water Buffalo Manual is a technical manual for the buffalo farming industry in Australia. Its author, Barry Lemcke, is a Northern Australian livestock scientist with over 42 years of experience, including a career focus on buffalo management research. The Manual reflects the extent of Barry’s knowledge and experience gained over his long career and is written in a style that makes the information accessible for all readers. It includes findings from research undertaken at Beatrice Hill Farm, Australia’s only buffalo research and development facility as well as from Barry’s travels related to the buffalo industry in numerous countries. The success of the dual purpose NT Riverine Buffalo derived from Beatrice Hill Farm, which now have progeny Australia-wide, can be largely attributed to Barry’s knowledge, dedication and persistence. John Harvey Managing Director Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS USED AACo Australian Agricultural Company ABARES Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics and Sciences AI Artificial Insemination AMIEU Australasian Meat Industry Employees Union BEF Bovine Ephemeral Fever BHF Beatrice Hill Farm (Northern Territory Government Buffalo Research Facility) BTEC National Brucellosis and Tuberculosis Eradication Campaign (Australia) cv Cultivar DM Dry Matter EEC European Economic Community ESCAS Exporter Supply -
The Water Buffalo: Domestic Anima of the Future
The Water Buffalo: Domestic Anima © CopyrightAmerican Association o fBovine Practitioners; open access distribution. of the Future W. Ross Cockrill, D.V.M., F.R.C.V.S., Consultant, Animal Production, Protection & Health, Food and Agriculture Organization Rome, Italy Summary to produce the cattalo, or beefalo, a heavy meat- The water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) is a type animal for which widely publicized claims neglected bovine animal with a notable and so far have been made. The water buffalo has never been unexploited potential, especially for meat and shown to produce offspring either fertile or sterile milk production. World buffalo stocks, which at when mated with cattle, although under suitable present total 150 million in some 40 countries, are conditions a bull will serve female buffaloes, while increasing steadily. a male buffalo will mount cows. It is important that national stocks should be There are about 150 million water buffaloes in the upgraded by selective breeding allied to improved world compared to a cattle population of around 1,- management and nutrition but, from the stand 165 million. This is a significant figure, especially point of increased production and the full realiza when it is considered that the majority of buffaloes tion of potential, it is equally important that are productive in terms of milk, work and meat, or crossbreeding should be carried out extensively any two of these outputs, whereas a high proportion of especially in association with schemes to increase the world’s cattle is economically useless. and improve buffalo meat production. In the majority of buffalo-owning countries, and in Meat from buffaloes which are reared and fed all those in which buffaloes make an important con for early slaughter is of excellent quality. -
Crossbreeding: Considerations and Alternatives in an Evolving Market Nevil C
ANGUS MEANS BUSINESS. Crossbreeding: Considerations and Alternatives in an Evolving Market Nevil C. Speer, PhD, MBA Western Kentucky University American Angus Association • Page 1 The marginal benefit “ of heterosis isn’t sufficient if it’s associated with the added marginal cost of purchasing genetics that might represent the risk of requiring more time and labor.” hese are good times and challenging No longer are we an industry that times for America’s cattle business. simply crossbreeds cattle to maximize T Record-high prices for cattle. pounds and receive a price based on Unprecedented demand for high-quality market averages. beef. Expanding opportunities to add value Instead, we have set higher standards. to our product both here and abroad. We have become a value-based industry, At the same time, we are faced with concerned with the composition — not uncertainty. There’s drought across much the maximization — of those pounds. of the country. Input costs for feed and Today, the Angus breed is uniquely fuel are higher than ever before. Labor positioned to address many of our costs continue to rise. The high price of industry’s challenges — and to help land makes it next to impossible for many individual producers capitalize on the to expand, let alone enable newcomers to opportunities of a value-added marketplace. enter the business. Cattlemen can leverage the Angus In the following pages, these challenges database — the most extensive and and opportunities are explored by animal comprehensive of its kind — to select for scientist Dr. Nevil Speer of Western calving ease (to reduce labor costs, death Kentucky University. -
Common Hippopotamus
Husbandry Guidelines for the Common Hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius Mammalia: Hippopotamidae Author: Rebecca Jones Date of Preparation: 2008 Western Sydney Institute of TAFE, Richmond Course Name and Number: Certificate III Captive Animals - 1068 Lecturer: Graeme Phipps 1 DISCLAIMER 2 OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY RISKS WARNING This animal is classified as DANGEROUS and is capable of inflicting a potentially fatal injury. Caution should be taken when working with the Hippopotamus, Hippopotamus amphibius. Keepers are not to work in the enclosure with these animals and are to carry a working two-way radio at all times. There should be two padlocked gates between keepers and these animals when working in their enclosures. There should be appropriate signage on the outside of exhibits and nightyards identifying them as dangerous animals. Hazards to keepers when working with Hippopotamuses fall into several categories; physical, chemical, biological, manual handling, psychological and radiation. These hazards as well as preventative measures are outlined in Table 1.0. Table 1.0 – Hazards Associated with Working with Hippopotamuses and Preventative Measures to Avoid Injury. Hazard category Type of Hazard Preventative Measures Physical Large canine tusks – injury Keepers are not to work in through bite. Large size the enclosure with these and speed – injury through animals and are to maintain crush or trampling. two padlocked gates between them and the animal when working in enclosures. Thorough staff training. Chemical Exposure to chemicals used Use PPE (Personal in cleaning – Wonderclean, Protective Equipment) Bleach. Medicines for when handling chemicals treatment and diet and have Material Safety supplements. Data Sheet (MSDS) in proximity. Ensure medicines and supplements are labeled correctly and read instructions. -
Cattle Behaviour
4 Cattle behaviour This chapter discusses the details of cattle behaviour (in other words, what cattle do) such as the relative importance of the five body senses, the various ways stock communicate with each other and their keepers and behavioural problems arising from clashes with their environment. The main points of this chapter • Of the five senses cattle possess, sight is the most dominant. Hearing and smell also play important roles in how cows assess their environment. • As a prey species, cattle have an inherent fear of unfamiliar objects, situations, smells, sudden movements and noises. As well they can experience fearfulness in situations where they are solitary or isolated. Understanding this is critical to managing them in a low stress manner. • Cattle are less expressive of pain and injury than humans. Therefore, behavioural indicators of pain that cattle do express are subtle. An animal experiencing pain has compromised welfare, and consequences to their health and productivity are also likely. • The presence of stereotypic behaviours indicate that a cow is in a compromised welfare state, and is feeling frustrated at the inability to behave naturally. In cattle, oral stereotypies, which relate to nutritional and foraging deficits, and ambulatory stereotypies, the result of restricted movement, are common. 05_Chapter_04.indd 37 01-12-2014 08:25:00 38 Cow Talk • The intensification of cattle housing, feeding and management contributes to behavioural problems not seen in grazing animals. Frustrations lead to some cows engaging in often repetitive and pointless (stereotyped) behaviour that can be interpreted as a reflection of reduced activity, hence restricted normal behaviour, in intensively managed housing systems. -
Different Foot Positioning During Calf Training to Induce Portion-Specific
Short Research Report Different Foot Positioning During Calf Training to Induce Portion-Specific Gastrocnemius Muscle Hypertrophy Joa˜ o Pedro Nunes,1 Bruna D.V. Costa,1 Witalo Kassiano,1 Gabriel Kunevaliki,1 Pˆamela Castro-e-Souza,1 Andre ´ L.F. Rodacki,2 Leonardo S. Fortes,3 and Edilson S. Cyrino1 1Metabolism, Nutrition, and Exercise Laboratory, Physical Education and Sport Center, Londrina State University, Londrina, Brazil; 2Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Parana, ´ Curitiba, Brazil; and 3Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Paraıba,´ Joa˜o Pessoa, Brazil 07/31/2020 on BhDMf5ePHKbH4TTImqenVBaqevB2sTM0VHxvq5oSfttfNyeDNoqo9iBK/DJWAIsv by http://journals.lww.com/nsca-jscr from Downloaded Abstract Downloaded Nunes, JP, Costa, BDV, Kassiano, W, Kunevaliki, G, Castro-e-Souza, P, Rodacki, ALF, Fortes, LS, and Cyrino, ES. Different foot from positioning during calf training to induce portion-specific gastrocnemius muscle hypertrophy. J Strength Cond Res 34(8): http://journals.lww.com/nsca-jscr 2347–2351, 2020—The aim of this study was to compare the changes in gastrocnemius muscle thickness (MT) between con- ditions such as which foot was pointed outward (FPO), foot was pointed inward (FPI), or foot was pointed forward (FPF). Twenty-two young men (23 6 4 years) were selected and performed a whole-body resistance training program 3 times per week for 9 weeks, with differences in the exercise specific for calves. The calf-raise exercise was performed unilaterally, in a pin-loaded seated horizontal leg-press machine, in 3 sets of 20–25 repetitions for training weeks 1–3 and 4 sets for weeks 4–9. Each subject’s leg was randomly assigned for 1 of the 3 groups according to the foot position: FPO, FPI, and FPF.