DOCSLIB.ORG

The Pennsylvania State University the Graduate School Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering DEVELOPMENT of MICROBIAL

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Pennsylvania State University the Graduate School Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering DEVELOPMENT of MICROBIAL The Pennsylvania State University The Graduate School Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering DEVELOPMENT OF MICROBIAL FUEL CELLS (MFCs) USING EFFICIENT ACCLIMATION AND VARIOUS SUBSTRATES A Thesis in Environmental Engineering by Jung Rae Kim © 2006 Jung Rae Kim Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy December 2006 The thesis of Jung Rae Kim was reviewed and approved* by the following: Bruce E. Logan Kappe Professor of Environmental Engineering. Thesis Advisor Chair of Committee John M. Regan Assistant Professor of Environmental Engineering Rachel A. Brennan Assistant Professor of Environmental Engineering Ming Tien Professor of Biochemistry Peggy A. Johnson Professor of Civil Engineering Head of the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering *Signatures are on file in the Graduate School iii ABSTRACT Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) are an emerging technology which converts organic matter to electricity using a biofilm on the electrode as the biocatalyst. It has recently been shown that a wastewater treatment method based on microbial fuel cells (MFCs) can be used to treat domestic or industrial organic wastewater and simultaneously produce electricity. Various techniques to enrich electrochemically active bacteria on an electrode using anaerobic sludge as an inoculum were studied using a two-chambered microbial fuel cell. Use of a ferric oxide coated electrode increased power density and coulombic efficiency (CE) to 30 mW/m2 and 80%, as compared with carbon electrode (8 mW/m2 and 40%). The methanogen inhibitor 2-bromoethanesulfonate (BES) also increased the CE to 70%. A paste of bacteria from an electrode already producing electricity to a new electrode increased the power density to 40 mW/m2. These results indicate that sewage sludge can be used as an inoculum with the proper acclimation techniques to increase the effectiveness of electricity generation using domestic or industrial wastewater. Alcohols are expected to be transient liquid fuels for hydrogen fuel cells due to easy storage and transportation. MFCs using alcohol as a substrate for electricity generation have not been previously reported. The maximum power density and CE using ethanol in a 2-chamber MFC system were found here to be 40 mW/m2 at 0.3 mA and 42% to 61%, respectively. Methanol was also examined as a possible substrate, but it did not result in appreciable electricity generation. The analysis of byproducts indicated that ethanol was oxidized to CO2 via acetate as an intermediate. Single chamber MFCs with iv air cathodes using ethanol produced a maximum power density of 488 ± 12 mW/m2 and approximately CE of ~10%. A community analysis using 16S rDNA-based techniques indicated Proteobacterium Core-1 (33.3% of clone library sequences), Azoarcus sp. (17.4%), and Desulfuromonas sp. M76 (15.9%) were significant members of the anode chamber community. The physical properties (oxygen and acetate diffusion coefficients) of several different membranes, including Nafion® 117, CMI-7000, AMI-7001, CM2 and three UF membranes (molecular cut-off, 0.5K, 1K and 3K), were investigated. Internal resistances of the membranes were monitored with impedence analysis using a potentiostat. The coulombic loss by diffusion through the membrane and biomass production in MFC was estimated using measured diffusivities of oxygen and acetate. The maximum power density and coulombic efficiency of the AMI-7001 anion exchange membrane were significantly higher (610 mW/m2 and 72%, respectively) than values obtained for cation exchange membranes due to ability of the phosphate buffer to prevent pH changes in the anode chamber and transport of the phosphate ions through the membrane. Swine wastewater treatment was investigated in two different types of MFCs producing electricity. A two-chambered MFC with an aqueous cathode and more extensive single-chamber MFC with air cathode produced a maximum power density of 45 mW/m2 and 261 mW/m2 (200 Ω resistor). Ammonium was removed from anode by electricity generation and charge disproportion from redox reactions in the MFC. It was found that the removal of odorous chemicals in swine wastewater was enhanced by electricity production compared to an open circuit control. Long chain fatty acid v biodegradation was accelerated when bacteria could transfer electrons, thereby decreasing acetate accumulation. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Tables .............................................................................................................x List of Figures...........................................................................................................xi Acknowledgements..................................................................................................xv Chapter 1 Introduction ................................................................................................1 1.1 Perspective of sustainable environmental technology in waste reuse ............1 1.1.1 Methane fermentation...........................................................................1 1.1.2 Biological hydrogen production...........................................................2 1.1.3 Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) .................................................................3 1.2 My research on microbial fuel cells................................................................4 1.3 References.......................................................................................................6 Chapter 2 Literature Review.......................................................................................8 2.1 Dissimilatory metal reduction.........................................................................8 2.1.1 The various genera for metal reduction................................................9 2.2 Electron transport system and enzymes..........................................................10 2.2.1 The involvement of cytochrome...........................................................10 2.2.2 Fe(III) reductase activity ......................................................................11 2.2.3 Direct electron transfer and extracellular shuttling ..............................12 2.2.4 Extracellular electron transfer via microbial nanowire ........................13 2.3 Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) ...........................................................................13 2.3.1 The electron transfer mechanism of MFC............................................13 2.3.2 MFCs with additional external mediators ............................................14 2.3.3 Mediator-less microbial fuel cells ........................................................14 2.4 Current research on MFCs..............................................................................16 2.4.1 Enhancement of potential by modified electrodes ...............................16 2.4.2 Improvement of MFC design ...............................................................16 2.4.3 Various substrates for MFCs................................................................17 2.4.4 Perspective on MFCs............................................................................18 2.5 References.......................................................................................................19 Chapter 3 Evaluation of Procedures to Acclimate a Microbial Fuel Cell for Electricity Production ...........................................................................................26 Abstract.................................................................................................................26 3.1 Introduction.....................................................................................................28 3.2 Materials and Methods ...................................................................................30 3.2.2 Batch tests using bacterial enrichments................................................31 vii 3.2.3 MFC construction and operation..........................................................31 3.2.4 Analyses ...............................................................................................32 3.3 Results.............................................................................................................33 3.3.1 Enrichment with anaerobic sludge .......................................................33 3.3.2 Analysis of voltage output and coulombic efficiency ..........................35 3.3.3 Effect of enrichment in ferric medium on initial power generation.....36 3.3.4 Direct application of bacteria onto the anode.......................................36 3.3.5 Introduction of a second electrode into an operating MFC..................37 3.4 Discussion.......................................................................................................38 3.5 Acknowledgements.........................................................................................40 3.6 References.......................................................................................................41 3.7 Figure captions................................................................................................44 Chapter 4 Electricity Generation and Microbial Community Analysis of Alcohol Powered Microbial Fuel Cells ..............................................................................54 Abstract.................................................................................................................54 4.1 Introduction.....................................................................................................56
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Clostridium Butyricum Strains and Dysbiosis Linked to Necrotizing
    Clostridium butyricum Strains and Dysbiosis Linked to Necrotizing Enterocolitis in Preterm Neonates Nadim Cassir, Samia Benamar, Jacques Bou Khalil, Olivier Croce, Marie Saint-Faust, Aurélien Jacquot, Matthieu Million, Said Azza, Nicholas Armstrong, Mireille Henry, et al. To cite this version: Nadim Cassir, Samia Benamar, Jacques Bou Khalil, Olivier Croce, Marie Saint-Faust, et al.. Clostrid- ium butyricum Strains and Dysbiosis Linked to Necrotizing Enterocolitis in Preterm Neonates. Clinical Infectious Diseases, Oxford University Press (OUP), 2015, 61 (7), pp.1107–1115. hal-01985792 HAL Id: hal-01985792 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01985792 Submitted on 18 Jan 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Clostridium butyricum Strains and Dysbiosis Linked to Necrotizing Enterocolitis in Preterm Neonates Nadim Cassir,1 Samia Benamar,1 Jacques Bou Khalil,1 Olivier Croce,1 Marie Saint-Faust,2 Aurélien Jacquot,3 Matthieu Million, 1 Said Azza,1 Nicholas Armstrong,1 Mireille Henry,1 Priscilla Jardot,1 Catherine Robert,1 Catherine Gire,4
    [Show full text]
  • Probiotics and the Prevention of Clostridioides Difficile: a Viewre of Existing Systematic Reviews
    Minnesota State University, Mankato Cornerstone: A Collection of Scholarly and Creative Works for Minnesota State University, Mankato All Theses, Dissertations, and Other Capstone Theses, Dissertations, and Other Capstone Projects Projects 2020 Probiotics and the Prevention of Clostridioides difficile: A viewRe of Existing Systematic Reviews Andrea L. Onstad Minnesota State University, Mankato Follow this and additional works at: https://cornerstone.lib.mnsu.edu/etds Part of the Bacteria Commons, Bacterial Infections and Mycoses Commons, Digestive System Diseases Commons, and the Family Practice Nursing Commons Recommended Citation Onstad, A. L. (2020). Probiotics and the prevention of Clostridioides difficile: Ae r view of existing systematic reviews [Master’s alternative plan paper, Minnesota State University, Mankato]. Cornerstone: A Collection of Scholarly and Creative Works for Minnesota State University, Mankato. This APP is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, and Other Capstone Projects at Cornerstone: A Collection of Scholarly and Creative Works for Minnesota State University, Mankato. It has been accepted for inclusion in All Theses, Dissertations, and Other Capstone Projects by an authorized administrator of Cornerstone: A Collection of Scholarly and Creative Works for Minnesota State University, Mankato. 1 Probiotics and the Prevention of Clostridioides difficile: A Review of Existing Systematic Reviews Andrea L. Onstad School of Nursing, Minnesota State University, Mankato NURS 695: Alternate Plan Paper Dr. Rhonda Cornell May 1, 2020 2 Abstract Clostridioides difficile is the leading cause of infectious diarrhea (Vernaya et al., 2017). Probiotics have been proposed to provide a protective benefit against Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI). The objective of this literature review was to examine the research evidence pertaining to the use of probiotics for the prevention of CDI in individuals receiving antibiotic therapy.
    [Show full text]
  • Draft Genome Sequence of the Nitrogen-Fixing Endophyte Azoarcus Communis Swub3
    Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Recent Work Title Draft Genome Sequence of the Nitrogen-Fixing Endophyte Azoarcus communis SWub3. Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2cd6v88c Journal Microbiology resource announcements, 7(13) ISSN 2576-098X Authors Zorraquino, Violeta Toubiana, David Yan, Dawei et al. Publication Date 2018-10-04 DOI 10.1128/mra.01080-18 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California GENOME SEQUENCES crossm Draft Genome Sequence of the Nitrogen-Fixing Endophyte Azoarcus communis SWub3 Violeta Zorraquino,a David Toubiana,a Dawei Yan,a Eduardo Blumwalda aDepartment of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California, USA ABSTRACT Here we report a draft genome sequence of Azoarcus communis SWub3, a nitrogen-fixing bacterium isolated from root tissues of Kallar grass in Pakistan. iological nitrogen fixation is a process in which a living organism reduces atmo- Bspheric dinitrogen into two NH3 molecules. This reaction is catalyzed by the nitrogenase complex present exclusively in Bacteria and Archaea species. Plants can benefit from biological nitrogen fixation when they are in association with these nitrogen-fixing prokaryotes, either free living or as symbionts associated with their roots. Azoarcus is a bacterial genus that comprises species isolated from different environments, such as plant roots, sediments, aquifers, and contaminated soil (1–4). All Azoarcus species are Gram-negative rods with a strictly aerobic metabolism that can fix nitrogen microaerobically. The interest in this bacterial genus resides in its ability to efficiently infect several crops, including rice, which is a food staple for more than half of the world’s population (5–7).
    [Show full text]
  • Germinants and Their Receptors in Clostridia
    JB Accepted Manuscript Posted Online 18 July 2016 J. Bacteriol. doi:10.1128/JB.00405-16 Copyright © 2016, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved. 1 Germinants and their receptors in clostridia 2 Disha Bhattacharjee*, Kathleen N. McAllister* and Joseph A. Sorg1 3 4 Downloaded from 5 Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843 6 7 Running Title: Germination in Clostridia http://jb.asm.org/ 8 9 *These authors contributed equally to this work 10 1Corresponding Author on September 12, 2018 by guest 11 ph: 979-845-6299 12 email: [email protected] 13 14 Abstract 15 Many anaerobic, spore-forming clostridial species are pathogenic and some are industrially 16 useful. Though many are strict anaerobes, the bacteria persist in aerobic and growth-limiting 17 conditions as multilayered, metabolically dormant spores. For many pathogens, the spore-form is Downloaded from 18 what most commonly transmits the organism between hosts. After the spores are introduced into 19 the host, certain proteins (germinant receptors) recognize specific signals (germinants), inducing 20 spores to germinate and subsequently outgrow into metabolically active cells. Upon germination 21 of the spore into the metabolically-active vegetative form, the resulting bacteria can colonize the 22 host and cause disease due to the secretion of toxins from the cell. Spores are resistant to many http://jb.asm.org/ 23 environmental stressors, which make them challenging to remove from clinical environments. 24 Identifying the conditions and the mechanisms of germination in toxin-producing species could 25 help develop affordable remedies for some infections by inhibiting germination of the spore on September 12, 2018 by guest 26 form.
    [Show full text]
  • Characterization of an Endolysin Targeting Clostridioides Difficile
    International Journal of Molecular Sciences Article Characterization of an Endolysin Targeting Clostridioides difficile That Affects Spore Outgrowth Shakhinur Islam Mondal 1,2 , Arzuba Akter 3, Lorraine A. Draper 1,4 , R. Paul Ross 1 and Colin Hill 1,4,* 1 APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, T12 YT20 Cork, Ireland; [email protected] (S.I.M.); [email protected] (L.A.D.); [email protected] (R.P.R.) 2 Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Department, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet 3114, Bangladesh 3 Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet 3114, Bangladesh; [email protected] 4 School of Microbiology, University College Cork, T12 K8AF Cork, Ireland * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Clostridioides difficile is a spore-forming enteric pathogen causing life-threatening diarrhoea and colitis. Microbial disruption caused by antibiotics has been linked with susceptibility to, and transmission and relapse of, C. difficile infection. Therefore, there is an urgent need for novel therapeutics that are effective in preventing C. difficile growth, spore germination, and outgrowth. In recent years bacteriophage-derived endolysins and their derivatives show promise as a novel class of antibacterial agents. In this study, we recombinantly expressed and characterized a cell wall hydrolase (CWH) lysin from C. difficile phage, phiMMP01. The full-length CWH displayed lytic activity against selected C. difficile strains. However, removing the N-terminal cell wall binding domain, creating CWH351—656, resulted in increased and/or an expanded lytic spectrum of activity. C. difficile specificity was retained versus commensal clostridia and other bacterial species.
    [Show full text]
  • Identification of N2-Fixing Plant-And Fungus-Associated Azoarcus
    APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY, Nov. 1997, p. 4331–4339 Vol. 63, No. 11 0099-2240/97/$04.0010 Copyright © 1997, American Society for Microbiology Identification of N2-Fixing Plant- and Fungus-Associated Azoarcus Species by PCR-Based Genomic Fingerprints THOMAS HUREK, BIANCA WAGNER, AND BARBARA REINHOLD-HUREK* Max-Planck-Institut fu¨r Terrestrische Mikrobiologie, Arbeitsgruppe Symbioseforschung, D-35043 Marburg, Germany Received 14 February 1997/Accepted 30 August 1997 Most species of the diazotrophic Proteobacteria Azoarcus spp. occur in association with grass roots, while A. tolulyticus and A. evansii are soil bacteria not associated with a plant host. To facilitate species identification and strain comparison, we developed a protocol for PCR-generated genomic fingerprints, using an automated sequencer for fragment analysis. Commonly used primers targeted to REP (repetitive extragenic palindromic) and ERIC (enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus) sequence elements failed to amplify fragments from the two species tested. In contrast, the BOX-PCR assay (targeted to repetitive intergenic sequence elements of Streptococcus) yielded species-specific genomic fingerprints with some strain-specific differences. PCR profiles of an additional PCR assay using primers targeted to tRNA genes (tDNA-PCR, for tRNAIle) were more discriminative, allowing differentiation at species-specific (for two species) or infraspecies-specific level. Our protocol of several consecutive PCR assays consisted of 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA)-targeted, genus- specific
    [Show full text]
  • Microbial Community of a Gasworks Aquifer and Identification of Nitrate
    Water Research 132 (2018) 146e157 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Water Research journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/watres Microbial community of a gasworks aquifer and identification of nitrate-reducing Azoarcus and Georgfuchsia as key players in BTEX degradation * Martin Sperfeld a, Charlotte Rauschenbach b, Gabriele Diekert a, Sandra Studenik a, a Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Department of Applied and Ecological Microbiology, Philosophenweg 12, 07743 Jena, Germany ® b JENA-GEOS -Ingenieurbüro GmbH, Saalbahnhofstraße 25c, 07743 Jena, Germany article info abstract Article history: We analyzed a coal tar polluted aquifer of a former gasworks site in Thuringia (Germany) for the Received 9 August 2017 presence and function of aromatic compound-degrading bacteria (ACDB) by 16S rRNA Illumina Received in revised form sequencing, bamA clone library sequencing and cultivation attempts. The relative abundance of ACDB 18 December 2017 was highest close to the source of contamination. Up to 44% of total 16S rRNA sequences were affiliated Accepted 18 December 2017 to ACDB including genera such as Azoarcus, Georgfuchsia, Rhodoferax, Sulfuritalea (all Betaproteobacteria) Available online 20 December 2017 and Pelotomaculum (Firmicutes). Sequencing of bamA, a functional gene marker for the anaerobic benzoyl-CoA pathway, allowed further insights into electron-accepting processes in the aquifer: bamA Keywords: Environmental pollutions sequences of mainly nitrate-reducing Betaproteobacteria were abundant in all groundwater samples, Microbial communities whereas an additional sulfate-reducing and/or fermenting microbial community (Deltaproteobacteria, Bioremediation Firmicutes) was restricted to a highly contaminated, sulfate-depleted groundwater sampling well. By Box pathway conducting growth experiments with groundwater as inoculum and nitrate as electron acceptor, or- Functional gene marker ganisms related to Azoarcus spp.
    [Show full text]
  • Clostridium Butyricum MIYAIRI 588 Increases the Lifespan and Multiple-Stress Resistance of Caenorhabditis Elegans
    nutrients Article Clostridium butyricum MIYAIRI 588 Increases the Lifespan and Multiple-Stress Resistance of Caenorhabditis elegans Maiko Kato †, Yumi Hamazaki †, Simo Sun, Yoshikazu Nishikawa * and Eriko Kage-Nakadai * Graduate School of Human Life Science, Osaka City University, Osaka 558-8585, Japan; [email protected] (M.K.); [email protected] (Y.H.); [email protected] (S.S.) * Correspondence: [email protected] (Y.N.); [email protected] (E.K.-N.); Tel.: +81-6-6605-2900 (Y.N.); +81-6-6605-2856 (E.K.-N.) † These authors equally contributed to this work. Received: 26 October 2018; Accepted: 2 December 2018; Published: 5 December 2018 Abstract: Clostridium butyricum MIYAIRI 588 (CBM 588), one of the probiotic bacterial strains used for humans and domestic animals, has been reported to exert a variety of beneficial health effects. The effect of this probiotic on lifespan, however, is unknown. In the present study, we investigated the effect of CBM 588 on lifespan and multiple-stress resistance using Caenorhabditis elegans as a model animal. When adult C. elegans were fed a standard diet of Escherichia coli OP50 or CBM 588, the lifespan of the animals fed CBM 588 was significantly longer than that of animals fed OP50. In addition, the animals fed CBM588 exhibited higher locomotion at every age tested. Moreover, the worms fed CBM 588 were more resistant to certain stressors, including infections with pathogenic bacteria, UV irradiation, and the metal stressor Cu2+. CBM 588 failed to extend the lifespan of the daf-2/insulin-like receptor, daf-16/FOXO and skn-1/Nrf2 mutants.
    [Show full text]
  • Hamid's Dissertation
    BIOCONVERSION OF CELLULOSE INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY IN MICROBIAL FUEL CELLS DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for The Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Hamid Rismani-Yazdi, M.S. * * * * * The Ohio State University 2008 Dissertation Committee: Approved by Dr. Ann D. Christy, Advisor Dr. Burk A. Dehority Dr. Olli H. Tuovinen Dr. Alfred B. Soboyejo Advisor Food, Agricultural and Biological Dr. Zhongtang Yu Engineering Graduate Program ABSTRACT In microbial fuel cells (MFCs), bacteria generate electricity by mediating the oxidation of organic compounds and transferring the resulting electrons to an anode electrode. The first objective of this study was to test the possibility of generating electricity with rumen microorganisms as biocatalysts and cellulose as the electron donor in two-compartment MFCs. Maximum power density reached 55 mW/m2 (1.5 mA, 313 mV) with cellulose as the electron donor. Cellulose hydrolysis and electrode reduction were shown to support the production of current. The electrical current was sustained for over two months with periodic cellulose addition. Clarified rumen fluid and a soluble carbohydrate mixture, serving as the electron donors, could also sustain power output. The second objective was to analyze the composition of the bacterial communities enriched in the cellulose-fed MFCs. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis of PCR amplified 16S rRNA genes revealed that the microbial communities differed when different substrates were used in the MFCs. The anode-attached and the suspended consortia were shown to be different within the same MFC. Cloning and analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that the most predominant bacteria in the anode-attached consortia were related to Clostridium spp., while Comamonas spp.
    [Show full text]
  • Effects of Clostridium Butyricum on Growth Performance, Metabonomics
    Liang et al. BMC Microbiology (2021) 21:85 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12866-021-02143-z RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Effects of Clostridium butyricum on growth performance, metabonomics and intestinal microbial differences of weaned piglets Jing Liang1, Shasha Kou1, Cheng Chen1, Sayed Haidar Abbas Raza2, Sihu Wang2,XiMa1,3, Wen-Ju Zhang1* and Cunxi Nie1* Abstract Background: Weaning stress of piglets causes a huge economic loss to the pig industry. Balance and stability of the intestinal microenvironment is an effective way to reduce the occurance of stress during the weaning process. Clostridium butyricum, as a new microecological preparation, is resistant to high temperature, acid, bile salts and some antibiotics. The aim of present study is to investigate the effects of C. butyricum on the intestinal microbiota and their metabolites in weaned piglets. Results: There was no statistical significance in the growth performance and the incidence of diarrhoea among the weaned piglets treated with C. butyricum during 0–21 days experimental period. Analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequencing results showed that the operational taxonomic units (OTUs), abundance-based coverage estimator (ACE) and Chao index of the CB group were found to be significantly increased compared with the NC group (P <0.05).Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes and Tenericutes were the predominant bacterial phyla in the weaned piglets. A marked increase in the relative abundance of Megasphaera, Ruminococcaceae_NK4A214_group and Prevotellaceae_UCG-003, along with a decreased relative abundance of Ruminococcaceae_UCG-005 was observed in the CB group, when compared with the NC group (P < 0.05). With the addition of C. butyricum, a total of twenty-two significantly altered metabolites were obtained in the feces of piglets.
    [Show full text]
  • Updates on the Sporulation Process in Clostridium Species
    Updates on the sporulation process in Clostridium species Talukdar, P. K., Olguín-Araneda, V., Alnoman, M., Paredes-Sabja, D., & Sarker, M. R. (2015). Updates on the sporulation process in Clostridium species. Research in Microbiology, 166(4), 225-235. doi:10.1016/j.resmic.2014.12.001 10.1016/j.resmic.2014.12.001 Elsevier Accepted Manuscript http://cdss.library.oregonstate.edu/sa-termsofuse *Manuscript 1 Review article for publication in special issue: Genetics of toxigenic Clostridia 2 3 Updates on the sporulation process in Clostridium species 4 5 Prabhat K. Talukdar1, 2, Valeria Olguín-Araneda3, Maryam Alnoman1, 2, Daniel Paredes-Sabja1, 3, 6 Mahfuzur R. Sarker1, 2. 7 8 1Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and 2Department of 9 Microbiology, College of Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR. U.S.A; 3Laboratorio 10 de Mecanismos de Patogénesis Bacteriana, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de 11 Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile. 12 13 14 Running Title: Clostridium spore formation. 15 16 17 Key Words: Clostridium, spores, sporulation, Spo0A, sigma factors 18 19 20 Corresponding author: Dr. Mahfuzur Sarker, Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of 21 Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, 216 Dryden Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331. Tel: 541- 22 737-6918; Fax: 541-737-2730; e-mail: [email protected] 23 1 24 25 Abstract 26 Sporulation is an important strategy for certain bacterial species within the phylum Firmicutes to 27 survive longer periods of time in adverse conditions. All spore-forming bacteria have two phases 28 in their life; the vegetative form, where they can maintain all metabolic activities and replicate to 29 increase numbers, and the spore form, where no metabolic activities exist.
    [Show full text]
  • Root Colonization and Systemic Spreading of Azoarcus Sp. Strain BH72 in Grasses
    JOURNAL OF BACrERIOLOGY, Apr. 1994, p. 1913-1923 Vol. 176, No. 7 0021-9 193/94/$04.00+ 0 Copyright © 1994, American Society for Microbiology Root Colonization and Systemic Spreading of Azoarcus sp. Strain BH72 in Grasses THOMAS HUREK,l 2* BARBARA REINHOLD-HUREK,2t MARC VAN MONTAGU,2 AND EDUARD KELLENBERGER't Abteilung Mikrobiologie, Biozentrum der Universitat Basel, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland,' and Laboratoty of Genetics, University of Gent, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium2 Received 20 September 1993/Accepted 14 January 1994 The invasive properties of Azoarcus sp. strain BH72, an endorhizospheric isolate of Kallar grass, on gnotobiotically grown seedlings of Oryza sativa IR36 and Leptochloafusca (L.) Kunth were studied. Additionally, Azoarcus spp. were localized in roots of field-grown Kallar grass. To facilitate localization and to assure identity of bacteria, genetically engineered microorganisms expressing 0-glucuronidase were also used as inocula. P-Glucuronidase staining indicated that the apical region of the root behind the meristem was the most intensively colonized. Light and electron microscopy showed that strain BH72 penetrated the rhizoplane preferentially in the zones of elongation and differentiation and colonized the root interior inter- and intracellularly. In addition to the root cortex, stelar tissue was also colonized; bacteria were found in the xylem. No evidence was obtained that Azoarcus spp. could reside in living plant cells; rather, plant cells were apparently destroyed after bacteria had penetrated the cell wall. A common pathogenicity test on tobacco leaves provided no evidence that representative strains of Azoarcus spp. are phytopathogenic. Compared with the control, inoculation with strain BH72 significantly promoted growth of rice seedlings.
    [Show full text]