Recent events

NAT. 血ST. B 肌 L. SIAM Soc. 53(2): 14 5- 180 ， 2005

FIRST FIELD ECOLOGY SYMPOSIUM ， “FOREST ECOLOGY AND RESTORATION" 28TH - 30TH JANUARY 2005

George George A. Galtl and Tommaso Savini I

Li ttle detailed knowledge is available on In dochina's biodiversity (plants ，泊 vertebra 飽s， vertebrates ，etc.) at the level 白紙 currently exists for the temperate zone and for some 釘 eas 泊白.e Neo 住opics 姐 dA 合ica (e.g. ，TERBORGH EI AL. ， 1990; ROB 町 SON ET AL. ，2000 and cited cited there-in). 官邸isp 紅白ularly problematic for countries in In dochina ，where large-scale deforestation deforestation (and other forms of habitat destruction) is occurring rapidly (FAO ， 1997) and 血is biodiversity is being lost and biological communities 釘 'e being significantly changed before 血ey have been well documented. For ex 創 nple ，less 白血20% of Th ailand remains forested forested compared with an estimate of 53% 台om 白 early 1960's (LE 聞 G 組 AMS R1 & RA1E SH ， 1992). 1992). In conjunction with habitat loss and fragmentation ，there is still intense exploitation of wildlife wildlife reso 町 ces for food and the for national and regional wildlife trade (BE 附 Eπ&RAO ， 2002). 2002). Compounding these problems is a serious lack of human reso 町 ces and expertise in all fields fields of ecology (Soo 皿&LIOW ，2000). 百lail 佃 d，a coun 町 of over 65 million people ， and now one of 血e most developed in the region ，still ranks in the bottom 25% in 血e world 泊 terms of the number of people involved in any form of research and development

(WO 阻 .0 BANK ， 2002). Al though 官lail 佃 d has an equal or higher level ofbiological diversity of of many groups of organisms 組 da larger area complex tropical ecosystems compared to 血e U 凶ted States for example (ASEAN REGIONAL CE 悶'RE FOR BIODIVERSITY CONSERV A:官 ON ， 2003) ，0 町 es 白nates suggest 白紙 it probably gr ョduates < 5 Ph.D. ecologists per ye 紅 (0.08 ecology ecology graduates/ million people) comparedωat le ai; t 40 伽 es rate that from the United States States (> 1000 Ph.D. ecologists per ye 紅').百 le si 旬 ation is fi 紅 worse for most of 官 lailand's immediate immediate neighbors. Furthermore ， while the situation is improving ， are there still too few 百凶or other South-east Asian researchers with sufficient tra 泊加g or experience to conduct scientifically-sound scientifically-sound surveys of any form of biodiversity 佃 d even fewer with the capacity to analyze analyze data and publish scientific papers 泊血 is scientific field (Soo 阻&LIOW ， 2000). However ，anecdotal evidence suggests 血at a relatively 1釘 ge community of researchers

is is currently working 恒 m 佃 y parts different of the coun 町 covering m 姐 y 酪 pects of its biodiversity. biodiversity. Unfortuna 旬ly ，出 is research tends to be isolated andlor f同.gmented ， leading to reduced reduced impact and lower intemational outpu t. In In order to gather researchers (Thai and foreigner) who are presently conducting research 泊Th ailand related to forest ecology 佃 d forest restoration we decided to organize and host a symposium on “forest ecology and restoration" which we hope w i11 be the beginning beginning of a long-term series of symposia on field ecology to be organized on a bi-annual

Conservation I Conservation Ec ology U 凶t，Sch ∞， 1 of Bioresources and Technology ，Kin g Mongkut's University of Technology Th onburi ，Bangkok

145 145 146 GEORGE A. GALE AND TOMMASO SA VINI basis ，and perhaps on an annu a1 basis depending on the level of 加terest. Th e meeting atmosphere atmosphere a1 10wed researchers and students to exchange ideas for enhancing the qu a1 ity of their their work and establishing future cooperation. Th es 戸nposium focused on a range of researchers-from senior professors to graduate students. students. Our frrst go a1 was to have se 凶or researchers ， with internation a1 standing ， share their their knowledge among the p釘 ticip 佃 t in a series of plenary ta1k s covering m 佃 Y di 百erent aspects aspects of forest ecology. Th e second go a1 was for graduate students to have the oppo 口u凶ty to to present their work in an atmosphere similar to an international meeting and receive constructive constructive scientific feedback from a scientific audience. Th e symposium ， sponsored by Biodiversity Biodiversity Research Training (BRT) ，PTT-EP ，King Mongku t' s University of Technology 百lO nb 凶 (KMUTT) and Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) ，was attended by approxi- mately mately 90 researchers 合om Th ailand and other countries. Here follows the ab 柑 'acts from 37 or a1 presentations 佃 d 10 posters that were presented during 血e 白ree days of the symposium.

REFERENCES

ASEAN ASEAN RE Gl ONAL CENTRE FOR BIO Dl VERSITY CONSERV A: τ10N. 2003. ASEAN Regional C巴ntre for Biodiversity Conservation: Conservation: http://www.arcbc.org [Accessed 23 Janu 釘 γ2004]. BENNETT BENNETT E. L.， AND M. RAo. 2002. Hunting and wildlife 回 de in tropical and subtropical forests: results of a meeting held held in Kh ao Yai National Park ，Th ailand. 2∞ 2. W Il dlife Conservation Society ，Bangkok. FAO. FAO. 1997. State ofthe World's Forests 1997. Food andAgricultural Org 副 zation ofthe United Nations ，Rome LE 聞 GARAMS 則 P. ，AND N. RAJ 邸 H.1992. 百 e釦ture of people 組 dforesωin 百lailand after 血elogg 泊 gban. Pr oject for for Ec ological Recovery ，Bangkok ，司 lai1 and. ROBINSON ROBINSON W. D. ，J. D. B臥:wN， AND S. K. ROBINSON. 2000. Forest bird comm 凶 ty struc 細胞 in ce 即 al Panama: influence influence of spatial scale and biogeography. Eco l. Monogr. 70: 20 9- 235. SODHI SODHI N. S. ， AND L. H. Llow. 2000. Im proving conservation biology research in sou 出east Asia. Cons. Biol. 14: 1211-1121 1211-1121 TERBORGH TERBORGH J. ，S. K. ROBINSON ，T. A. PARKER ，C. A. MUNN ， AND N. PI 凪 PONT.1990.S 回 C旬 re and org 鉱山ation ofan Amazonian Amazonian forest bird community. Ecol. Monogr. 60: 213-238. WORLD WORLD BANK. 2002. World Development lndicators Database 2002. World Bank ，Washington D.C. ，U.S.A. FOREST ECOLOGY AND RESTORATION 147

ABSTRACTS OF ORAL PRESENTATIONS

Current Policies Regarding Conducting Research in Thailand's Protected Areas

Chaweewan Hutacharern

After After Bureaucratic restructuring 泊 2002 ， the Department of National Parks ，Wildlife and Plant Conservation (DNP) was formed as a separate agency from the existing Royal Forest Forest Department (RFD). Th e DNP was established to oversee selected categories of protected protected areas (national parks ，wildlife sanctuaries and head watershed areas) where relatively relatively 合agile environments requ 悦 special protection and maintenance to preserve their biological biological diversity. Forest reserves and forest parks ，however ， remain under the jurisdiction of of the Royal Forest Department. Management of these protected areas requires baseline information on 出eir physical and and biological aspects. Th is information is obtained 血rough field surveys and by monitoring environmental environmental changes ，and the DNP must ensure that these actions are sufficient to inform inform environmental managemen t. In addition to providing valuable ecosystem services ， Th ailand's protected areas serve a number of other functions ， including biological and environmental environmental study. The DNP and the RFD have therefore implemented policies that support support all research in these protected lands. Data from this extramural research con 町ibute to the the monitoring goals of 出e DNP and RFD without expending their resources. All research must be carried out in accordance with Th ailand's pertinent laws ，regulations and procedures. The Di rector-General ofDepartment ofNational Parks ，Wildlife and Plant Conservation

is is authorized to gr 佃 t permits to those conducting research in protected areas under the jurisdiction jurisdiction of the DNP. Permission is granted in accordance with 血e recommendations of a technical technical consulting committee and after being endorsed by the Minister of N atural Resources and and Environment. Pr ocessing time for a research pen 国 tapplication is usually less 白血60 days. days. An y projects involving foreign researchers must be approved by the National Research Council Council of Th ailand before the application is submitted to the DNP. Applications for research to to be conducted on lands under the jurisdiction of the RFD are handled in a simil 紅 m 捌 er. Wh ile 血is two-step procedure allows for more thorough review of the requests ，it has also become rather time-consuming. Nevertheless ， the process was established to better meet τ'h ail 佃 d 's obligations as a Contracting Party to the Convention on Biological Diversity ， balancing balancing the need to protect 出e coun 町 's interests while granting access to its biological and and genetic diversity the for greater global good.

Dep 紅伽lent of National Park ，Wildlife and Plant Conservation. 61 Paltolyothin Road. Chatuchak ，Bangkok. 10900 ， Th ailand. chaltu も:@access.ine t. co.th 148 148 GEORGE A. GALE AND TOMMASO SA VINI

Conducting Conducting a Successful Long-term Wildlife Research in Thailand: Strategy Strategy and Funding

Pilai Pilai Poonswad

It It is very difficult to provide a typic a1 model strategy in order to keep a long-term wild- life life research running ，p紅 ticularly in a develop 加gcoun 句 such as Th ailand where wildlife is much considered for its economic a1 va1 ue ， but with little care for its ecologic a1 va1 ue. 百le research research itself basic a1 1y requires a long duration ，a lot of manpower and great amount of fund 加g. It a1 so involves a number of influenti a1 unexpected factors. To be successful and achieving achieving go a1 s such project has to be recognized by agencies of authority ，public and private sectors. sectors. To achieve the go a1 s，合 om my perspective ，1 propose 出e following strategies: Firstly ， it it directly involves the researcher; the person a1 discipline ，including inspiration ，curiosity and passion ，setting go a1 s， honesty and determination. Secondly ， the researcher must have a scientific scientific thinking process; compris 泊 g interrelated thinking 仕om data emission ，consistency 組 d ethics ，interpretation and ev a1 uation of results ，dissemination of results and implementa- tion. tion. Th irdly ，soci a1 and psychologic a1 skill; it involves a町 acting public attention ，紅 ousing and convincing awareness ，appreciation ，creating 回 stand 加vit 加g participation. Th ese would render render both mor a1 and fmanci a1 support which perpeωate the research and create pride among the the public. 百le discussion is based on frrst hand experience.

Depar 泊施nt of Microbiology ，Fac 凶ty of Science Mahidol University

The Plant Community and its Diversity at the Th mpang Archeological Site ， Walailak University

Chatchai Chatchai Ngarm 巾 bsakul and Maruay Mekanawakul

Plant Plant species at the Tumpang Ar chaeological site ，W a1 ailak University ，Nakhon Si 百四nmarat ，were numerated. 百lere are in to ta1 189 species 泊 144 genera and 75 far 凶1i es. Families Families represented by the greatest number of species were the Rubiaceae (1 5 spp よ Euphorbiaceae Euphorbiaceae (1 0 spp.) ， Myrtaceae (9 sp 仰p. よAn 配a.ca 釘rdia 配cea 鵠e(σ7 sp 仰p. よMo町ral 配ceal 鵠e(σ7spp. 似.)組 d 血eP a:必 lma 悶a鵠e( 伺6s 叩pp. 判.).官官 top seven species in terms of an importance value index (IVI) were Hevea brasilensis 53 .2 9，D 伊teroca 中 us alatus 40 .3 8，Microcos ωmen ω sa 16.20 ，C 加 etoca 中山 castanocarpus castanocarpus 14.22 ，Vitexpinnata 13.99 ， Syzygium gratum 12.84andLic ω la spinosa 11. 46. Th is information on plant community suggested human activities in the 釘 ea closed before conservation conservation both 泊 terms of archeologic a1 and biologic a1 value. 百le area is a lowland and flooded flooded for a short period of time every year as suggested by the indicator species such as Syzygium Syzygium gratum ， Syzygium oblata ， Fragraea racemosa. High IVI va1 ues for Microcos tomentosa ， Chaetocarpus castanoca 中 us and Vitex pinnata indicate 白at these species 紅 e pioneers pioneers and fast growing. Plant community 柑 uc 旬 re of the Tu m-Pang Ar chaeologic a1 site is a monocrown and densely covered on top. 百le undershading species include Li cuala spinosa ， rattans rattans and seedlings.τ 'h e present data can be used for future comp 釘 ative studies and FOREST ECOLOGY AND RESTORA TION 149 monitoring monitoring changes in 血e plant community.

Schoo1 Schoo1 of Science ，Walailak University ，百 laiburi ，Th鎚 ala ，N 依hon Si Thammarat 80160

Using Lichens for Long-term Monitoring of Climate Change

Kansri Kansri Boonpragob

Global Global warming caused by anthropogenic emission of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere atmosphere may cause severe damage to ecosystems and human societies. Adaptations to to minimize the impacts require understanding of fu 旬 re changes that may occur. Lichens are are epiphytes ，which directly depend on the atmosphere for growth resources. Species composition composition in various ecosystems are different ，and can be used as indicators of environmental environmental quality ，forest type and air pollution. It is expected that species migration to to higher elevations will occur under global warming. However ， the long life span of the dominant dominant vegetation may result in delayed responses and 出us precautionary measures to minimize minimize the impacts and adaptation strategies to conserve biodiversity under climate change change could be undetermined.τ 'h e 0 吋ectives of this study are to explore biodiversity of lichens lichens in various ecosystems together with monitoring microclimates of their habitats in order order to use lichens as bioindicators of global w 紅 ming. 百le study was conducted at Kh ao Yai National National Park ，where forest ecosystems span from 200 ー1300 meters elevation. Thi s study found 白紙 lichens in lower mont 佃 e forest ，tropical rain forest ， dry evergreen forest ，mixed deciduous deciduous forest ， dry dipterocarp forest ， secondary forest and tree plantations contained 215 ，298 ，224 ，80 ，60 ， 184 and 67 species ，respectively. Seven species were found in all ecosystems.τ 'h ese species appe 紅 to have a wide range of environmental tolerance. It was also also found 白紙 28 ，27 ，10 ，3，2，17 釦 d3 species respectively ， were found to be unique to the above above forest types.τ 'h ese species may require specific habitats and climatic conditions ， and and therefore used as bioindicators of climate change as well as forest type. 百ley may also be be sensitive to environmental change ， and are thus threatened with extinction. However ， long-term long-term monitoring is necessary to accurately assess these changes.

Dep 訂伽lent of Bio1ogy ，Facu1ty of Science ，Ramkhamhaeng University ，Huamark ，Bangkok 10240.

The Use of the Mo Singto Forest Dynamics Plot for Study of Forest Community Ecology and Regeneration in Khao Yai Park: A Unique Research Resource

Wa"en Y. Brockelman 1， Anuttara Natalan 1f and George A. Gal e3

τ'h e Mo Singto Forest Dynamics Plot was initiated in 1994 and underwent a complete tree tree census in 2000 ー2001 ( 10 cm dbh) 佃 d again in 2003-2004 (1 cm dbh). It is about 150 150 G 回>R GE A. GALE AND TOMMASO SA VINI

30 ha in 紅 ea and w 出'O riginally l'O cated t'O c'O ntain the h'O me r佃 ge 'O fa habiωated gibb 'O n study study gr 'O up. Ne 釘'l y all the mammals resident 泊血ep 紅 k 'O ccur 'O n 血 .e pl 'O t and ab 'O ut 130 species species 'O f birds 紅 e breeding residents 泊血e pl 'O t 'O r surr 'O unding f'O res t.百 le fl 'O ra includes 200 species 'O f tr ，田 s 10 cm 泊 dbh and ab 'O ut 150 species 'O f vines and lianas. Thi s pl 'O t， which t'O'O k ab 'O ut 6 years t 'O establish and requires c 'O nstant w 'O rk t 'O mainta 泊， pr 'O vides unique 'O pp 'O武 unities f'O r the study 'O fp 'O pulati 'O n dynamics ，pl 姐 t- 祖国al relati 'O ns ，and f'O rest regenerati 'O n. On-g 'O ing studies 'O f resident birds are establishing precise densities and breeding breeding habits. Gibb 'O n stildies 紅 'e f'O cusing 'O n ranging pa 白s，diet ，and the relati 'O n between 合uit s'O urce dis 凶buti 'O n， range use ，and defended. te 凶 t'O ry. 百le use 'O f the tagged trees 泊 studying studying gibb 'O n behavi 'O r and travel ，c 'O mbined with the 悦 e census database ，all 'O ws the mapp 加g 'O f ranging pa 白s andh 'O mer 佃 gewi 血 a precisi 'O n never bef 'O re achieved in primate S仰の. Examples 'O f pl 'O tted rang 同 pa 由s and h'O me ranges are given ， with '0句 ectives and plans plans f'O r future research.

Center ICenter for Conservation Bio1ogy ，ISτ 'RD， Mahido1 University Salaya ，Phutthamonthon 4 Road ，Nakhon Pathom 73170 73170 2 Ec o1ogy Laboratω 'Y， BIOτ 百C Central Research U 凶t ，Science p，紅'k，阻 ong 1，阻ongLu 飢 .g ， Pathum Th ani 12120 3 KingMon 蜘 lt's University ofTechno1ogy 百lonburi ，Schoo1 ofBioresources and Techno1ogy ， 83 M. 8，百akham ，

Ban 依hun 出ien ，B 加 Igkok 10150

Using Using Science-based and Innovative Techniques to Reduce Human-Elephant Conflict at Kaeng Krachan National Park

PuntipaP ω，加nakaewl and Simon Hedger

Human-elephant c 'O nflict (HE C) has increasingly bec 'O me a maj 'O r pr 'O blem in m 釦 y are 部泊A 創 ca and Asia where humans live 阻'O r next t 'O elephant habitat. Th ec 'O mm 'O nest f'O rm 'O f HEC is cr 'O p ra 雌 ng by elephants. Such pr 'O blems have an impact 'O nb 'O血 l'O cal ec 'O n'O mics and c'O nservati 'O n because HEC c組 lead t 'O bad feelings t'O wards pr 'O tected 紅 eas and can lead t 'O farmers p'O is 'O ning 'O r 'O therwise killing elephants. Kaeng Kr achan Nati 'O nal Park Park (KKNP) is 官 lailand's 1紅 gest nati 'O nal p釘 k and listed am 'O ng seven pr 'O tected 紅 eas facing facing the m 'O st seri 'O us HEC pr 'O blem. 百lep 釘 k with supp 'O rt 企om NGOs has experimented with with several mitigati 'O n meth 'O ds but n'O ne have achieved l'O ng-term effectiveness. Wudlife C 'O nservati 'O nS 'O ciety (WCS) has devel 'O ped a pr 'O ject which aims t 'O reduce HEC by using science-based ，inn 'O vative techniques. Dis 凶buti 'O n 'O f natural water s'O urces and sal t1 icks

has has been mapped. Th e level 'O f HEC ar 'O und 出ep 釘 k is being 儲 sessed using standardized meth 'O ds. Th e data 'O n 血 e spatial and temp 'O ral dis 町ibuti 'O n 'O f cr 'O p-raiding by elephants will help help us t 'O design and implement an appr 'O priate l'O w-tech c 'O nflict reducti 'O ns 回 tegy. N 'O vel meth 'O ds t 'O be tested include the use 'O f ex 回 melyp 'O we 品 11 chilies as an elephant deterren t. Experiments 泊 Zimbabwe have sh 'O wn 血 at elephants are effectively deterred 企'O m entering

cr 'O ps if r'O pes c'O ated 泊 chili-laden gre 邸 e are s佐ung ar 'O und the perimeter 'O f 血 .e fields. In additi 'O n， burning dry c'O w dung mixed with chi1 ies has been sh 'O wn t 'O pr 'O duce 佃 acridsm 'O ke 白紙helps keep elephants away fr 'O m cr 'O ps. A 凶p-wire alarm system ，sirens ，sp 'Ot1i ghts ，fire- crackers crackers already empl 'O yed by l'O cal pe 'O ple will be prom 'O ted t'O use 泊 ac 'O'O rdinated manner FOREST FOREST ECOLOGY AND RESTORA 百ON 151 to 企ighten away elephants when 白ey 町 toente 五百le lessons leamt from this work in KKNP i11 w i11 assist farmers reduce HEC e釘ectively elsewhere in 百凶land and more widely in Asia andA 制 ca.

Wildlife I Wildlife Conservation S∞iety ・割削1釦 d針。 gr 砲丸 P.O.Box 170 ，L紘 si ，Bangkok 10210 ldlife 2 Wi ldlife Conservation Society ，2300 Southem Boulevard ，Bronx ，NY 10460

An Assessment of Presencel Absence of Carnivore Species Using Indirect Indirect Monitoring Methods at Khao Yai National Park

Kate Kate E. Jenk sI，2， Kanda Damrongchainaron g2.3 and Passanan Cutte 〆，

Monitoring Monitoring the status ，dis 凶 bution ， and threats to biological diversity is a critic a1 element element of protected area management; however ，even 泊Thai1佃 d's most studied protected 釘 ea ，Kh ao Yai Nation a1 Park ，on1 y limited scientific knowledge is available on 血e sta 加sand ecology ecology of species such as the tiger and clouded leopard. Consequen t1 y ，protected area s旬f lack lack adequate information on which to base m 佃 agement decisions regarding carnivore communities. communities. To address these deficiencies ，血巴 Smithsonian In stitution ，W i1dAi d， and Kh ao Yai Yai Nation a1 Park join t1 y initiated a camivore monitoring project at Kh ao Yai. Surveys were C釘 ried out following a zone-based approach. Between 11 October 2003 and 27 August 2004 ，

140f 血e 22 park management zones were surveyed.τ 'w o survey te 創 ns were sent out to separate separate zones each month. During the survey ，出 ree methods were used for recording wild- lue lue presence: recce surveys following a line of least resistance ，200m straight line transects oriented oriented on a north-sou 血眼is at each camera location ， and camera 紅'aps. Camera 回 pswere deployed deployed for a minimum of 21 days. 官官ough the combined s町 vey methods ， 27 m aDlffia1 and 4 bird species were identified ，including: Tiger ，Dhole ，Jack a1， M a1 ayan Sun Bear ， and Asiatic Asiatic Black Bear. A total of 385 signs were encountered during reωe surveys. 官le highest percentage percentage of signs was c1 0se to park headquarters. Tiger signs were recorded in two separate p紅 k zones ，KY16 and KY2 1. A to ta1 of 27.65 km of 泊施佐ansect were w a1k ed separate from from the recce surveys ， and a1 so resul 旬:d in the encounter of tiger signs. Cameras placed at 76 distinct distinct locations tot a1 ed 2465 camera trap- 凶ghts. 百le camera traps resulted 泊 a to ta1 of 270 270 anim a1 cap 加 res on film ， with ten carnivore species being filmed. Our results showed carnivore carnivore signs from all 血ree survey methods; however ，target carnivores such as tiger and c1 0uded leopard were not detected through c創 nera 住app 泊g. 官 lese 紅 e especi a1 ly elusive species ， so it w i11 be interesting to res 町 vey areas where tracks were found with a focus on obtaining obtaining a tiger or leopard photograph.

Smithsonian I Smithsonian In stitution ，Conservation and Research Cen 旬r ，1500 Remount Road ，Front Roy a1， VA ，22630 USA 2 Wil dA id Foundationτ 'h ailand ，UBC 11 Bu i1 ding ，591 Sukhumvit 33 ，Wattana ，Bangkok 10110 Faculty 3 Faculty of Environment and Resource Studies ，Mahidol University ， 999 Phuthamonthon 4 Road ，Sa1 aya ， Ph a曲 amonthonN 紘 hon Pathom ，73170 152 152 G 回 ROE A. GALE AND TOMMASO SA VINI

Field Field Studies in Gallo ・pheasant of Thailand

Wina Meckvicha

Six Six 'O ut 'O f ten species 'O f gall 'O -pheasant 泊百凶land 釘 e 血 rea 飽ned by habitat l'O ss and ver-hunting 'O ver-hunting f'O r meat ，feathers and eggs from the f'O rests. M 'O re 'O ver ，habi 旬tfragmentati 'O n als 'O affects l'O ng-termed genetic diversity. 百 1ere is an urgent need t 'O study and establish management guidelines f'O rc 'O nservati 'O n 'O f these endangered species bef 'O re 出e situati 'O n bec 'O mes w 'O rse and 往時 versible. Th ef 'O ll 'O wing t'O pics will be addressed in 白e symp 'O sium 'O n Ec'O l'O gy and Rest 'O ra 伽 1: which 'O f the threatened species sh 'O uld have research pri 'O rity; where are 血 em 'O st suitable study sites; when is 血 e appr 'O piate 由ne f'O r field-surveys ，and what are 白em 'O st suitable meth 'O ds and c'O nservati 'O n strategies f'O r each species.

Department Department of Biology ，Fac 叫ty of Scince ，Chulalongkom University ，Pha ya 百 ai Road ， Bangkok 10330

Forest Forest Restoration Science: Recent Advances and Future Challenges

Stephen Stephen Elliott and David Blakesley

Th is paper reviews the current state 'O ff 'O rest rest 'O rati 'O n science and its applicati 'O nt 'O accelerate accelerate bi 'O diversity rec 'O very 泊 def 'O rested 町 degraded land 泊血e 位'O pics. Pr'O gress 泊 addressing addressing rec 'O mmendati 'O ns made at tw 'O lanl 也n紅 k intemati 'O nal symp 'O sia 'O n the subject is is reviewed (“ Accelerating Native F 'O rest Regenerati 'O n 'O n Degraded Tr 'O pical Lands" ， Washingt 'O n DC ，1996 &“ F 'O rest Rest 'O rati 'O nf 'O r Wlldlife C 'O nservati 'O n" ，Chiang Mai ，2000) ， with with P釘 ticular reference t'O血 e pr 'O gress 白紙 has been achieved in devel 'O ping successful techniques techniques t 'O rest 'O re evergreen 位opical f 'O rest t 'O degraded sites in upland are 描'O fn 'O rthem 百1ailand. Chiang Mai University's F 'O rest Rest 'O rati 'O n Research Unit (F ORR U) has been able t 'O achieve cl 'O sed c佃'O py ， evergreen f 'O rest 'O n aband 'O ned agriculturalland ， at 1，300 m elevati 'O n，wi 血泊3-4 years after plan 曲1920 ー30 S 'O called “合 amew 'O rk" 佐田 species ，which perf 'O rm well ，shade 'O ut weeds and attract seed-dispersing w i1 dlife ， thus facilitating recruitrnent recruitrnent 'O f 'O rest tree species and bi 'O diversity rec 'O very. 百世s success w 蹴 acc 'O mplished by f'O cusing 'O n three main research 釘 eas: i) devel 'O pment 'O f criteria and quantifiable stand 紅白 f'O r the selecti 'O n 'O f framew 'O rk tree s戸:cies 企om am 'O ngst the indigen 'O us f 'O rest tree tree fl 'O ra; ii) devel 'O pment 'O fn 町田ry tec 加 iques t 'O grow vig 'O r'O us pl 組 ting st 'O ck and iii) devel 'O pment 'O f effective p'O st-planting silvicultural 住ea 佃 1en 岱. Wh ilst rec 'O very 'O f 'O rest ec 'O system 町田知re and functi 'O n has been rapid ，bi 'O diversity r即'O very has been m 'O re equiv 'O cal. 百 1eref 'O re ，mechanisms 'O f bi 'O diversity rec 'O very and 血 eir enhancement require further research. Research 'O n the f'Ol1'O wing 旬'Ot 戸>IC p ωsi おs particularly rec 'O mmended: i) the ec 'O l'O gy and behavi 'O r 'O f bi 註rd/ 加rma 創mma 随al species ，m 'O st likely t 'O disperse seeds seeds from intact f 'O rest t 'O rest 'O rati 'O n sites (p articularly less studied gr 'O ups such 酪 bats); ii) h'O w plantati 'O n design (size ，p'O siti 'O ning ，species mix ，additi 'O n 'O f artificial s位uc 卸res such 錨 nestin g/ r'O'O sting b'O xes etc.) can be m 'O dified t 'O a町 'act wildlife (p紅白 ularly seed dispersers). FOREST FOREST ECOLOGY AND RESTORA 百ON 153

Th ere is also an 町 gent need for research to adapt the 仕amework species approach to restore other other forest ecosystem types (p articularly deciduous forests). Further testing and adaptation of of the principles of the technique in other In dochinese coun 凶 es ， with a similar seasonally 世y climate ， are recommended.

Forest Forest Restoration Research UnitσORRU) ，Biology De partment ，Science Fac 凶ty ，Chiang Mai University ，百組・ land502 ∞

Distribution Distribution of Forest Gaps on the Mo Singto Biodiversity Research Plot

Chanpen Wongsl がueak/ ，Wa"en Y. Brockelman 1，2， Amnarl Boonkongcha rP and Saiwaroon ChongkOZ

Th e study of gap dynamics and their species composition leads 旬 greater undersωnding of of tropical t4町 estd 戸1ar 凶cs. A gap is defined 部 a hole or space 泊 the forest that is caused by falling falling trees or snapped branches. 官 1e disturbance damage can 6e created by abiotic ，e.g. wind ， or biotic factors ，e.g. fungi ，insects ，etc. 百1e shape of the forest ope 凶ng is usually irregular irregular and its size depends on the extent of the catas 住ophe. Th e border of gaps may be de 胎1edas 白e innermost points reached by canopy foliage. Gaps and disturbed 紅 'easplayan important important role in forest dynamics. 百1eyaffect 血， e regeneration and species composition of the the forest ecosystem. Gap environments di 旺er 針。 m closed canopy 泊clud 加g: higher light 泊tensity ，soil nu 住ients and moisture. Th ese available reso 町 'ces offer advantages to many kinds kinds of plant species ，especially pioneer species. In In 2003 ，we started mapping gaps in the Mo S泊 gto biodiversity research plot ，Kh ao Yai National National Park. We defined a gap as above but included only those where most of 血e seedlings seedlings and sapl 恒gs were no higher 血an 5 m. A total of 84 gaps were mapped and their sizes sizes were calculated using GIS. 官1e to taI area of gaps w 邸 2.75% of 血e to taI plot 釘 'eaand 血e size of gaps ranged between 5m 2 and 941 m 2， with modal size approx 加 ately 25 to 50 m2• We found that 20 ，20 ，and 44 gaps were created in 2003 ，2002 ，and before 2002 ， respectively. respectively. Surprisingly ， gaps formed in 2003 comprised most of the total gap 紅 'ea(44.5%) ， and and were caused by cata 柑 ophic wind-storms 加曲， e late summer season. Studies of gap species species composition ， niche partitioning ， and seedling recruitment are cu 町ently being undertaken. undertaken.

Center I Center for Conservation Biology ，In stitute of Science and Technology for Research and Development ，Mahidol University ，Salaya ，Phu 曲 amon 白on4Road ，N紘hon Pathom 73170 National 2 National Center for Ge netic En gine 釘 ing 飢 dBiotechno1ogy (B IOTE C)， 113 Pah o1yothin Roa d， Kl ong 1，Kl ong1uang ， Pathumthani Pathumthani 12120 154 154 GEORGE A. GALE AND TOMMASO SAV 悶I

Seedling Seedling Establishment of Climax Species under the Eucalyptus Plantation and Open Site at Wang Nam Kh iew Forestry Forestry Student Tr aining Station ，Amphoe Wang Nam Kh iew ， Changwat Nakhon Ratchasima

Weerasak Niamrat and Dokrak Marod

Reforestation Reforestation is av a1 uable method for sere shortening and rehabitation 泊 disturbed forest 紅 e邸. Fast growing pion 回 r species 紅 e commo n1 y recommended at 血 e frrst stage of the the plantation process; however ， the fm a1 aim is a mixed community of native climax species. To support this process ， studies were conducted in disturbed 世y evergreen forest at 出.e Forestry Train 泊gS 旬.tion ，Am phoe Wang Nam Khi ew ，Changwat Nakhon Ratchasima. Seeds Seeds of 14 native 紅白 species 錨 Dipteroca 甲山 intricat 凶 ，D. alatus ， Shorea siamensis ， S.floribunda ， S. henryana ，Pterocarpus marcrocarp ω，Xylia 巧Iloca 中'a ，Afzelia 勾Il ocarpa ， Hopea odorata ，Suregada multiflorum ，Clausena guillauminii ，Dia /i um cochinense ， Peltophorum Peltophorum 必~syrachis and Walsura trichostemon 会om the nearby forest were collected to S旬 dy seed germination and seedling surviv a1.百 le seedlings were tested by planting 泊由民e different different habitats: gaps 泊 4 and 20 ・ye 紅 old Eucalyptus pl 姐 tations and open areas. Two replications replications were set in each habitat with approxima 総ly 50 seedlings of each species used per 佐'ea 加 en t. Some environmen ta1 factors including physic a1 and chemic a1 so i1 characteristics 組 dcl 加 ate data were co l1 ected and an a1 yzed. Th e results showed that the so i1 properties showed minor variation 創 nongthe 伽 'ee sites but but the top layer in 白e 20 ・ye 釘 old Euca かI]J tus pl 印刷ion had much higher so i1 moisture ne 紅 Iy a1 1 year round.τ 'h ere was no di 能 rence in so i1 moisture con 伽 tamong the middle so i1 layers. layers. Th e level of light through the c佃 opy (s 蜘白rd 向 overcast) was low in the 20 ・year old old plantation but high in 白.e4-ye 紅 oldplan 旬.tion 組 d the open site. Percent germination of seeds seeds in 白e 20 ・year old plan 旬.tion was high for every species but low 也血.e 4・year old plantation plantation and 出e open site with on1 y5 and 2 species ，respectively. The seedlings of the the dominant 出 :e spe CI<邸泊血 e 合yevergrl 田 n forest survived well under the 20-ye 紅 old plan 削 on while the s田岨ngs from dominant 附 S 泊恥句dip 飽rocarp and 白.e mixed deciduous deciduous forests had high surviv a1 ra 旬 and growth under 血.e 4-ye 紅 old plantation and 血e open sites. Th e ratio of root and stem biomass of seedl 泊gs indicated 伽 t seedlings of the tr ，田 sin 恥命yevergr' 田 n forest were around 1 while the seedlings from 批位関sin 血eother two forest types had va1 ue over 1. Th e results suggest 白紙 suitable seedlings for rehabitation in in old plantations such as 出e 20 ・year old Eucalyptus plantat ぬn in c1 ude Hopea odorata ， Shorea Shorea henryana ，S.floribunda ，Dipterocarpus alatus andDialium cochinense and for young pl 佃旬.tions and recen t1 y disturbed sites S.floribunda ，S. siamensis ，Pterocarpus marcrocarpus ， Xylia Xylia xylocarpa ，Peltophorum dasyrachis and greater than l-year old seedlings of H.odorata. H.odorata.

Dep. 紅白旭川of Forest Biology. Faculty of Fores 町'.Kωa 箇紅tUniversity ，Ch a旬 chak. Bangkok 10903 FOREST ECOLOGY AND RESTORAτ lO N 155

Rapid Streamside Revegetation: Development of Collection ， Propagation Propagation and Planting Techniques for Tr ees of the Lowland Rivers and Streams in Northern Thailand

RickyWard

Between May 2000 and August 2003 small scale 岡山'O fplant 泊.g Il官邸'O n abandoned ， low elevation land has pr 'O duced information for developing revegetation techniques applicable 加 most northem 百1ai villages. Agricultural Agricultural and urban development has caused the ne 釘 total disappearance of the original riparian riparian original trees in 出e pl 組 1S and lower valleys of northem 官1ailand. In many places the the exotic Samanea saman n'O w dominates. These changes ，selective logging and the transformation transformation of forests by frre have resulted 加 a 回 gic loss of bi 'O diversity and of a local appreciation appreciation of what once grew by the s住'eams. Toremedy 白is l'O ss 'O fknowledge ，a study of CMU Herbarium floristic specimen reports from tw 'O nati 'O nal parks in Chiang Mai and Chiang Rai toge 白er with visits to ex 出 melyrare streamside streamside remn 組 tvege 旬.tioncommm 雌 es 合'O m Nan to Mae H 'O ng Sawn has resulted in a list list of 80 indigen 'O us 紅白sp 郎 ies 合'O m 37 families as suitable f'O r plan 由19. Observations and experimental experimental results relating to 21 of these species are presented. In J佃 uary 2004 ，following extensive destruction by 血.e govemment of vegetati 'O n along the the Ping River in urban Chiang Mai ，a 住ial began to produce a diversity 'O f trees and plant them in numbers sufficient t 'O demonstrate e鉦ective rapid revegetation of s住eamside land. 百1is project has been done by a small group 'O f retirees using a makeshift stick and shade cloth cloth n町 sery on was 包land 泊 urban Chiang Mai with plan 出 gs on 5 sites 泊 4 dis 凶.cts 泊 Chi 佃 gMai 佃 d Nan provinces. Th ese plantings 釘 'e producing pr 'O mising results for rapid revegetation with Salix tetrasperma ，Eugenia formosa ， Dipterocarpus turbinatus ，Celtis tetrandra. ， Holoptelea integrifoliai integrifoliai Anogeissus accuminata ，Afzelia 巧Ilocarpa ，Alstonia scholaris ， Adenanthera microsperma ，Bombax cebia ，Oro 巧， Ilum indicum and Butea monosperma. Were rural high school science teachers to emulate this pr 'O ject with their communities we might see an end to the fruitless concretization of the s仕'eams of 百1ailand.

CMU Herbarium ，Biology De par 回 ent ，Chiang Mai U 凶versity ，αuang Mai 502 ∞

Sowing the Seeds of Forest Restoration Education: State of the Art

Kunakorn Boonsai ， Sudarat Zangkum ， Narisa Pongsopa and Susan Doust

Wi 出 many years' experience 泊 researching forest rest 'O ration 泊 northemτ 'h ailand ，出 e staff staff of Chiang Mai University's F 'O rest Restorati 'O n Research Unit (F ORRU) recognized a growing growing need f'O r an educati 'O n progr 釘 n based 'O n the u凶t's rese 紅品目ndings t 'O successfully rest 'O re and maintain the C 'O U s1町 's watershed f'O rests 加 a sustainable way. Rather than merely publishing publishing results 泊 j'O umals that gather dust on library shelves ，research results should be 156 156 G 回 IROE A. GALE AND TOMMASO SA VINI ev a1 uated and practically used to encourage successful forest conservation projects. Al though FORRU had been running a few ad hoc education events before ，fm 阻 ci a1 suppo 託金om 血e UK's Darwin Initiativ~ enabled employment of a full-time team of Darwin Education Officers Officers (DEO) in 2002 to implement a comprehensive program of forest restoration education education events.τ 'h e DEO team has adopted ap 紅 ticipatory approach of working with different different target groups ，ranging 仕om young school children up to university students ， as well as as government officers and commw 首ty leaders. 百le team members come from a variety of backgrounds ， i. e. biology ，agriculture ，fOI 田町， education ，psychology ，and 釘 t，and have various skills skills which have allowed them to integrate di 旺erent techniques to modify 白e information from FORRU's research to suit each target group. Under the participatory approach ， activities activities are c紅 ried out by “learning together" ，shar 祖g experiences and exchanging knowledge. knowledge. Tw o and ah a1 f years into 出e project ， the DEO 飽 am has carried out more than 15 technic a1 workshops ， 130 events for school children (b oth in classrooms and in 白 e field) 組 d many extension events at loc a1 communities. We have a1 so hos 飽d seve ra1 groups of intemation a1 visitors. Th e project has expanded to other 釘 eas of 百凶land ， as news of the work has spread. Future plans include development of a wider range of practic a1 teaching aids ，ou 回 ach progr: 創出， backed up with sm a1 1 grants to enable communities to establish 血eirown 住民nurseries and a program targe 血 g trainers who will 仕ain others to adopt these su ∞essful. techniques of forest restoration. 官le DEO te 担n believes 白紙， by enco 町 ag 加g greater greater care and appreciation of forests ， the task of increasing loc a1 p釘 ticipation 泊 forest restoration restoration programs can be accomplished easily.

Darwin 副 ucation Qffi，閃 :rs ， Forest Resωr 凶 on Research UnitσORRU) ， Biology Depar 箇 lent ， Science Fac 叫ty ， Chiang Chiang Mai University ，百組land50200

The Effects of Forest rRestoration on the Species Diversity and Composition of a Bird Community in Doi Suthep-Pui National National Park ， Thailand

Tid arach Toktangl ，Steve Ellio t' and George A. Ga le2

Thi s research involved bird s町 veys 泊 framework species plantations of Th e Forest Restoration Restoration Research Unit (F ORRU) at Ban Mae Sa Mai in Suthep- Pu i Nation a1 P 釘 k. Framework 位回species should be attractive to wildlife such as birds or bats for feeding and nesting. nesting. Birds were used as indicators for monitoring forest recovery. Th e research objectives were to determ 泊e the species richness and composition of bird communities in experimen ta1 f同mework species plots of di 貨'erent ages ，踊 well as the relative attractiveness of the various framework 紅白 species pl 組飽d to seed-dispersing bird species. Ec ologic a1 relationships between between the planted 田 e sp 田 ies and the birds a町 acted to them were elucidated. 百le results of of this research should enable refinements of the frantework species method of reforestation 加 be made ，by determining which species 紅 'e most likely to accelerate 血 e biodiversity recovery recovery and initiate improvements 泊 plantation design to max 面白e 血e attractiveness of the FOREST ECOLOGY AND RESTORATION 157

planted planted areas t 'O seed dispersers. P 'O int c'O unts and the Mackinn 'O n meth 'O d were used in pl 'O ts planted 加 1998 ，2000 ，2002 and in n 'O n-planted c'O ntr 'O l pl 'O ts (伽 ee replicati 'O ns f'O r each treatment treatment year). Th e survey was carried 'O ut 'O ver 1 year fr 'O m June 2002 t 'O June 2003. In additi 'O n，'O bservati 'O ns 'O f bird behavi 'O r in planted trees were carried 'O ut and the trees which birds birds used were identified by using FORRU planting data. Basic vegetati 'O n surveys were c'O nducted 'O n each pl 'O t twice during the 企y seas 'O n and at beginning 'O f the rainy seas 'O n. Measurements f'O cused 'O n 血e percentage 'O f gr 'O und vegetati 'O nc 'O ver ，can 'O py c 'O ver ，and tree density. density. Prelirninary results sh 'O w that different framew 'O rk species within the pl 'O ts at 住民t different different birds when they produce res 'O urces such as nectar and frui t. The planted pl 'O ts attracted attracted birds 出at are characteristic 'O f evergreen f 'O rest such as Hill blue Fl ycatcher (Cyornis banyumas) ，Scarlet Minivet (Pericrocotusflammeus) and Wh ite-rumped Shama (Copsychus malabaricus) ，m 'O re 白血'O pen degraded 釘 eas.

Department 1 Department of Biology ，Faculty of Science ，Chiang Mai University ，Su 血ep Road ，Chiang Mai 50202 2 King Mongkut 's University of Technology Th onburi ，School of Bioresources and Technology ， 83 M. 8，百 1紘 ham ， Banghunthien ，Bangkok 10150

E 町'ect of Local and the Landscape Environment on Seed Dispersal by Birds in Regenerating Forest

Puntipa Puntipa Pattanakaewl and George A. Gal e2

Kn 'O wledge 'O f the relati 'O nships between seed dispersal ， bird seed dispersers and vegetati 'O ns 釘ucture 加side and surr 'O unding regenerating f 'O rest can be used t 'O facilitate f 'O rest rest 'O rati 'O n and reduce 白 ec 'o st.百 le '0対 ective 'O f this sωdy was t 'O determine which envir 'O nmental fact 'O rs m 'O st influence the density and species richness 'O f birds and the seeds 白紙白ey disperse int 'O regenerating f 'O rest sites.τbis study was established 'O n8 pl 'O ts in tw 'O study study sites (B 佃 Pah Dang [PD] 阻 d Ban Mae Sa Mai [BMSM]) 加 n'O rthem 百lailand. Five Five pl 'O ts were l'O cated 'O n naturally regenerating sites and three pl 'O ts were located on tree plantation plantation sites. All plots seed contained 凶 ps beneath artificial bird perches 組 d at control points points (sites without perches). We surveyed birds and collected seeds that came into the experimental experimental plots ，measured vegetation structure and used IRS satellite images and geographic geographic information system (OIS) to study the land cover within a5 km radius of 血e plots. plots. We f'O und that the abundance and species richness of birds per hour of observati 'O n at PD (4.7 and 2.4) was higher 出叩at BMSM (3.9 and 1. 7). Al so ， the abundance and species richness richness 'O f seeds per m 'O nth per pl 'O t at PD was 97.7 and 2.5 while BMSM w 部 45.6 and 1. 9. Satellite Satellite images sh 'O wed 白 at PD had a higher area of f 'O rest (79.2%) 由加 BMSM (60.5%) ，

叩 d 出e pl 'O ts at PD were cl 'O ser to forest than the plots at the BMSM site. Th e number of observations observations of frugivorous birds was different significantly among plots ，and was positively correlated correlated with both the number of trees and number 'O f fruiting plants on the pl 'O ts.τ 'h e results results indicated that degraded and regenerating sites with a high percentage 'O f 'O rest in their suπoundings ，叩da sh 'O rter distance to forest had a higher density and species richness 'O f birds birds and seed inpu t. Herbaceous weeds were less attractive to frugiv 'O r'O us birds but s田 d 158 158 G 回 RGEA. GALE 釧 D TOMMASO SA V1NI

input 泊to forest regenerating plots could be increased by put 曲IgUp ぽ tificial bird perches ， however for plots with a high percen 旬ge of canopy cover ，ar 蛸 cial perches ar 芭 less useful because because birds prefer to use natural vegetation.

Wildlife.Conservation 1 Wildlife.Conservation Sωiety ・司副1飢 d Pro gram ， P.O.Box 170 L 紘siB 飢 gkok 10210 2 Kin g Mongkut's U 凶versity ofTechnology 羽lonburi ，Sch ∞.1 of Bioresources 組 d Technology ，83 M. 8，百 takham ，

Ban 掛川出.en ，B 佃 gkok 10150

The Past and the Future of Eld's deer (Cervus eldi) in in the Wild for Thailand

Na. 巾 Bhumpakphan

Eld's Eld's deer 町 Brow-antlered deer (Cerv 凶 eldi) was commonly found 副官lailand 50 years years ago. Tw o subspecies were found within 批 coun' 町:白 e Siamese subspecies (Cervus eldi eldi siamensis) was found 白血e Central ，No 叫1，North-e 部 tem 百lailand and the Burmese subspecies subspecies or 百聞国n (Cervus eldi thamin) was found 泊白e Wes t. Eld's d関 r have been protected protected by Th ai wildlife law as a natio na1l y protected species since 1960. Losing their potential potential habi 飽ts(drydip 町 ocarp forest and wetlands) and hunting pressure in the past doomed the the Eld's deer to ex 曲pation 企om thecoun 位y. 百le 1出 tsighting ofEld's d関 :rwas 泊 Huai Kh a Kh aeng Wildlife S佃 ctu 創 y，U 出ai 百副首Pr ovince 加 1984. Ex situ conservation programs managed by govemment zoos and wildlife propagation 蜘 .tions ，佃d private zoos potentially maintain bo 白羽lan 血 and Siamese subspecies. 百lere are are 15 Siamese Eld's deer in 2 captive 訂 e儲組dmore 血佃 600 百lantin kept 血 20 captive sites. 百le lessons leamed 合om the reintroduction ofEld's d田 r to Phu Khi ew WS 加 1997 are interes 血 g. Th e released deer adapted well and produced offspring. Recently ，two workshops held held by the Zo ological Park org 鑑証 zation ，Smithso 凶佃In sti 加 te ，and Wildlife Conservation Society Society at Kh ao Khi ew 句 en Zoo regarding conservation and reintroduction programs for Eld Eld 's deer indicated the possibility of reintroducing 百四国n to the Westem Forest complex- Huai Kh a Kh aeng Wudlife Sanctuacy (HKWS) by 2009. In addition ， the Siamese Eld's deer will will require more t泊1かーperhaps ten more year トーto increase 血eir population. Strategic plarm 泊g for restoration of these deer has already been discussed. 百le Zoological Park Organization Organization is preparing the 泊itial population while Th ung Fag Wildlife Pr opagation Station Station in 1王KWSh 酪 plarmed for a “soft" release of 血e animals ， while the Faculty of Fores 位y plans to support momto 出Ig of the released population.

De par 回 .ent of Forest Biology ，Fac 叫ty ofFores 町';K 舗 e飽art University FOREST ECOLOGY AND RESTORATION 159

Status Status of Forest Birds and Habitats in Montane Evergreen Forest Patches Patches in the Western Forest Complex

Anak Pattanavibool 1， Youngyut trisuraf and Jutamart Tifonft

Montane evergreen forest supports various resident and migratory forest bird species ， many of which are endangered or threatened. Unfortunately it is one of the most threatened habitats habitats in Th ailand due 1紅 gely to habitat des 回 ction and fragmentation. Its abundance in the the north has been severely reduced causing extinction of many species such as great hombills ，rufous-necked hombills ， gray peacock pheasant ，and rufous-throated partridge. Th e mountain 釘 eas in the west are believed to be the last s位onghold for many of such species. Th ey have experienced disturbances including encroachment ，fires ，and hunting.τ 'h is study is is to document bird diversity and abundances in 3 montane forest patches located in Umpang (UP) ，Huai Kh a Kh aeng (HKK) ，組d 百1U ng Yai (TY). 百四 results from Landsat TM image inte 甲retation showed that the sites differ in size; UP 130 km 2，HKK 350 km 2，TY 705 km 2; and disturbance. In each patch ，we used 15-20 line 仕組sects each wi 血 200 m in leng 出 to survey survey birds and they were distributed along the slope at 1，10 0- 1，800 m in elevation.

In In 2003 -4 we have w a1k ed the tr 佃 sect lines and recorded species ，number of individuals ， and pe 中endicular distance from the line. Data from line transects were augmented by observation observation data along the trails for bird diversity comparisons. The prelim 泊紅 y results on bird bird diversity and abundance 釘 e as follows. UM ， the smallest and most disturbed ，was walked 4 times and 90 species found. HKK ，medium sized and disturbed ，was surveyed 5 times and 133 133 species found. TY ， the largest and least disturbed ，was walked one time and 84 species

found. found. L 釘 ge and high elevation birds such as rufous 司 necked hombills were most abundant in in TY and HKK patches but rare in UP. Th e UP patch still harbored good populations of chestnut-capped chestnut-capped fulvetta and long-tailed wren-babbler ，newly recorded species for 百lailand. More field surveys are planned for year another before conclusions can be drawn.

1W i1 di ぬConserva tI on Society ，PO Box 170 ，Laksi ，Bangkok 10210. Department 2 Department ofForest Biology ，Kasetsart University ，Bangkok 10900. 3 Homb i1l P吋ect ，Mahidol University ，Bangkok ， 10400.

Effects Effects of Roads on Carnivore Abundance in Kaeng Krachan National National Park

Dusit Dusit Ngoprasert 1， George A. Gal eI and Antony J. Lynanr

Roads and human traf 五c can negatively impact the survival and behavior of a variety of of mantmals. In this study ，camera ・佐 apping techniques and capωre-recapture estimation models were used to determine the effects of roads and human presence on Asiatic leopard relative 2 abundance abundance in a 104 司 km section of Kaeng Krachan National Park ，Th ailand. Density Density estimates for leopards were 4.78 :t 2.4 2 individuals per 100 km 2， or a minimum of of 4 males and 2 females known alive in the study area.τ 'h e road was not shown to be a 160 GEORGE A. GALE 釧 D TOMMASO SA VINJ

barrier barrier for leopards ， but their appe 紅 'ed to be effects related to human activity along the road. A logistic regression model suggested 白紙血， e probability of the presence of leopards was significantly significantly lower near the road (p < 0.05) 白紙 bisected the study 釘 'ea. Human presence in the the forest appeared to influence leopard activity pa 悦， ems ， suggesting that their activity was less less diumal 加 areas more heavily used by people 出an in areas less used (Mann- whi 伽 eyU ， p = 0.004). However ，hunt 加g 泊 the sωdy area is stiU the biggest threat to leopards and other wildlife. wildlife. Finally ， in addition to more effort to reduce poaching ，more research is needed to determine determine the demographic implications of road avoidance for such species ，and what if any mitigation mitigation strategies are required.

lK 泊 g Mongkut's U 凶versity ofTechnology ，引lO nburi ， Wildlife 2 Wildlife Conservation Sωiety -百 lailand Pr ogranl

Ecological Ecological In f1 uences on Reproductive Performances in White-handed Gibbons (Hylobates lar) at Khao Yai National Park

Tommaso Savini

An ecological study on the home r釦 ge quality of 7 well-habituated gibbon groups has been conducted for 3 years at Kh ao Y:泊 National Park. 百le study combined long-term demographic data of a decade or longer with detailed ecological quality variation measurements for each home range. Home range quality was measured in terms of forest productivity productivity by applying a food abundance index (F.A.I.) which combined the spatio- temporal temporal dis 住ibution of important gibbon food reso 町 ces. Spatial dis 凶bution of resources was defined for 20% of each home rartge ， while temporal reproductive status of 位'ees was defined defined for species compris 加g 80% of the monthly gibbon die t.百 le F.A.I. was combined with with a biomass coefficient quantifying fruit production on a kg per ha basis. Overall ，a marked seasonal seasonal variation in productivity was found with higher food availability in the dry and rainy seasons seasons than during transitional seasons. Moreover ，significant variation in productivity also occurred occurred among home r釦 ges ，resulting in differences in overall home r佃，ge quality. Coηesponding to the seasonal fluctuation in the variation of ecological quality a significant significant seasonality in reproductive events was found ， with conception concentrated during during months of higher quality. No significant correlation was found between ecological quality quality and b仕出 season. 百llS result could be explained by the higher energetic requirements during during conception compared to birth ，which may push females to synchronize conception ， ra 出er than birth ，during 白e highest productivity months available for their home r如 ges. Furthermore ，when testing the hypothesis that a home r加 ge with higher quality w i11 1ead to a higher higher reproductive output of 由e occupying female ，no significant correlation was found. 百llS could indicate that the overall capacity of reproduction may not be directly dependent on home range quality because groups may be able to compensate for 佃泊itiallow quality 釘 eaby 泊creasing overall r加，ge size.

Universite Universite de U 色ge ，Unite Biologie du Comportement ，Ethologie et Psychologie animale ， Quai v飢 Beneden 16 ， B-4020 B-4020 Liege ，Belgium ， and Max-Planck- In stitute for Evolutionary An thropology ，Dep ぽ師lent of Prim atology ，Deutscher Platz 6 ，D-041 03 Le ipzig ， Germany Germany FOREST ECOLOGY AND RESTORA TION 161

How Forest Ecology Can Impact the Behavior and Reproduction of Primates

Carola Carola Borries and Andreas Koenig

Seasonal Seasonal changes 泊 mating behavior as well as resulting conceptions and births are often often seen as consequences of ecological conditions during peak lactation. Many Asian primates ，however ，seem to contradict 白is suggestion ， because often the season of high food availability availability is timed to a period when conceptions take place. To explain such a pattem ，we suggest suggest the following. In血 e course of a year ，plant productivity in a given forest will for instance instance v紅 y according to length and streng 血 of wet and dry seasons. With productivity ， the the number and diversity of food items available to the forest animals also varies. Strong shortfalls shortfalls in resource availability which occur regularly in areas further away from the equat<;>r equat<;>r may produce energetic bottlenecks affecting female nutritional condition. If bottlenecks bottlenecks become very severe ，nu 住itional condition may drop to a point where females no longer longer produce enough reproductive hormones to conceive. As a consequence ，instead of 即位ition at peak lactation female reproduction may be cons 回 ined by seasonal shortfalls of of resources influencing the ability to ovulate and conceive. We will demonstrate the consistency consistency of 出is suggestion with examples from a data set collected over 7 years in a 命y evergreen ， highly seasonal Sal forest near Ramnagar (southem Nepal) where we investigated how fluctuating food availability may influence energy intake and reproductive performance in in Hanuman langur females (Semnopithecus entellus). Data on weather conditions ， phenology ， food and energy 泊take as well as energy expenditure of monkeys are combined with with studies of mating behavior ， hormonal status and timing of births. We have begun collecting collecting similar data on Phayre's leaf monkeys (Trachypithecus phayrei) at Phu Khi eo Wildlife Wildlife Sanctuary (Th ailand). We will present frrst results on the weather ， timing of matings and and births ，and monkey activity ， ranging and feeding behavior including nu 住ient content. Wi 白白is project we hope to identify energetic bottlenecks that might lead to the seasonal clustering clustering of b仕出s from November 出ough Apri l. (百 lis work is supported by the National Science Science Foundation ， BCS-0215542.)

Dep 釘伽lentof An 吐lfopology ，Stony Brook University ，New York ，USA

Pigtail Pigtail Macaque (Macaca nemestrina) Ranging ， Forest Forest Use and Feeding Ecology: A Case for the Study of Interactions between between Human and Primate Populations

Marie-Claude Marie-Claude Huynen

Expanding Expanding human incursions 凶 o previously wild ，untouched 紅 eas pushes wildlife into sharing sharing more 叩 d more human habita t. Within non-human primates ，this is 血e case of most macaque species. 百le pigtail macaque ，Macaca nemestrina ， well represented in the τ'h ai forests ，would be a good candidate in which to study the pattems and consequences of 162 162 GEORGE A. GALE AND TOMMASO SA VINI human/non-human primate interactions. It It is generally recognized that contact between human and wildlife habitats have a1 together a direct impact on human activities (for instance hunting and defense against crop raiding) raiding) but it has a1 so an 泊direct effect by a1 tering the ecosystem equilibrium. For instance ， human exploitation often results in the progressive fragmentation of forest ，particularly a growing proportion of edge areas ，where human-developed and natural environments come 泊to contact. Particular disturbances occuη 泊g in these areas have been identified as the so-called so-called “edgee 釘ect". For instance ，sunlight and wind penetrate to a greater extent ，世 ying the the edge of the forest and favoring the grow 血 of opportunistic plant species. But the grow 加g proportion proportion of edge areas a1 so favors the incursion of some prim 釘 y forest dwellers into disturbed disturbed or edge 紅 eas ，bringing the new phenomenon of predation and competition with a1r eady 企agile species. 百1I s might be 血e case of some primates living in the primary forest ， such such as the pigtail macaque ， for which the prox 加1I ty of human settlements most lik: ely represents represents av a1 uable resource to exploi t. Th is new motivation leads them to cross the edge zone zone and exploit resources present 出血e secondary forest and open areas on 血eir way to human resources. In addition to impacts of macaques on other wild species ，出.e access to human resources is lik: ely to modify substanti a1 1y their ecology and behavior.

Behavioural Behavioural Biology Unit. University of Li ege (Belgium)

Primate Primate Diversity and Density of Phu Khieo Wildlife Sanctuary ， Chaiyaphum Province

Andreas Koeni gI， Eileen La rney ，Ki 的 fKreetiyutanonfl and Carola Borries 1

百le assessment of diversity and density of primate communities is an import 組 ttask ， because because it helps us understand the evolution of primate communities and to set conservation priorities. priorities. Asian primate communities have been considered odd ， because of unusu a1 relationships relationships of primate diversity to m 但 nm a1 i佃 diversity ，rainf a1 1， and latitude. Here we report report group 佃 d population densities of a primate community inhabiting a 命yevergreen forest forest at Phu Khi eo Wildlife Sanctuary and comp 釘 'e it to data for other Asian communities.

A4 ・km transect was w a1k ed on four consecutive days in the middle of each month resulting in in more than 400 km of transect walks (1 2/2000 -0 8/2003). We encountered 6 diumal species. species. Phayre's leafmonkeys (Trachypithecus phayrei) were most abundant ， white-handed gibbons gibbons (Hylobates la りandAssamese macaques (Macaca assamensis) were 血e second most common species. Other macaques (M. mulatta ，M. nemestrina ，M. arctoides) occur at low densities. densities. Circumstantial evidence indicates the pr' 回 ence of noctumal slow loris (Nycticebus coucang). coucang). We did not encounter silvered langurs 但 cristatus) reported for other parts of the sanc 伽 ary. Cumulative density c a1 culations indicate robust va1 ues for Phayre 's leaf monkeys ， gibbons ，and Assamese macaques. Although densities are moderate to low compared to most other other sites ， the primate species richness is considerably higher 出an expected based on latitude latitude and rainf a1l.百1I s high biodiversity supports 出e idea of Pleistocene refugia d町 ing glaci a1 aridity. It suggests 仕lat future an a1 yses of Asian primate communities should include more In dochinese mainland communities. More importantly ，these and other results 紺 ongly FOREST ECOLOGY AND RESTORATION 163

indicate 白紙出e Westem Border Forest Complex and the Westem Isaan Forest Complex represent represent phylogenetic hotspots. Given their diversity and their evolutionary importance these these areas are unique in Southeast Asia. (Th is work is supported by National Science

Foundation (BCS-0215542) ， National Geographic Society (7246 ・02) ，L. S.B. Leakey Foundation ，and Stony Brook University.)

Department I Department of An曲 ropology ，Stony Brook University ，New York ，USA terdepartmental 2 In terdepartmental Doctoral Prograrn in An thropological Sciences ，Stony Brook University ，New York ，USA

3 Phu Khi eo Wildlife Sanctuary ，Chaiyaphum Province ， Th ailand

Agonistic Agonistic Behavior and Dominance Relationships in in Female Phayre's Leaf Monkeys (Tr achypithecus phayrei) in in Phu Khieo Wildlife Sanctuary ， Northeast Thailand

Eileen Eileen La rney ，Amy Lu 1， Carola Borriesl and Andreas Koen~ピ

Socioecological Socioecological theory suggests 白紙 the strength of competition for food and safety ， affects affects rates of agonism ， structure of dominance hierarchies ，and dispersal amongst

group 開 living female primates. We have begun to investigate this proposed link in wild Phayre's Phayre's leaf monkeys (Trachypithecus phayrei) ，a species in which females routinely disperse disperse from their natal group. Here we present preliminary data on agonistic behavior and dominance relationships. Behavioral observations were conducted on two groups (four adult adult females; five adult females plus two juvenile females) at Phu Kh ieo Wildlife Sanctuary ， Northeast Northeast Thailand. Rates of agonistic behavior were analyzed from focal continuous recording ， while dominance hierarchies were constructed from all agonistic behaviors (focal (focal and ad libitum sampling). Overall ， female-female agonistic behaviors (aggression ， submission ，displacements) occurred at a low rate of less 出an 0.25 interactions per hour ， although although agonistic rates increased with group size. More ⑪ver ，agonistic interactions occurred more frequently over food than expected based on feeding time. Females in both groups exhibited exhibited linear dominance hierarchies with some reversals and possibly an age-inversed hierarchical hierarchical s佐ucture in the larger group ，i.e. ， younger adult females out-rank both older adult females females and females. juvenile These data support previous observations that female leaf monkeys may experience feeding competition. Th e results fit well to previous results for leaf monkeys regarding a low 仕'equency of interactions ，displacements predominating agonistic behavior ，and the possibility of an age-inversed hierarchy. However ， the results con 回 dictthe suggested suggested link between linearity of hierarchies and female philopatry. Future studies need to consider consider the notion 出at female dispersal may coexist with linear dominance hierarchies. (This (This research is supported by the National Science Foundation (BCS-0215542) and Research Research Awards of the In terdepartmental Doctoral Program in Anthropological Sciences.)

Interdepartmental I Interdepartmental Doctoral Pr ogram in Anthropological Sciences ，Stony Brook University ，New York ，USA ，

Department 2 Department of An thropology ，Stony Brook University ，N 巴wYork ，USA 164 164 GEORGE A. GALE AND TOMMASO SA VINI

Dugong Conservation Status and Developing a National Dugong Action Action Plan for Thailand

Petch Petch Manopawitr and KanjanaAdulyanukosoP

百1e dugong (Dugong dugon) is the only representative ofthe Order Sirenia occurring 担 In do-Pacific waters and it is listed by the IUCN as Vulnerable to extinction. Research on dugongs in Th ailand has been conducted primarily by the Phuket Marine Biological Center (PMB C)， Dep 紅加1ent of Marine and Coastal Resources (DMCR) ，and the Department of National National Park ， Wildlife and Plant Conservation (DNP) ， with cor 市 ibutions 仕om foreign researchers. 百1e species was once common along the coasts of the An daman Sea and the Gulf of of Th ailand ， but it is now revealed 白紙 dugongs are largely confmed to coastal waters surrounding surrounding isl 佃 ds in the An daman Sea and scattered elsewhere along 白e coasts. Due to their their low reproductive rates ， long generation times ，and bigh parental investment ，dugongs are are p訂 ticularly vulnerable to even small declines in adult survivorship. 官1ese life history traits ，combined with the anthropogenic impacts affecting coastal environments in 百1ail 阻 d， explain explain their diminished population size and limited 紅 'eas of occuη'ence. Although little quantitative quantitative data 訂 e available for assessing 白reats ，accidental killings in gillnets and fish traps traps are believed to be the greatest source of human-caused mortality for dugongs in Th ailand. Th e loss of seagrass habitat due to the des triI ctive effects of push-netting 佃 d sedimentation sedimentation 合om coastal development also threaten 血 e viability of 血e 官1ai dugong's population. population. In March 2004 ，組 expert roundtable mee 出 g was held in Bangkok by DMCR and Wildlife Conservation Society (W CS) to develop a Dugong Action Plan for 官1ailand. Conservation Conservation strategies were identified including a set of recommendations on research priorities. 百1e second public meet 泊g held in June 2004 at Trang gathered more input from local local communities. Four key conservation measures were determined ，including integrated research ， capacity development for stakeholders ，law enforcement and policies ，and community participation. DNP has also initiated a site-based pilot pr 吋ect to conserve dugong through community participation at Hat Chaomai National Park and nearby 訂 eas. Recommendations gathered 合om 出e field and other stakeholders provided a strong foundation foundation for developing a detailed action pl 佃. Le ad by 出e DMCR ， the plan is being developed developed simultaneously with the National Seagrass Action Plan and is expected to be completed 泊 2005.

I W i1 dlife Conservation Society- Th ailand Pr ogram ，P.O.Box 170 ，Laksi ，Bangkok 10210 Phuket 2 Phuket Marine Biological Center ，Department of Marine and Coastal Resources ，P.O. Box 60 ，Phuket

Natural Natural Pollination Biology: A Case Study of Selected Bat-pollinated Species Species of Peninsular Thailand

Sara Bamrungsri and Kitichate Sridith

Th e study of natural poll 泊ation biology plays 叩 important role 担 answering various questions questions in field biology. Specifically ，it would give rise to better understanding of gene FOREST ECOLOGY AND RESTORA TION 165 flow flow in a given p1ant species popu1ation. Moreover ，pollination bio10gy concems animal- plant plant co-evolution ，which reflects their morphological characteristics and anima1 behavior in pぽ ticu1ar. Acase study has been conducted on the (fruit) bat-pollinated species: Parkia speciosa Hassk. Hassk. and Parkia timoriana Me 汀.， in Peninsular Thailand. Preliminary results suggest that that the floral biology of these species demonstrates their specific r，叫 uirements for mobile ， noctumal noctumal pollinators ，and that fruit bats 紅 e the major pollinators of these plants.

Cen 回 for Biodiversity of Peninsular Thailand (CBIPT) ，Dep t. of Biology ，Fac. of Science ，Prin ce of Songkla University ， Hat Yai ，Songkhla ，Th ailand. 90112.

Avian Avian Frugivory at Mo ・Singto Long-term Biodiversity Research Plot ，Khao Yai National Park

Wangworn Sankamethawee ，Andrew J. Pierce and Somchai Nimnuan

An imal dispersers play a significant role in the maintenance of plant diversity of tropical forests. forests. Th e study on avian abundance and diversity in Kh ao Yai National Park indicates that that frugivores or frugivore-omnivores contributed three of the five most abundant bird species species in the Mo-Singto permanent plo t. Furthermore ，most woody plant species 泊 tropical Asia Asia rely on birds to disperse their seeds. Between January 2003 and November 2004 ，292 fecal fecal samples containing seeds were collected from 21 bird species. The seeds cむnefrom 88 plant plant species (71 known ， 8 unidentified) of which at least ten species were Ficus (Moraceae). Seeds Seeds were extracted 合om fecal samples collected during mist-netting operations and from direct direct observation of defecating perched birds. Most of the seeds came from the highly frugivorous frugivorous bulbuls: Puff- 白roated Bulbul (Alophoixus pallidus) 69 samples with 46 plant species; species; Grey-eyed Bulbul (lole propinqua) ，98 samples with 34 seed species and Black- crested crested Bulbul (Pycnonotus melanicterus) ，62 samples with 32 seed species. 百le seeds of the the woody climber Dissochaeta divaricata (Melastomataceae) were found in the feces of nine nine bird species. Moreover ，direct observations found some frugivory by predominantly insectivorous insectivorous birds. During the course of observing nests ，several seeds were also detected in the the feces of nestlings ， suggesting that fruit maybe a more important component nestling diets diets than previously assumed. Other supplementary studies to understand more about the ecological ecological roles of these seed dispersers have been carried out including food availability based based on phenological data and observations of birds visiting fruiting trees.

School School of Bioresources and Technology ，King Mongkut's University ofTechnology ，Thonburi ，Bangkok 166 166 GEORGE A. GALE AND TOMMASO SA VINI

Factors Factors Influencing Food Selection among Four Sympatric Species of of Hornbill at Khao Yai National Park ， Thailand

Chution Chution Kanwatanakid Savini 1，2 and Pilai Poonsw atf2

Asian Asian hombills are frugivorous for most of 出巴 ye 肌 but change to a more omnivorous diet diet during the breeding season. Due to the high proportion of fruit in their diet they are assumed to playan important role as seed dispersers in the ecology of their forest habita t. Preliminary Preliminary results from 組 ongoing study of the feeding ecology of four sympatric species: species: Great hombill (Bucero bicornis) ， Wreathed hombill (Aceros undulates) ，Oriental Pied Pied hombill (Anthracoceros albirostris) and Brown hombill (Ptilolaemus tickelli) ， at Kh ao Yai Yai National Park are presented. Th e feeding habits and diet of each species have be 四 monitored monitored since January 2004 and will continue to be until December 2005.τ 1ri s will include two breeding seasons ，January-June ，and two non-breeding seasons ， or flocking seasons ， from July to December. Th e 0 吋ectives of this study were: (1)加 define which factors influ- ence ence food selection specifically spatial-temporal availability ， chemical and mo 中hological variation variation of the chosen food items; (2) to define overlap feeding among the four sympatric species species and how this influences their breeding biology; and (3) define breeding suc 田 ss among the different species in relation to food availability and quality. During the breeding season season data on diet and feeding behavior were collected by direct observation at 6 nests of each each species (with the exception of brown hombill where only 4 nests could be observed). Fruits Fruits consumed were categorized as either fig or non-fig ， the latter classified into species and differentiated by mo 叩hology. 百le diet during 由e flocking season was identified by collecting collecting seed in traps set under roosting trees. Food selection of hombills was measured by comparing comparing food consumption with food availability. Food availability was defined monthly with with phenological obse 四 ations ， based on percentage of canopy coverage ， along line transects within within the study area. Feeding bouts on fruiting 回 es and nu 凶 tional analysis of selected fruits fruits were studied in both breeding and non-br ，田 ding season. In addition ，we investigated other other ecological factors that may influence food selection in the four observed species ， such as as height of nest ，number of offspring etc.

'Dep 訂 tment of Biology ，Faculty of Science ，Mahidol U 凶versity ，Rama 6 Rd. ，Bangkok 10400 Hombill 2 Hombill Research Pr，吋 ect ，Dep 紅卸lent of Microbiology ，Fac 凶.ty of Science ，Mahidol U 凶versity ，Rama 6 Rd. ，

B如 gkok 10400

Do Male and Female Black-naped Monarch (Hypothymis azurea) Contribute Contribute Equally to Raise a Brood?

Kihoko Tokue ，Andrew J. Pierce ，Korakock Pobprase 同 and George A. Gale

τ'h ere are few detailed studies on parental c紅 e by tropical forest birds. At the Mo-ingto Plot Plot in Kh ao Yai National Park ， Black-naped Monarch (Hypothymis azurea) is a relatively common species. It is sexually dichromatic and both males and females engage in incubation and brooding tasks which makes it ideal for study of avian parental care. We compared FOREST ECOLOGY AND RESTORATION 167 female female and male parental care by testing two hypotheses: H1: females spend more time incubating incubating and brooding th 飢 do males ，and H2: males and females contribute equally to incubation incubation and brooding. In addition ， under either hypothesis ，we expect that feeding visitation visitation rates should gradually increase with nestling growth. We predicted that the second hypotheses hypotheses would be supported because the closely related Hawaian “ Elepaio" shows a similar similar pattern of parental c訂 e. Preliminary results do suggest that males and females contribute contribute equally to incubation and brooding ， and that feeding rates increase as nestlings grow. grow.

School School ofBioresources and Technology ，King Mongkut's University ofTechnology ，Thonburi ，Bangkok

Measuring Nest Success in Birds Using Mayfield Estimates

Andrew j. Pierce

Basic Basic demographic data is 回 sential in order to understand the requirements of a species and therefore protect or restore its habita t. τbis is especially important for 仕opical forest species species due to the rapid rate of deforestation 白血e region. Annual reproductive output of birds birds is a significant p副 of their life history but is difficult to measure ，and many studies use nest nest success as a parameter to assess breeding success. To make comparisons among species ， populations populations and studies ，it is important that data collection is standardized. 百le use of the Mayfield Mayfield method to assess nesting success is a relatively simple technique that avoids the bias bias caused by variable nest detection. 百lI s method is based on the number of days a nest is observed observed to be active (or exposure-days). Mayfield estimates can also incorporate data from nests nests ofunknown outcome which is especially important where there is limited data available for for analysis. Th e data required for measuring nest succ 回 sare: the number of nests that are active for more than one day; the number of exposure-days; the number of nests that fail; and the number of days in each stage measured (e.g. incubation ，nestling). A simple “ Mayfield calculator" calculator" has been developed to allow a quick calculation of nest success and a standard en ・or. During During 2004 we collected data on the nesting of Abbott's Babbler ， Malacocincla abbotti ， a small understory passerine ， at Khao Yai National Park. The Mayfield estimate for nest success success of 26 nests was 24.9% (:!:: 8.5) whereas absolute nest success was 34.6%. The higher value value for absolute nest success is caused because many nests 出at fail in their early stages are are not det ，田 ted while nests found in their later stages ぽ e more likely to succeed. Th is emphasizes emphasizes the importance of how data is collected and inte 叩reted. Th e results show 由at breeding success of Abbott's Babbler is quite low ， but comp 訂 able to to other studies in 出e tropics and unlike many temperate passerines which generally have higher higher nesting succ 白 s. Higher nest failure in the tropics is generally attributed to higher predation predation pressures but overall populations may be maintained by longer breeding periods and and survival rates.

School School of Bioresources 釦 dTechnology ，King Mongkut's University ofTechnology ，Th or 】buri ，Bangkok 168 168 GEORGE A. GALE AND TOMMASO SA VINI

Nesting Nesting Habitat Selection by Abbott's Babbler (Malacocincla abbotti) ， Mo Singto ，Khao Yai National Park

Korakoch Pobprasert

Detailed Detailed habitat requirements and reproductive biology 紅 'e largely unknown for m 組 y forest forest birds of South-eastAsia. In Th ailand ，Abbott's Babbler (Malacocincla abbotti) is found in in broadleaf evergreen forest and secondary growth from the west and north-east through the southem peninsular. 1 studied nest site selection of Abbott's Babb1er in the Mo Singto Biodiversity Biodiversity Research Plot ，Kh ao Yai Nation a1 Park ，Nakhon Ratchasima Province ， during 2003-2004. 2003-2004. Mated pa 出 have a ye 訂・ round teπitory with an average size of approximately 1. 75 ha (n = 11).τ 'h e breeding season starts in the middle of January 佃 d fmishes at the end of July. July. Fem a1 es lay 2 or 3 eggs (usu a1 1y 3) which are incubated only by the fem a1 e for 14- 15 days. days. Nestlings remain in the nest for 11 ー13 days. A tot a1 of 54 nests were found during the study. study. They were cup-shaped and built with fine roots ，fibers and dry leaves. Forty seven were placed in rattans (Daemonorops jenkinsiana or Calamus spp よ2 nests were in pa1m s (Areca (Areca spp.) and one each in Strobilanthes sp. ，PO かalthia aff. evecta ， Uvaria hirsuta ， Memecylon edule and Knema elegans. Th e average nest height was 1. 0m (SD = 0.4 7，n = 54) ， the highest nest was 2.4 5m ，and the lowest 0.39 m. Pr eliminary an a1 ysis of nest-site micro micro habitat 泊 2003 suggests that Abbott's Babblers prefer sites with a high density of rattans rattans and herbaceous vegetation < 2 m. ta1l.

School School of Bioresource and Technology: King Mongkut's University ofTechnology ，百 onburi ，Bangkok.

The Habitat Requirement and Breeding Success of the Malaysian Plover Plover in the Gulf of Thailand

MaiYasue

Th eM a1 aysian plover breeds on coast a1 beaches and wetlands in the Gulf of Th ailand. Although these are habitats being a1 tered by tourism development and the encroachment of of s胎imp ponds and pasωreland ， there has been virtually no research conducted on 出is near-threatened near-threatened species. We monitored 60 pairs of M a1 aysian plovers 泊 Prachuap Khiri Kh an and Petchburi Provinces to determine the key micro- and mesosite characteristics influencing habitat habitat selection and breeding success. At 出 e microsite scale Malaysian plovers selected nest sites sites with low distance to vegetation ，佃 da high of percentage ground debris ，located near the center center of the width of the beach. At the mesosite scale plovers selected wide beaches with low human disturbance that were far from trees. Mortality was roughly equ a1 at the egg and chick stages stages and the mean number of chicks fledged per nest was 0.71 (:t 0.11). 日edgling success was greater in sites with a of percentage higher 0.5-4 m ta1 1vegetation cover. During 77 hours of of diumal behavioral observations 1 observed no predation events. However ， plovers were frequently frequently disturbed by neighboring conspecifics attacking chicks ， or people walk 泊g or motorcycling motorcycling a1 0ng the beach. Our study indicated that human disturbance ，reduction of beach FOREST ECOLOGY AND RESTORATION 169 width width due to the planting of Casuarina trees ，and beach erosion may reduce nest habitat quality. quality.

Marine Marine Protected Ar eas Research Group ，Department of Geography ，University of Victoria ，Victoria ，Canada

Preliminary Preliminary Estimates of Densities of Large Raptorial Birds across Bala Bala Forest ， Southern Thailand

Alan Kemp ，Meg Kemp ，and Siriporn Thong-aree (presenter: (presenter: Sukanda Jotikapukkana)

Large raptors share the top of the predatory food chain in tropical forests ， but estimates of of their densities 紅 'e difficult to obtain despite their importance in assessments of forest ecology ecology and quality. Th e 12.5 km of tar road 由at crosses the Bala section of Halabala Wild- life life Sanctuary provided an opportunity for an east-west transect with various observation points points over forest habitats at altitudes of 10ι600 m a ふ1. We recorded the location of all all raptors seen or heard along this road throughout 2004 ，from observation points ， general travel travel and ，at 凶ght ，by call-up with tape recordings. Wh erever possible ，we recorded the movements and behavior of raptors under observation. We plotted the records ，movements ，conflicts and breeding behavior of Bat Hawk ， Oriental Oriental Honey-buzzard ，Black Eagle ， Crested Serpent Eagle ， Blythe 's Hawk Eagle ，Rufous- bellied bellied Eagle ， Barred Eagle Owl and Brown Wood Ow 1. We based our estimates of densities on nearest-neighbor distances of nests and/or core areas and on records per unit area under observation observation from lookouts. Estimated densities along the road ranged from 1 pair (Bat Hawk ， Black Eagle ，Rufous ゐellied Eagle) to 7 pairs (Crested Serpent Eagle ， Barred Eagle Owl). Spacing Spacing between pa 出 and records per unit area under observation allow extrapolation to provide provide preliminary estimates of the population sizes of all species in the 111.5 ・km 2 Bala Sanctu 紅 y. Few data exist on densities of large raptors in rain forest ，and none we know of for Asia. Densities Densities of the commonest species are similar to those in deciduous woodlands ， but most species species are specialists that occur ， as might be expected 仕om their niche requirements ， at low densities. densities. Comparative estimates for other forests and other species are needed to understand those those derived 合om Bala further.

cfo cfo Halabala Wildlife Research Station ，P.O. Box 3， Waeng Narathiwat ，91960. 170 170 G 回>R GE A. GALE AND TOMMASO SAV 別 I

Integration Integration of Genetic ，Species ，Population ，and Landscape Information Information for Conservation of Hornbills in Thailand: A Research Project Project Intro .d uction

Poonswad Pilai 1，Anak PattanavibooP ， Youngyut 1'1巾 uraF ， Philip Roun f14， Mathuros Pongliki 加 ongkoP ， Nareerat ViseshakuF ，Siriporn Thong-Aree 7， Budsabong Kanchanasaka うVijak Chimchom e3， and Parntep Ratanakorn B

Research Research and conservation of hombills 泊Th ailand have been globally recognized under under the Hombill Research pr 吋ectfor more 白佃20 years. Most studies have emph 錨 ized breeding breeding biology and ecology and have been limited to Kh ao Yai National Park and Huai Kh a Kh aeng Wi ldlife Sanc 知的・In 2003 ， the project launched a country-wide study on 出e distribution distribution and 出 e population s旬伽s of hombills 泊 remaining pristine forests in 百1ailand. 百1e overall objective is to understand genetic characteristics in relation to dis 甘ibution ，status of of populations and habitats ， and threats. 百1is is an effort to assist responsible/relevant authorities authorities to implement an effective conservation scheme for hombills and their habitats. Aspects covered covered Aspects under the overall objective include the following. For genetic studies ， the 節制n uses either blood ，feather ，町 tarsal scale samples to build a phylogenetic tI・閃 for 百1ai hombills. hombills. For pop 凶ation genetics ， the method is designed to determine genetic diversity among populations of the great hombill ，a widely distributed species 企om 3 priority forest landsc 叩 es of differeng size and degree of disturbance: the Westem Forest Complex ，Kh ao Yai Yai National Park ， and Budo-Sungai Padi National Park. For comparing population status ， density density estimates for hombills is being obtained 合ompo 泊t-transects 加 relation to habitat S佐uc 制re of the evergreen forests of those 3 priority sites. For dis 凶bution records ， the recce technique technique is used to record species occurrences in other protected forests. Radio teleme 位y is also also used to study ranging pattems of rare and little-understood species ，particularly rufous-necked rufous-necked hombill and plain-pouched hombil l. For habitat status ，forest struct 町 'e and composition composition is recorded within 40 x5 0m plots. Aft er 5 ye 釘 s ，besides establishing a complete database ，we expect to have a much greater understanding of hombill ecology ，genetics ， and population population status. 百1e data will then be used to predict the future survival of 官1ai hombills and and recommend proper actions for the conservation and management of hombills and their habitats. habitats.

Department I Department of Microbiology ，Faculty of Science Mahidol University ，Bangkok 10400 Wildlife 2 Wildlife Conservation Society 百 ailand Pro gr 潤 n，P.O.Box 170 ，Lak si ，Bangkok 10210 3 De p紅 tment ofForest Biology ，Faculty ofFores 町， K 蹴 :ts 副 University B飢 gkok 10900 4 Depar 旬 met of Biology ，Fac u1 ty of Science ，Mahidol U凶versity ，B叩 gkok 10400 Department s Department of Biωhemis 町'， Fac 叫ty of Science ，Mahidol University ，Bangkok 10400 6Dep 釘卸lent of Pathology ，Faculty of Vet 出 nary Science ，Chulalongkom University ，Bangkok 10330 Wildlife 7 Wildlife Research Division ，Dep t. of National Park ，Wi ldlife ，and Plant Conservation ，Bangkok 10900 Faculty 8 Faculty of Veterinary Science ，Mahidol University ，Salaya ， Nakom Pathom 73170 FOREST ECOLOGY AND RESTORATION 171

Database and Geographic Information System-GIS Development on Biodiversity in the Hala Bala Forests in Southern Thailand

Tasnee Tasnee Anaman 1，Poonsak Maipoksa p2， Supakit Wanasith 2，Kampanat Deeudomchan 2 and Rakchat Lehavanich 3

Th e project was set up by two offices: the Nation a1 Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Biotechnology and the Royal Forest Dep 紅 tment ， in order to compile information on biodiversity 加 protected areas of the Hala-B a1 a forests. 百lese 紅 eas consist of moist ever- green green and tropical rain forests at elevations of 10 0- 1，4 66 m m.s. l. Data show greatly varied communities communities ofvegetation and wildlife at different elevations. These areas 紅 e very difficult to to access and surveys 紅 'e time-consuming. As a result ， there has been scant data collection 佃 d little information to support p加 ming and m 叩 agemen t. Some of the data are still not 釘 ranged systematic a1 1y and 訂 'e recorded in incompatible systems. However ，GIS and GPS techniques techniques can efficiently facilitate geo-referencing ，especi a1 1y by researchers and foresters. Thi s project will collect information on biodiversity in a 帥 tional database sys 蜘.Th e database database will serve researchers ，foresters and students ，and will also provide information for tourists tourists who visit the Hala-B a1 a forest for eco-tourism.τ 'h e database will a1 so provide all kinds ofkinds knowledge on biodiversity for nearby communities ， encouraging villagers to p釘 tici ・ pate pate in natural resource conservation and support their community developmen t. GIS and database development can be divided in two parts: P制 1: (a) Physical data: contour contour lines ，slope ， drainage pattems ，etc.; (b) Biological data: precise locations of various tree tree and wildlife species. Such data can be recorded and displayed via Ar cview GIS version 3.2 3.2 as digit a1 maps 泊 a geographic information sy 蹴 m (GIS). Part 2: (a) Descr 伊 ive data: nomenclature ，tree classification ，mo 中hology ，habitat ，phynology ，references ，etc. References

釘 'e programmed by Mi crosoft Access. Both sections of the database c佃 be linked together and effectively developed in an applied program. 百le data can be displayed ，queried ，re ・ 住ieved and an a1 yzed.

I Specialist ，National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology ， Research 2 Research Assistant ，National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology ， 3lnformation 3lnformation Officer ，National Center for Genetic Engineering 組 dBiotechnology ， 113 Paholyothin Road ，Klong 1， Klongluang ，Pathum Th ani 12120

Distribution and Habitat Use Patterns of Hume's Pheasant in Northern Thailand

Apirat Apirat lamsiri 1 and George A. Gal e2

Hume's Pheasant ，Syrmaticus humiae ，is currently categorized as Vulnerable ， but there has has been no quantitative study of the species in its native habitat in the country.τ 'h e study assessed assessed the habitat requirements of the bird in northem Th ailand based on surveys in 5 protected 釘 'eas with known historical records and one site outside the protected area system. 官官birds were found between 1233-1655 m elevation ，and most of the observations were in 172 172 GEORGE A. GALE AND TOMMASO SA VINI

evergreen evergreen forest ， often associated with oak and pine. Twenty 句 three habitat variables were measured at 35 foc a1 (use) points and at 105 non-use points. 官時 occupancy rate (propo 抗ion of of sites occupied) within the study 紅 'ea was 0.69 :t 0.2 ，and 血e detection probability was 0.16. 百le results from a multiple an a1 ysis of variance including the presence of hunting as a co-factor co-factor showed 白紙 the species prefers areas with a higher basal area of pine ，ta1 1er trees ， 叩 d more grass species richness ， while avoiding areas with dense ground vegetation above 100 cm in height. 百 le significant interaction between site occupation and hunting pressure indicated indicated that when there is hunting ， the birds may select areas with less pine and a lower canopy. canopy. By comparing a1 1 possible logistic regression models using the above four indepen- dent dent variables ， the best model consisted of tree height ，density of ground vegetation over 100 cm ，and grass species richness.

Joint 1 Joint Graduate School ofEnergy and Environment ，King Mongku t' sUniversity ofTec 加 ology ，百 lonburi ，Bangkok School 2 School of Bioresources and Technology ， King Mongkut's University of Technology ，Th onburi ，Bangkok

ABSTRACTS OF POSTERS

Species Species Diversity of Bird Food Plants in Deciduous Dipterocarp Forest: Khao Noi - Napang Community Forest ，Phu Wiang ，Khon Kaeri

Daphawan Khamcha ，Acharaporn Pagdee ，and Samang Homchuen

百lI s study identified bird food plants in 合y dipterocarp forest at Kh ao Noi - Napang Community Forest ，Kh on Kaen Province. Birds feeding in the community forest were ob- served 仕om June 15 to August 31 ， 2004. Ten belt transects 10 m in width ，and 100 m apart ， were surveyed. Seventy-one plant species (i n 36 families ， with many species in the Di pterocarpaceae) were recorded ， of which 28 species were identified as bird food plants. Seven species were observed fruiting during the study season and being used by frugivorous birds. birds. Th ese bird-food plants includedFlacourtia indica 但urm .f.) Merr ， Casearia grewia φ lia 鳩 n. ， Antidesma sootepense Craib ，Irvingia malayana O1 iv. ex. A. Benn ， Ficus sp ，Memecylon edule edule Roxb ，佃d Ellipanthus tomentosus Kurz. Eucalyptus spp. and Or o. 砂 lum indicum (L.) Kurz were observed being used by nectarivorous birds ， while Rothmania wittU (Craib) Bremek was observed being used by both fruit eating and nectarivorous birds. Th irty bird species were recorded ， 12 being identified as plant feeders. Six species were observed eating fruit: Hill Hill Myna ， Eurasian Jay ，S 佐ipe-throated Bulbul ，Large-billed Crow ，Streak-eared Bulbul ， and Green-eared Barbe t. Four species were observed eating nect 訂: Olive-backed Sunbird ， Grey-breasted Grey-breasted Prin ia ，Common Tailorbird ， Dark-necked Tailorbird ，and two species were observed observed eating both 仕uit and nectar: Scarlet-backed F1 0werpecker and Black-crested Bul- bu l.

Dep 釘伽lent of Environmental Science ，Faculty of Science ，Kh on Kaen U 凶versity ，Kh on Kaen 40002 FOREST ECOLOGY AND RESTORA TION 173

Fuelwood Plants in Ban Non Chad Community Forest ，Tambon Dongl 玉eng ，Nongsonghong District ，Khon Kaen Province

Wanpen Soonprakhon and Adcharaporn Pagdee

百lI ssurvey-based study investigates fuelwood collection and consumption at Non Chad village ，Dongkeng ，Nongsonghong ，Kh on Kaen. Seventy-nine face-to-face questionnaires were distributed to Non Chad villagers.τ 'w enty-one quadrats were a1 so conducted to an a1 yze Non Chad community forest struc 旬re. Forty-one species in a 合y dipterocarp forest were identified identified of which Shorea obtusa had the highest importance value index (60 .3)， followed by Diptercarpus tubercalatus (4 1.1)， Canarium subulatum (39.2) ，lrvingia malayana (2 1. 7) ，

佃 d Xylia 巧Il ocarpa (1 9.9). Fuelwood species most frequently harvested by villagers 紅 e X. 巧Ilocarpa ，S. obtusa ，D. tubercalatus and C. subulatum. Villagers mostly want to collect dry dry branches (78%) because they 釘 e easily bumed (59%) and easy to handle (33%). Indeed ， dry branches are most often collected by villagers (89%). The most important source source for fuelwood collection is villager rice paddies (45%). Approximately 31 % of respondents respondents reported harvesting fuelwood in Non Chad community fores t. An average amount of of fuelwood consumed is 4.4 7k g/h ousehold/day (0.02 m 3/h ousehol d/ day) ， while potential fuel fuel wood volume in the forest is approximately 13 ，600 m3• Currently ，community forest rules and regulations of fuelwood collection have no m 吋or impact on community fuelwood consumption. consumption. However ，42% of respondents reported that 出ey had to change the place to ga 出er fuelwood ，針。 m the community forest to other places e.g. ， rice field ，orchard ， and neighbor's neighbor's rice field.

Department Department ofEnvironmenta! Science ，Facu!ty of Science ，Kh on Kaen University ，Kh on Kaen 40002

Growing Tr for ees Forest Restoration: Overcoming Ecological Constraints Constraints

Cherdsak Kuarak and Stephen Elliott

In In the season a1 tropical forests of northem τ'h ailand ，s~ed germ 泊ation of forest tree species species peaks at the beginning of the rainy season. Fruiting and seed dispersal occur in a1 1 months of the ye 民 but length of seed dormancy varies among species ， so that no matter when seeds are dispersed ， they tend to germinate at the beginning of the rainy season. Th is enables enables seedlings to grow root systems deep enough to reach enough soil water to survive through through their first dry season. However ，出 is ecologic a1 strategy presents problems for the production production of multi-species crops of 位ee seedlings for forest restoration ， since regardless of seed seed dispersal time ， length of dormancy and seedling growth rate ，a1 1 species must grow to plantable plantable sizes by the optim a1 planting time. For For species dispersed in the late rainy season ，dormancy must be broken quickly and seedling seedling growth accelerated by applying fertilizer. For species dispersed in the dry season ， seed seed storage can be used to delay germ 泊ation or seedling growth slowed by not applying 174 174 GEORGE A. GALE AND TOMMASO SA VINI fertilizer. fertilizer. Otherwise ，seedlings w i1l grow to a plantable size months before the planting season. season. Th ey w i1l have to be kept in the nursery for long periods ， wasting nursery resources ， or or they may require pruning to prevent them from out-growing their containers. Using Using various examples of framework tree species for northem 官lailand ，出 is paper discusses discusses suitable seed and seedling treatments to overcome these ecologic a1 constraints and manipulate seed germ 凶ation and seedling growth to attain a healthy crop of mixed framework tree species of sufficient sizes for planting by the optimal planting time (mid-June for for northem Th ailand). Ari altemative approach to overcome these constraints is to transfer wildings wildings to the nursery and nurture them until the planting season. Optimal sizes of seedlings harvested harvested from the forest and pruning treatments to reduce transpl 印刷ion shock and produce well-balanced well-balanced plants are discussed.

Forest Forest Restoration Research Unit ，Biology Department ，Science Faculty ，Chiang Mai University ， Th ailand 50200

Female Reproductive Endocrinology and Mating Behaviour in in Wild Gibbon (Hylobates lar)

Claudia Claudia Barelli

Since Since recent results have revealed an interesting flexibility in group structure and mating behaviour behaviour in gibbons ，(polyandrous groups 叩 d extrap 却 copulations ，EP C)， it is important to to quantify female mating behaviour and the function of extra-pair copulations in wild gibbon gibbon population. It is unclear if gibbon females choose their mating p訂 tners ，and if so on which male cues they may base their choice. Therefore ，出 is study w i1l address if gibbon females females exert choice by soliciting ，facilitating or refusing male partners. Because female partner partner choice may vary depending on a female's reproductive state ，it will be necessary to detect detect the exact cycle stage of a fem a1 e in relation to her mating behaviour to understand the the function of partner choice. Endocrinological analysis of the female ovarian cycle and behavioral behavioral observations of fem a1 e sexu a1 activity will help to answer the question proposed. It is aim of 血is Ph.D. project to understand the function of extra pair copulations in white handed gibbons ，and whether altemative mating strategies to monogamy exist. In order to inspect inspect this topic ，1 would like to investigate their reproductive biology and mating behaviour. 弛 ry little is known about 出eir reproductive physiology in captivity and nothing in wild animals. animals. Data on hormone profiles for different fem a1 e sta 附 (cycling ， pregnant and lactat- ing) ， cycling ch 佃 ges of extemal genitalia (sexual swelling) ， sexual displays and mating behaviour behaviour could be extremely useful to determine ，on one hand ， the possible 白nctionofex 凶 pair pair copulation giving some iridications about possible mechanisms of sexual selection involved involved and ，on the other hand ， could give us a better knowledge about general reproductive biology. biology. Genital swell 加gs are present in gibbons (Dahl ，1992) ， but need to be compared with sex sex hormones and mating behaviour in the wild. Moreover ，when comb 泊ing the sexu a1 swelling arising ， the hormon a1 status and the mating behaviour it will be possible to test various hypotheses hypotheses about their function.

Max-Planck-Institute Max-Planck-Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology ，Leipzig ，Germany FOREST ECOLOGY AND RESTORATION 175

Predation Predation of Bird Nestlings by Pigtail Macaques (Macaca nemestrina) in in the Khao Yai National Park (Thailand)

Gilles Gilles Bottin and Marie-Claude Huynen

A number of primate species are known to prey upon eggs or nestlings of various birds. Th ese primate predators are most of the time classified as omnivorous ，which 釘 nongtheOld World monkeys includes almost all macaques ，baboons ，and chimpanzees ， but also a number of of other species generally thought to be vegetarian specialists ， such as lemurs ， guenons or mangabeys. mangabeys. Previous Previous observations indicate that a high level of nest predation occurs in Khao Yai National National Park ，and that macaques potentially play an important role as nest predators. Th e present present research proposes to assess the potential impact of predation by pigtail macaques (M acaca nemestrina) on nestlings of two bird species ，Abbott' s babbler (M alacocincla abbotti)

叩 d Black-naped monarch (Hypothymis azurea) ， in Kh ao Yai National Park. Th e pigtail macaque ，Macaca nemestrina ，is well represented in Kh ao Yai National Park ， but but its ecological profile is stilllargely unknown in Th ai habitats. We propose in the present study study to focus on its feeding ecology in relation to bird predation. We plan to observe ranging and foraging pattems of groups of macaques in order to determine their diet and their impact on bird populations. Th is should be done by following the troops ，collecting general data on group group size ，composition ， ranging (range size ，location of water points and sleeping sites) and feeding feeding ecology (time and activity budgets of groups ，and species (animal and plant) consumed. consumed. Particular attention will be devoted to food search behavior (visual scanning ， digging ， foraging) and food processing. These observations will be coupled with the systematic systematic recording of resource availability ， with special attention to the presence of bird nests. nests.

Behavioural Behavioural Biology Unit ，University of Liege ，Belgium

Direct Direct Seeding for Forest Restoration in Northern Thailand

Panitnard Panitnard Tunjai ，Cherdsak Kuarak ， Stephen Ell ωtt ，and Sutthathorn Suwannaratana

Direct Direct seeding is one method of establishing trees for forest restoration without costs the of of raising nursery plants and transplanting them to the planting site. Better root development and avoidance of transplanting shock ，which is common in nursery-raised seedlings ，訂etwo advantages advantages of this technique. It might be particularly useful for steep or slopes inaccessible areas ，where transportation of seedlings is difficult. Th e nursery experiments are being conducted at the Forest Restoration Research Unit (FORRU) tree nursery ，located in Doi Suthep - Pui National Park. The field experiments are being being carried out in two areas ， the first one in a degraded highland site (1200 m) in evergreen forest forest in Chiang お1: ai Province ， north of Doi Suthep - Pui National Park. Th e second is a lowland lowland site (350 m) in deciduous forest in Lam Phun Province. The objective of this study is to to determine suitable species and techniques for direct seeding in forest restoration 訂 eas m 176 176 GEORGE A. GALE AND TOMMASO SA VINI

no 叫 lem Th泊 land. 百le effects of tree species ， seed treatment ，soil fe 目ility ，soil preparation and weed control on seed germination ， early grow 白 of germinated seedlings and root development will be ex aIllin ed in both field and nursery conditions. Tree species selected for 出e highland site include: Aquilaria crassna ，Balakata baccatum ，Carallia brachiata ， Eugenia fruticosa ， Sacrosperma arboreum 叩 d Spondias axillaris ，and species for the lowland 訂 'ea are are Afzelia xylocarpa ， Artocarpus lakoocha ， Casearia grewia そfolia ，Eugenia cumini ， Schleichera Schleichera oleosa and Trewia nudiflora. In itial results of germination and early seedling development will be presented.

Forest Forest Restoration Research Unit ，Biology Department ，Science Faculty ，Chi 釦 gM 創 University ，Th制 land 50200

The Importance of Soil Consumption on the Ranging Behavior of of Phayre's Leaf Monkeys (Trachypithecus phayrei) in the Phu Khieo Wildlife Wildlife Sanctuary

Scott Scott A. Suarez ， Guillaume Pages ，and Emily Lloyd

The distribution 佃 d availability of natural resources influences the distribution and densities densities of primate populations in the wild. Uncommon resources such as saltlicks ，even when rarely used ，may be of p制 icular import 姐 ce in influencing the size ，shape ，and location of of primate home ranges. Here we examine the influence of saltlicks on the ranging behavior and home range size ofthree groups ofPhayre's leafmonkeys. Each group was followed for about about 7 days per month across a period 6 months. Each day ， the group's location was measured every 30 minutes using a Garmin GPS. 百le animal movement package of the computer program Ar cView was used to calculate daily path lengths ，travel rates ，and home range range sizes for each group. All group home ranges contained at least one large saltlick ， though not not all saltlicks were located in the center of the range. For the group with the peripheral saltlick ， daily pa 出 lengths increased by about 75% and travel speed increased by about 75% on days when the saltlick was visited. In clusion of visits to the saltlick increased the home range range size by about 25% to a size comp 釘 able to the home r佃 ges of the two groups with centrally centrally located saltlicks. Even though soil consumption is a rare event for Phayre's leaf monkeys (l ess than 5% of observed time) ，its importance is clear. Conservation efforts of habitat habitat for these animals should consider not only adequate space for primate groups ， but also the the availability of r; 訂 'e resources.

Primates Primates of Phu Khi 巴o，Dep 紅伽lent of Anthropology ，Stony Brook University ，Stony Brook ，New York ，U.S.A. FOREST FOREST ECOLOGY AND RESTORA TION 177

A Botanical Inventory of a Tr opical Seasonal Forest in in Khao Yai National Park ，Thailand: Implications for Fruit-frugivore Interactions Interactions

ShumpeiKi ω， mura 1，Shunsuke Suzuki 2，Ta 初旬zu Yumotcr ， Phitaya Chuailua 1， Kamol Plongmajl ，Pilai Poonswad 1，Naohiko Nom a2， Tamaki Maruhash t1， and Chumphon Suckasam 5

Th e diversity of plants in tropical forests makes studies dietary of frugivores difficul t. Th is paper presents a botanic a1 inventory of a tropic a1 seasonal forest community in Kh ao Yai National National Park ，τbailand. 百le forest is valuable from a conservation perspective because it is one one of the last remaining intact forests in northeastern Th ailand ， and is an import 叩 t refuge for for a tremendous number of animal and plant species. A 4-ha inventory plot measuring 200 x 200 200 m was established and all plants greater than or equal to 10 cm in diameter at breast height height (dbh) were measured and permanently labeled. We found 1，610 stems belonging to to 105 species ，76 genera and 35 families ， with a combined basal area of 142 .5 m2 • 百le community was dominated by species of Lauraceae ，Cornaceae ，Euphorbiaceae ，Meliaceae ， and and Elaeocarpaceae. About one-third of the plant species (40 spp.) identified in this study were were vulnerable to extinction because they were mostly dispersed by large frugivores ， which are are relatively intolerant of human impacts. If they disappear ， these forests may become dominated dominated by plant species that are dispersed by abiotic means and species with small-seeded fruits. fruits.

Thailand I Thailand Hombill Project ，Departrnent of Microbiology ，Faculty of Scienω ，Mahidol University ， Rama 6 Road ， Bangkok Bangkok 10400 ，Th副知 d School 2 School of Environmental Science ，The University of Shiga Pr efecture ，Hikone 522-8533 ，Japan Research 3 Research In stitute of Humanity and Nature ，Takashima ，Marutamachi-Kawaramachi ，Kyoto 602-0878 ，Japan 4 Departm 巴nt of Human and Culture ，Musashi University ，Nerima ，Tokyo 176-8534 ，Japan National 5 National Parks Division ，Departrnent of National Parks ，Wildlife and Plant Cons 巴rvation ，Phaholyothin Road ， Chatuchak ，Bangkok 10900

A Comparative Study of Fruit Diets of Great Hornbill (Buceros bicornis) and Rhinoceros Hornbill (Buceros rhinoceros) during during the Breeding Season in Budo Su-Ngai Padi National Park ， Southern Southern Thailand

Sukanya Chaisuriyanan eI， Pilai Poonswa tF， George A. Gale 1，Anak Pattanaviboon 3，and Wichan Eiadthon g4

Fruit Fruit diets of Great hornbill (Buceros bicornis) and Rhinoceros hornbill (Buceros rhinoceros) rhinoceros) during the breeding season were studied in Budo Su-Ngai Padi National Park ， Southern Southern Th ailand ，仕 omJ 加 U 訂 y 2003 to August 2004. Th e proportion by weight of Great and and Rhinoceros hornbill diets were 55.6% and 73.6% figs ，4 1. 2% and 23.8% non-fig fruit ， 178 178 GEORGE A. GALE AND TOMMASO SA VINI

and 3.2% 叩 d 2.6% ar 泊m a1 s，respectively. Great hombills selected 20 non-fig fruit species from 12 families ， of which Polyalthia viridis ， Aglaia spectabilis ，Dyso 砂 lum macrocarpum ， Syzygium Syzygium spl and Canthium hirtellum were the 5 most important using on a combined ranking ranking based on weight ，number of 仕uits and frequency of ti 回 ding. Rh inoceros hombill selected selected non-fig fruit of 13 species from 8 families ， of which the most important were Oncosperma horridum ， Aglaia spectabilis ，Knema spl ，PO か'althia viridis and Dyso 砂 lum macrocarpum. Th is study categorized the breeding season into three stages: incubating phase phase (IN C)， nestling before fem a1 e emergence phase (BEFORE) ，and nestling after female emergence phase (A FfE R). Results indicated that the feeding rate on figs during INC (7.8 vs. vs. 15.0 g!h of observation) and A FfE R (7.7 vs. 13.1 g!h obs.) were significantly di 妊erent between Great and Rh inoceros hombills. But during the BEFORE period feeding rate on figs (13.2 (13.2 vs. 15.6 g/h obs.) was not significantly different between hombills. Wh ile feeding rates of of non-figs du 血 g the three nest stages (悶 C 6.3 vs. 4.3 g/h obs. ，BEFORE 12.1 vs. 10.2 g/h obs. obs. and A Ff ER 6.5 vs. 10.8 g!h obs.) was not significantly different between hombills. 百lis study summarizes only the most important fruits in the diet ，which is not enough to encourage encourage food resource managemen t. Thus ，more study on plant community is needed to supplement supplement food resource data for homb i1l conservation and managemen t.

Division 1 Division of Natural Resources Management ，School of Bioresources and Technology ，King Mongku t' s University ofTec 加 ology Th onburi ，Bangkhuntien ，Bangkok 10150 Thailand 2 Thailand Hombill Pr oject ，Faculty of Science ，Mahidol U凶versity ，Rama VI Road ，Bangkok ， 10400 Wildlife 3 Wildlife Cons 巴rvation Society 百 ailand ， P.O. Box 170 ，Laksi ，Bangkok 10210

Department 4 Department of Forest Biology ，Faculty of Fores 町， Kasetsart University ， Ngamwongwan Road ，Bangkok ，10900

Responses Responses to Burning and Edge E 町'ects of Small Mammals at at Klong E Tao Substation ，Khao Yai National Park

Waraporn. Waraporn. Kaewprom 1，George A. Gal eI， and Antony J. Lynam 2

Fire Fire may e首ect the dis 位ibution of organisms res 甘icted to habitat fragments ，and may contribute contribute to the loss of species. Li ve-trapping methods were used to determine the sta 加 s of sm a1 1 mamm a1 s in forest ，forest edge and gr 出 sl 佃 d 釘 e出 before and after grassland buming at at Kh ao Yai Nation a1 Park. A total of 3，600 trap-nights ofsampling resulted 回出ecap 加 reof five five species of rodent and three species of insectivore. Before buming ，Yellow R 吋ah Rat (Maxomys sur 砕け was the most 仕equently caught species in the fores t. Chestnut Rat (Niviventer (Niviventer bukit) was found in forest and forest edge. Noisy Rat (Leopoldamys sabanus) was found at the edge ， while Roof Rat (Rattus rattus) was found in the forest and grassland ， but but its distribution was clearly centered at either side ofthe edge. Ryukyu Mouse (Mus caroli) was found in a1 1 three areas and was the most frequently caught species in the grassland. Common treeshrew (Tupaia glis) was only found in the fores t. Leopoldamys sabanus ，

Crocidura Crocidura hosfieldi 佃 d Crocidura estrusca were rare and only captu 問 da few times.After buming two species Crocidura hosfieldi and Crocidura estrusca were not recaptured ， presumably due to their low rate of capture. Capture rate in the forest before buming was 12.17 12.17 individuals per 100 釘ap-nights ，more 白叩泊the forest after bum (7.72 individu a1 s per FOREST FOREST ECOLOGY AND RESTORA TION 179

100 100 trap-. 凶ghts) ， but the difference was not significan t. Capture rate in the grassl 組 d before bun 血 g was 3.33 individuals per 100 回 p-nights and after burning increased slightly to 3.5 0 individuals individuals per 100 回 p-nights. In general ， R. rattus 釦 d Mus caroli appe 紅 'ed to increase after after frre ， and none of the common species appe 釘 'ed to decline ， while the effects on the rare species species were less clear.

School I School of Bioresources and Technology ，Natural Resources Management ，King Mongkut's University ofTechnol ・ ogy 百lonburi ，Bang 拙 untien ，Bangkok 10150

Wildlife 2 Wildlife Conservation Society -In temational Pro grams ，2300 Southem Blvd ，Bronx ，NY 10460 ・1099 ，USA [email protected] t. mm

ABSTRACTS SUBMITTED BUT NOT PRESENTED

Wildlife Wildlife Poaching and the Demography of a Dominant ， Mammal-Dispersed Tr ee in Thailand

ledediah ledediah Brodie

We know that many animal species around the world are threatened by human activities. Yet Yet each of these species is involved 加 a host of interactions with the other organisms in its commu 凶ty ，組d we know much less about how d加 ct e能 cts on 白 e target species rami 町 throughout throughout the ecosystem via indirect effects on the interacting species. 1 創 n studying the effects effects of illegal hunting of samb 紅 d田 r(Cervus unicolo け， muntjac deer (Muntiacus muntjak) ， and and white-handed gibbons (Hylobates lar) on the recruitment and demography of a dominant canopy 町田 ，Choerospondias axillaris (An acardiaceae) ， whose seeds are obligately dispersed by those thr 関 mammals ，泊 the forests of 百lailand. Th ere 訂 'e two main components of my pr 吋ect. In出 e frrst I' m comparing C. axillaris seedling abundance and seed dispersallevels across across four national p紅 ks ， where the populations of the mammals vary widely (from abundant abundant to nearly completely extirpated) due to di 百'erent levels of historical poaching 泊tensity (which 1 創 nqu 組 tifying using questionnaires of p釘 kgu 紅白， as well as landscape attributes attributes such as road and human population density within and surrounding 血 e parks). itial In itial results from my frrst two field seasons indicate that ，in p紅 ks where the mammals have been been reduced or extirpated ， C. axillaris seed dispersal and recruitment are precluded. In出 e

関心ond component of my s旬 dy ，ona30 ・ha Forest Dynamics plot 泊Kh ao Yai National Park) ， 1 am measuring the functional similarity of the three mammals with respect to their effects on C. axillaris demography. Ecologists do not yet know whether there 釘 e functionally equivalent equivalent species in ecosystems ，despite the conservation implications of this issue. 1 assess the the qualitative and quantitative aspects of seed dispersal by each of the frugivore species using using line transects ， marked seedlings ， and experimen 凶 seedpl 組 ting arrays. 1 will construct stage-based a stage-based matrix model of the C. axillaris population ， which can be modified to s閃 how dispersal dispersal by each of the mammals affects the overa 1l 1ambda of the tree. is It my hope 白紙血is project project will help us design conservation strategies based ， not on single species ， but on 白e protection protection of ecologically-crucial species interactions.

Division Division of Biological Sciences ，University of Montana ，Mi ssoula ，MT 59812 ，U.S.A. 180 180 GEORGB A. GALB AND TOMMASO SA VINI

The Value of Long-term Field Research: Changing Views on Gibbon ~onogamy， 1939-2005(2482ー，2548)

Ulrich Ulrich H. Reichard

First First systematic descriptions of gibbon soci a1 s甘ucture date back to the late 1930s when C. C. R. Carpenter observed a wild white-handed gibbon population in the foothills of Doi Dao Mountain ， Chiang Mai ，Th ailand. He suggested a simple ，static model of highly te 凶 tori a1 individu a1 s living monogamously in sm a1 1 family groups ，which was later confirmed by field . studies studies of other hylobatid species. A first ch a1 lenge to an inflexible monog 創 ny concept emerged about twenty ye 紅 s later when field observations of birds refuted the postulated sexual sexual faithfulness of socially monogamous individuals. Paired m a1 es and fem a1 es were observed observed to some 由nes copulate with p紅伽ers 0 血er 白an their current soci a1 mate. Extra-pair copulations copulations have a1 so been documented 泊 some mamm a1 s ，including gibbons ，where 出ey were frrst described in 血e Siamangs (Symphalangus syndac η lus) of Ketambe ，Sumatra ， In donesia ，and white-handed gibbons (Hylobates la けat Kh ao Yai Nation a1 Park ，Th ailand. In In addition to flexible sexu a1 relationships ，variable grouping pattems have been documented at at Kh ao Ya i. Besides a majority of soci a1 units centered on pairs of adults ，adult 凶 os livingon one home range were a1 so found. Recent data 企om Kh ao Yai a1 so contrast with the original idea idea that gibbon pairs rema 加 together until dea 出， because partner changes were often caused by 泊unigration. M a1 e immigration was 仕'equently accompanied by intense aggression ， often leading leading to the replacement of a br ，田 ding resident and takeover of a fem a1 e and a home r佃 .ge. Im migration pattems as documented in the Kh ao Yai population reve a1 ed another flexible aspect aspect of gibbon monogamy ， because in addition to new group formation by dispersing young adults ， breeding adult replacement was found as an a1 temative mate acquisition s回 tegy. Scientific Scientific research on Kh ao Yai white-handed gibbons spans over 25 years and ranges among 出e longest continuous field studies of hylobatids and apes worldwide. Observations of of Kh ao Yai gibbons contributed importantly to refine the static view of mammalian monogamy towards a more dynamic soci a1 system. 百le discovery of a variable mating system system in Kh ao Yai white-handed gibbons has broader implications ， because it can aid protection protection and m 佃 agement plans of w i1 d and captive gibbon populations as well as rehabilitation rehabilitation and reintroduction projects. Wi 出 its unique history in gibbon research ， Th ail 如 d is suited to play a key role in Southeast Asia in developing and coordinating effective effective monitoring and protection programs for declining populations of the singing apes.

Max-Planck- In stitute for Evolutionary Anthropology ，Le ipzig ，Germany