DOCSLIB.ORG

Aspects of Diversity in Early Antarctic Penguins

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Aspects of Diversity in Early Antarctic Penguins Aspects of diversity in early Antarctic penguins PIOTR JADWISZCZAK and THOMAS MÖRS Jadwiszczak, P. and Mörs, T. 2011. Aspects of diversity in early Antarctic penguins. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 56 (2): 269–277. Penguin bones from the Eocene La Meseta Formation (Seymour Island, Antarctic Peninsula) constitute the only exten− sive fossil record of Antarctic Sphenisciformes. Here, we synonymize some of the recognized genera (Anthropornis with Orthopteryx, Delphinornis with Ichtyopteryx) and species (Anthropornis nordenskjoeldi with Orthopteryx gigas, Delphi− nornis gracilis with Ichtyopteryx gracilis). Moreover, we suggest that Antarctic species of Anthropornis and Pala− eeudyptes, so−called giant penguins, may in fact comprise only one species each instead of two, based on evidence of well−marked sexual dimorphism. We also present new estimates of body mass based on femora testifying to the impres− sive scope of interspecific body−size variation in Eocene Antarctic penguins. Key words: Aves, Sphenisciformes, systematics, sexual dimorphism, body mass, Eocene, Antarctic Peninsula. Piotr Jadwiszczak [[email protected]], Instytut Biologii, Uniwersytet w Białymstoku, ul. Świerkowa 20B, PL−15−950 Białystok, Poland; Thomas Mörs [[email protected]], Department of Palaeozoology, Swedish Museum of Natural History, P.O. Box 50007, SE−104 05 Stockholm, Sweden. Received 19 August 2009, accepted 8 October 2010, available online 11 October 2010. Introduction gunnari (Wiman, 1905), and Palaeeudyptes klekowskii Myr− cha, Tatur, and del Valle, 1990 (see also Jadwiszczak 2008). Penguins (Aves: Sphenisciformes) are highly marine sea− Their type specimens are tarsometatarsi, bones from the hind− birds confined in their distribution to the Southern Hemi− limb skeleton (Wiman 1905a, b; Marples 1953; Simpson 1971; sphere. The oldest record of penguins is represented by a par− Myrcha et al. 1990, 2002; see also Walsh et al. 2007). Other tial skeleton from the late early Paleocene of New Zealand named species were based either on very fragmentary material (Slack et al. 2006). The earliest known Antarctic sphenisci− (Ichtyopteryx gracilis Wiman, 1905) or on non−tarsometatarsal form is late Paleocene in age, and its remains are much less features (e.g., Orthopteryx gigas Wiman, 1905). Interestingly, complete—just three poorly preserved bones found within most (if not all) of the above−mentioned species were probably the Cross Valley Formation of Seymour Island, Antarctic synchronous (and surely sympatric) during the late Eocene Peninsula (Tambussi et al. 2005). In contrast, thousands of time period (Simpson 1975; Case 1996; Jadwiszczak 2006a), bones have been recovered from the Eocene La Meseta For− an unusual situation (in terms of taxonomic diversity) com− mation of Seymour Island, and this is the oldest record of pared to “recent standards” (e.g., Case 1992). Such a situation high diversity in Sphenisciformes. occurred twice more in fossil penguins from younger epochs Based on collections acquired from the La Meseta Forma− (Jadwiszczak 2009). Moreover, estimated body−size parame− tion, fifteen species assigned to ten genera have been erected ters (body mass and total length) indicate that individuals from since 1905 (Wiman 1905a, b; Marples 1953; Simpson 1971; at least four (distinct) species were larger than extant Emperor Myrcha et al. 1990, 2002; Jadwiszczak 2006a, 2008, 2009; Penguins (Aptenodytes forsteri Gray, 1844) (Livezey 1989; Tambussi et al. 2006; and references cited therein), but only Jadwiszczak 2001). six genera and ten species seem to be taxonomically distinct Here, we investigate three aspects of diversity of early (Simpson 1971; Myrcha et al. 2002; Jadwiszczak 2006b). Antarctic penguins: systematics of the smallest and largest These are: Anthropornis grandis (Wiman, 1905), Anthropornis representatives of these birds, body mass, and sexual size di− nordenskjoeldi Wiman, 1905, Archaeospheniscus wimani morphism in “giant” species (from the genera Palaeeudyptes (Marples, 1953), Delphinornis arctowskii Myrcha, Jadwisz− and Anthropornis). This work aims to refresh the list of dis− czak, Tambussi, Noriega, Gaździcki, Tatur, and del Valle, tinct taxa and to review, using samples from wider taxo− 2002, Delphinornis gracilis Myrcha, Jadwiszczak, Tambussi, nomic ranges, unexplored (by students of Eocene sphenisci− Noriega, Gaździcki, Tatur, and del Valle, 2002, Delphinornis forms) models corresponding to the relations between femo− larseni Wiman, 1905, Marambiornis exilis Myrcha, Jadwisz− ral diameter and circumference, and body mass. The cross− czak, Tambussi, Noriega, Gaździcki, Tatur, and del Valle, sectional measurements of the femur (a bone sensitive to 2002, Mesetaornis polaris Myrcha, Jadwiszczak, Tambussi, mass−related forces) are closely related to body mass in liv− Noriega, Gaździcki, Tatur, and del Valle, 2002, Palaeeudyptes ing terrestrial vertebrates (Anderson et al. 1985) and can also Acta Palaeontol. Pol. 56 (2): 269–277, 2011 doi:10.4202/app. 2009.1107 270 ACTA PALAEONTOLOGICA POLONICA 56 (2), 2011 North Section Weddell Sea Penguins of Białystok, Białystok, Poland; MLP, Museo de La Plata, (Sadler 1988) Formation and other Ciudad de La Plata, Argentina; NRM−PZ, Department of m vertebrates Telm 80 Palaeozoology, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stock− holm, Sweden; NRM−VE, Department of Vertebrate Zool− ogy, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Swe− 7 den; SAMA, South Australian Museum, Adelaide, Australia. 70 Other abbreviations.—CV, coefficient of variation; N, num− ber of specimens; P, P−value, a measure of the strength of ev− 6–7 6 idence against the null hypothesis; SSD, sexual size dimor− phism (skeletal sexual dimorphism). 5 4 shells 60 pebbles Material and methods 3 sand silt + sand A total of 41 tarsometatarsi, 30 femora and three synsacra of the location of the oldest in situ 50 Eocene Antarctic penguins from Seymour Island (Antarctic penguin bones Peninsula) were used for this study (Appendix 1). They are housed at the IB/P/B, MLP and NRM−PZ. Morphology of LA MESETA FORMATION 100 m bones from the IB/P/B and NRM were studied directly. Data 2 for femora from the IB/P/B and tarsometatarsi from the 40 IB/P/B (except two measurement categories, see below) and 0 MLP were taken from Jadwiszczak 2006a and Myrcha et al. 1 2002, respectively, whereas measurements for bones from the NRM (tarsometatarsi, femora and synsacra) and selected measurements (distal width and thickness of shaft) for tarso− 30 metatarsi from the IB/P/B were taken by PJ (using digital Occurrence of penguin bones within Telm7 callipers with an accuracy of 0.1 mm). Taxonomic assign− ment of bones from the IB/P/B and MLP follows that of rare Myrcha et al. (2002) and Jadwiszczak (2006a), the systemat− frequent ics of specimens from the NRM (Wiman 1905a, b; Marples numerous 20 1953; Simpson 1971) was revised by PJ (based on size abundant and/or morphology; see below). The material consists solely of isolated skeletal elements. Symmetry of distribution (skewness = 0) was tested by fossil wood means of classical Student’s t−tests, whereas testing for nor− pebbles and cobbles 10 mality was performed using Shapiro−Wilk’s W test. Elonga− boulders tion indices were compared by means of a two−sided ran− sand domization test (10000 randomizations). The coefficient of bioturbated sandy mudstone variation (CV), a standardized measure of variation, was ex− sand-mud heterolith pressed in a form of the standard deviation as a percentage of 0 shell bed the mean. CVs for extant penguins were calculated using data from Livezey (1989). The scaling model of Campbell Fig. 1. The rock column of the La Meseta Formation (Seymour Island, and Marcus (1992), used for body mass estimation, was de− Antarctica) showing the concentration of penguin bones in Telm7 and the rived from the logarithmic relationship between selected oldest penguin locality in situ (modified from Myrcha et al. 2002: fig. 2). skeletal measurements and body masses of birds (89 fami− lies). Here, we utilized data only for the “Swimmers” sub− be treated as approximate measures of body size in birds group (including, but not limited to, Spheniscidae or pen− (e.g., Campbell and Marcus 1992). Moreover, due to the re− guins). Another model we used, that of Cubo and Casinos cent advances in the study of osteology and systematics of (1997), was based on the long−bone allometry, and resulted early Antarctic penguins (assignment of isolated bones to in regressions with body mass as the independent variable taxa or groups of taxa; Jadwiszczak 2006a) as well as the size (so inverse prediction was needed). Unlike the previous ap− of the studied sample, such data can be used to verify proach, this one concentrated mainly on Palaeognathiformes previous estimates (see above). (running birds) and penguins, although several non−flying Institutional abbreviations.—BMNH, Natural History Mu− species from other orders were also considered (Cubo and seum, London, UK; IB/P/B, Institute of Biology, University Casinos 1997). JADWISZCZAK AND MÖRS—DIVERSITY OF EARLY ANTARCTIC PENGUINS 271 Tambussi, Noriega, Gaździcki, Tatur, and del Valle, 2002), Geological and stratigraphical IB/P/B−0492 (incomplete left tarsometatarsus), IB/P/B−0549 setting (incomplete left tarsometatarsus), IB/P/B−0408 (incomplete left tibiotarsus) and IB/P/B−0130 (incomplete right femur). The La Meseta Formation (Elliot and Trautman 1982) is an Emended diagnosis.—Tarsometatarsus small and slender unconformity−bounded unit exposed in the north−eastern
Load more

Recommended publications
  • At the Root of the Early Penguin Neck: a Study of the Only Two Cervicodorsal Spines Recovered from the Eocene of Antarctica Piotr Jadwiszczak
    RESEARCH/REVIEW ARTICLE At the root of the early penguin neck: a study of the only two cervicodorsal spines recovered from the Eocene of Antarctica Piotr Jadwiszczak Institute of Biology, University of Bialystok, Swierkowa 20B, PL-15-950, Bialystok, Poland Keywords Abstract Antarctic Peninsula; La Meseta Formation; Palaeogene; early Sphenisciformes; The spinal column of early Antarctic penguins is poorly known, mainly due to cervicodorsal vertebrae. the scarcity of articulated vertebrae in the fossil record. One of the most interesting segments of this part of the skeleton is the transitional series located Correspondence at the root of the neck. Here, two such cervicodorsal series, comprising rein- Piotr Jadwiszczak, Institute of Biology, terpreted known material and a new specimen from the Eocene of Seymour University of Bialystok, Swierkowa 20B, Island (Antarctic Peninsula), were investigated and contrasted with those PL-15-950 Bialystok, Poland. of modern penguins and some fossil bones. The new specimen is smaller E-mail: [email protected] than the counterpart elements in recent king penguins, whereas the second series belonged to a large-bodied penguin from the genus Palaeeudyptes. It had been assigned by earlier researchers to P. gunnari (a species of ‘‘giant’’ penguins) and a Bayesian analysis*a Bayes factor approach based on size of an associated tarsometatarsus*strongly supported such an assignment. Morphological and functional studies revealed that mobility within the aforementioned segment probably did not differ substantially between extant and studied fossil penguins. There were, however, intriguing morphological differences between the smaller fossil specimen and the comparative material related to the condition of the lateral excavation in the first cervicodorsal vertebra and the extremely small size of the intervertebral foramen located just prior to the first ‘‘true’’ thoracic vertebra.
    [Show full text]
  • (Ypresian, Eocene) of the Cucullaea I Allomember, La Meseta Formation, Seymour (Marambio) Island, Antarctica
    Rev. peru. biol. 19(3): 275 - 284 (Diciembre 2012) © Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas UNMSM Weddellian marine/coastal vertebrates diversity from Seymour Island,ISSN Antarctica 1561-0837 Weddellian marine/coastal vertebrates diversity from a basal horizon (Ypresian, Eocene) of the Cucullaea I Allomember, La Meseta formation, Seymour (Marambio) Island, Antarctica Diversidad de vertebrados marino costeros de la Provincia Weddelliana en un horizonte basal (Ypresiano, Eoceno) del Alomiembro Cucullaea I, Formación La Meseta, isla Seymour (Marambio), Antártida Marcelo A. Reguero1,2,3,*, Sergio A. Marenssi1,3 and Sergio N. Santillana1 Abstract 1 Instituto Antártico Argentino, Ce- rrito 1248, C1010AAZ Ciudad Au- The La Meseta Formation crops out in Seymour/Marambio Island, Weddell Sea, northeast of the Antarctic tónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina. Peninsula and contains one of the world's most diverse assemblages of Weddellian marine/coastal verte- 2 División Paleontología de Verte- brates of Early Eocene (Ypresian) age. The La Meseta Formation is composed of poorly consolidated, marine brados, Museo de La Plata, Paseo sandstones and siltstones which were deposited in a coastal, deltaic and/or estuarine environment. It includes del Bosque s/n, B1900FWA, La Plata, Argentina. marine invertebrates and vertebrates as well as terrestrial vertebrates and plants. The highly fossiliferous basal 3 Consejo Nacional de Investi- horizon (Cucullaea shell bed, Telm 4 of Sadler 1988) of the Cucullaea I Allomember is a laterally extensive shell gaciones Científicas y Técnicas, bed with sandy matrix. The fish remains, including 35 species from 26 families, of the YpresianCucullaea bed Argentina (CONICET). represent one of the most abundant and diverse fossil vertebrate faunas yet recorded in southern latitudes.
    [Show full text]
  • Phylogenetic Characters in the Humerus and Tarsometatarsus of Penguins
    vol. 35, no. 3, pp. 469–496, 2014 doi: 10.2478/popore−2014−0025 Phylogenetic characters in the humerus and tarsometatarsus of penguins Martín CHÁVEZ HOFFMEISTER School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Wills Memorial Building, Queens Road, BS8 1RJ, Bristol, United Kingdom and Laboratorio de Paleoecología, Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile <[email protected]> Abstract: The present review aims to improve the scope and coverage of the phylogenetic matrices currently in use, as well as explore some aspects of the relationships among Paleogene penguins, using two key skeletal elements, the humerus and tarsometatarsus. These bones are extremely important for phylogenetic analyses based on fossils because they are commonly found solid specimens, often selected as holo− and paratypes of fossil taxa. The resulting dataset includes 25 new characters, making a total of 75 characters, along with eight previously uncoded taxa for a total of 48. The incorporation and analysis of this corrected subset of morphological characters raise some interesting questions consider− ing the relationships among Paleogene penguins, particularly regarding the possible exis− tence of two separate clades including Palaeeudyptes and Paraptenodytes, the monophyly of Platydyptes and Paraptenodytes, and the position of Anthropornis. Additionally, Noto− dyptes wimani is here recovered in the same collapsed node as Archaeospheniscus and not within Delphinornis, as in former analyses. Key words: Sphenisciformes, limb bones, phylogenetic analysis, parsimony method, revised dataset. Introduction Since the work of O’Hara (1986), the phylogeny of penguins has been a sub− ject of great interest. During the last decade, several authors have explored the use of molecular (e.g., Subramanian et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Eocene Birds from the Western Margin of Southernmost South America Michel A
    Journal of Paleontology, 84(6), 2010, p. 1061–1070 Copyright ’ 2010, The Paleontological Society 0022-3360/10/0084-1061$03.00 EOCENE BIRDS FROM THE WESTERN MARGIN OF SOUTHERNMOST SOUTH AMERICA MICHEL A. SALLABERRY,1 ROBERTO E. YURY-YA´ N˜ EZ,1 RODRIGO A. OTERO,1,2 SERGIO SOTO-ACUN˜ A,1 AND TERESA TORRES G.3 1Laboratorio de Zoologı´a de Vertebrados, Departamento de Ciencias Ecolo´gicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, N˜ un˜oa, Santiago de Chile, ,[email protected]., ,[email protected]., ,[email protected].; 2Consejo de Monumentos Nacionales, A´ rea Patrimonio Natural, Vicun˜a Mackenna 084, Providencia, Santiago de Chile, ,[email protected].; and 3Facultad de Ciencias Agrono´micas, Universidad de Chile, Santa Rosa 11315, Santiago de Chile, ,[email protected]. ABSTRACT—This study presents the first record of Eocene birds from the western margin of southernmost South America. Three localities in Magallanes, southern Chile, have yielded a total of eleven bird remains, including Sphenisciformes (penguins) and one record tentatively assigned to cf. Ardeidae (egrets). Two different groups of penguins have been recognized from these localities. The first group is similar in size to the smallest taxa previously described from Seymour Island, Marambiornis Myrcha et al., 2002, Mesetaornis Myrcha et al., 2002, and Delphinornis Wiman, 1905. The second recognized group is similar in size to the biggest taxa from Seymour Island; based on the available remains, we recognize the genus Palaeeudyptes Huxley, 1859, one of the most widespread penguin genera in the Southern Hemisphere during the Eocene. The stratigraphic context of the localities indicates a certain level of correlation with the geological units described on Seymour Island.
    [Show full text]
  • Klekowskii Penguin Takes Size Title Away from Emperor 4 August 2014, by Nancy Owano
    Klekowskii penguin takes size title away from emperor 4 August 2014, by Nancy Owano weighed over 250 pounds (115 kilograms).The species is known as Palaeeudyptes klekowskii. How did these researchers know the penguin was so huge? They knew by way of the bones they discovered, indicating the penguin was the tallest and heaviest ever to walk the Earth. Detailing Acosta Hospitaleche's work, New Scientist said, "Now she has uncovered two bigger bones. One is part of a wing, and the other is a tarsometatarsus, formed by the fusion of ankle and foot bones. The tarsometatarsus measures a record 9.1 centimeters. Based on the relative sizes of bones in penguin skeletons, Acosta Hospitaleche estimates P. klekowskii was 2.01 meters long from beak tip to toes." The larger the penguin, the deeper it can dive. Also, the large the penguin, the longer it can remain underwater. The researchers reckoned this Palaeeudyptes klekowskii. Credit: Geobios, heavyweight P. klekowskii could have stayed down doi:10.1016/j.geobios.2014.03.003 for 40 minutes, which indicates it was able to enjoy more time to hunt fish, Seymour Island is in the chain of islands around the A new fossil discovery of bones makes the tip of the Graham Land on the Antarctic Peninsula. 90-pound emperor penguin, thought to be the Many fossils have been discovered on the island. largest of all penguins, rather puny. Penguin- According to The Guardian, the bones were found watching has become all the more fascinating in at the La Meseta formation, Seymour Island, which light of new observations from researchers about is part of the peninsula with a wide range and the penguin past.
    [Show full text]
  • Distinguishing Between Two Antarctic Species of Eocene Palaeeudyptes Penguins: a Statistical Approach Using Tarsometatarsi
    vol. 34, no. 3, pp. 237–252, 2013 doi: 10.2478/popore−2013−0020 Distinguishing between two Antarctic species of Eocene Palaeeudyptes penguins: a statistical approach using tarsometatarsi Piotr JADWISZCZAK1 and Carolina ACOSTA HOSPITALECHE 2 1 Instytut Biologii, Uniwersytet w Białymstoku, ul. Świerkowa 20B, 15−950 Białystok, Poland <[email protected]> 2 División Paleontología Vertebrados, Museo de La Plata, Paseo del Bosque s/n, B1900FWA, La Plata, Argentina <[email protected]> Abstract: Defining species boundaries, due to morphological variation, often represents a significant challenge in paleozoology. In this paper we report results from multi− and univariate data analyses, such as enhanced clustering techniques, principal coordinates or− dination method, kernel density estimations and finite mixture model analyses, revealing some morphometric patterns within the Eocene Antarctic representatives of Palaeeudyptes penguins. These large−sized birds were represented by two species, P. gunnari and P. klekowskii, known mainly from numerous isolated bones. Investigations focused on tarso− metatarsi, crucial bones in paleontology of early penguins, resulted in a probability−based framework allowing for the “fuzzy” partitioning the studied specimens into two taxa with partly overlapping size distributions. Such a number of species was supported by outcomes from both multi− and univariate studies. In our opinion, more reliance should be placed on the quantitative analysis of form when distinguishing between species within the Antarctic Palaeeudyptes. Key words: Antarctic, La Meseta Formation, Paleogene, Sphenisciformes, statistics, sys− tematics. Introduction Penguins (Aves: Sphenisciformes) have the fairly extensive Paleogene fossil re− cord (Jadwiszczak 2009) and their earliest unambiguous remains, assignable to three species, were reported from the Paleocene of New Zealand and the Antarctic Penin− sula (Tambussi et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Download Article As 589.6 KB PDF File
    6 AvailableNew on-lineZealand at: Journal http://www.newzealandecology.org/nzje/ of Ecology, Vol. 34, No. 1, 2010 special issue: Feathers to Fur The ecological transformation of Aotearoa/New Zealand The origin and history of New Zealand’s terrestrial vertebrates Alan J.D. Tennyson Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, PO Box 467, Wellington, New Zealand (Email: [email protected]) Published on-line: 4 November 2009 Abstract: Since the 1980s, morphological and molecular research has resulted in significant advances in understanding the relationships and origins of the recent terrestrial vertebrate fauna in the New Zealand biogeographic region. This research has led to many taxonomic changes, with a significant increase in the number of bird and reptile species recognised. It has also resulted in the recognition of several more Holocene (<10 000 years ago) bird species extinctions. The conclusion that Holocene extinctions were primarily caused by human- hunting and predation by other introduced mammals (particularly rats and cats) has been supported by new data. Despite many local eradications of introduced pests, the number of introduced species has increased, with the establishment of five more foreign birds and (on Norfolk Island) the house gecko (Hemidactylus frenatus). Many new, significant New Zealand vertebrate fossils have been reported, including more dinosaurs from the Cretaceous, and the first Tertiary records of frogs, rhynchocephalids, lizards, crocodylians, bats and a terrestrial “Mesozoic ghost” mammal from the Early Miocene near St Bathans. For birds, the earliest known penguins in the world have been discovered, and there are intriguing Late Cretaceous – Early Paleocene remains still awaiting detailed description.
    [Show full text]
  • An Enigmatic Fossil Penguin from the Eocene of Antarctica
    POLAR RESEARCH, 2017 VOL. 36, 1291086 https://doi.org/10.1080/17518369.2017.1291086 RESEARCH NOTE An enigmatic fossil penguin from the Eocene of Antarctica Piotr Jadwiszczaka and Thomas Mörsb aInstitute of Biology, University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland; bDepartment of Palaeobiology, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden ABSTRACT KEYWORDS Tarsometatarsi are key skeletal elements in penguin palaeontology. They constitute, among Antarctic Peninsula; others, type specimens of all 10 widely accepted species of fossil penguins from the Eocene La Meseta Formation; La Meseta Formation on Seymour Island (Graham Land, Antarctic Peninsula). Here, we report Paleogene; on a recently collected large-sized tarsometatarsus from this formation that represents a new Sphenisciformes; morphotype. We are convinced that the morphotype corresponds to a new species, but the tarsometatarsus; material is too scarce for a taxonomic act. Undoubtedly, the bone discussed here is a valuable new morphotype addition to our knowledge on diversity of early penguins. Eocene (56–34 Mya) penguins (Aves, locality corresponds to the Submeseta II Sphenisciformes) have a remarkably extensive fossil Allomember or level 38 of Montes et al. (2013) that record, especially in contrast to their earlier relatives they interpreted as late Middle Eocene (Bartonian) in known from the Paleocene (66–56 Mya) (Jadwiszczak age. According to some recent sources (e.g., Buono 2009). At present, various scientific institutions house et al. 2016; Kriwet et al. 2016), level 38 is of Late thousands of Eocene penguin bones, collected within Eocene (Priabonian) age. several localities scattered throughout the Southern The fossil bone was found in situ while surface Hemisphere. Most of these specimens, albeit very collecting.
    [Show full text]
  • Partml: Final Paper
    PartML: Final Paper Tuan Do N. Nick Moran Mikel Mcdaniel May 11, 2013 Abstract 2. member of (senator and senate) Detecting meronymic relationships is member-collection of great use in many natural language ex: I attend Brandeis ... processing domains, such as process- ing biomedical text, question-answering 3. substance of (gold and ring) systems, text summarization, and text substance-whole understanding. (8) (10) We describe, PartML, an annotation specification and ex: Air contains nitrogen ... guideline for annotating part-whole re- lationships and related entity and rela- Our specification captures each of these three tionship attributes that are useful for types with the goal of differentiating the exact applying machine learning. We also type of meronym when one is detected. Our find- provide a brief overview of previous ings include differences in the agreement of anno- works and their approaches for defin- tation for these different types, as well as prelim- ing and automatically finding part-whole inary results from machine learning efforts. We relationships in text, then discuss the describe potential improvements to our specifica- strenghts and weaknesses of our annota- tion and guideline to improve agreement, to bol- tion schemes, including inter-annotator ster future machine learning, and to expand the agreement scores, and finally end with results of machine learning methods ap- scope of the task to related areas. plied to our gold-standard corpus. 2 Previous works 1 Introduction Part{whole or meronymy relations are an im- PartML is an annotation scheme designed to cap- portant binary semantic relation that have been ture meronymic, or part-whole, relationships and worked on from the time of the atomists (Plato, related attributes that are useful for applying Aristotle, and the Scholastics) and further in- machine learning to automatically detect these vestigated in the beginning of the 20th century.
    [Show full text]
  • Ypresian, Eocene) of the Cucullaea I Allomember, La Meseta Formation, Seymour (Marambio) Island, Antarctica Revista Peruana De Biología, Vol
    Revista Peruana de Biología ISSN: 1561-0837 [email protected] Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos Perú Reguero, Marcelo A.; Marenssi, Sergio A.; Santillana, Sergio N. Weddellian marine/coastal vertebrates diversity from a basal horizon (Ypresian, Eocene) of the Cucullaea I Allomember, La Meseta formation, Seymour (Marambio) Island, Antarctica Revista Peruana de Biología, vol. 19, núm. 3, diciembre, 2012, pp. 275-284 Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos Lima, Perú Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=195025570007 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative Rev. peru. biol. 19(3): 275 - 284 (Diciembre 2012) © Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas UNMSM Weddellian marine/coastal vertebrates diversity from Seymour Island,ISSN Antarctica 1561-0837 Weddellian marine/coastal vertebrates diversity from a basal horizon (Ypresian, Eocene) of the Cucullaea I Allomember, La Meseta formation, Seymour (Marambio) Island, Antarctica Diversidad de vertebrados marino costeros de la Provincia Weddelliana en un horizonte basal (Ypresiano, Eoceno) del Alomiembro Cucullaea I, Formación La Meseta, isla Seymour (Marambio), Antártida Marcelo A. Reguero1,2,3,*, Sergio A. Marenssi1,3 and Sergio N. Santillana1 Abstract 1 Instituto Antártico Argentino, Ce- rrito 1248, C1010AAZ Ciudad Au- The La Meseta Formation crops out in Seymour/Marambio Island, Weddell Sea, northeast of the Antarctic tónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina. Peninsula and contains one of the world's most diverse assemblages of Weddellian marine/coastal verte- 2 División Paleontología de Verte- brates of Early Eocene (Ypresian) age.
    [Show full text]
  • Download Full Article 1.5MB .Pdf File
    Memoirs of Museum Victoria 69: 309–325 (2012) ISSN 1447-2546 (Print) 1447-2554 (On-line) http://museumvictoria.com.au/About/Books-and-Journals/Journals/Memoirs-of-Museum-Victoria A review of Australian fossil penguins (Aves: Sphenisciformes) TRAVIS PARK1 AND ERICH M.G. FITZgeRALD2 1 School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Vic. 3125, Australia and Geosciences, Museum Victoria, GPO Box 666, Melbourne, Vic. 3001, Australia ([email protected]) 2 Geosciences, Museum Victoria, GPO Box 666, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia ([email protected]) Abstract Park, T. and Fitzgerald, E.M.G. 2012. A review of Australian fossil penguins (Aves: Sphenisciformes). Memoirs of Museum Victoria 69: 309–325. Australian fossil penguins (Sphenisciformes) are reviewed as a basis for future primary research. The five named species are based on type specimens of Eocene, Miocene—Pliocene and Holocene age collected from South Australia, Victoria and Tasmania. The phylogenetic affinities of these taxa remain unresolved. Only one type specimen is represented by clearly associated elements of a skeleton; the rest are single bones (isolated partial humeri and a pelvis). Further research is required to establish the taxonomic status of Pachydyptes simpsoni, Anthropodyptes gilli, Pseudaptenodyes macraei, ?Pseudaptenodytes minor and Tasidyptes hunteri. Additional described specimens include isolated postcranial elements from the Late Oligocene of South Australia and Late Miocene—Early Pliocene of Victoria. Other Miocene and Pliocene
    [Show full text]
  • Back Matter (PDF)
    Index Page numbers in italics refer to Figures; page numbers in bold refer to Tables. A batus 158 Arrhoges spp. Actinoceramus concentricus 11 A. arcuacheilos 158 Actinoperygii 91-92 A. diversicostata 158 Alepisauriformes 94, 97 Ascodinium sp. 11 Elopomorpha 92, 96 A. serratum 11 Ichthyodectiformes 86, 92-94, 96-97 Asterosoma 24 Teleostei 94 Astrapotheria 179 Aeneator tawsi 158 Atherospermataceae 52 Agathoxylon 66 Atherospermoxylon bulboradiatum 70 Albuliformes 86 Atlantic Gateway 58 Alepisauriformes 94, 97 Aucellina 11 Alexander Island 64 Albian flora 68 Baculites 15 stratigraphy 65 belemnites 11 ammonites 11,14, 23 bennettitaleans 68, 69 angiosperms see leaf fossils also wood fossils Bibby Point Member 11,12,15 Anisodonta subovata 158 birds of the A. nordenskjoeldi biozone 159 Antarctiberyx seymouri 86, 94 bivalves 11,13,14, 23, 30 Antarctic Peninsula of the A. nordenskjoeldi biozone 158 floristic record 65--66 body size, climatic significance of 183-185 Cretaceous 66-74 bony fish see Osteichthyes Neogene 74-76 Botany Bay Group, fossil wood 66 Palaeogene 74 Botula pirriei 158 formation of 1 Bouchardia 158 geological setting 64-65 brachiopods 11,14, 23 Antarctodolops dailyi see Polydolops dailyi Brandy Bay Member 9,10,12,11-14,16,17 Antarctohoges Brassospora 72 A. arcuacheilos 158 bread-crust bombs 25, 43 A. diversicostata 158 bryophytes 69, 75 Antarctoxylon spp. 70, 71 bryozoans 11, 14, 24 A. heterosporosum 70 BuUa glacialis 158 A. junglandoides 70 A. livingstonensis 70 Callorhinchus sp. 113,114,115, 120 A. multiseriatum 70 Canninginopsis denticulata 15 A. uniperforatum 70 Cape Melville Formation 188 Anthropornis spp. 151,152 Carcharias sp. 88, 89 A.
    [Show full text]