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Brazil: a History of Change Student Text Brazil: A History of Change Student Text PREVIEWDistribution for Not Copyright and Permissions This document is licensed for single-teacher use. The purchase of this curriculum unit includes permission to make copies of the Student Text and appropriate student handouts from the Teacher Resource Book for use in your own classroom. Duplication of this document for the purpose of resale or other distribution is prohibited. Permission is not granted to post this document for use online. Our Digital Editions are designed for this purpose. See www.choices.edu/digital for information and pricing. The Choices Program curriculum units are protected by copyright. If you would like to use material from a Choices unit in your own work, please contact us for permission. PREVIEWDistribution for Not Acknowledgments Brazil: A History of Change was developed by the Choices Program with the assistance of faculty at Brown University and other experts in the field. We wish to thank the following people for their invaluable input to the written and video portions of this curriculum and our previous work on Brazil: Fernando Henrique Cardoso Amy Nunn Former President of Brazil Associate Professor of Behavioral and Social Sciences Professor at Large, Watson Institute for International and Public Associate Professor of Medicine Affairs, Brown University Brown University Anani Dzidzienyo Andre Pagliarini Associate Professor of Africana Studies and Portuguese and Visiting Assistant Professor of History Brazilian Studies, Brown University Brown University Roquinaldo Ferreira Anthony Pereira Henry Charles Lea Professor of History Director, King’s Brazil Institute University of Pennsylvania King’s College, London Seth W. Garfield Keisha-Khan Perry Professor of History; Director, Institute for Historical Studies Associate Professor of Africana Studies University of Texas at Austin Brown University James N. Green Thomas Skidmore Carlos Manuel de Céspedes Professor of Modern Latin American Professor Emeritus of History History and Portuguese and Brazilian Studies, Director of the Brown University Brazil Initiative, Brown University Barbara Weinstein Jeffrey Lesser Professor of History; Silver Professor; Chair, Samuel Candler Dobbs Professor of History; Department of History, New York University Chair, Department of History, Emory University Thank you to Andre Pagliarini for revising this edition. We wish to thank Madeline Otis Campbell and Philip Benson for the critical role they played writing our earlier curriculum unit Brazil: From Colony to Democracy. Thank you to Mackenzie Abernethy, Camisia Glasgow, and Lindsay Turchan for their contributions to the research and writing of this curriculum unit. Thank you to Marga KempnerPREVIEW for the use of her film Horas. Distribution Cover photo by chensiyuan <https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1_rio_de_janeiro_slum_2010.JPG/>. Maps by Alexander Sayer Gard-Murray. Special thanks to Ramon Stern and the Brazil Initiative at Brown University. Thank you to G. Maris Jones and Eduardafor Lira DaSilva Nabuco DeArago for their assistance translating lyrics for the music lesson. The Choices Program Faculty Director Assistant Director, Curriculum Development Adminstrative Assistant Naoko Shibusawa Susannah Bechtel Christine Seguin Curriculum Development Director Administrative Manager Andy Blackadar Kathleen Magiera ProfessionalNot Development Director Marketing and Communications Manager Mimi Stephens Jo Fisher THE CHOICES PROGRAM ■ BROWN UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY ■ WWW.CHOICES.EDU Contents Introduction: A New Century of Change ..............................................1 Part I: Brazil’s Beginnings ..........................................................3 Early Indigenous Communities ..................................................3 Portuguese Colonialism .........................................................3 European Explorers ............................................................5 Slavery and Race in Colonial Brazil ...............................................7 The Colonial Economy .........................................................12 Independence without Protest ..................................................13 Freeing Brazil .................................................................15 Part II: The Brazilian Republic .....................................................19 From Empire to Republic .......................................................19 The Vargas Era ................................................................25 Brazil under Dictatorship .......................................................28 1984: Direct Elections Now! ........................................................35 Options in Brief ...............................................................37 Option 1: Increase Economic Freedom ...........................................38 Option 2: Keep the Military in Charge forDistribution Now ....................................40 Option 3: EmbracePREVIEW Democracy, Justice, and Equality ............................... 42 Part III: Brazilians Reclaim Democracy ..............................................44 The Transition to Democracy ...................................................44 Brazil in the World ............................................................for 46 Currents of Change ............................................................50 What Kind of Democracy? .....................................................55 Supplementary Resources ..........................................................56 Not WWW.CHOICES.EDU ■ BROWN UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY ■ THE CHOICES PROGRAM Brazil: A History of Change Introduction 1 Introduction: A New Century of Change he 2014 FIFA World Cup of soccer and the in crisis. The political disillusion would eventually T2016 Olympic Games put Brazil in the interna- culminate in the bitterly contested impeachment of tional spotlight. The importance of soccer to many President Dilma Rousseff, Brazil’s first woman head Brazilians initially made holding the World Cup of state, in 2016 and the election of conservative a source of deep national pride. The selection of retired army captain Jair Bolsonaro in 2018. The Brazil as the host of the 2016 Olympics was also an highs and lows that Brazil has experienced over important milestone—the first time a country in the past decade is part of a longer dramatic his- South America had been invited to host the Olym- tory. It is the story of a nation constantly struggling pics. Both events seemed designed to recognize to understand and define itself, of distinct groups Brazil’s status as an emerging global power. forging shared identities and asserting themselves, The preparations for these events, however, often in the face of overwhelming odds. including building new stadiums, improving roads, and renovating airports for the millions of tourists Who lives in Brazil? expected to attend, proved more expensive than With a population of over two hundred million early estimates had indicated. Huge sums of money people, Brazil is home to the sixth largest popula- were spent (about $12 billion on preparations for tion in world. Portuguese is Brazil’s official and the World Cup alone, more than the country’s 2014 most widely spoken language. It is also the most health care budget), and instances of corruption spoken language in South America. Brazilian left many Brazilians distrustful of the government. society—including Brazilians’ religions and racial In response, popular protests questioned the coun- identities—is very much shaped by its history. try’s fiscal priorities. The ensuing backlash would Brazil is a racially and ethnically diverse eventually expose the fragility of the country’s country. Its history has been influenced by its many political system. groups of indigenous people, the Portuguese who While Brazil’s natural beauty and vibrant colonized it five hundred years ago, immigrants population captured the world’s imagination in from Europe, the Middle East, and Japan, as well recent years, the country soon found itself mired as the Africans who powered the largest slave economy the world has ever seen. More than fifty percent Distributionof Brazilians have African PREVIEWancestry, making Brazil the country with the second larg- est population of people of African descent after Nigeria. What are some for important features of Brazil’s geography? Brazil is the fifth largest country in the world—about the size of the continental United States. It is the largest country in South America and shares a border with BrunoBrunana (CC BY 2.0). BY (CC BrunoBrunana nearly all countries on the There wereNot widespread protests across Brazil about the costs of hosting the 2014 continent: Argentina, Bolivia, World Cup. The protester’s poster reads “We want a Brazil where health and Colombia, French Guiana, education are the priorities.” WWW.CHOICES.EDU ■ BROWN UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY ■ THE CHOICES PROGRAM TEACHER RESOURCE BOOK Brazil: A History of Change TRB Options: Graphic Organizer 1 Brazil: A History of Change TEACHER RESOURCE BOOK TEACHER RESOURCE BOOK Teacher Resource Book PREVIEWDistribution for TEACHER TEACHER RESOURCE BOOK TEACHER RESOURCE BOOK Not WWW.CHOICES.EDU ■ BROWN UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY ■ THE CHOICES PROGRAM TEACHER RESOURCE BOOK Contents Note to Teachers ......................................................................2 Part I: Brazil’s Beginnings Study Guides and Graphic Organizer .............................................3
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