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Home , David Deutsch, The Fabric of Reality

BOOK REVIEWS || JOURNAL OF CREATION 28(1) 2014

David Deutsch’s strange

whole of physical reality”, in his The Beginning of Infinity: view.5 Explanations that Transform Born in Israel in 1953, Deutsch now the World lives in the village of Headington, near Oxford, once the home of J.R.R. Viking, New York, 2011 Tolkien, creator of the fictional ‘universe’ of Middle Earth.6 While I’m sure that Middle Earth at times Jim Melnick felt real to Tolkien and to many millions of us who have loved The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings, xford theoretical Tolkien certainly didn’t believe that David Deutsch is best known O what flowed from his pen actually as ‘the father of ’. existed somewhere in reality. But for But quantum computing for Deutsch supposedly don’t see into these other David Deutsch, multiple and parallel is just a way station for something universes because the quantum- universes are very real indeed, and more significant—his quest for based interference that would the strangest things imaginable exist “a new and deeper and better way to otherwise occur or be visible to us is somewhere in this extended reality.7 understand the laws of physics, and suppressed. This occurs because of hence understanding physical reality our size and complexity as ‘objects’ as a whole”. 1 He also contends that Deutsch—we are all in this universe (p. 293). “a successful implementation of a ‘multiversal objects’ This conclusion about reality does not sit well with New York Times quantum computer would constitute Deutsch’s 2011 book, The reviewer David Albert, who is both incontrovertible evidence” for Beginning of Infinity: Explanations 2 a philosophy professor at Columbia parallel universes. that Transform the World, builds Jim Holt, author of Why Does on his aforementioned 1997 work, University and holds a doctorate in the World Exist?, considers Deutsch : The Science . Albert branded “one of the most daring and of Parallel Universes and Its Deutsch’s views— 3 versatile thinkers alive”. Physicist Implications. According to “classical developed from Hugh Everett’s 1957 10 Lee Smolin contends that “There (pre-quantum) physics”, he says, “the ‘Many Worlds’ thesis —as “simply, is no more foundational thinker world was thought to consist of only wildly wrong”. Otherwise, Albert than Deutsch; he was motivated to one universe”. But those days are now largely praised The Beginning of invent quantum computers by his gone, according to Deutsch. “It is Infinityas “a brilliant and exhilarating 11 disquiet with foundational problems time”, he says, “to sever that last link and profoundly eccentric book”. in both mathematics and quantum with the classical, single-universe But there was much that Albert theory.” Smolin adds that Deutsch’s conception of reality”.8 Otherwise, did not cover in his review that is originality and clarity as a thinker we are just ‘clingers’—those who of interest to the creationist and ID “can be seen in his provocative ‘cling’ to the single universe view.9 communities. [first] book, The Fabric of Reality, According to Deutsch, “every atom in which he elaborates on his many- in an everyday object is a multiversal A Dawkins disciple; views on worlds theories. I disagree with object”. What this means is that creationism much of what he writes, but I loved “Whenever we observe anything it.” 4 Deutsch believes in multiple … what we are actually seeing is Deutsch is an arch-disciple of universes, or the multiverse. Our a single-universe perspective on a .12 While he appears universe is “just a tiny facet of the larger object that extends some way to lack Dawkins’ vitriol against into other universes” (p. 302). We theistic religion, he doesn’t seem

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to have the slightest patience with While largely being devoid of personal preference: “most insist that alternative Darwinian theories, rancor toward creationism, Deutsch there is no such thing as one object such as the Gould–Eldredge theory also puts forward the most ridiculous being objectively more beautiful of punctuated equilibrium.13 He and dishonest straw man when than another”, but he disagrees, is also completely dismissive of comparing alleged creationist views asserting that, indeed, “There are many other concepts, such as the denying the existence of dinosaurs objective truths in aesthetics”.24 “Copenhagen interpretation” of with scientists who deny the reported Objective knowledge, on the other .14 ‘evidence’ of parallel universes. In hand, he says is “hard to come by, Deutsch’s devotion to Dawkins 15 an interview about this book, he but attainable” (p. 226). Deutsch was already evident in The Fabric of compares “creationists who say … asserts that mathematics is “the study Reality, where he wrote that “the way [regarding] fossils, [that] no one’s of absolutely necessary truths”. Or, in which punctuated equilibrium and ever seen a dinosaur” with those who put another way, he says that “the other variant evolutionary scenarios would say that “no one’s ever seen truths that mathematics studies are 25 have been presented”, as if they parallel universes; all we have is the absolutely certain”. seek to provide a solution to “some circumstantial evidence of fossils Given the relativism of much of allegedly overlooked problem in the and the interpretation of fossils as our culture, these are extraordinary 19 prevailing evolutionary theory”, being the remains of dinosaurs” (!). statements. Deutsch qualifies that this merely “reveals the extent to which That he can’t name any creationist “does not mean that our knowledge the of Dawkins’ writer who believes such an absurdity of those necessary truths is itself theory has yet to be assimilated”.16 doesn’t seem to matter. certain”. So, we therefore have ‘absolutely Amazing devotion as well as necessary truths’, but mankind falls chutzpah! “Deep truth is often beautiful” short of understanding them per- Nevertheless, Deutsch’s as- Deutsch’s views on what is ‘truth’ fectly! Whether Deutsch has realized sessments of creation (a ‘bad are fascinating. “It is a fact”, he it or not, with these statements he has explanation’, he calls it) contain writes, “often mentioned but seldom nearly expressed two key elements far less rancor than what one might explained— that deep truth is often of biblical truth—first, that there is expect from a Dawkins disciple. beautiful” (p. 355). He cites physicist such a thing as Absolute Truth, and, Deutsch is simply matter-of-fact John Archibald Wheeler’s famous second, that we apprehend such truth in his dismissiveness: “it was once comment in 1986 that “Behind it all imperfectly because all our means thought that living things must have is surely an idea so simple, so of apprehension are themselves im- been designed by a supernatural beautiful, that when we grasp it … perfect: “For now we see through a person”, but “now we know that we will all say to each other, how glass darkly but then face to face …” living things, including humans could it have been otherwise?” 20 This (1 Corinthians 13:12). … were not designed by anyone” is similar to the notion expressed by (p. 43). Deutsch then posits the many , including outspoken 17 Anthropic reasoning, negative theodicy that “the atheist Steven Weinberg,21 co-winner Leonard Susskind, Popper biosphere is much less pleasant for of the 1979 Nobel Prize in physics, and the ‘Popperazzi’ its inhabitants than anything that a that “in any case, we would not benevolent, or even halfway decent, accept any theory as final unless it Some Darwinists, such as physicist human designer would design”. He were beautiful”.22 Weinberg is not Leonard Susskind, have resorted to believes that the “prospect of the alone in this sentiment.23 anthropic reasoning to try to explain unlimited creation of knowledge in Contrary to contemporary rela- away the problem of extreme fine- the future” will eventually make “a tivists and many post-modernists, tuning in our universe.26 Deutsch supposed designer of our biosphere Deutsch believes that “there is such partially rejects some anthropic … seem not only morally deficient, a thing as objective beauty”. In a reasoning. He says that but intellectually unremarkable” fictional conversation with Socrates “… there is something special— (pp. 80–81).18 Of course, for one in The Beginning of Infinity, Deutsch infinitely special, it seems— thing, like many critics of Intelligent has Socrates say: “there is only one about the laws of physics as we Design (and to be fair, like much of truth of any given matter” (p. 231). actually find them, something the Intelligent Design movement), Deutsch also critiques the notion exceptionally computation- Deutsch ignores the Fall. that everything is just a matter of friendly, prediction-friendly and

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explanation-friendly … anthropic believes. Problems only indicate that this view as being “irreparably arguments alone cannot explain “our knowledge must be flawed or parochial and mistaken” (p. 76). it” (p. 189). 27 inadequate” (p. 18). This is a remarkable conclusion by Deutsch admits that Before us is an ‘infinity’ of oppor- an atheist Darwinian. “… while anthropic reasoning may tunities and choices, much like a From Deutsch’s perspective, we well be part of the explanation for secular restatement of Deuter- are not just an insignificant little apparent fine-tuning, it can never onomy 30:19: “… I have set before world of beings without any purpose be the whole explanation for why you life and death, blessing and in an insignificant little corner of an we observe something that would cursing: therefore choose life …”. unremarkable galaxy: otherwise look too purposeful Deutsch closes his book with these “… people are the most significant to be explicable as coincidence words: “All we can choose is whether entities in the cosmic scheme of [emphasis added]” (p. 103). it is an infinity of ignorance or of things … . Once they have suitable In defending anthropic knowledge, wrong or right, death knowledge … they are capable reasoning, Susskind has deridingly or life” (p. 459). of sparking unlimited further labeled its critics ‘Popperazzi’, progress [emphasis in original]” after Sir , the famous (p. 76). Debunking Hawking, philosopher of science who Regarding the Search for anti-anthropocentrism, developed well-known falsification ExtraTerrestrial Intelligence (SETI), and SETI criteria for scientific theories.28 Deutsch expresses his doubts: Deutsch himself has been deeply World-famous physicist Stephen “We do not know where life and influenced by Popper.29 Physicist Hawking once opined, ‘The human intelligence exist, if at all, outside Lee Smolin takes Susskind to task race is just a chemical scum on a our solar system” (p. 2). He once for this attitude about falsification moderate-sized planet, orbiting admitted: “For all we know, the and concludes: “In this regard, I round a very average star in the planet Earth is the only place in the am proud to be a Popperazzo”.30 outer suburb of one among a hundred Universe where life exists. Certainly Having dedicated his earlier book, billion galaxies’.33 But Deutsch has we have seen no evidence of its The Fabric of Reality, in part, to the countered that: “We are not merely existence elsewhere”. 35 This seems memory of Karl Popper, Deutsch chemical scum …”.34 Instead, “the a much more sober and realistic probably would agree.31 Earth and its chemical scum” (us, view than that to which we are that is) “are actually quite untypical” constantly bombarded by the news (p. 47). Deutsch also seems a little media and much of the scientific Elegance and beauty irritated at his fellow atheists who community—where the implication “When we understand better just don’t seem to appreciate the is that the never-ending search for what elegance really is”, Deutsch significance of this. Instead, because extraterrestrial life could yield results posits, “perhaps we shall find of their theistic or teleological at any time, just as long as we keep new and better ways to seek truth implications, anthropocentric ideas funding projects to go look for it. using elegance or beauty” (p. 367). have been thoroughly resisted and These SETI programs are worse Building on that thought, he asserts: attacked by atheist cosmologists than useless—not only have they not “We already see that we do not and most Darwinians in general. yielded any substantive results—they live in a senseless world. The laws This has led to an unhelpful “anti- continue to keep the populace in a of physics make sense: the world anthropocentrism” in Deutsch’s false state of expectation that the is explicable”, with “higher levels view. This anti-anthropocentrism discovery of ‘life’ beyond planet of and higher levels of has then “increasingly been elevated Earth could be just around the corner. explanation” available to us if we to the status of a universal principle, Deutsch is at least being more honest just pursue them (p. 459). Indeed, sometimes called the ‘Principle of about it than most Darwinists who ‘good explanations’ (and how we Mediocrity’”. Deutsch defines this perpetuate SETI mythologies. arrive at them) constitute the main universal principle as follows (in theme of the book—Deutsch sees terms of what its followers actually ‘Spontaneous’ watches explanations as the engines that drive believe): that “there is nothing human progress.32 All problems not significant about humans (in the Deutsch claims that “Everything otherwise limited by the laws of cosmic scheme of things) [emphasis physically possible will eventually physics can eventually be solved, he in original]” (pp. 43–44). He deplores be revealed”. By this he means that,

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given a multiverse of near endless consciousness and rationality is across too many universes: “This possibilities, ‘all possible worlds are here on our own little biosphere parallel-universe multiplicity is the real’—a re-stated form of the Many of planet earth, then one can’t real reason for the unpredictability Worlds thesis. reasonably say that every other of the weather.” 37 So, now you know Somewhere out there, goes this possible form of life and matter is why we can’t predict the weather, but thinking, in the greater quantum also spontaneously coming into we’re going to control the sun! multiverse, absolutely everything existence somewhere else in the is possible, will happen, or has multiverse but just has no impact on We can be immortal!— already happened. And apparently us because light hasn’t reached us dispensing with illness there is no reason to think that all yet from those other . and death events must occur slowly as per gradualistic evolution. In Deutsch’s Nevertheless, the prospect of Controlling the sun multiversal reality, there are watches controlling the sun pales in com- that have come “into existence Beyond that, in Deutsch’s view, parison with Deutsch’s next claim: spontaneously; asteroids that happen projects such as actually controlling death itself will be conquered! to be good likenesses of William the sun (figure 1) are within the According to the Deutschian Paley”. Deutsch says that those things future reach of mankind’s efforts: worldview, if it weren’t for ‘dogma’, already exist out there somewhere, “there is every reason to conjecture we already would have solved “according to the prevailing theory” that our descendants will eventually the “problem of how to avoid (according to his interpretation of control the Sun and much more”.36 dying” (p. 69). Knowledge-creation quantum theory), but they are “many We can’t even begin to ‘control’ could then press forward without times too far away for light to have the weather now on planet Earth hindrance. Deutsch predicts that reached us from them—yet” (p. 452). (figure 1), yet we will someday “illness and old age are going to It’s that old horizon problem again— control the sun?! And why can’t we be cured soon—certainly within we just can’t see far enough over our adequately predict or control the the next few lifetimes” (!),38 with universe’s horizon to confirm that weather (per Deutsch)? Don’t blame the “present generation”, he adds, they exist! the weatherman—it’s apparently the “being one of the last that will have This is both ridiculous and contra- fault of parallel universes—there short lives” (p. 455). Who knew dictory. If the only evidence of life, are just too many quantum effects that this was the real solution to the

Figure 1. We can scarcely predict the weather tomorrow—let alone control it—but Deutsch believes mankind will someday control the Sun!

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Figure 2. Deutsch believes that if knowledge-creation had progressed unhindered from the time of ancient Athens—unimpeded by things like ‘dogma’—“our species would be exploring the stars by now, and you and I would be immortal.” healthcare debate and the end of the Attractive to young atheists? in the air’—vain things imagined life insurance industry?! by the godless (Acts 14:15), versus Deutsch’s general worldview is Deutsch asserts that if earlier ex- accepting the reality of the present in many ways the polar opposite of periments following his philosophy of creation and putting their faith and the hopelessness and futility of life optimism (he uses Athens (figure 2) in hope in the living God. expressed by many atheists in the 404 bc and Florence under the Medici past, such as many existentialists. family as the key examples) had gone References further, “our species would be ex- But it is still atheistic secular ploring the stars by now, and you humanism—relying entirely on 1. Norton, Q., The father of quantum computing, man without God. Many of the Wired.com, 15 February 2007, accessed and I would be immortal [emphasis 5 November 2013. added]” (p. 221). Immortal! And views expressed in The Beginning 2. According to Alastair M. Rae, Deutsch also of Infinity, were they to be expressed “argues that the reason a quantum computer what has stood in the way of us can carry out some tasks very much faster than becoming immortal? Again, it is by someone else, would be dismissed a classical one is because the former performs a out of hand as those of a quack or a large number of calculations simultaneously in ‘dogma’. One can quickly see where parallel universes”. In Rae, A.M., The flawed Deutsch is going with this with crank. Nevertheless, Deutsch has the multiverse, review of The Beginning of Infinity, force of his contributions to quantum Physics World, 22 September 2011. respect to religion, but he has more 3. Holt, J., Why Does the World Exist? An than religion in his sights—he is computing behind him. These have Existential Detective Story, Profile Books, looking at how all of society is generally earned him a respectful London, p. 120, 2012. hearing by the atheist elites. My 4. Smolin, L., The Trouble with Physics: The Rise organized. The Medicis, he tells us, of String Theory, The Fall of a Science and What “valued knowledge above dogma” guess is that Deutsch’s brand of Comes Next, Houghton Miflin, Boston, MA, ‘ultra-optimistic atheism’ (that is p. 325, 2006. during the Golden Age of Florence 5. John Horgan interview with David Deutsch, (pp. 218–219), while now it is the my branding of it) is still waiting to bloggingheads.tv, posted 24 September 2011. be ‘discovered’ and will eventually See also, Horgan, J., To err is progress, review West that has been carrying forward of The Beginning of Infinity, Wall Street Journal, “the Enlightenment values of science, become more popular within New 20 July 2011; online.wsj.com. Also, Oxford Physicist: Information is Irreducible to Physics, reason and freedom” (p. 31). The sky Atheist ranks. Well-known Christian Evolution News & Views, 26 September 2011; is definitely not the limit, according author R. Albert Mohler, Jr., has evolutionnews.org. to Deutsch—nothing is, only the already noted what he calls one of 6. Holt, ref. 3, p. 124. the “most perplexing” features of 7. In defining parallel universes, Deutsch claims laws of physics. And while all this that there are parallel universes in the quantum is happening, “our values and our the New Atheism—“its cultural multiverse where the same laws of physics apply 40 versus parallel universes with different laws of objectives can continue to improve cheerfulness”. physics (Deutsch, D., The Beginning of Infinity, indefinitely” (p. 64). Society and its Deutsch’s reality, strange as it p. 98 and footnote, 2011). institutions are capable of “unlimited is, offers some atheists an alleged 8. Deutsch, D., The Fabric of Reality: The Science of Parallel Universes and Its Implications, Allen improvement” if they will only apply ‘infinity’ of possibilities—even if Lane, London, p. 52, 1997. these principles.39 those possibilities are ‘simply castles 9. Deutsch, ref. 8, pp. 93, 217, 1997.

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10. Deutsch affirms his belief in the Everett ‘Many 19. Deutsch continues: “Now, similarly, … no 30. Smolin adds: “It is one thing to accept the Worlds’ interpretation of reality. He estimates one’s ever seen parallel universes, but what critiques of Popper holding that falsification that only 10% of theoretical physicists today we have seen is interference phenomena, and is only part of the story of how science works, hold this Many Worlds view. Nevertheless, he the interpretation of interference phenomena and quite another to advocate the acceptance believes that his view of multiple universes as being due to the interaction of different on scientific grounds of a theory that makes no emerges from what “is an incontrovertible universes and there’s no other explanation. unique or specific predictions by which it might implication of quantum theory, which is our So, if you want to say the other universes don’t be either falsified or confirmed.” Smolin, ref. 4, most fundamental theory in physics”. (Horgan exist, you have to do it by fiat, rather like the p. 369, footnote 5 in ch.17. interview of Deutsch, ref. 5.) people who say the world was created six 31. With respect to whether Popper might have 11. Albert, D., Explaining it all: How we became the thousand years ago with fossils” already in place. eventually believed in multiverse theory, Deutsch center of the Universe, Sunday Book Review, (John Horgan interview with David Deutsch, has stated: “Popper, unfortunately, like Einstein, New York Times, 12 August 2011; nytimes.com. ref. 5). Whether any creationist anywhere in the died too soon … for the right understanding [of world still believes or teaches such nonsense I 12. Jim Holt writes that Dawkins is one of Deutsch’s the foundations of quantum theory per a ‘Many don’t know (Deutsch was apparently speaking “intellectual heroes”. In Holt, J., Why Does the Universes’ interpretation] to have reached him World Exist? Allen Lane, London, p. 122, 2012. about the present, not the past), but certainly no …” (Horgan interview of Deutsch, ref. 5). This is Deutsch himself describes Dawkins’ book, The mainstream creationist organization, scholar, or a playful analogy by Deutsch regarding the well- Selfish Gene, as a “tour-de-force account of ministry would hold or teach such a view today. known horizon problem in secular cosmology, neo-” (Deutsch, D., The Beginning 20. Statement of John Archibald Wheeler in Annals the idea that light has not yet reached us from of Infinity, p. 92). of the New York Academy of Sciences 480, 1986, various edges of the universe that are ‘beyond the horizon’. Deutsch believes that Einstein, 13. Stephen Jay Gould and Niles Eldredge developed cited by Deutsch, D., The Beginning of Infinity, pp. 1, 353. had he lived, would have accepted the Many the alternate theory of punctuated equilibrium Worlds thesis as a true depiction of reality, largely because of their serious concerns that the 21. Weinberg, S., “Positive Atheism’s Big List of because—so Deutsch asserts—the Many Worlds fossil record did not show the steady gradualism Steven Weinberg Quotations”, positiveatheism. interpretation answered Einstein’s objections to called for by neo-Darwinism. See Eldredge, org. One of his better-known quotes is: “Religion quantum mechanics. Einstein died in 1955, two N. and Gould, S.J., Punctuated equilibria: an is an insult to humanity.” years before Hugh Everett’s thesis was presented alternative to phyletic gradualism; in: Schopf, to the world. According to Deutsch, “[Einstein] T.J.M. (Ed.), Models in Paleobiology, Freeman, 22. Weinberg, S., Dreams of a Final Theory, rejected the quantum theory of the time as not Cooper & Co., San Francisco, CA, 1972; and the pp. 250–251, Pantheon Books, New York, 1992. being realistic”. posthumously published work by Gould, S.J., 23. There are different degrees of commitment, Punctuated Equilibrium, Harvard University however, among physicists to this concept of 32. Horgan interview of Deutsch, ref. 5: “The basic Press, Cambridge, MA, 2007. Creationist ‘beauty’ with respect to the laws of nature theme of the book [The Beginning of Infinity] critiques of punctuated equilibrium can be or a Final Theory of nature. Physicist Dan is that all human progress in the past has been fundamentally caused by a single type of activity found at: Batten, D., Punctuated equilibrium: Hooper states: “Many physicists today are also which I call the quest for good explanations.” come of age? J. Creation 8(2):131–137, 1994, driven—at least to some extent—by their ideas Explanations themselves are defined by Deutsch and Batten, D., Gould grumbles about creationist about how the world should be. Theories that ‘hijacking’, J. Creation 16(2):22–24, 2002; I as “being accounts of some kind of reality and are elegant and simple, and at the same time also published a very early critique in Melnick, how it works and why”. powerful and universal, can possess great appeal A.J., Punctuated equilibrium and the macro- to scientists …” (Hooper, D., Nature’s Blueprint: 33. This quote is attributed to Stephen Hawking from micromutation controversy, Creation Research Supersymmetry and the Search for a Unified Hawking, S., Reality on the Rocks: Beyond Our Society Quarterly 18(1):22–25, June 1981. Theory of Matter and Force, HarperCollins, Ken, 1995, and is repeated by Deutsch in ref. 8, 14. Deutsch defines the ‘Copenhagen interpretation New York, pp. 195–196, 2008). pp. 177–178. of quantum mechanics’ as “An idea for making 34. Deutsch, ref. 8, p. 347. it easier to evade the implications of quantum 24. Deutsch, D., The Beginning of Infinity, pp. 354, theory for the nature of reality” (Deutsch, ref. 368. See also the entire chapter, “Why Are 35. Deutsch, ref. 8, p. 177. Flowers Beautiful?”, pp. 353–368. 8, p. 342). 36. Deutsch, ref. 8, p. 184. 25. Deutsch, ref. 8, p. 253. 15. There are some areas in which Deutsch diverges 37. Deutsch, ref. 8, p. 202. from Dawkins. For example, Dawkins’ view 26. This extreme fine-tuning refers in part to 38. Besides being absurd on its face, this is also that our universe is “indifferent to human measurements (according to conventional completely contrary to the evidence which shows preoccupations” (Dawkins, Unweaving the modelling) of the cosmological constant out to that, as a result of genetic entropy and mutational Rainbow, 1998) is criticized by Deutsch as “a 10 –120 places—a result completely unexpected by degeneration, the human race appears headed misconception associated with the Principle of most physicists. How could the universe possibly for extinction, not physical ‘immortality’ (see Mediocrity” (Deutsch, The Beginning of Infinity, be that extremely fine-tuned?, is the dilemma Sanford, J., Genetic Entropy and the Mystery of p. 53). materialists face. See also de Repentigny, M., the Genome, 3rd edn , FMS Publications, New String theory— causing a disturbance of cosmic 16. Deutsch, ref. 8, pp. 334–335. York, 2008). Deutsch would probably say in 17. A classic definition of theodicy is an attempt to proportions, a review of The Cosmic Landscape: response that, given enough knowledge-creation, explain the existence of evil or suffering—as in, String Theory and the Illusion of Intelligent this ‘problem’ can be overcome. Design, J. Creation 21(3):47–48, 2007. why would God allow it? Theodicy was also the 39. Horgan interview of David Deutsch, ref. 5. title of a book by the famous German philosopher 27. Although both Leonard Susskind and David and mathematician Leibniz. Evolutionists from Deutsch believe in the multiverse, Susskind’s 40. Mohler, R.A., Jr., Atheism Remix: a Christian Darwin to Dawkins have tried to be atheistic ‘landscape’ multiverse of 10500 vacua pocket Confronts the New Atheists, Crossway Books, amateur theologians, telling us what God, or universes is not the same concept as Deutsch’s Wheaton, IL, p. 23, 2008. a god or creator, should have done, could have Many Worlds multiverse emerging from done, or might have done if the cosmos were quantum theory. The differences are beyond truly designed. These are negative theodicies the scope of this review to explain, but clearly that are only meant to attack theism, not really both men have different views of how Popper answer the questions posed. A book that looks falsification tests should apply to their respective at how theodicies have been used by Darwinists multiverse theories. is at Hunter, C.G., Darwin’s God: Evolution and the Problem of Evil, Brazos Press, Grand Rapids, 28. One recent edition of Popper’s famous work MI, 2001. is found at Popper, K., The Logic of Scientific Discovery, 1959, Routledge Classics, 2002. 18. Deutsch adds that the world’s religions at that point “will no longer want to claim the design 29. In his 2011 interview with Deutsch, John Horgan of the biosphere as one of the achievements of discussed Karl Popper and stated: “Obviously, their deities, just as today they no longer bother he [Popper] has been a big influence on you.” to claim thunder” (Deutsch, D., The Beginning Deutsch’s reply: “He has.” (Horgan interview of Infinity, pp. 80–81). of Deutsch, ref. 5).

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