DICTIONARY

OF NATIONAL BIOGRAPHY

Brown Brown

BROWN, CHARLES (d. 1753), commo- a portrait of Brown in the Painted Hall at dore, entered the navy about 1693. Through Greenwich. the of Sir afterwards patronage George Byng, iv. 1 [Charnock's Biog. Nav. ; Beatson's Nav. he of Lord was captain Mil. i. Torrington, appointed and Memoirs, 49 ; E. H. Locker's Naval the Stromboli in 1709. He commanded the 1831 H. A. Locker's Naval Memoirs, ; Gallery of in and the Advice in 1726 in the York 1717, Greenwich Hospital, 1842.] A. L. cruises up the Baltic. In 1727, during the siege of Gibraltar by the Spaniards, he com- BROWN, CHARLES ARMITAGE manded the Oxford, and in 1731 the Buck- (1787 P-1842 ?), writer on Shakespeare's son- ingham in the Mediterranean. In 1738 he nets and friend of Keats, went to St. Peters- was appointed to command the Hampton burg at the age of eighteen to conduct the busi- Court, and was senior officer at this station ness of a Russia merchant started there by until the arrival of Admiral Vernon in the his eldest brother John. Working on very following year. His opportunity arrived in little capital, and hampered by political dis- 1739, when, during the war with Spain, he turbances, the firm soon collapsed, and about served under Vernon in the attack on Porto- 1810, at the age of twenty-three, Brown re- bello, in the isthmus of Darien. He led the turned to this country utterly ruined. For squadron into Boca Chica, placing his vessel, some years afterwards he struggled hard for a the Hampton Court, alongside the strongest livelihood, but the death of another brother part of the fortifications. When the fortress who had settled in Sumatra put him at length surrendered, the Spanish governor presented in the possession of a small competence, and his sword in token of submission. Brown he devoted himself to literary pursuits. In very properly declined to receive it, saying 1814 he wrote a serio-comic opera on a Rus- l he was but second in command/ and took sian subject, entitled 'Narensky, or the Road the governor in his boat to Admiral Vernon. to Yaroslaf,' with music by Brahamand Reeve. But the Spaniard was obstinate, declaring It was acted at Drury Lane, under Arnold's that but for the insupportable fire of the com- management, for several nights from 11 Jan. modore he never would have yielded. There- 1814, with Braham in the chief part (GENBST, upon Vernon, very handsomely turning to viii.405). The libretto was published in 1814, Brown, presented to him the sword, which but its literary quality is poor. Brown made is still in the possession of his descendants. the acquaintance of Keats and his brothers be- In 1741 Brown was appointed to the office fore September 1817. At the time Brown was of commissioner of the navy at Chatham, a living at Wentworth Place, Hampstead, a situation which he held with unblemished double house part of which was in the occu- reputation until his death, 23 March 1753. pation of Charles Wentworth Dilke, and His daughter, Lucy, became the wife of Keats was living in Well Walk, near at hand. Admiral William Parry, commander-in-chief In July 1818 Brown and Keats made a tour of the Leeward Islands and her and in the north of Scotland. Brown ; daughter together namesake married Captain Locker, under sent a number of amusing letters to Dilke of whom Lord Nelson served in his early days, describing the trip, some which have been ' and who subsequently became lieutenant- printed in Dilke's Papers of a Critic/ and in governor of Greenwich Hospital. There is Buxton Forman's elaborate edition of Keats's VOL. VII. Brown Brown

works. A diary kept by Brown at the same Character drawn chiefly from his Works/ time is unfortunately lost. On the return London, 1838. Brown dedicated the book to had first discussed from Scotland in August, Brown induced Landor, with whom he * ' Keats to keep house with him at Went- its subject at Florence in 1828. It is Brown's each his endeavour to show that sonnets worth Place, paying own expenses ; Shakespeare's and there Brown introduced the poet to conceal a fairly complete autobiography of Fanny Brawne and her mother, who had the poet, and although Boaden had suggested hired Brown's rooms during his absence in a similar theory in 1812, Brown was the first the north, and had thus made his acquaint- to treat it with adequate fulness or know- ance. At Wentworth Place Keats wrote his ledge. Brown often illustrates Shakespeare play of 'Otho,' the plot of which he owed to from Italian literature, with which he was Brown. In April 1819 Keats wrote some hu- widely acquainted. Lord Houghton says morous Spenserian stanzas on Brown, which that Keats learned from Brown all that he are printed in the various editions of the poet's knew of Ariosto, and that Brown scarcely let works. In 1820 Keats left for Rome, with a day pass in Italy without translating from l his health rapidly breaking. In 1822, shortly the Italian. His complete and admirable after Keats's death, Brown paid a long visit Version of the first five Cantos of Boiardo's to Italy. He met Byron at Florence, and "Orlando Innamorato"' (HOUGHTON) was tried to induce him to take a just view of unfortunately never published. Of Brown's Keats's poetry and character. In 1824 Kirk- contributions to periodical literature, his pa- introduced Brown to and the ' patrick Landor, pers in the Liberal,' signed Carlone and Car- ' introduction led to a long intimacy. For lucci, are very good reading. One called Les ' many years Brown was a frequent visitor at Charmettes and Rousseau has been wrongly ' Lander's villa at Fiesole. In April 1835 assigned to Charles Lamb, and another, On Brown returned to England and lived near Shakespeare's Fools,' equally wrongly to busied ' Plymouth. He himself in public lec- Charles Cowden Clarke. A story in the Ex- ' turing on Keats and Shakespeare, and in aminer for 1823 entitled ' La Bella Tabac- ' writing for newspapers and reviews. Landor caia is also by Brown. Various references visited him in 1837. In the of middle 1841 to Brown in the letters of his literary friends, he suddenly left England for New Zealand, among whom Hazlitt and Leigh Hunt are in the of hope partly improving his fortune to be included, prove that he was at all and partly of recovering his health, which times excellent company. Leigh Hunt is had been failing for some time. He obtained believed to refer to him in the ( Tatler ' for a of land ' government grant at Taranaky, New 14 Jan. 1831, as one of the most genuine but he was so dissatisfied with its Plymouth, wits now living.' Joseph Severn, Keats's and situation that he resolved to re- quality friend, maintained a fairly regular corre- turn to He wrote England. from New Zea- spondence with Brown for more than twenty land to under date 22 Joseph Severn, Jan. years (1820-42), and many of Brown's letters this but he 1842, announcing resolve, appa- to Severn and other literary friends will be died before the ' rently beginning journey. In printed in the Severn Memoirs,' edited by his last extant he this, letter, mentions that Mr. William Sharp. he was engaged on a ' Handbook of New from the late W. Dilke of Chi- Zealand.' [Information chester, from the late Lord from Mr. A number of Keats's Houghton, manuscripts came William and from Sharp, Mr. Colvin ; into Brown's on the Sidney possession poet's 'death, Buxton Forman's complete edition of Keats's and Brown determined to some of publish works ; Dilke's of a Critic (1883) Papers ; Lord them with a memoir by himself. He Life of Keats Forster's printed Houghton's (1848) ; Life a few of Keats's unpublished works in the of Landor; Notes and Queries, 5th ser. vii. 388, ' New Monthly Magazine,' but a short bio- 6th spr. viii. 392. Mr. W. Dilke was of opinion graphical sketch which he wrote of his friend that Brown was never known by the second name of was refused by the booksellers and by the Armitage until the publication of Lord ' Life of Keats. On the of Morning Chronicle.' On leaving England, Houghton's title-page Brown made overall his the opera Brown is called manuscripts relating Narensky (1814) Mr. Charles but on that of his work on to Keats to R. Monckton Milnes, afterwards Brown, sonnets he is called Charles Armi- Lord Houghton, whom he first met at Fiesole Shakespeare's tage Brown. His eldest brother's name was John in April 1833. In his well-known book on Armitage Brown. A son Charles or Car lino, Keats, Lord Houghton made a free use of who settled with him in New Zealand, survived Brown's papers. him.] S. L. L. Brown's best-known literary work is his 1 Shakespeare's Autobiographical Poems, be- BROWN, CHARLES PHILIP (1798- his Sonnets ing clearly developed, with his 1884), Telugu scholar, son of the Rev. David Brown Brown

Brown of the of Cal- and [q. v.], provost college Hindustani. On his return to England entered the Madras Civil Service in he cutta, accepted the post of professor of Telugu was for in at 1817, employed many years revenue, University College. Among his titles to magisterial, and judicial duties in the districts fame must be reckoned the fine collection of of and in ad- Cuddapah Masulipatam, where, manuscripts, including over 2,000 Sanskrit dition to a of and knowledge Persian, Sanskrit, Telugu works, which he presented in and he that over 1845 to the Hindustani, acquired mastery Madras Literary Society, and the hitherto and literature which neglected language now form part of the government of which entitles him to a Telugu. foremost college library. place among South Indian scholars. He was [Autobiography (privately printed), with pre- appointed in 1838 Persian translator, and in face by D. F. Carmichael; Athenaeum, No. 2984; 1846 postmaster-general and trans- Telugu Times, 20 Dec. 1884; Ann. BeportKoyal Asiatic lator to the Madras and became government, Society, 1885.] S. L.-P. at the same time a member of the council of a education, government director of the BROWN, DAVID (Jl. 1795), landscape- Madras bank, and curator of manuscripts in painter, commenced his artistic career by the college library. He resigned in 1855, after painting signboards. At the age of thirty- thirty-eight years of service. His principal five he placed himself for some time under works were his valuable dictionaries of Telu- George Morland, and made copies of that ar- tist's gu-English (Madras, 1852), English-Telugu i pictures, which are stated to have been since (Madras, 1852), and 'Mixed Dialects and frequently sold as originals. Being un- ' Foreign Words used in Telugu (Madras, able to endure the excesses of his master, he 1854), published at the expense of the Society left the metropolis and obtained employment for Promoting Christian Knowledge. His in the country as a drawing-master. The l other writings included : Prosody of the dates of his birth and death are unknown, but he Telugu and Sanskrit Languages explained,' exhibited at the Royal Academy ten land- 1827 ' Vemana's between 1792 Madras, ; Verses, Moral, scapes and 1797. and 1829 ' Keligious, Satirical,' ; Fa- Madras, [Redgrave's Dictionary of Artists, 1878/1 miliar Analysis of Sanskrit Prosody,' London, L.F. 1837 ' New Version of St. ; Telugu Luke/ 1838 ' Grammar of the DAVID ; Telugu Language,' , (1763-1812), Bengal 2nd ed. 1857 ' and founder of the Calcutta Bible Madras, 1840, ; Cyclic Tables chaplain of Hindu and Mahomedan Chronology of the Society, was born in Yorkshire, and was edu- andKanadi 1850 cated first under tuition at Scarbo- Telugu Countries,' Madras, ; private 1 English and Hindustani Phraseology/ Cal- rough, and afterwards at a grammar school at Hull under the Rev. cutta, 1850; 'Ephemeris, showing the cor- Joseph Milner [q. v.], ' responding Dates according to the English, author of the History of the Church/ and Telugu, Malayalam, and Mahomedan Calen- at Magdalene College, Cambridge. Having dars, 1751-1850 ;' 'Telugu Reader: a Series taken holy orders and been appointed to a of Letters, Private and on Business, and chaplaincy in Bengal, Brown reached Cal- Revenue Matters, with English Translation/ cutta in 1786, and was immediately placed Madras, 1852; 'Dialogues in Telugu and in charge of an extensive orphanage in that ' English/ 2nd ed. Madras, 1853; Vakyavali; city, being at the same time appointed chap- or, Exercises in Idioms, English and Telugu/ lain to the brigade at Fort William. In ad- 1852 ' Zillah in the dition to these duties Brown took of Madras, ; Dictionary Ro- charge man 1852 ' The the mission church. In 1 794 he was Character/ Madras, ; Wars appointed of the Rajahs/ Madras, 1853; 'Popular presidency chaplain, in which office he is said Telugu Tales/ 1855; 'A Titular Memory/ to have commanded in an unusual degree the 1861 ' Carnatic and esteem of the at Calcutta. London, ; Chronology, the respect English Hindu and Mahomedan Methods of reckon- Among his most intimate friends were Henry ing Time, explained with Symbols and His- Martyn, Claudius Buchanan, and Thomas toric 1863 ' all of were re- Records/ London, ; Sanskrit Thomason, whom successively Prosody and Numerical Symbols explained/ ceived in his house on their first arrival in London (printed), 1869. He also edited India, and regarded him as their chief guide 'Three Treatises on Mirasi and counsellor. To the cause of Christian Rights/ &c. ; translated from Mahratta the lives of Haidar missions he devoted himself with untiring Ali and and in in it himself and Tippoo ; printed 1866 an auto- zeal, labouring affording biography for private circulation. He was a generous aid to missionaries, both ofthe church frequent contributor to the ' Madras Journal of England and of other denominations. of Literature and Science.' Some of his Brown's health failing in 1 8 1 2,he embarked, works were translated into Tamil, Canarese, for the benefit of sea air, in a vessel bound u2 Brown Brown

sor of at was by for Madras, which was wrecked on the voyage astronomy Oxford, published and Brown died in 1730. down the Bay of Bengal. The passengers subscription. rescued another vessel and taken Bibl. Brit. Sinclair's New Statistical crew were by [Watt's ; Brown died on 14 June 1845 Scott's Fasti Ecclesise back to Calcutta, where Account of Scotland, ; his A. H. G. 1812. Charles Philip Brown [q. v.] was Scoticanae, 1868.] son. SIR GEORGE (1790-1865), Memoir of Rev. Claudius BROWN, [Bengal Obituary ; third son of George Brown, provost Buchanan, D.D., by Rev. Hugh Pearson, London, general, of was born at near Elgin, Memoir of Rev. Thomas Thomason, by Elgin, Linkwood, 1819; at the A. J. A. on 3 1790. He was educated Rev. Thomas Sargent, 1833.] July Elgin academy, and showed an inclination an Colonel John BROWN, GEORGE (d. 1628), Eng- to enter the army. His uncle, he lish Benedictine monk, who in religion as- Brown, procured him a commission, and sumed the Christian name of Gregory, is was gazetted an ensign in the 43rd regiment believed to have been the translator, from on 23 Jan. 1806. He joined his regiment lieutenant on the Italian, of the 'Life of St. Mary Magdalen in Sicily, and was promoted is to in the de' Pazzi,' 1619. It dedicated Lady 18 Sept. 1806, and served expedition convent of Vi- Mary Percy, abbess of the English to Copenhagen in 1807, at the battle of St. Benet at Brussels. Brown died at meiro, and in the retreat upon Corunna under 43rd was bri- Celle, near Paris, on 21 Oct. 1628. Sir John Moore. In 1809 the with the 52nd and and formed of the Catholic in gaded 95th, [Oliver's Hist, Religion was Notes part of the famous light brigade. Brown 508 ; Weldon's Chronological Cornwall, in 1811 T. C. present in all its actions until June (1881), 158, Append. 6.] he was promoted captain into the 3rd gar- BROWN, GEORGE (1650-1730), arith- rison battalion, and obtained leave to join the ex- metician, was born in 1650, and was ap- staff college at Great Marlow. Brown of in in pointed minister of the parish Kilmaurs, changed into the 85th regiment July 1812, of to the Penin- the presbytery of Irvine and county Ayr, which in August 1813 was sent about 1680 (Scorr, Fasti, ii. pt. i. p. 178), sula, and formed one of the regiments in the ' ' having been translated from Stranraer (ibid. unattached brigade under the command of 'About 1700 he was Lord The was p. 384). frequently Major-general Aylmer. brigade charged for exercising discipline and marrying engaged in the battles of the Nivelle and the in- without proclamation' (ibid. p. 178). 'He Nive, in which Brown so greatly distinguished vented an instrument called Rotula Arithme- himselfthat he was promoted major on 26 May tica, to teach those of very ordinary capacity 1814. The 85th was then sent to ioin the who can but read figures to add, subtract, mul- expedition under General Ross in America, the tiply, and divide, on which privy council, and at the battle of Bladensburg Brown was 13 Dec. 1698, recommended the lords of the wounded so severely that his life was despaired " a reasonable allowance to treasury to give of, and for his gallant conduct there he was " ' to him be ane encouragement (ibid. p. 384). promoted lieutenant-colonel on 26 Sept. 1814. In explanation of this instrument he published So far Brown had had a brilliant military 1 Rotula Arithmetica, with an Account there- career. He was now selected for various staff and in the same of,' 12mo, Edinburgh, 1700, appointments at home and abroad, and while year produced 'A Specie Book serving at serving as assistant quartermaster-general at one View to turn any pure Number of any Malta in 1826 he married a Miss Macdonell, Pieces of Silver, current in this Kingdom, third daughter of Hugh Macdonell. In 1828 into Pounds Scots or Sterling,' 12mo, Edin- Lord Hill, the commander-in-chief, appointed ' burgh, 1700. He next published A Com- him deputy assistant adjutant-general at head- pendious, but a Compleat System of Decimal quarters. At the Horse Guards he remained Arithmetick, containing more Exact Rules for in various staff appointments for more than hitherto ordering Infinites than any extant,' twenty-five years, and in such capacities he 4to, Edinburgh, 1701, which he dedicated to rose to the highest ranks in the army without John Spotiswood, Baron of Spotiswood, Advo- seeing any further service. In 1831 he was cate ' on the he described himself colonel a and some ; title-page promoted and made K.H., ' as minister of Killmarice.' His last work years afterwards was appointed deputy adju- ' Arithmetica Infinita or the Accurate was ; tant-general at the Horse Guards. In 1841 Accomptant's Best Companion, contriv'd and he was promoted major-general, and in 1850 calculated by the Reverend George Brown, he was appointed adjutant-general at the and for the Author,' Horse Guards the Duke of A.M., printed sq. 12mo, by Wellington ; 1718. This which was com- he was in 1851 Edinburgh, work, promoted lieutenant-general ; mended Dr. Savilian by Keill, F.R.S., profes- and, in recognition of his long official services, Brown Brown

lie was made a K.C.B. in 1852. April Soon April 1865 he resigned his command, and on after Lord Hardinge had succeeded Welling- 27 Aug. he died at his brother's house of Link- ton as commander-in-chief Brown resigned wood, near Elgin, the house in which he was his post at the Horse Guards in December born. 1853. His resignation was almost certainly [Obituary notice in Times, 29 Aug. 1865; bio- caused by the reforms introduced into the in graphy .Nolan's Crimea (1855), and in Eyan's administration of the army by Lord Har- Our Heroes in the Crimea for the ; but, part he but it has been hinted that it was dinge, played there and a real account of his actions, partly due to the interference of the prince see Kinglake's Invasion of the Crimea and Dr. consort with the details of military business. Eussell's letters to the Times.] H. M. S. In 1854 Brown was selected for a command in the army intended for the East, and soon BROWJST, GEORGE HILARY, D.D. showed that his long official life had made him (1786-1856), catholic prelate, born 13 Jan. was something of a martinet. He was the first ot 1786, educated at St. Cuthbert's College, the general officers to reach Turkey, and his Ushaw, where he became vice-president and of policy of 'pipe-claying, close-shaving, and professor theology. Afterwards he was ' missioner at tight-stocking was strongly condemned by Lancaster. On the partition of ' ' the northern the Times correspondent. Though he kept district he was appointed vicar- of the district his men under close discipline, he was endeared apostolic Lancashire by Pope to them by his kindness when the cholera Gregory XVI, and was consecrated at Rome broke out at Varna. He took command of the on 24 Aug. 1840 with the title of bishop of Tloa 'in light division, and on landing in the Crimea partibus infidelium.' On the re- storation of the in advance of his soldiers was nearly taken hierarchy by Pius IX in 1850 he was translated to the prisoner by a Russian outpost. At the battle newly erected see of of the Alma his division was in the heat of Liverpool, in which town he died on 25 Jan. the battle, and his horse was shot down under 1856. him while he was on the 23rd Welsh cheering [Catholic Directory (1885), 59, 159; Weekly fusiliers to the attack on the Russian centre. Eegister, 2 Feb. 1856.] T. C. After the allied army took up its position be- fore Sebastopol, the light division was posted BROWN, GILBERT (d. 1612), Scotch on the Victoria Ridge, and so did not bear catholic divine, was descended from the the brunt of the Russian attack on 5 Nov. ancient family of Carsluith, in the parish of Brown was soon on the field, and seems to Kirkmabreck. He entered the Cistercian have led the opportune attack of the French order, and was the last abbot of Sweetheart, Zouaves, who recaptured the three guns of or New Abbey, in the stewartry of Kirkcud- Boothby's demi-battery, which the Russians bright, about seven miles from Dumfries. had just taken, and in doing so he was shot In that capacity he sat in parliament, 17 Aug. through the left arm and wounded in the chest 1560, whilst the confession of faith was (KINGLAZE, Invasion of the Crimea, v. 325). approved. He was, however, an active op- He refused to go home on account of his ponent of the Reformation. In 1578 he was wounds, and assisted Lord Raglan, to whom complained of as being zealous in instructing he was second in the of Lord Herries and in the fol- by seniority command, family ; through the winter, and in May 1855 he com- lowing year he was accused before the gene- manded the English contingent to the Sea of ral assembly of enticing people within the Azoff, which took Kertch and Yenikale. On bounds of 'papistrie.' Brown laboured so 28 June 1855, however, the day on which zealously for the catholic cause in Glasgow, Lord Raglan died, he was invalided home by in Paisley, and in Galloway, that in 1588 ' a medical board, and the imputation that he the general assembly complained of his busy- was jealous of Sir James Simpson is therefore ness.' Lord Herries then expelled the pres- unfounded (see Surgeon Watkins's letter to byterian ministers from Dumfries. As all ' ' the Times on 5 Sept. 1865). He was made endeavours to stop the catholic reaction a G.C.B. in July 1855 and promoted general proved unavailing, the general assembly, in in September 1855, and was appointed colonel 1594, petitioned for Brown's apprehension of the 1st battalion of the rifle brigade. On by the guard. At this period he entered into the conclusion of the war he was also made a a written controversy with John Welsche, ' knight grand cross of the Legion of Honour minister of Ayr, and composed Ane Answere and a knight of the Medjidie. In 1860 he to ane certaine libell or writing, sent by Mr. was appointed commander-in-chief in Ireland John Welsche, to ane Catholicke, as ane and sworn of the privy council there, and in Answer to ane Objection of the Romane 1863 he became colonel of the 32nd regiment Kirk, whereby they go about to deface the and colonel-in-chief of the rifle brigade. In veritie of that onely true religion whilk we Brown 6 Brown

traveller professe.' This elicited from Welsche 'A BROWN, JAMES (1709-1788), and was son of James Reply against Mr. Gilbert Browne, priest,' scholar, Brown, M.D., Edinburgh, 1602, 4to, afterwards reprinted of Kelso in Roxburghshire, where he was under the title of ' Popery anatomized.' At born on 23 May 1709. He received his edu- the time Welsche published this reply Dum- cation at Westminster School, 'where he fries l had become the seat of excommuni- was well instructed in the Latin and Greek ' is that he cated papists and Jesuits : and the abbot classics,' notwithstanding must have described as the 'famous excommunicat, left school at the early age of thirteen, as in foirfaultit, and perverting papist, named Mr. the year 1722 he went with his father to Gilbert Browne, Abbot of New Abbey, quho Constantinople. During the three years of evir since the reformatioun of religioune had his stay in the East on this occasion, the ' conteinit in ignorance and idolatrie allmost boy, having a great natural aptitude for the the haill south-west partis of Scotland, and learning of languages, acquired a competent had been continowallie occupyit in practise- knowledge of Turkish, vulgar Greek, and ing of heresy.' At length Abbot Brown Italian.' In 1725 he returned home, and was captured near New Abbey in August 'made himself master of the Spanish lan- 1605. The country people rose in arms to guage.' About the year 1732 he conceived rescue him, but were overpowered by Lord for the first time (it has been said) the idea ' Cranstoun and his guardsmen. Brown was of a Directory of the Principal Traders in ' ' first conveyed to Blackness castle, and thence London.' A Directory upon a similar plan transferred to the castle of Edinburgh, had, however, been already published in Lon- ' where he was interteaned upon the kings don as early as 1677. After having been at to the expences till his departure out of the coun- some pains lay foundation of it, he gave trie' (CALDERWOOD, Historic of the Kirk it to Henry Kent, printer, in Finch Lane, Corn- of Scotland, vi. 295). Eventually he was hill, who made a fortune by the publication. In banished, and he died at Paris on 14 May 1741 he attempted to carry out a more ambi- 1612. tious project, namely, to establish a trade with Persia via of Printed in Brit. Calder- Russia. Having entered into an [Cat. Books Mus. ; wood's Hist, of the Kirk of Scotland (Wodrow agreement for the purpose with twenty-four v. vi. of the merchants of mem- Soc.), 39, 416, 295, 367, 576, 764 ; Gordon's principal London, Catholic Church in Scotland, 526; Keith's Cat. bers of the Russia Company, he sailed for of Scottish 425 McCrie's Life on Michaelmas ' Bishops (1824), ; Riga day 1741, passed of ii. 208 Lit. Hist, of Melville, ; Murray's Gal- through Russia, down the Volga to Astra- loway, 56-8, 121-3.] T. C. chan, and sailed along the Caspian Sea to Reshd in Persia, where he established a IGNATIUS Irish BROWN, (1630-1679), factory, in which he continued near four was born in the of Water- writer, county years.' While there he was the bearer of a ford in but educated in In his 1630, Spain. letter from George II to Nadir Shah. Dis- twenty-first year he was admitted into the satisfied with his employers, and impressed society of at After Jesuits Compostella. with the dangers to which the factory was belles-lettres for some time in Cas- teaching exposed from the unsettled nature of the tile, he was sent on a mission into his own Persian government, he resigned his post, whence into he country, removing France, and reached London on Christmas day 1746. became rector, in 1676, of the newly founded The following year the factory at Reshd Irish seminary at Poitiers. been Having was plundered, and a final period put to the appointed confessor to the Queen of Spain, Persia trade. His old aptitude for languages he died at Valladolid in 1679, a enabled during him during his four years' stay at journey to Madrid. He was the author of Reshd to acquire such proficiency in Persian 'The and Unerrable in ' Unerring Church, that on his return he compiled a Answer to a Sermon of Andrew copious Sail, preached Persian Dictionary and Grammar,' which, at Christ Church, in 1674' Dublin, July however, was never published. Lysons states in ironical terms to the (dedicated Earl of that Brown was also the author of a trans- < Essex), 1675, and An Unerrable Church or lation of two orations of " Isocrates, published None. Being a Rejoinder to The Unerring anonymously. He died of a paralytic stroke and Unerrable Dr. Andrew Church," against on 30 Nov. 1788, at his house in Stoke New- Sail's Reply, entitled "The Catholic and ington, where he had resided since 1734, and Apostolic Church of England'" (dedicated was buried in the parish church of St. Mary, to the Duke of 1678. He is also Ormonde), where there is a tomb erected to his memory the reputed author of a ' Pax Vobis.' treatise, (LYSONS, iii. 290). [Ware's Works ii. (Harris), 186-7.] [Gent. Mag. Iviii. pt. ii. p. 1128; Lyson.s's T. F. H. Environs of London, iii. 301-2.] G. V. B. Brown Brown

BROWN, JAMES, D.D. (1812-1881), received permission to return homewards. catholic bishop, was born on 11 Jan. 1812, at On 27 July 1876 the silver jubilee of his Wolverhampton. There, in the old chapel episcopate was celebrated in the cathedral in of SS. Peter and Paul North Street, he church at Shrewsbury, memorial gifts to the often, when a child, served the mass of Bishop value of 1,600^. being presented to him on

Milner. That prelate, taking a great liking , the occasion. His health breaking down to the boy, and observing in his little acolyte three years afterwards he obtained the assist- the of a vocation to the ecclesiastical ance of an signs | auxiliary, Edmund Knight, who sent in to Park was consecrated on 25 1879. Brown state, him, 1820, Sedgeley | July

Academy. There he remained until June ! then went to live at St. Mary's Grange,

1826, and in the following August was placed I a sequestered spot near Shrewsbury, then

by Bishop Milner, as a clerical student, at ! recently purchased by him as the site of his St. Mary's College, Old Oscott, now known proposed seminary. His active episcopal [ as Maryvale. He completed his studies as I work had thenceforth to be abandoned. But an Oscotian with marked success, being to the close of his life he sedulously watched chiefly distinguished by his proficiency in over the general administration of his diocese. classics. On 18 Feb. 1837 he was ordained Death came to him at last very gently, in his by Bishop Walsh. For several years seventieth year, on 14 Oct. 1881, at St. Mary's Erieste remained at Old and (from 1838 onwards) Grange. He had been present at four pro- at New Oscott as professor and prefect of vincial councils (those of 1852, 1855, 1859, studies until, in January 1844, he returned and 1873) held during the time of his episco- to Sedgeley Park as vice-president, being af- pate. He presided at his own first diocesan terwards, before the year was out, promoted synod in December 1853, at St. Alban's, to the rank of president. Six years later Macclesfield. still that on he was holding position when, [Morris's Silver Jubilee Sermon at St. Beuno's, in the summer of he advanced of the 153 1851, was 1876; Men Time, 10th ed. ; Brady's to the was 445 15 Oct. 1881 episcopate. He consecrated, on Episcopal Succession, ; Times, ; 27 July 1851, the first bishop of Shrews- Tablet, 22 Oct. 1881, 674; Weekly Register, 22 Oct. C. K. bury in St. George's Cathedral, Southwark, 1881, 484-5.] Cardinal Wiseman. after by Immediately JAMES the elder his consecration Brown went to reside at BROWN, BALDWIN, miscellaneous was called Salter's near in (1785-1843), writer, Hall, Newport Shropshire. to the bar at the Inner in and

| Temple 1816, His diocese comprised within it not only practised on the northern circuit and at the and Cheshire, but also the six Shropshire Lancashire sessions. He was counties of North Wales. Such was the quarter ap- of the Oldham court of re- of his pointed judge energy episcopal governance during in and died in November 1843. the that between 1851 quests 1840, thirty years elapsed Brown married a sister of the Rev. Thomas and 1881 that within that interval he had and was father of the Rev. increased the number of there from Raffles, D.D., priests James Baldwin Brown His to of churches from [q. v.] portrait thirty-three ninety-five, has been to of monasteries engraved. thirty from one ' eighty-eight, He was the author of: 1. An Historical to and of convents from one to eleven. six, Account of the Laws enacted the And whereas in 1851 he had found not one against Catholics, both in and Ireland,' Lon- school at all he left near St. England poor flourishing, ' don, 1813, 8vo. 2. An Historical the fine establishment of St. Beuno's Inquiry Asaph, into the ancient Ecclesiastical Jurisdiction scattered all ' College, and over his diocese f of the Crown,' 1815, 8vo. 3. Poems in sixty-three poor schools, at which 9,273 conjunction with the Rev. Thomas Raffles children were in daily attendance. Much and Jeremiah Holmes Wiflen, 1815, 8vo. of this wonderful increase was trace- directly 4. ' Memoirs of the Public and Private Life able to his and his remark- untiring energy of John the London, able of In Howard, Philanthropist,' power organisation. September 2nd edit. 8vo dedicated to 1818, 4to, 1823, ; 1868 Brown left Newport and went to re- William Wilberforce, M.P. side at Shrewsbury. On 8 Dec. 1869 he [T. S. Raines's Memoirs of Dr. Thomas Baffles, took part in the inauguration of the (Ecu- 374 Diet, of Authors 41 ; menical Council of the Vatican. On 17 ; Biog. Living (1816), April i. 42 Gent. Evans's Cat. of Engraved Portraits, ; 1870 he was named by Pius IX one of the Mag. N.S. xxi. 93.] T. C. bishops assistant at the pontifical throne. Some weeks before the declaration of the BROWN, JAMES BALDWIN, the of dogma papal infallibility, on 18 July younger (1820-1884), nonconformist divine, 1870, Brown was released from his attend- was the eldest son of Dr. James Baldwin ance it in upon on the score of ill-health, and Brown the elder [q. v.] Born 1820 at Brown 8 Brown

he was sent and a number of other King's Bench Walk, Temple, (1875) ; works, sermons,, to the London University, and at the age and contributions to periodical literature. of For of eighteen was amongst the recipients some time before his death Brown had! the first degrees granted by that body. been in feeble health, and laid aside from It was intended that Brown should follow active work. He was contemplating a visit his to his father's profession, and he kept terms Switzerland when he was struck down at the Inner Temple for that purpose. He with apoplexy, and died on 23 June 1884. afterwards determined to devote himself to Brown's reputation as a preacher extended the ministry, and became a student at High- far beyond his own denomination. In all the bury College. In 1843 he accepted public movements he took a great interest, charge of a congregational church at Derby, and at such crises as the Lancashire cotton and three years later he removed to London, famine, the American civil war, the Franco- becoming minister of Claylands Chapel, German war, &c., his sympathies and aid Clapham Road. During his ministry here went out towards the distressed and the suf- Brown was distinguished for the breadth of fering. He was of a sensitive and active * ' his theological views. When the Rivulet temperament, taking a great delight in work. controversy arose in connection with the His discourses were marked by much fervour, Rev. T. T. Lynch and his writings, Brown intellectual force, and literary finish. He protested with other nonconformists against deeply lamented the exclusiveness of the es- the severe attacks made upon Mr. Lynch. He tablished church, and was a warm advocate also threw himself into the controversy on of the claims of dissenters at the universi- the doctrine of annihilation, and published a ties. One of the reforms for which he had collection of discourses on the subject in op- long striven was accomplished when Brown position to the view held by the great body lived to see his own son take a first-class at of the congregationalists. In 1870 Brown Oxford after a brilliant university career. removed with the greater part of his congre- In culture and versatility of parts he wa& gation to a new and more commodious church himself justly distinguished. in Brixton Road, with which his name was [Times, 24 June 1884; Christian World, associated until his death. 26 1 June 1884 ; Brixton Free Press, 28 June 884 ; In 1878 was elected to the chair of Brown In Memoriam, James Baldwin Brown, by Mrs. the Union of and Congregational England Elizabeth Baldwin Brown (1884).] G-. B. S. Wales. During his tenure of office he once more showed himself to be a fearless contro- BROWN, JOHN (d. 1532), sergeant versialist. A conference was held at Leices- painter to King Henry VIII, was appointed ter, in which an effort was made by certain to the office by patent, dated 11 Jan. 1512, congregational ministers holding unorthodox with a salary of 2d. a day, and a livery of four views to fraternise with Unitarians and other ells of woollen cloth at 6s. 8d. a yard at advanced thinkers. Brown warmly supported Christmas. On 12 March 1527 this salary the arguments of the advanced school, but the was raised to 10/. a year. The work on which majority at the conference carried a resolution he was employed was not of a very elevated reaffirming the tenets expressed in the Con- character. It consisted, as far as can be dis- gregational Declaration of Faith and Order. covered from the records of the king's expenses, The enforced separation from friends on this of painting flags for the Great Harry and other and other occasions affected Brown keenly. ships, surcoats and trappings for tournaments, Brown was a voluminous writer, as well banners and standards for the army sent into as an active preacher and lecturer. In 1869 France under the Duke of Suffolk in 1523, he a ' published volume entitled The Divine escutcheons of arms, gilding the roofs and Mysteries.' He was also the author of: other decorations for a banqueting house at * 1. Studies of First Principles' (1848, &c.) Greenwich, and for the castle at Guisnes in l 2. Competition, the Labour Market, and preparation for the Field of the Cloth of Gold. ' < Christianity (1851). 3. The Divine Life The which was ever sup- ' only existing picture in Man 4. < (1860). Aids to the Develop- posed to have been by his hand is a portrait ment of the ' l Divine Life (1862). 5. The on in the British Museum. It was pre- ' panel Home Life 6. (1866). 'The Christian Policy sented by Sir Thomas Mantel of Dover, and of Life ' ' (1870). 7. Buying and Selling and now bears the number 93. It is inscribed ' Gain ' ' getting (1871). 8. 'First Principles of Maria Princeps An Doni. 1531. I. B.' In Ecclesiastical Truth' 9. < Our (1871). Morals some respects,' says Sir Frederick Madden, and Manners' 10. 1 (1872). 'The Higher it resembles the Burghley picture, but its ' < Life (1874). 11. The Battle and Burden has been The fact ' authenticity questioned.' of < Life (1875). 12. The Doctrine of An- is that the face does not bear the least resem- nihilation ' in the Light of the Gospel of Love blance to the features of Queen Mary, and the Brown Brown

costume is some or so later than 1655 thirty years he was ordained minister of the parish the date given in the inscription, which can- of Wamphray in Annandale. For many with the In not be contemporary painting. years he seems to have been quietly engaged 1522 Brown was elected alderman of London, in his pastoral duties, in which he must have- but resigned the office in 1525, before he had been very efficient, for his name still lives served either as sheriff or mayor. During in the district in affectionate remembrance. the last years of his life he sat on the com- After the restoration he was not only com- mission of the peace in Essex and Middle- pelled by the acts of parliament of 1662 to sex. He was a member of the companies leave his charge, but he was one of a few of Haberdashers and Painter Stainers, and ministers who were arrested and banished,, shortly before his death (24 Sept. 1532) con- owing to the ability and earnestness with veyed to the latter company his house in which they had opposed the arbitrary conduct Little Trinity Lane, which has from that time of the king in the affairs of the church. On continued to be the hall of the company. The 6 Nov. 1662 he was sentenced to be kept a house had been in his possession since 1504. close prisoner in the Tolbooth of Edinburgh,, His portrait, dated 1504, is preserved in the his crime being that he had called some ' ' hall, but is apparently a copy painted after ministers false knaves for keeping synod the great fire of 1666, when the hall was with the archbishop. The state of the prison ' burnt. His arms were argent on a fess causing his health to break down, he was- counter embattled, sable, 3 escallops of the banished 11 Dec. from the king's dominionsr first on a and and ordered not to return on of death. ; canton, quarterly gules azure, pain ' ' a leopard's head caboshed, or : crest, on a He went to Holland. In 1676 Charles II wreath argent and sable, a crane's head azure, urged the States-General to banish him from beaked gules, winged or, the neck and wings their country, a step which they refused to each charged with an escallop counterchanged, take. For a few years he was minister of the- and holding in its beak an oak branch fructed Scotch church in Rotterdam, and shortly proper.' This resembles the coat borne by before his death, which occurred in 1679, the Brownes of Kent. In the British Mu- he took part in the ordination of Richard seum is a book (Lansdowne MS. 858) which Cameron [q. v.] He was the author of once belonged to him, and has his signature. many learned and elaborate works, among ' It is the account of banners, &c., furnished to which were Apologetical Relation of the the Duke of Suffolk, and contains the shields Sufferings of Ministers of the Church of Scot- of arms in colours of of and land since 1665 ' Libri duo contra sovereigns Europe 1660,' ; nobles. his dated 17 et 1670 ' De- English By will, Sept. Woltzogenium Velthusium,' ; 1532, and proved 2 Dec. of the same year, it Causa Dei adversus anti-Sabbatarios,' 2 vols. that he left a widow Anne and two 1674-76 l the to- appears 4to, ; Quakerism Pathway Elizabeth and Isabel. a 1678 ' An of the- daughters, By pre- Paganism,' ; Explanation vious he had two to the 1679 ' The Life of wife, Alice, probably daugh- Epistle Romans,' ; ters, married to Richard Colard and Edmund Justification opened,' 1695. Other treatises Lee. A house at Kingsland and lands in were published between 1720 and 1792, and a Hackney, and another house called 'The Swan manuscript history of the church is in the uni- ' on the Hope in the Strand, are mentioned, versity library at Edinburgh. Of his treatise- and certain books of arms and badges be- on justification a writer says : 'It is by far our queathed to his servant. He was buried in most thorough exposition and discussion of St. Foster Lane. the doctrine it handles and it is all the more Vedast's, ; to be prized because of the particular bearing [Calendar of State Papers of Hen. VIII, vols. it has on the new views which Baxter and i-v. Chronicle of Calais Madden's ; ; Expenses others had to and which in, of Princess clix Stow's of Lon- begun propagate, Mary, p. ; Survey some are ever our- iii. 126 i. shape returning among don, ; Walpole's Anecdotes, 64 ; Some Account of the Painters' 14 selves' WALKEK, D.D., Carnwath,, Company, 1880, p. ; (JAMES xxxix. 23 Lansd. MS. The and Scotland). Archseologia, ; 858.] Theology Theologians of C. T. M. [Wodrow's History of the Sufferings of the Church of Scotland from the Eestoration to the JOHN of to of BROWN, (1610? -1679), Revolution ; Memoir prefixed reprint Apolo- church Wamphray, leader, was probably born getical Relation in the Presbyterian Armoury, at he at the uni- vol. iii. Edin. Scott's ii. Kirkcudbright ; graduated 1846; Fasti, 663.] versity of Edinburgh 24 July 1630. He W. G. B. was probably not settled till 1655, although he comes first into notice in some highly BROWN, JOHN (1627P-1685), the f complimentary references to him in Samuel Christian carrier,' one of the most eminent Rutherford's letters in 1637. In the year names in the Scottish covenanting martyro- Brown 10 Brown

the contains a conversation between the logy during the stormy period known as striking ' ' of widow and and an killing time before the revolution 1688, Claverhouse, affecting was born about 1627. He lived in a desolate picture of the lonely woman, after the dra- in the were the last rites place called Priestfield or Priesthill, goons gone, performing to her husband's it with her upland parish of Muirkirk in Kyle, Ayrshire, body, covering in the solitude to where he cultivated a small piece of ground plaid and sitting down and acted as a carrier. Wodrow describes weep over him. According to Walker's ver- ' had sion it was the and not Claver- him as of shining piety,' and one who dragoons, ' house who the execution. great measures of solid digested knowledge, himself, performed monument was afterwards erected to mark and had a singular talent of a most plain A his the where Brown was buried. and affecting way of communicating spot to others.' He had knowledge (according [Wodrow's History of the Sufferings of the to Claverhouse's account) fought against the Church of Scotland, Edin. 1721-2; Walker's government at the battle of Bothwell Bridge Life of Peden, &c. 1727, Glasgow, 1868. Napier's (1679); he refused to 'hear the episcopal Life and Times of John Graham, Edin. 1862, in the Claverhouse's with a ministers,' he instructed the people contains Report, together in- defence of his conduct Thomson's edition of A on ; principles of his church, and he was Cloud of Witnesses Edin. timate terms with the leaders of the perse- (1713), 1871, gives 574-5) an account of the monument, with cuted party. In 1682 Alexander Peden, one (pp. of a Life of Brown of the chief of these, united him in marriage copy inscription ; chap-book was published at Stirling in 1828.] F. W-T. to his second wife, Marion Weir (who figures in Brown's death-scene), and prominently BROWN, JOHN (d. 1736), chemist, was on this occasion to Walker, Peden, according elected F.R.S. in i3% and during 1723- foretold the husband's and violent end. early 1725 served on its council. He discovered ' linen for his Keep by you winding-sheet,' the presence of magnesia in sea-water (Phil. he added. Trans, xxxii. 348), and the nature of Prussian in the of 1 1685 Early morning May blue (Phil. Trans, xxxiii. 17). Brown and his nephew were at work in the H. F. M. fields cutting peat. There was a thick mist, out of which Graham of Claverhouse with his BROWN, JOHN (1715-1766), author of * dragoons suddenly appeared and seized the the Estimate,' was born at Rothbury, North- two men. According to that commander's re- umberland, where his father was curate, port, drawn up not many hours after the event, 5 Nov. 1715. His father, John Brown, a ' what followed was this : They had no arms member of the Haddington family, had been about them, and denied they had any. But ordained by a Scotch bishop, and at the end being asked if they would take the abjura- of 1715 became vicar of Wigton. The son tion, the eldest of the two, called John Brown, was sent to the Wigton grammar school. On refused it. Nor would he swear not to rise in 18 June 1732 he matriculated at St. John's arms against the king, but said he knew no College, Cambridge, and took his B.A. degree king' (according to an act of the Scottish with distinction in 1735. He took orders, privy council, 22 Nov. 1684, such refusal was and was appointed minor canon and lecturer punishable with instant death, WODROW, by the dean and chapter of Carlisle. He ' book iii. ch. viii.) Upon which, and there showed his loyalty by serving as a volunteer being found bullets and match in his house, in 1745 at the siege of Carlisle, and his sound and treasonable papers, I caused shoot him whig principles in two sermons afterwards ' dead, which he suffered very unconcernedly published. He thus obtained the notice of (Claverhouse to Queensberry, 3 May 1685, Dr. Osbaldiston, dean of York, who in 1747 quoted in Life referred to below). Many became bishop of Carlisle, and who appointed additional details are given by the covenant- Brown one of his chaplains. An accidental ing historians. Wodrow tells us that the sol- omission of the Athanasian Creed at the ap- diers were so moved the manner in time a censure and by which pointed brought ; Brown, Brown prayed before his death that they after reading the creed out of due course, to refused to fire at him, and that Olaverhouse show his orthodoxy, resigned his canonry. * ' ' in was forced to turn executioner himself, and A poem upon Honour (first published in ' a fret shot him with his own hand before 1743), and an Essay upon Satire,' appeared his own door, his wife with a young infant in the third volume of Dodsley's collection. ' standing by, and she very near the time of her The last was occasioned by the death of Mr. delivery of another child.' Patrick Walker's Pope,' and contains a high compliment to account was drawn up from information after- Pope's literary executor, Warburton. War- ' wards supplied to him by ' the said Marion burton saw it l by accident some time after Weir, sitting upon her husband's grave.' It its publication (NICHOLS, Anecdotes, v. 587), Brown Brown and asked Dodsley to let him know the au- of Brown,' says Cowper (Table-Talk), 'rose thor's name. He published it in the collected like a paper kite and charmed the town.' It ' edition of Pope's works before the Essay on is a well-written version of the ordinary com- Man.' One line survives plaints of luxury and effeminacy which gained popularity from the contemporary fit of na- And coxcombs vanquish Berkeley by a grin. tional depression. Macaulay refers to it in ' ' A poem on Liberty/ occasioned by the peace, this respect in his essay on Chatham.' In his appeared in 1749. Warburton introduced first volume Brown describes Warburton as a ' Brown to his father-in-law, the munificent Colossus who bestrides the world.' A cool- Halph Allen. Whilst staying at Allen's ness, however, seems to have arisen at this Brown preached a sermon at Bath against time between the two. Walpole ascribes it to gambling (22 April 1750). It was published Warburton's jealousy of his friend's success with a statement that the public tables were in a letter (to Montagu, 4 May 1578), from suppressed soon after the sermon was preached. which it also appears that Brown was sup- Warburton now advised Brown to carry out posed to have been mad. Walpole says that of an ' Brute ' and he had seen Brown and then { Pope's design epic poem, ; only once, sing- when this was begun suggested an essay upon ing the Stabat Mater with the Mingotti behind * Shaftesbury's Characteristics.' The essay, a harpsichord at a great concert at my Lady ' ' completed under Warburton's eye, appeared Carlisle's in last Passion week,' a perfor- in 1751. The second part of this essay is a mance which Walpole regards as inconsistent remarkably clear statement of the utilitarian with Brown's denunciations of the opera. He theory as afterwards expounded by Paley, and also asserts that Brown was a profane curser is highly praised in J. S. Mill's essay uponu and swearer, that he tried to bully Sir * Bentham.' The book provoked answers from Charles Williams, who had answered the 1 C. Bulkley, a dissenting minister, and an Estimate/ and was supposed to be about to anonymous author, and it reached a fifth divulge the swearing story, and that he in- edition in 1764. Brown helped Avison in the sulted Dodsley, who acted as go-between. ' composition of his essay upon Musical Ex- Brown was clearly an impracticable per- pression,' published in the same year (1751). son. He had complimented Pitt and the first ' He showed his versatility by writing two Lord Hardwicke in his Estimate,' and the ' ' tragedies, Barbarossa (produced at Drury failure to obtain patronage induced him, it l ' Lane 17 Dec. 1754) and Athelstane (pro- is said, to resign the living received from duced 27 Feb. 1756) (GENEST, iv. 406, 453). Hardwicke's son. In 1760 Warburton says ' The first obtained a considerable success. that Brown is rarely without a gloom and Oarrick acted in both, and wrote the prologue sullen insolence on his countenance,' sympto- and epilogue of the first and the epilogue to matic perhaps of mental disorder (Letters of ' the second. A line in the first epilogue, Let an Eminent Prelate, pp. 300, 381). Bishop the poor devil eat,' &c., gave great offence to Osbaldiston, however, presented him to the Brown. Neither has much literary value, living of St. Nicholas in Newcastle in 1761. ' ' though Athelstane was preferred by the Brown published several other works, which ' critics to its more successful rival. Warbur- had little success : an Additional Dialogue ton, Allen, and Hurd lamented that a clergy- of the Dead, between Pericles and Cosmo, man should compromise his dignity by 'making being a sequel to a dialogue of Lord Lyttel- connections with players.' Warburton, how- ton's between Pericles and Cosmo,' 1760 ever, had introduced Brown to his friend (intended to defend Pitt against the supposed Charles Yorke, and through Yorke's influence insinuations of Lyttelton, who is said to have his brother, Lord Hardwicke, presented affronted Brown in society) (NICHOLS, Anec- l Brown in 1756 to the of Great Horkes- ii. the Curse of a sacred living dotes, 339) ; Saul, ' ora- ley, near Colchester, worth 270/. a year or ode (set to music and performed as an on 200J. clear (NICHOLS, Anecdotes, v. 286). torio), first prefixed to a 'Dissertation In 1757 appeared Brown's most popular the Rise, Union, and Power ... of Poetry 'An Estimate of the and and ' of. the Rise and work, Manners Music,' 1763 ; History substance Principles of the Times.' A seventh edition Progress of Poetry,' &c., 1764 (the in a ' ' ' Twelve Ser- appeared 1758, very large impression of the last, omitting music) ; ' of a second volume, and an explanatory de- mons on various Subjects,' 1764 (including fence ' in and Bath the same year. From the identity those at Carlisle already noticed) ; of the first and seventh editions of the ' Es- ' Thoughts on Civil Liberty, Licentiousness, ' timate Hill Burton seems to doubt whether and Fashion,' 1765, a pamphlet with some re- in the success was genuine (Life of Hume, ii. 23). marks on education noticed by Priestley ' There is no doubt, however, of the impression his essay on The Course of a Liberal Edu- made at the ' ' ' On the Female Character time. The inestimable estimate cation ; a sermon Brown 12 Brown and Education,' preached 16 May 1765, with His mother did not long survive. He him- an education and l A Letter self was so low ' four fevers on appendix upon ; brought by ' to the Rev. Dr. Lowth,' &c., 1766, an answer end that his recovery was despaired of. to an imputation made by Lowth in his con- During these trials the lad thought much on troversy with Warburton upon Brown's sy- religious matters. After his recovery, he cophancy to Warburton. Brown advertised began to work as a herd-boy, and his contact ' ' Principles of Christian Legislation,' in eight with a wider and stranger world seemed to books, the manuscript of which was left to cause,' he tells us, 'not a little practical apo- some friends in his will for publication. It stasy from all my former attainments. Even never appeared. In 1765 Brown engaged in a secret prayer was not always regularly per- curious correspondence, from which long ex- formed, but I foolishly pleased myself by ' tracts are given in the Biographia Britannica.' making up the number one day which had Dr. Dumaresq had been consulted about the been deficient another.' A new attack of provision of a school system in Russia. A lady fever in 1741 reawakened his conscience, and ' mentioned Brown to him as an authority upon on his recovery he was providentially deter- such questions. Dumaresq wrote to Brown, mined, during the noontide while the sheep and received in reply a paper proposing vague which I herded rested themselves in the fold, and magnificent plans for the civilisation of to go and hear a sermon, at the distance of Russia. The paper was laid before the em- tAvo miles, running both to and from it.' press, who immediately proposed that Brown During his life as a herd-boy he studied should visit St. Petersburg, and upon his con- eagerly. He acquired a good knowledge of sent forwarded 1,000/. to the Russian ambas- Latin, Greek, and Hebrew. His difficulties- sador for the expenses of thejourney. Brown in regard to the second of those were very made preparations to start,bought a post-chaise great, for he could not for some time get a and other necessaries, and obtained leave of grammar. Notwithstanding this, he man- absence as one of the king's chaplains. His aged by the exercise of patient ingenuity to health had been shattered by gout and rheu- learn the letters on a method he afterwards matism, and the remonstrances of his friends described in detail (paper of 6 Aug. 1745 and physicians induced him to abandon the quoted in Biography). He scraped together plan of exposing himself to a Russian climate. the price of a Greek testament, and a well- He accounted for his expenses to the Russian known story describes how he procured it. minister, and wrote a long letter (28 Aug. A companion agreed to take charge of his 1766) to the empress, suggesting a scheme sheep for a little, so setting out at midnight, for sending young Russians to be educated he reached St. Andrews, twenty-four miles abroad. He was apparently disappointed and distant, in the morning. The bookseller vexed by the failure of the scheme. On questioned the shepherd-boy, and one of the 23 Sept. 1766 he committed suicide by cut- university professors happened to hear the { ting his throat. A letter from a Mr. Gilpin conversation. Boy,' said he, pointing to a ' of Carlisle says that he had been subject to passage, read this, and you shall have the ' ' fits of frenzy for above thirty years, and book for nothing.' Brown read the passage, would have killed himself long before but for got the volume, and walked home again with the care of friends. it 29 Dr. John Brown's Letter "Walpole's remark, given (Memoir, p. ; above, seems to imply that his partial de- to John Cairns, D.D., p. 73). rangement was generally known. The herd-boy and his learning now became the of talk in the Some ' se- Life of i. 206-15 Life subject place. [Davies's Garrick, ; by ' with materials in Brit. ceding students accounted for the wonder Kippis, original Biog. ; Letters of an Eminent Prelate that Brown had his know- ; Taylor's Kecords by explaining got of i. S. from Satan. The was my Life, 85 ; T. Watson's Life of War- ledge hypothesis widely burton.] L. S. accepted, nor was it till some years had passed away that he was able by his blameless and BROWN, JOHN (1722-1787), of Had- diligent life to 'live it down.' He after- ' dington, author of the Self-interpreting wards took occasion to note that just when * ' ' Bible,' was born in 1722 at Carpow, parish he was licensed his primary calumniator' of Abernethy, Perthshire. His father was a was excommunicated for immoral conduct. ' r poor weaver, who could only afford to send him Brown now became a travelling chapman * to school for a few quarters.' During one or pedlar. When the rebellion of 1745 broke month of this time he studied Latin. Even out, he joined the ranks of the government sol- at this early period he learnt eagerly, getting diers. He served throughout the affair, being up by heart 'Vincent's and Flavel's Cate- for some time one of the garrison of Edin- chisms, and the Assembly's Larger Cate- burgh Castle. When the war was over, he chism.' When he was eleven his father died. again took up his pack for a time, but soon Brown Brown

as a school- found more congenial occupation no salary, was attached to this office; the master. He taught at Gairney Bridge, near students studied under Brown at Hadding- Kinross, and at the Spittal, Penicuik, near ton during a session of nine weeks each year Edinburgh. He began teaching in 1747, (McKEKROw's History, p. 787). In 1778 ' ' ' known as the year in which the breach his best-known work, the Self-interpreting occurred in the secession church, to which Bible,' was published at Edinburgh in two vo- he belonged. Two bodies were formed, called lumes. Its design, he explains in the preface, is the Burghers and the Anti-burghers, of whom to present the labours of the best commenta- ' the first maintained that it was, and the se- tors in a manner that might best comport cond that it was not, lawful to take the with the ability and leisure of the poorer and burgess oath in the Scottish towns (for full labouring part of mankind, and especially to account see McKEKEOw's History, chap, vi.) render the oracles of God their own interpre- Brown adhered to the more liberal view, and ter.' Thus the work contains history, chro- now began to prepare himself for the minis- nology, geography, summaries, explanatory try. He studied theology and philosophy notes, and reflections in short, everything in connection with the Associate Burgher that the ordinary reader might be supposed Synod under Ebenezer Erskine of Stirling, to want. It is a library in one volume. and James Fisher of Glasgow. In 1750 he was Brown is always ready to give what he be- licensed to preach the gospel, and next year lieves to be the only possible explanation of was unanimously called to the associate con- each verse, and to draw its only possible prac- gregation of Haddington. His congregation tical lesson therefrom. The style throughout was small and poor, but though afterwards is clear and vigorous. The book at once ac- invited to be pastor to the Dutch church, New quired a popularity which among a large class York, he never left it. His ministerial duties it has never lost. It has been read widely were very hard, for during most of the year he among the English-speaking nations, as well delivered three sermons and a lecture every as in Wales and the Scottish highlands. How Sunday, whilst visiting and catechising occu- well known it and Brown's other works were pied many a weekday. Still he found time in Scotland some characteristic lines of Burns to do much other work. In 1758 he pub- bear witness : ' lished An Help for the Ignorant. Being an For now I'm grown sae cursed douce, towards an of the I an' butt the house Essay Easy Explication pray ponder ; Westminster Confession of Faith and Cate- My shins, my lane, I there sit roastin' chism, composed for the young ones of his Perusing Bunyan, Brown, an' Boston. ' ' to James Tait own congregation.' This easy explication (Letter of Glenconner, lines 19-220 was a volume of about 400 pages. In it he liad taken occasion to affirm that Christ's His numerous other works strengthened his in itself righteousness, though infinitely reputation, but none brought him any profit. is to ac- ' valuable, only imparted believers One of his publishers, of his own good will,' cording to their need, and not so as to render presented him with about 40, but this he them infinitely righteous. In the following lent and lost to another. His salary from year 'A brief Dissertation concerning the his church was for a long time only 40 per Righteousness of Christ' expounded the same annum, and it was never more than 50/. view. He had branded the doctrine he op- Only a very small sum came to him from posed as 'antinomian and familistic blas- other sources. The stern self-denial that was phemy,' but notwithstanding it was defended a frequent feature in the early Scottish house- by various anti-burgher divines, who retorted hold enabled him to bring up a large family, ' on him the charges of heresy,' 'blasphemy,' and meet all the calls of necessity and duty * ' ' and familism,' accused him of gross and on this income. Notwithstanding my eager palpable misrepresentation,' lamented the desire for books, I chose rather to want them, 4 ' poisonous fruit,' and dwelt on the glaring and much more other things, than run into ' of his absurdity doctrine (see Doctrine of the debt,' he says. At least one-tenth of his Unity and Uniformity of Christ's Surety- small means was set apart for works of righteousness viewed and vindicated, fyc. By charity. Rev. JOHN DALZIEL (Edin. 1760), pp. 72-4). Throughout his life Brown was an eager stu- This bitter controversy did not prevent Brown dent, and his attainments were considerable. from doing acts of practical kindness to He knew most of the European and several various anti-burgher brethren. He continued oriental languages. He was well read in to write and his name became and his with diligently, history divinity ; acquaintance more widely known. In 1768 he was ap- the Bible was of the most minute description. ' pointed professor in divinity to the Associate Although he says that few plays or romances Burgher Synod. A great deal of work, but are safely read, as they tickle the imagination, Brown Brown

and are to infect Avith their so Steadfastness recommended ' ' The- apt defilement/ (1769) ; ' that even the most pure, as Young, Thomson, fearful Shame and Contempt of those professed Addison, Richardson, bewitch the soul, and Christians who neglect to raise up spiritual are to for meditation and Children in Christ ' ' apt indispose holy (1780) ; Necessity and ' other religious exercises,' and although he Advantage of Prayer in choice of Pastors eagerly opposed the relaxation of the penal (1783). 8. Miscellaneous pamphlets: 'Let- statutes against Roman catholics, he was, in ters on the Constitution, Government, and to not at all a narrow- of the Christian Church ' regard many things, Discipline (1767) ; minded man. His creed was to him a mat- 'The Oracles of Christ and the Abomina- ter of such intense conviction, that nothing tion of Antichrist compared, a brief View of seemed allowable that tended in any way to the Errors, Impieties, and Inhumanities of oppose it or distract attention from its so- Popery' (1779); 'The Absurdity and Per- lemn doctrines. His preaching was earnest, fidy of all authoritative Toleration of gross ' if read simple, and direct, as I had never a Heresy, Blasphemy, Idolatry, and Popery in ' book but the Bible.' His delivery was sing- Great Britain' (1780); 'The Re-exhibition song,' yet 'this in him was singularly melting of the Testimony vindicated, in opposition to serious minds.' A widely current story to the unfair account of it given by the Rev. ' affirms that David Hume heard him preach, Adam Gib (1780 Gib was a prominent ' ' and the sceptic was so impressed that he anti-burgher clergyman who in this year had ' said, That old man speaks as if the Son of written 'An Account of the Burgher Re- God stood at his elbow.' The exhibition of the Secession anecdote, Testimony ') ; ' though undoubtedly mythical, shows the Thoughts on the Travelling of the Mail on as to his popular impression preaching. the Lord's Day' (1785 as to this, see Cox's ruined his Brown's labours finally health, Lit, of Sabbath Question, ii. 248, Edin. 1865). the last of his life 9. ' r which during years was Posthumous works : Select Remains He continued his work to ' Posthumous Works ' very poor. very (1789) ; (1797) ; 'Apo- near the end. He died at Haddington on logy for the more frequent Administration r 19 June 1787, and was interred in the church- of the Lord's Supper (1804). where there is a monument to his yard there, [Various short lives of Brown are prefixed to He was twice married : first to several of his memory. works ; the most authentic is the Janet Thomson, Musselburgh, second to Memoir by his son, the Rev. William Brown, Violet Croumbie, Stenton, East Lothian. He M.D., prefixed to an edition of the Select Re- mains had issue by both marriages. Several of his (Edin. 1856). Some additional facts, descendants have made themselves names in together with an engraving from a family por- science and literature. Brown's other works trait, are given in Cooke's edition of Brown's Bible (Glasgow, 1855). Some of the more have been divided into the following classes : ' authentic of the many anecdotes about Brown 1. Of the Holy Scriptures : A Dictionary ' are collected in Dr. John Brown's Letter to the of the Bible' A brief Concordance (1769) ; ' Rev. J. D.D. ed. Edin. see to the 'The Psalms Cairns, (2nd 1861) ; Holy Scriptures (1783) ; also McKerrow's History of the Secession Church of David in with Notes' metre, (1775). F. W-T. ' (Glasgow, 1841).] 2. Of Scripture subjects : Sacred Tropo- ' ' An and a Practi- M.D. logy (1768) ; Evangelical BROWN, JOHN, (1735-1788), cal View of the Types and Figures of the Old founder of the Brunonian system of medi- Testament ' ' The Har- at Dispensation (1781) ; cine, was born a village in the parish of ' mony of Scripture Prophecies (1784). 3. Sys- Buncle, Berwickshire. The father was pro- ' tematic divinity : A compendious View of bably a day-labourer, and he followed the Natural ' and Revealed Religion ( 1782 ). teaching of the seceders. He died early in l 4. Church history : An Historical Account life, and his widow married another seceder, ' of the Rise and Progress of the Secession a weaver by trade. When Brown was twelve ' A of the Christian or thirteen he offence to the (1766) ; general History gave seceding Church/ 2 vols. (1771); 'A compendious community by going once to public worship History of the British Churches' (1784). in the parish church of Dunse, and, refusing ' 5. Biography : The Christian, the Student, to be admonished, he formally left the sect. and Pastor exemplified in the lives of nine As he grew up he began to develop a philo- eminent Ministers ' l The after the manner of (1781) ; Young sophical turn, Hume, ' Christian, or the Pleasantness of Early Piety and continued all his life to be somewhat ' Practical in the free in his His (1782) ; Piety exemplified thinking. quickness induced lives ' of thirteen eminent Christians (1783). his father to send him, when five years old, 6. ' Catechisms : Two short Catechisms, mu- to the parish school of Dunse, then under an tually connected' (1764); 'The Christian unusually good Latinist named Cruickshank, Journal' (1765). 7. Sermons: 'Religious and attended by boys generally Brown's Brown Brown superiors in position. Before lie was ten he was somehow not likely to gain academical head of the school but he was then His varied was ; promotion. powers were well taken away and put to his stepfather's trade. known, and there can be no question that and Cruickshaiik his technical of This made him miserable, knowledge medical subjects soon persuaded the parents to let him have was adequate. Unfortunately he had an un- the boy back to continue his schooling free conscious art of putting his respectable col- of charge. Brown made himself generally leagues irretrievably in the wrong. He had in the and at thirteen he be- some venial faults he useful school, ; became involved in came pupil-teacher. He had fought his way debt, and had to compound with his credi- to in the school no less his tors him the respect by superior ; high feeding gave at j gout intelligence than by his physical prowess, five-and-thirty. His society was mostly j He was a stout thickset boy, with a ruddy I composed of admirers, and he took no pains face and a strong voice, and he was among to make interest with men of influence. He the foremost at wrestling, boxing, and foot- put off taking his degree of M.D. for years ball. In a note to one of his books he says after his medical course was done. When that he once, when fifteen, walked fifty miles he sought to graduate in 1779, the Edinburgh in a His was one had become and he day. memory prodigious ; degree impossible, got of his old pupils tells of him that on one one at St. Andrews. At an earlier period occasion, after going through two pages of he might as a matter of course have joined Cicero with the class, he closed the book the society for publishing medical essays and repeated the whole passage word for and observations (afterwards the Royal So- word. The country people found out that he ciety of Edinburgh), but when he resolved was a prodigy, and it was popularly believed to seek admission in 1778, Cullen privately ' that he could raise the devil.' advised him not to try: but he tried and When he was eighteen his master found was rejected. The antagonism to him had him a tutorship which proved irksome, and probably grown up in connection with his he went to Edinburgh to support himself by influence as a private tutor. Brown had to private tuition, and to attend the lectures in the last a large following of young men in philosophy and divinity. After several years Edinburgh. In 1776 the students had made of Edinburgh he came back to Dunse, and him president of their Royal Medical Society, resumed his place as usher in the school. A and they made him president again four years year after, "being then twenty-four, he went later, when the rupture between him and the again to Edinburgh, and applied fruitlessly was complete. His divergence for a vacant mastership in the high school. Erofessors*om the teaching of Cullen had probably He then bethought himself of the medical found expression in his private prelections. profession, and obtained leave from Monro, He afterwards exposed Cullen's errors in his ' the professor of anatomy, to attend his lec- trenchant criticism, Observations on the tures free. The other professors gave him Present System of Spasm as taught in the ' a like privilege, and he continued to attend University of Edinburgh (1787). The first the medical classes for five years, supporting formal indication of Brown's emendations on himself by giving private lessons in the the basis of Cullen is said to have been given ' classics during the first year or two, and in a draft of his future Elementa Medicinae,' afterwards by preparing medical students which he had written with a view to a vacant for their examinations. He was in great re- chair, and had shown to his patron. Then quest among the students for his convivial came his formal ostracism in 1778, and Brown qualities. Meanwhile Cullen employed him at once took up the cudgels for his own doc- as tutor to his children, and afterwards as trines. He began a course of public lectures a kind of assistant to himself, the precise on the practice of physic, in which the errors nature of his duties being a matter of dispute of all former systems of medicine, and of Cul- between Cullen's apologists and Brown's len's in particular, were very freely handled. biographers. In 1765 he married the daugh- In two years' time he had got ready a tempe- ter of an Edinburgh citizen named Lamond, rate exposition of his doctrine, the celebrated and set up a boarding-house for students. 'Elementa Medicinae' (1780). The purity of Cullen encouraged him to look forward to a his Latin style at once insured for him an in professor's chair. He took an extra course attentive reading abroad, especially Italy of dissections for a and studied and and the sense nearly year, Germany ; practical good at botany in order to qualify himself for a new of much of Brown's teaching length ob- chair in the American colonies to which tained for it an enormous vogue. That the Cullen had the presentation. However he great majority of diseases were expressions of remained a tutor in and and not of redundant and private Edinburgh ; debility strength, it became clear after a few years that he that consequently the time-honoured practice Brown 16 Brown of indiscriminate lowering was a mistake, to have excited much interest among London was a doctrine that commended itself to the practitioners or students, although his name ' sensible and unprejudiced. The Elementa was well known among them. An invitation ' ' Medicinee consists of a first or reasoning to him from Frederick the Great to settle at part,' which proceeds upon a philosophical the court of Berlin somehow miscarried or conception of life and diseased life more was rescinded. Debts again overtook him, fundamental than any that had ever before and, through a piece of sharp practice, and been framed, a conception which reappears perhaps treachery, he was obliged for a time ' in Erasmus Darwin's Zoonomia,' and in to become an inmate of the king's bench of ' Spencer's 'Principles Biology (' Incitatio, prison. One means of extricating himself, potestatum incitantium operis effectus, idonea closely pressed upon him by a group of greedy nimia aut adversam was to his to a prosperam ; deficiens, speculators, give name pill valetudinem. Nulla alia humani or other nostrum but the corporis ; temptation was rite valentis morborum nulla resisted. vivi, secusve ; He now wrote more than he alia origo'). In the second part he takes had done. He made an English translation concrete diseases in systematic order, after of his 'Elementa Medicinse,' writing it in the nosological fashion of the time, and ap- twenty-one days. He contracted with a plies his doctrine to each. The sound practical publisher for 500Z. to produce a treatise on truth running through the Brunonian system, the gout, and he had other literary pro- that many paradoxical manifestations of jects which would occupy him, he said, for morbid action were really evidences of de- ten years to come. His prospects were cer- bility which called for supporting treatment, tainly brightening; he had several families has in the end been quietly absorbed among to attend and patients were coming in, when the commonplaces of modern practice. But he was struck down by apoplexy, and died it was many years before the opposing pre- on 17 Oct. 1788. He was buried in the judices were overcome. So late as 1841 churchyard of St. James's, Piccadilly. A Cullen's biographer appeals triumphantly to portrait of him was engraved by William 'the intelligent practitioner' on behalf of Blake, from a miniature now in the possession bloodletting in inflammatory fever (Life of of his grandson, Mr. Ford Madox Brown. Cullen, ii. 326). He left four sons and four daughters, who Brown carried on the war in Edinburgh were provided for by the generosity of his six years longer against the professors and friends, Dr. Parr among the rest. His eldest the general body of practitioners. Hardly son, William Cullen Brown, subsequently any practice came to him, and the attendance studied medicine at Edinburgh, where he at his public lectures fell away. The needs was received with much kindness by Dr. of a large family and his own improvidence Gregory and other professors, and admitted brought him into serious money troubles, to the lectures without fee. He, like his and he was at one time lodged in prison for father, became president of the Royal Me- debt. During his last year in Edinburgh he dical Society, and brought out an edition published 'A Short Account of the Old of his father's works in 3 vols. 8vo, London, Method of Cure, and Outlines of the New 1804, with a biography of the author. A Doctrine.' He also founded the masonic life by Dr. Beddoes of Bristol, with a por- lodge of the Roman Eagle, for the encourage- trait, was prefixed to the second edition i; ment of Latin scholarship, and attracted to (2 vols. 1795) of Brown's own En^ sh ver- it a number of the best known wits and sion of his ' Elementa Medicinae.' S 3me 250 scholars of the place. In 1786 he removed pages of vol. ii. of Professor John Thomson's * ' with his family to London, and established Life of Cullen (1832-59) are devoted to a himself in a house in Golden Square. laboured examination of the Brunonian epi- In his domestic circle he had his greatest sode and the Brunonian doctrine, from the happiness. He had taught his three eldest Edinburgh professorial point of view. girls and his eldest boy Latin, and had carried The fortunes of the Brunonian doctrine, them some little way in Greek. Among his after the death of its author, occupy a con- papers there was found a considerable frag- siderable space in the history of medicine. ' ' ment of a Greek grammar, written in Latin The Elementa was reprinted at Milan in with rules in hexameter verse, which he had 1792, and at Hildburgshausen in 1794. The designed primarily for the use of his children. English version was republished at Philadel- His cheerfulness failed him. In Lon- in 1790 Dr. Rush a never phia by Benjamin ; Ger- don men of letters came to see him, among man translation of it was made at Frank- others Dr. Samuel but not furt in and in 1798 another at Parr; many 1795, again ; in his house courses of there was also patients. He gave Copenhagen (three editions) ; lectures on medicine, which do not appear a French translation which was laid before Brown Brown the National Convention and honourably Chester, 1868). Moving to London, Brown commended and one in Italian. A there a memorial on this ; very per- prepared subject, i sonal book, An Inquiry into the State of dated May 1825, addressed to the lords of the Medicine on the Principles of Inductive Phi- treasury, and numerously signed by the in- losophy, &c./ ostensibly by Robert Jones, habitants of Bolton, with a petition to the M.D. (Edin. 1782), but probably by Brown House of Commons (6 Feb. 1826) on the himself, was brought out in Italian by Joseph part of Crompton, which briefly narrates the Frank, at Pavia, in 1795. An earlier ac- grounds of his claim (Appendix to Cromp- count of the doctrines had been published ton's Life, p. 281). 'There is abundant by Rasori, at Pavia, in 1792. An exposition evidence/ says French, the biographer of ' of the system, with the complete Brimonian Crompton, that Brown was indefatigable literature up to date, was published by Gir- in his endeavours to procure a favourable tanner, at Gottingen, 2 vols. 1799. As late consideration of Crompton's case from the as 1802, the university of Gottingen was so government of the day.' He was, however, convulsed by controversy on the merits of completely unsuccessful, owing, as he wrote the Brimonian system, that contending fac- to Crompton, to secret opposition on the part ' tions of students in enormous numbers, not of your primitive enemy/ as he called the unaided by professors, met in combat in the first Sir Robert Peel. Further efforts were streets on two successive days, and had to rendered useless by the death of the inventor be dispersed by a troop of Hanoverian horse. in June 1827, and Brown did not long sur- The stimulant treatment of Brown was for- vive him. His life in the metropolis was mally recommended for adoption in the in all ways unsuccessful, and in despair he various forms of camp sickness in the Aus- committed suicide in his London lodgings in trian army, although the rescript was re- 1829. A posthumous work of his of sixty- called owing to professional opposition. Scott, two pages was published in 1832 at Man- ' in his ' Life of Napoleon/ narrates that the chester. It is entitled A Memoir of Robert Brunonian system was often a subject of Blincoe, an orphan boy sent from the work- inquiry by the First Consul. For some years house of St. Pancras, London, at seven years there were Brunonians and anti-Brunonians of age to endure the horrors of a cotton mill.' all over and in the colonies until Europe ; [Life and Times of Samuel Crompton, by G-. J. at the sound and valuable length part of French (2nd ed. Manchester, I860); Fishwick's Brown's Lancashire Sutton's therapeutic practice passed imper- Library (1875) ; Lancashire ceptibly into the common stock of medical Authors (Manchester, 1876).] F. W-T. maxims. 'The History of the Brunonian ' System, and the Theory of Stimulation was BROWN, JOHN (1754-1832), of Whit- once more written in German by Hirschel burn, Scottish divine, was the eldest son of in 1846. John Brown of Haddington [see BROWN", JOHX, where he was born on [Lives by W. C. Brown and Dr. Beddoes as 1722-1787], 24 1754. At fourteen he entered Edin- above; Haser's Greschichte der Medicin, ii. 750, July He afterwards studied 3rd ed. Jena, 1881.] C. C. burgh University. divinity at the theological hall of his de- BROWN, JOHN (d. 1829), miscellaneous nomination, was licensed to preach by the writer, was an inhabitant of Bolton in Lan- associate presbytery of Edinburgh, 21 May eashire,isphere during the early part of this 1776, and was ordained to the charge of the century he was engaged in miscellaneous lite- congregation at Whitburn, Linlithgowshire. ' rary work. There he projected his History Here, after a lengthened and laborious minis- of Great and Little Bolton/ of which seven- try, he died on 10 Feb. 1832. Brown was teen numbers were published (Manchester, twice married, and was survived by his se- ' 1824-5). This work begins with an Ancient cond wife and the issue of both marriages. of ' History Lancashire/ which he maintains His works were : 1. Select Remains of John ' < was peopled by colonists of a German or Brown of Haddington' (1789). 2. The Gothic' origin, and frequent visits to the Evangelical Preacher, a collection of Ser- west of Europe confirmed him, he says, in mons chiefly by English Divines' (Edin. this belief ' (Introduction, pp. 9, 10). He 1802-6). 3. Memoirs of the Life and Cha- ' became about this time very intimate with racter of the late Rev. James Hervey (Edin. the inventor Samuel also a Bolton 1806 editions were afterwards Crompton, ; enlarged pub- l ' ' man, and, laying his History of Bolton lished). 4. A Collection of Religious Letters drew The Basis of and ' 1813 aside, up Mr. Samuel from Books Manuscripts (Edin. ; ' Crompton's Claims to a second Remuneration enlarged ed. 1816). 5. A Collection of Let- from Parliament for his Discovery of the Mule ters from printed Books and Manuscripts, Spinning-machine' (1825, reprinted Man- suited to children and youth' (Glasgow, VOL. VII. Brown Brown

1815). 6. 'Gospel Truth accurately stated writer from Dr. Brown's son Eev. Thomas and illustrated ' 1817 ed. Brown, W. G. B. (Edin. ; enlarged Edinburgh.] ' Glasgow, 1831. This is a work on the Mar- row controversy'). 7. 'A brief Account of BROWN, JOHN, D.D. (1784-1858), of a Tour in the Highlands of Perthshire/ with Edinburgh, divine, was the eldest son of John ' a paper entitled A Loud Cry from the High- Brown of Whitburn [see BROWN, JOHN, 1754- ' lands (Edin. 1818). 8. 'Means of doing 1832], where he was born on 12 July 1784. Good proposed and exemplified in several His mother, who was his father's first wife, ' ' Letters to a Friend (Edin. 1820). 9. Me- was Isabella Cranston, a native of Kelso. ' moirs of private Christians (Glasgow, He received his early education at Whit- ' 1821 ?) 10. Christian Experience, or the burn, and then, with a view to the ministry, spiritual exercise of eminent Christians in entered Edinburgh University, where he different ages and places stated in their own studied from March 1797 to April 1800. It words' (Edin. 1825). 11. 'Descriptive List is still common for Scottish students to ' of in the Lan- maintain themselves their ' course Religious Books English during ; guage, suited for general use' (Edin. 1827). then it was almost universal. Brown, having ' 12. Evangelical Beauties of the late Rev. received his father's blessing along with a Hugh Binning, with account of his Life' guinea, set off for Elie in Fife, where he kept (Edin. 1828). 13. 'Evangelical Beauties of a school for three years. During the summer ' Archbishop Leighton (Berwick, 1828). vacation he attended at Selkirk, under Dr. ' 14. Notes, Devotional and Explanatory, on Lawson, the theological hall of the burgher the Translations and Paraphrases in verse of church (August 1800 to September 1804). ' several passages in Scripture (Glasgow and At this he was present for from one to two ' Edin. 1831). 15. Memoir of Rev. Thomas months each year. On 12 Feb. 1805 he was ' ' Bradbury (Berwick, 1831). 16. Memorials licensed to preach, and nearly a year after of the Nonconformist Ministers of the seven- (6 Feb. 1806) was ordained to the charge ' of teenth century (Edin. 1832). Various works the burgher congregation at Biggar in of Boston, Hervey, and others were, 'through Lanarkshire. Brown was diligent both as his instrumentality, chiefly given to the preacher and pastor, and the congregation ' his public (List in Memoir, p. 168). prospered under charge. In 1815 he pub- lished his first ' Strictures with Eev. David work, on Mr. [Memoir, portrait, by Smith, ' Yates's Vindication of Unitarianism prefixed to Brown's Letters on Sanctification (Glas- 1815. The Rev. James Yates was a (Edin. 1834). Some interesting notices of Brown gow, Unitarian in are given in his grandson's, Dr. John Brown, Glasgow divine, then engaged a with Dr. Letter to J. Cairns, D.D. (2nd ed. Edin. 1861).] controversy Wardlaw). Next year F. W-T. he was active in starting a periodical, ''The Christian Repository and Religious Register/ D.D. BROWN, JOHN, (1778-1848), which served as the organ of his church. He of was born at Langton, theological writer, edited this till five years later it was merged licensed the of Glas- ' Glasgow, by presbytery in the Christian Monitor,' which he also con- 8 June ordained minister of Gart- gow 1803, ducted till 1826. In 1817, in the 'Plans more 1805, translated to Langton, Berwick- and Publications of Robert Owen of New 1810, and the Free church 1843. shire, joined Lanark,' he attacked the schemes of that He received the of D.D. from the degree thinker. Owen invited him to New Lanark, of in November 1815. university Glasgow which is near Biggar. Here they had a con- He died 25 June 1848. He was one of the ference which proved resultless. Brown was friends and of early promoters evangelical now much occupied with schemes for evan- views in the church of and a con- Scotland, gelising the highlands and other districts in tributor to the ' Christian under Instructor,' Scotland where spiritual destitution pre- Dr. Andrew Thomson. Besides works of a vailed. He himself preached and lectured slighter kind, he was author of two books in various His hearers ' places. approvingly which attained considerable viz. Vin- ' fame, said that they know almost every word, for dication of Church Presbyterian Government, that minister does not preach grammar.' This in to the reply Independents,' Edinburgh, seemingly dubious compliment only meant considered the standard treatise 1805, usually that his manner of speaking was direct and on its and ' The Exclusive Claims subject ; simple. In 1820 the burgher and anti-burgher of to the Christian Puseyite Episcopalians synods were united. Whilst favouring this 1842. Ministry indefensible,' Edinburgh union, Brown, with a few friends, attempted [Hew Scott's Fasti Ecclesiae Scoticanse, part ii. to get the severity of certain portions of the iv. of the pp. 419-20, part p. 739 ; Catalogue Westminster standards relaxed. This at- Advocates' Letter to the Library, Edinburgh ; tempt was at the time unsuccessful, but re- Brown Brown suited in some change when the union men- eldest son was John Brown, M.D., author of ' ' ' ' tioned later on was accomplished. Two years Rab [q. v.], who in his Letter to Dr. Cairns afterwards he was called to Rose Street has written the most enduring literary memo- Church, Edinburgh. After labouring here rial of his father. Brown was a voluminous for seven years, he was translated to Brough- writer, but his works are somewhat common- ton Place Church. In 1830 he received the place in thought and expression, and without of D.D. from Jefferson Penn- value their author degree College, permanent ; yet they prove sylvania; in 1834, when his church revised to have been a man of great industry and its scheme of education, he was elected pro- very wide and varied reading. His plan of fessor of and when in was ' to make the Bible the basis exegetical theology ; exposition l 1847 his denomination by its junction with and the test of the system,' and not to make the relief body formed the United Presbyte- the system the principal and, in effect, sole ' rian Church, he was moved from the junior means of the interpretation of the Bible to the senior hall. (Preface to treatise on Epistle to Galatians i During these years Brown wrote several quoted in Memoir,' p. 298) . He followed this works, and was actively engaged in various method as far as circumstances permitted, agitations and discussions. The chief of these and his work undoubtedly gave a healthy was the 'voluntary controversy' (1835-43), impetus to the study of theology in Scotland. during which he eagerly supported the sepa- For many years he was the most prominent ration of church and state. In Edinburgh at figure among the members of his church. that time an impost called the annuity tax This position was partly due to his learning was levied for the of the minis- and it was still more due to his support city ability ; nobility ters. This he finally refused to pay, where- of character and sweetness of disposition. upon in 1838 his goods were twice seized Brown wrote a large number of sermons, and sold. In connection with this he was short religious treatises, biographies, and engaged in a controversy with Robert Hal- other occasional works. Of these the chief ' ' dane, who replied to his Law of Christ re- are : On the Duty of Pecuniary Contribution ' specting civil doctrine (1839) by a series of to Religious Purposes,' a sermon before the letters ALEXANDER Memoirs ' On (see HALDANE, London Missionary Society (1821) ; R. and J. A. Lond. 1852 and and the Means of its Attainment' of Haldane, ; Religion BKOWN'S Remarks on certain statements in ' the Dissenters of (Edin. 1818) ; What ought it, Edin. 1852). A matter which affected Scotland to do at the present crisis ?' (Edin. ' ' him still more was the atonement ' Hints to Students of directly 1840) ; Divinity ' It was < Comfortable Words for Chris- controversy (1840-5). supposed by (Edin. 1841) ; some parties in the church that he and his tian Parents bereaved of little Children' Dr. held unsound views < Memorials of Rev. J. Fisher' colleague, Balmer, (Edin. 1846) ; on the nature of the atonement. Finally, in (Edin. 1849). Brown's most important works ' 1845, he was tried by libel before the synod were the following treatises : Expository at the instance of two brother divines, Drs. Discourses on First Peter' (3 vols. Edin. and Marshall. While both sides ' Discourses and of our Lord Hay agreed 1848) ; Sayings that the elect could be Brown was Jesus Christ ' vols. Edin. ' An Ex- only saved, (3 1850) ; ' accused of holding that in a certain and, as position of our Lord's Intercessory Prayer his and er- < The Resurrection of Life ' opponents affirmed, unscriptural (Edin. 1850) ; roneous Christ died for all men. The ' The and Glories sense, (Edin. 1852) ; Sufferings which lasted four resulted in his of the ' < trial, days, Messiah (Edin. 1853) ; Expository ' honourable acquittal (Report of Proceedings Discourses on Galatians (Edin. 1853); 'Dis- in Trial by Libel of John Brown, D.D., Edin. courses suited to the Lord's Supper' (1st ed. 1845). 1816, 3rd and enlarged ed. Edin. 1853); ' During the years 1848-57 Brown was Parting Counsels, an exposition of the first chiefly engaged in producing a number of chapter of second epistle of Peter' (Edin. which were read in of the exegetical works, widely 1856) ; 'Analytical Exposition Epistle ' this country and America. His jubilee, after of Paul to the Romans (Edin. 1857). After * a fifty years' ministry, was celebrated in April Brown's death his Exposition of the Epistle 1856 (see Rev. J. Brown's Jubilee /Services, to the Hebrews,' edited by David Smith, D.D., Edin. 1856). A considerable sum of money was published in 1862 (2 vols. Edin.) was given to him on this occasion. This, after with [Cairns's Memoir of John Brown, D.D., a donation of his he adding own, presented supplementary letter by J. Brown, M.D. (Edin. to the and infirm ministers' fund of his aged 1860). A portrait is prefixed (for notice of por- church. He died at on 13 Oct. see J. On the Edinburgh traits, &c., p. 469) ; Brown, M.D., 1858. was Hunter's Brown was twice married, and Death of J. Brown (Edin. 1860) ; W. survived by issue of both marriages. His Biggar and the House of Fleming (2nd ed. Edin. c 2 Brown Brown

For estimates of Brown from various 1867). profession. As it is chiefly as a writer that of see United points view, Presbyterian Maga= Brown is likely to be permanently remem- zine, November 1858 ; North British Eeview, bered, it is only necessary to say that in his xxxiii.21 ; Scotsman, 14 Oct. F. W-T. 1858.] medical capacity he was remarkable for his

: close and accurate observation of BROWN, JOHN (1797-1861), geo- symptoms, skill and in the treatment of his grapher, was born at Dover 2 Aug. 1797. sagacity and to his served for some time as a cases, conscientious attention pa- He midshipman j tients. It even be said that in the East India service. In may whatever Company's j he be in March 1819 he was forced to leave the sea position may thought to have taken j literature, he was first of all a physician in consequence of a defect in his sight. He then became a diamond merchant and made thoroughly devoted to his profession, and, not on a fortune. He took a keen interest in geo- though writing strictly professional yet into author- graphical exploration, and became a fellow subjects, originally diverging ship on what be called medical of the Geographical Society in 1837. He may grounds. it is Naturally unambitious, doubtful if, with presented a portrait of his friend Weddell all his wide culture and enthusiastic love of (an explorer of the Antarctic circle) to the literature, he Avould but for his love of society in 1839, with a letter advocating ever, further In 1843 he obtained his profession, have been induced to appear expeditions. j before the world as an author at all. It is from Sir Robert Peel a pension for Weddell's observable that first widow. He was a founder of the the whole of the volume Ethnologi- i ' of Horse Subsecivse perhaps, not cal Society in the same year. He afterwards though the most the most became conspicuous as an advocate of expe- popular, yet substantially valuable of the whole series is almost exclu- ditions in search of Sir John Franklin. He devoted to defined the area which the expedition was sively subjects intimately bearing on the of medicine. The ultimately found to have reached, but was practice importance of wide culture to a the ne- not attended to at the time. In 1858 he pub- general physician ; ' of to nature's own methods lished The North-west Passage and the Plans cessity attending of and much to her for the Search for Sir John Franklin : a re- cure, leaving recuperative rather than to medicinal view.' A second edition appeared in 1860. power prescriptions ; the distinction to be in view be- He was complimented on this work by Hum- always kept tween medicine as a science and medicine as boldt. Brown made large collections illus- an art the of constant attention trative of Arctic adventure. He lost his wife ; necessity paid to the distinctive of each in 1859, and died 7 Feb. 1861, leaving three being symptoms individual case as a means of sons and two daughters. determining the treatment to be in special adopted ; and, [Gent. Mag. 1861.] ' general, the' value of presence of mind, near- ' BROWN, JOHN, M.D. (1810-1882), ness of the nous (dyxivoia) in a physician ' ' ' author of Horae Subsecivse and Rab and these and* the like points are what he is his Friends/ was born on 22 Sept. 1810 at never tired *of inculcating and illustrating in Biggar in Lanarkshire, and was the son of Dr. almost eVery page of the volume. And even ' ' John Brown, the biblical S9holar(1784-1858) Rab and his Friends belongs properly to at that [q. v.], who was time the secession medicine, and serves to withdraw the phy- minister there. His education at Biggar was sician from exclusive recognition of science conducted by his father. in private, but on in the exercise of his profession, and to bring the removal of the latter to Edinburgh in him tenderly back to humanity. ' ' 1822, John entered a classical school kept by In the two later volumes of the Horae Mr. William Steele, and at the end of two Brown's pen took a somewhat wider range. years passed on to the rector's class in the He had, we suppose, discovered his own high school, then under the charge of Dr. strength in authorship, and found that he Carson. Here he spent another two years, and had other things in his mind besides medi- at the end of that time, in November 1826, cine on which he had something to say. became a student in the arts classes of Edin- Poetry, art, the nature and ways of dogs, burgh University. In 1828 he commenced human character as displayed in men and the study of medicine, attending the usual women whom he had intimately known, the college classes in that department, and at scenery of his native country with its asso- the same time becoming a pupil and appren- ciations romantic or tender all these come tice of the eminent surgeon, Mr. Syme. In in for review, and on all of them he writes 1833 he graduated as doctor of medicine, with a curiously naive and original humour, and immediately after commenced practice and, as it seems to us, a singularly deep and in Edinburgh, where he spent the whole of true insight. One great charm of his writ- his after life in the active exercise of his ings is that, as with those of Montaigne and Brown 21 Brown

Charles Lamb, much of his own character is BROWN, JOHN CHARLES (1805- thrown into his books, and in reading them 1867), landscape-painter, was born at Glas- we almost feel as if we became intimately gow in 1805, and resided in London for some with the author. And in time after acquainted private travelling in Holland and Spain. he did not belie the idea which his books then his He removed to native city, and convey of him. Few men have in life been finally settled in Edinburgh, where he died at more generally beloved, or in death more 10 Vincent Street 8 May 1867. He was an sincerely lamentedc He had a singular power associate of the Royal Scottish Academy. His l ' of attaching both men and animals to him- picture The Last of the Clan was engraved a could self, and stranger scarcely meet with by W. Richardson for the Royal Association him even once without remembering him of Fine Arts, Scotland, in 1851. In 1833 he ' ever afterwards with interest and affection. exhibited at the Royal Academy, No. 278, A In he was natural and Scene on the Kent ' at society unaffected, Ravensbourne, ; this with pleasantry and humour ever at com- period he resided at 10 Robert Street, Chel- mand, yet no one could suspect any tinge of sea. Two other landscapes he also exhibited frivolity in his character. He had read very in this same year at the British Institution widely, had strong opinions on many ques- and the Suffolk Street Exhibition. tions both in literature and philosophy, pos- [Redgrave's Dictionary of Artists, 1878.1 sessed great knowledge of men, and had an L.F. unfailing interest in humanity. With all the tenderness of a woman, he had a powerful BROWN, JOHN WRIGHT (1836-1863), manly intellect, was full of practical sense, botanist, was born in Edinburgh on 19 Jan. tact, and sagacity, and found himself per- 1836. He was of a delicate constitution, and fectly at home with all men of the best early showed a great love for plants, in con- minds of his time who happened to come sequence of which he was, at the age of sixteen, across him. Lord Jeffrey, Lord Cockburn, placed in one of the Edinburgh nurseries. Mr. Thackeray, Mr. Ruskin, Sir Henry Tay- But the exposure connected with garden work lor, and Mr. Erskine of Linlathen were all proved too much for his health, and Professor happy to number themselves among his most Balfour appointed him to an assistantship in attached friends. the herbarium connected with the Botanic There was a strong countervailing element Garden. Here he improved his opportunities of in Brown's as in and became well with melancholy constitution, acquainted botany ; most men largely endowed with humour. he was much interested in the Scottish flora, This, we believe, showed itself more or less and contributed a list of the plants of Elie, even in boyhood; but in the last sixteen Fifeshire,to the Edinburgh Botanical Society, years of his life it became occasionally of which he was an associate. He died in so distressing as to necessitate his entire Edinburgh on 23 March 1863. withdrawal for a time from and lat- society, [Trans. Bot. Soc. Edinburgh, vii. 519.] J. B. terly induced him to retire to a great extent from the general practice of his profession. BROWN, JOSEPH (1784-1868), physi- In the last six months of his life, however, cian, was born at JNorth Shields in September his convalescence seemed to be so complete 1784, and studied medicine at Edinburgh and that his friends began to hope he had finally also in London. Though the son of a quaker, thrown off this tendency, and during the and educated as such, he entered the army winter immediately preceding his death all medical service, was attached to Wellington's his old cheerfulness and intellectual vivacity staff in the Peninsular war, and was present to have returned but in the at and the appeared ; begin- Busaco, Albuera, Vittoria, Pyre- ning of May 1882 he caught a slight cold, nees, gaining high commendation for his ser- which deepened into a severe attack of pleu- vices. After Waterloo he remained with the risy, and carried him off after a short illness army of occupation in France. Subsequently on the llth of that month. he again studied at Edinburgh, and graduated The first volume of the ' Horse Subsecivse ' M.D. in 1819. He settled at Sunderland, and was published in 1858, the second in 1801, took a leading part in local philanthropy and liberal and a and a third in 1882, only a few weeks before politics, being a strong zealous the author's death. They have all gone but not bigoted Christian. He was once mayor through numerous editions both in this coun- of Sunderland and a borough magistrate, and and in America while ' also for to the Sunder- try ; Rab and his many years physician ' Friends (first published in 1859) and other land and Bishopwearmouth Infirmary. He papers have appeared separately in various was highly cultured, of dignified manners, forms, and have had an immense circulation. yet deeply sympathetic with the poor. He [Personal knowledge.] J. T. 13. died on 19 Nov. 1868. Besides numerous Brown 22 Brown contributions to medical reviews, and several ceived his education at St. Omer and the ' articles in the Cyclopaedia of Practical Me- English college at Rome. He entered the dicine/ Brown wrote: 1. 'Medical Essays Society of Jesus in 1698, being already a on Fever, Inflammation, &c.,' London, 1828. priest, and became a professed father in 1709. 2. 'A Defence of Revealed Religion,' 1851, Previously to this, in 1700, he had been ap- designed to vindicate the miracles of the Old pointed to the mission of Ladyholt, Sussex. ( and New Testaments. 3. Memories of the He was rector of the English college at Past and Thoughts on the Present Age,' 1863. Rome from 1723 to 1731, when he became 4. 'The Food of the People, with a Postscript master of the novices, and was chosen pro- on the Diet of Old Age,' 1865. vincial of his order in 1733, continuing in 5 Dec. Sunderland that office till 1737, and then to the [Lancet, 1868 ; Herald, passing of 20 Nov. 1868.] G. T. B. rectorship Liege college. He spent the last years of his life in the college of St. Omer, BROWN, LANCELOT (1715-1783), and witnessed the forcible expulsion of the and known as landscape-gardener architect, English Jesuits from that institution by the was born in 1715 at 'Capability Brown,' parliament of Paris in 1762. Being too old Harle-Kirk, Northumberland. He was origi- and infirm to be removed, he was allowed to nally a kitchen gardener in the employment remain in the house until his death on 7 Nov. of Lord Cobham at Stow. His remarkable 1764. for effects faculty prejudging landscape soon, Brown was a friend of Alexander Pope's, him the of however, procured patronage and it is probable that during his residence of rank and taste. persons Humphrey Rep- as missioner of Ladyholt he induced the ton treats Brown as the founder of the mo- poet to compose his beautiful version of St. dern or of ' English style landscape-gardening, Francis Xavier's hymn O Deus, ego amo which s the uperseded geometric style, brought Te.' He published a translation of Bossuet's to its Andr6 Le Nostre ' perfection by (b. History of the Variations of the Protestant 12 March 1613 d. 15 at Ver- ; Sept. 1700) Churches,' 2 vols., Antwerp, 1742, 8vo. sailles. The of the new praise originating Collections S. J. 61 Re- [Oliver's ; Foley's style is, however, due to William Kent (b. cords, iii. 541-3, vi. 442, vii. 94; Lowndes's 1684; d. 12 1748), but Brown worked April Bibl. Man. (Bohn), i. 241.] T. C. independently and with greater genius. His aim was to out the leading bring undulating BROWN, OLIVER MADOX (1855- lines of the natural landscape. He laid out 1874), author and painter, son of Ford Ma- or remodelled the grounds at Kew, Blen- dox-Brown, the distinguished painter, was heim, and Nuneham His Courtenay. style born at Finchley on 20 Jan. 1855. From into a mannerism which insisted degenerated early boyhood he showed remarkable ca- on furnishing every landscape with the same pacity, both in painting and literature. One set of features but this declension is to be ' ; of his works, a water-colour named Chiron attributed to the deficiencies of those who receiving the Infant Jason from the Slave,' had worked under him, and took him as their was begun when he was fourteen, and ex- model. Of Brown's architectural works a full hibited in the Dudley Gallery in the following list is Repton, beginning in 1751 with given by year. At the same gallery in 1870 he ex- Croome, where he built the house, church, hibited a very spirited water-colour called &c. for the Earl of Coventry. His exteriors ' Obstinacy,' which represents the resistance were often clumsy, but all his country very of an unruly horse, whose rider is urging him with success ' mansions were constructed great towards the sea a ; Exercise,' companion as internal comfort and convenience. regards picture to the above, appeared the same year He realised a and his amiable large fortune, by on the walls of the Royal Academy. A scene manners and character he with ' high supported from The Tempest Prospero and the Infant the station of a dignity country gentleman. Miranda,' when sent adrift by the creatures In 1770 he was sheriff of high Huntingdon- of the usurping duke, found its way in 1871 died 6 Feb. 1783. His shire. He on son, to the International Exhibition at South Lancelot was M.P. for Brown, Huntingdon- Kensington. This was followed by a water- shire. ' colour, A Scene from Silas Marner,' exhibited and Land- [Repton's Landscape Gardening in 1872 at the gallery of the Society of French scape Architecture, ed. J. C. London, 1840, Artists in New Bond Street. 'These two

30, 266, 327, 520 ; Knight's English Cyclo- pp. latter works especially showed so much grasp i. 950 Jal's Diet. Grit, paedia, Biography, 1866, ; of idea, force of and, with et A. G. expression, regard de Biog. Hist., 1867, 773.] ' p. to the scene from Silas Marner,' so much BROWN, LEVIES IUS (1671-1764), beauty of execution, as to indicate that the re- Jesuit, born in Norfolk on 19 Sept. 1671, lad, had he lived, would have signally dis- Brown Brown

' tinguished himself as a painter. His youth- begun his romance, called The Dwale Bluth/ ful successes in art, however, were over- an old North Devonshire name for the plant ' ' shadowed by those which he achieved in known as the deadly nightshade.' The ' literature, particularly in prose fiction. When Dwale Blutli is a tragic story with a glamour thirteen or fourteen years old he wrote several of fate around it. It shows the writer's .sonnets, of which only two have been pre- powers of description, chastened and matured, served. To these may be added another, and his usual deep insight into character and written probably at a somewhat later date. motive. In this tale he also displayed a hu- These productions, if they do not fulfil all mour peculiar to himself, and a rare aptitude the technical conditions on which severe for portraying the natures and habits of chil- critics of the sonnet insist, have at least more dren and animals. The work was also left than average correctness, and show, like his uncompleted, an end in accordance with his * fragmentary blank verse poem, To All Eter- intentions being again supplied from memory ' nity,' written a year or two later, originality by his editors. Madox-Browns Literary of design, with force and dignity of expression Remains' also contain two or three short surprising in one so young. Of a few lyric stories written or dictated in the closing year snatches the most have individuality, while of his life. In September 1874 he was attacked the stanzas beginning by gout. His seeming recovery from this was followed by hectic fever, and finally by blood- Oh, delicious sweetness that lingers poisoning. He died on 5 Nov. 1874, the of Over the fond of love ! day lips ' the month on which his first story, Gabriel in display, besides great wealth of imagery, the Denver/ had been published the preceding overflow of feeling that belongs to the genuine year. As to personal appearance his face was ' his features were In lyric. His first prose story, Gabriel Denver,' oval, regular. repose he was begun in the winter of 1871, finished had at times a rather weary look, but his grey a early in the following year, when he was eyes had singularly animated and engaging seventeen, and published in 1873. The story expression in the society of those whom he was originally one of a wife's revenge upon liked. His disposition, though somewhat her husband and the woman to whom he had sensitive, was genial and sincere, his discern- transferred his affection. At the wish of his ment was keen, his standard of life high, and publishers the young author made important his sense of its obligations deep and sympa- thetic. alterations. A spiteful cousin was substi- As an imaginative writer, whose tuted for the revengeful wife, and a happy career ended at nineteen, he was not, of denouement for a tragic one. The story, as course, faultless. His descriptions, for the at originally planned, was, however, published most part daring and successful, are times ' ' and over-elaborate in under the title of The Black Swan in his over-ambitious ; while * l Literary Remains.' Gabriel Denver, though the opinion of some there is a suggestion of on occasions it leans to over-analysis and the morbid in the general choice of his themes. substitutes accounts of emotions for the em- But for the union of Defoe-like truth of de- that bodiment of them, reveals striking power in scription with poetic touches render the its treatment both of characters and events. truth more vivid, and for a sympathetic in Its descriptions, moreover, which combine imagination which, dealing with human realistic accuracy with imaginative sugges- motives and passions, often seems to antici- tiveness, are often most impressive, while pate experience, Oliver Madox-Brown must not certain passages show a vein of deep reflec- stand in the van of young writers, who the of their tion and speculation, to which perhaps no only surprise by brilliancy work, retain admiration its The parallel can be cited from the works of juve- but by solidity. 1 ' the nile writers. At times with such strange Literary Remains contain, besides the writer's weird power is some crisis of the story pre- works already named as included, sented that it seems to arrest the eye with poems. its ominous In 1872 the significance. young [Memoir prefixed to the Literary Kemains; novelist made considerable in his Sketch John H. Notice way story Biographical by Ingram ; * entitled Hebditch's Legacy,' which, though by P. B. Marston in Scribner's Magazine.] containing many examples of his power, both W. M. as a narrator and a psychologist, relies for its plot too much upon somewhat hackneyed BROWN, PHILIP (d. 1779), was a motives and incidents. This story he never doctor of medicine, practising in Manchester. completed. The end was supplied by his His favourite pursuit towards the close of his editors from recollections of his design. The life being botany, he procured living plants tale is included in his 'Literary Remains,' from various parts of the world through his published in 1876. So early as 1872 he had interest with merchants and ship captains. Brown Brown

At his death a of the catalogue collections 1869, by vol. iv. (1527-33) in 1871, by vol. v. was drawn for its title 'A Cata- up sale, being (1534-54) in 1873, by vol. vi. pt. i. (1555-6) of curious Plants collected the in logue very by 1877, by vol. vi. pt. ii. (1556-7) in 1881. late The last vi. Philip Brown, M.D., lately deceased,' volume (vol. pt. iii.), issued in Manchester, 1779, 12mo, pp. 30. 1884, dealt with tne years 1557-8, and an ap- a number of fifteenth- [Catalogue cited.] B. D. J. pendix supplied large century papers which had been omitted from BROWN, RAWDON LUBBOCK(1803- the earlier volumes. Mr. T. D. Hardy, in a 1883), is chiefly known for his researches in report on the Venetian archives addressed ta the Sir John of the in Venetian archives. The story runs that Romilly, master rolls, 1866 r about 1833, while on a holiday tour, Brown praises highly Brown's accuracy and industry. paid a first visit to Venice, and that the Brown presented to the Public Record Office place exerted so powerful a charrn over him 126 volumes of transcripts of Venetian ar- that he could not bring himself to leave it. chives, dating from early times to 1797. ' It is a fact that he never quitted Venice Brown also published : 1. Ragguagli sulla vita e sulle from 1833 till his death, fifty years later. opere di Marino Sanuto ... in- He acquired a unique knowledge of its his- titolati dall' amicizia diuno straniero alnobile ' tory and antiquities, and spent most of his J. V. Foscarini,' Venice, 1837-8. 2. Lettere life in studying its archives. He was the diplomaticheinedite,' Venice, 1840. 3. 'Itine- first to appreciate the importance of the rario di Marino Sanuto per la terraferma news-letters which the Venetian ambassa- veneziana nell' anno 1483,' Padua, 1847. ' dors in London were in the habit of sending 4. Four Years at the Court of King Henry to the republic during the sixteenth and seven- VIII,' a translation of the despatches sent teenth centuries. After completing some home by Giustiniani,the Venetian ambassador original investigations into the life and works in London, between 1515 and 1519, London, ' of Marino Sanuto the younger, the Venetian 1854. 5. Avviso di Londra,' an account of ' historian, he wrote an account of Four news-letters sent from London to Venice ' Years at the Court of Henry VIII (1854), during the first half of the seventeenth cen- from the despatches of Sebastian Giustiniani, tury, published in vol. iv. of the Philobiblon ' the Venetian ambassador in London at the Society's Bibliographical and Historical Mis- ' beginning of the reign of Henry VIII. The cellanies,' London, 1854. 6. L'archivio di new light which this book threw on the rela- Venezia con riguardo speziale alia storia ' tion of the Venetian archives to English his- inglese,' forming vol. iv. of the Nuova Col- tory induced Lord Palmerston, at the instance lezione di opere storiche,' Venice and Turin, 1865. ' of the chief literary men in England, to com- 7. Margaret of Austria, Duchess of mission Brown in 1862 to calendar those Ve- Parma: Date of her Birth on Venetian netian state papers which treated of English Authority,' Venice, 1880. A folio sheet was issued history. This work engaged all Brown's at- at Venice in 1841 with a drawing and ' tention for the rest of his life. He spared description, by Brown, of the Shield placed himself no labour, and is computed to have over the remains of Thomas Mowbray in St. examined twelve million packets of docu- Mark's Church,' Venice. most of them at but a few of ments, Venice, [Times, 29 Aug., 8 Sept., 13 Sept. 1883; them in other towns of North Brown Italy. Athenaeum, 8 Sept, 1883; Brit. Mus. Cat.] was always ready to help scholars who ap- S. L. L. plied to him for information. He died at Venice on 25 Aug. 1883, and was buried in BROWN, SIR RICHARD. [See the Lido cemetery three days later. He was BROWNE.] popular with all classes in Venice, and was very hospitable to English visitors. Robert BROWN, ROBERT (d. 1753), historical Browning wrote a sonnet on Brown's death and decorative painter, was a pupil ofSir James (dated 28 Nov. 1883), which is printed in the Thornhill, whom he assisted in painting the * Century Magazine' for February 1884, and cupola of St. Paul's Cathedral. It is related ' in the Browning Society's Papers,' 132*-3*. on the authority of Highmore, that while en- ' The first volume of his Calendar of State gaged in this undertaking he and his master Papers and Manuscripts relating to English worked together on a scaffold, which was an Affairs existing in the Archives and Collec- open one. Thornhill had just completed the tions of Venice, and in other Libraries of head of the apostle, and was retiring back- Northern with an elaborate introduc- wards in order to the effect as he Italy,' survey ; had tion, was issued in 1864, and covered the years just reached the edge, Brown, not having time from 1202 to 1509. It was succeeded by vol. to warn him, snatched up a pencil, full of ii. (1509-19) in 1867, by vol. iii. (1520-26) in colour, and dashed it upon the face. Thorn- Brown Brown

forward, as ' the for all hill enraged ran hastily exclaiming, nights/ great mart travelling* ' ' * ? i. Good God ! what have you done 'I have and travelled calves (Letters, 229). By only saved your life/ was the reply. Brown her Brown had two, or, according to Walpole, was also assistant to Verrio and La Guerre, three daughters, who died before him. It was and then setting up for himself was employed with reference to these daughters that the to decorate several of the city churches. He avarice for which he was notorious appears painted the altar-piece in St. Andrew Un- to have chiefly displayed itself. When the dershaft,the 'Transfiguration' in St. Botolph, eldest, who at the age of eighteen fell into a Aldgate, the figures of St. Andrew and St. decline, was ordered to ride for the benefit John in St. Andrew's, Holhorn, and those of of her health, he made the servant who at- St. John the Baptist and St. John the Evan- tended her carry a map he drew out marking in of St. Bedford Row. all the so as to avoid the gelist the chapel John, by-lanes, turnpikes ; He also painted some portraits. Brown was and when she was dying, he bargained with the master of Hayman, and died 26 Dec. 1753. the undertaker about her funeral, on the A few of his works have been engraved in principle apparently of a wager, for he is ' said to the to a mezzotinto : The Annunciation,' by Valen- have urged man name low tine ' Salvator Mundi ' sum that she recover. Green ; (two plates), by representing might James McArdell ' Our Saviour and St. These stories rest on the of H.Wal- by ; authority the Richard Earlom and If are not at John Baptist,' by ; pole. they literally true, they * Geography/ by J. Faber. least serve to show Brown's character. He died on 5 Oct. 1760, leaving everything [Redgrave's Dictionary of Artists, 1878.] L. F. even, Walpole believes, his avarice, to his widow. Lady Brown died in 1782. BROWN, SIB ROBERT (d. 1760), diplo- [Brit. Mus. Add. MSS. 27732-5 (Correspon- matist, is said when a young man to have dence of Lord Essex), 23797 (Correspondence of Thomas first baron gone out to Venice with no other capital Robinson, Grrantbam) ; of Music, iv. 671, ed. 1789 ; than a large second-hand wig, which he sold Burney's History Memoirs of 1822 for 5Z. At Venice he amassed a fortune by Walpole's George II, 4to, ; Walpole's Letters, i. 187, 229, ii. 398, 450, iii. successful trading, and for some years held 351, iv. 70, viii. 176, ix. 221 (ed. Cunningham); the office of British resident in the republic. Collins's iv. 235 Betham's Baro- He received a from II in Baronetage, ; baronetcy George iii. of of Parlia- netage, 219 ; Return Members 1732. to the Earl of Essex, then Writing ment, ii. 78, 90.] W. H. ambassador at Turin, in May 1734, he says be returned to that he is about to parlia- BROWN, ROBERT (1757-1831), agri- ment, that he is glad to say that his election cultural writer, born in East Linton, Had- will entail little expense or trouble on him, dingtonshire, entered into business in his for he though he does not know what place native village, but soon turned to agriculture, will be put up. Two letters from him, and which he carried on first at West Fortune several from Colonel Niel Brown, the consul, and afterwards at Markle, where he practised who was probably his kinsman, are in the several important experiments. He was an British Museum. Some of these letters con- intimate friend of George Rennie of Phan- tain references to Turkish affairs, and to the tassie. While Rennie applied himself to Polish succession progress of the war. Brown the practice of agriculture, Brown wrote on ' came back to England, and was returned as the science. He published a View of the one of the members for Ilchester 30 Aug. Agriculture of the West Riding of York- ' 1734, retaining his seat during that parlia- shire/ 8vo, 1799, and a Treatise on Rural ment and the succeeding one summoned in Affairs/ 2 vols. 8vo, 1811, and wrote many 1741. Erom 1741 to 1743 he held the office articles in the Edinburgh ' Farmer's Maga- of paymaster of the king's works. He married zine/ of which he was editor for fifteen of the third been Margaret Cecil, granddaughter years. Some of these articles have Earl of Salisbury, and sister of Charles, translated into French and German. He bishop first of Bangor and then of Bristol, died at Drylaw, East Lothian, on 14 Feb. ' a lady of wit and fashion. Lady Brown/ 1831, in his seventy-fourth year. ' tells us, gave the first private con- Burney [Anderson's Scottish Nation, i. 395; Irving's certs under the direction of the Count of Ger- 41 Gent. vol. Eminent Scotsmen, ; Mag. 1831, main she held them on at ; Sunday evenings, ci. pt. ii. p. 647.] W. H. the risk of her windows. She was an enemy bo- of Handel and a patroness of the Italian style.' BROWN, ROBERT (1773-1858), in Montrose on 21 Dec. Horace Walpole records a bitter retort tanist, was born she made on Lady Townshend (Memoirs of 1773, his father, the Rev. James Brown, l minister in that George II, ii. 358), and sneers at her Sunday being the episcopalian town. Brown Brown

His mother was the daughter of the Rev. which he had collected, and made many new Robert who was also a Taylor, presbyterian and important observations as to the anatomy His earliest education obtained pastor. was and physiology of plants in general. at the Montrose grammar school, where he In 1798 Brown was elected an associate formed a friendship, which lasted through of the Linnean Society, and very soon after with life, James Mill. At the age of four- his return from the Antipodes the council teen Brown was entered at Col- Marischal appointed him their librarian. This position where he obtained a the lege, Aberdeen, Ramsay free use of the Banksian library and in bursary philosophy. In 1789 his father herbarium, and the aid given by Sir Joseph sent him to the university of Edinburgh, Banks himself enabled him to work in the whither he had moved from Montrose. The light of the most recent botanical disco- friends boy's destined him for the medical veries. In 1810 the first volume appeared profession. He does not appear to have dis- of his ' Prodromus Florae Novse Hollandiaj tinguished himself in either classics or the et insulse Van-Diemen exhibens characteres physical sciences. The tendency of his mind plantarum quas annis 1802-5 per oras utri- was towards natural history, and at an early usque insulse collegit et descripsit Robertus age he became a member of the Natural His- Brown. Londini, 1810.' About the same of while his close date Brown tory Society Edinburgh ; published two memoirs one on ' attention to botanical science secured him the Asclepiadese in the Transactions of the the of the friendship professor, Dr. Walker, Wernerian Society of Edinburgh' (1809), under * whose directions he diligently made a and another on the Proteaceee in the Trans- collection of the Scottish flora. In 1 791 he actions of the Linnean Society' (1810). To contributed to the Natural History Society the 'Narrative of Captain Flinders's Voyage,' his first paper, which was a careful enumera- which was published in 1814, Brown ap- tion of such ' plants as he had collected in pended General Remarks, Geographical with Scotland, observations thereon and ex- and Systematical, on the Botany of Terra planatory notes. All the specimens and ac- Australis.' companying descriptions were used by Dr. These contributions to botanical science, Withering, who was at this time engaged in setting forth in the most instructive form ' preparing the second edition of his Arrange- the advantages of the natural system, aided ment of British Plants,' and an intimate materially in leading to its almost universal * friendship thus arose between the two bo- adoption. In the Transactions of the Lin- tanists. In 1795 Brown obtained a double nean Society' will be found a number of commission of ensign and assistant-surgeon memoirs by Brown giving the fullest and in the Fifeshire regiment of fencible in- most complete development of his views in fantry, and proceeded to the north of Ire- every division of botanical science. These land. In 1798 he was sent to England on gave a high character to vegetable physiology, recruiting service, and remained several and placed upon the sure basis of exact ob- months in London. During this time Brown servation our knowledge of the vital func- was introduced to Sir Joseph Banks, his tions of plants. botanical reputation securing him a hearty On the death of Dryander, at the close of reception and the free use of Sir Joseph's 1810, Brown succeeded his friend as librarian collections and library. Early in the fol- to Sir Joseph Banks, and he held that ap- he returned to his in until Sir death in 1820 lowing year regiment pointment Joseph's ; Ireland, but soon accepted an offer from Sir the use and enjoyment of this library and the Joseph Banks of the post of naturalist to an collections being then bequeathed to him for then in expedition fitting out for a survey of life, with the house Soho Square, in which the coast of New Holland. for nearly sixty years Brown pursued his In the summer of 1801 Brown embarked scientific labours. In 1827 Brown, however, at Portsmouth, under the command of Cap- acting on the provisions of the will of Sir tain Flinders. He was absent from Eng- Joseph Banks, assented to the transference land more than four years. In the interval of the books and specimens to the British he thoroughly explored the vegetable world Museum. He was appointed to the office of on the coasts of New Holland and on the keeper of the botanical collections in that southern portion of Van Diemen's Land. establishment, which position he held until He returned to England in 1805, landing at his death. ' Liverpool in the month of October with a To Tilloch's Philosophical Magazine,' 1826, collection of nearly 4,000 species of dried Brown contributed a remarkable paper on the ' plants, a great number of which were new to Character and Description of Kingia, a new science. During his voyage home he devoted genus of plants found on the south-west coast himself to a close examination of the plants of New Holland, with observations on the Brown Brown structure of its unimpregnated ovulum and lection of fossil woods which he bequeathed on the female flowers of Cycadeae and Coni- to the British Museum. ' feree.' In 1828 we find in the Edinburgh Brown's character in private life was ac- ' NewPhilosophicalJournal' A brief Account knowledged to be peculiarly attractive by all of Microscopical Observations made in the who knew him. This cannot be more satis- months of June, July, and August 1 827 on factorily shown than by a quotation from a the particles contained in the pollen of plants, letter written by Dr. Francis Bott on 21 June and on the general existence of active mole- 1863 to Dr. Sharpey, presenting to the Royal ' cules in organic and inorganic bodies.' These Society a copy of Brown's Prodromus Floras ' were speedily followed by six papers On the Novae Hollandiae,' which was a personal gift ' Organs and Mode of Fecundation in Orchideae from the author : I never presumed to be j ' and Asclepiadeae,' and one on the Origin ' able to estimate Brown's eminent merits as and Mode of of the Gulf-weed.' , a man of science but I knew their Propagation ; vaguely These contributions to science worth. I loved him for his truth, his simple important [ exhibiting the most patient research and re- ! modesty, and, above all, for his more than fined deductions from his minute observa- woman's tenderness. Of all the I | persons tions were all natu- have I have never known his highly appreciated by ; known, equal ralists, as was shown by the fact of the il- in kindliness of nature.' Brown died on ' lustrious Humboldt dedicating his Synop- 10 June 1858. sis Plantarum Orbis Novi' to him in the of the ix. 527 t [Proceedings Royal Society, ' following words : Roberto Brownio, Bri- of Scientific (1859) ; Royal Society Catalogue tanniarum totam glorias atque ornamento, j Papers, vol. i. (1867); Linnean Society's Trans- ' botanices scientiam ingenio mirifico com- actions, vols. x-xii. (1816-20); Ann. Sci. Nat. plectenti.' vols. viii-x. xi. xix. (1826-30) Ray Society; In 1811 Brown became a fellow of the Miscellaneous Botanical Works of Robert Brown, and he was several times ed. 2 vols. R. H-T. Royal Society, j Bennett, 1866-8.] elected a member of the council of that body. SAMUEL was a In 1839 the Copley medal was presented to BROWN, (J. 1700), him ' for his discoveries on the of surgeon stationed during the last few years subject | of the seventeenth at then vegetable impregnation/ he having received i century Madras, called Fort St. From time to time previously (in 1832) from the university of George. he sent collections of dried &c. to Oxford the honorary degree of D.C.L. In plants where were described James 1833 he was elected a foreign associate of ! England, they by ' the of Sciences of the Institute of Petiver, and published in the Phil. Trans.' Academy j in a series of in vols. xx. and France. Sir Robert Peel granted him a pen- i papers (1698) xxiii. Petiver's into the sion on the civil list of 200 per annum, and (1703). plants passed the of Prussia decorated hands of Sir Hans Sloane, and now form part King subsequently j of the herbarium of the British Museum him with the cross of the highest civil order * Pour le M6rite.' (Nat. History) in Cromwell Road. Particu- lars of his life are Beyond the works already named, Brown wanting. to frequently contributed the'Linnean Trans- [Pulteney's Biog. Sketches of Botany (1790), actions 'and scientific periodicals. His bota- ii. 38, 39, 62.] B. D. J. * nical appendices to the Voyages and Travels of the most celebrated Navigators and Tra- BROWN, SIE SAMUEL (1776-1852), vellers ' should not be were the eldest son of William Brown forgotten ; they engineer, of the all marked by his distinguishing charac- of Borland, Galloway, by a daughter was born teristics, minuteness of detail and compre- Rev. Robert Hogg of Roxburgh, in the hensive generalisation. in London in 1776. He served navy Especial mention is demanded of his dis- with some distinction during the French war coveries of the nucleus of the cell from 1795 onwards. He became commander vegetable ; 18 of the mode of fecundation in several species 1 Aug. 1811, and retired captain May of of the of the 1842. In 1835 he was made a plants ; developments pollen January and of the ovulum in the Conifers and Cyca- knight of the Hanoverian Guelphic Order, in 1838. His dece, and the bearing of these on impregnation and a knight bachelor principal in general. The relation of a flower to the reputation was gained as an engineer. He of manufac- axis from which it is derived, and of the parts invented an improved method which he of a flower to each other, are among the most turing links for chain cables, with striking of Brown's structural investigations. patented in 1816 conjointly Philip which he car- It must not be forgotten that fossil botany Thomas, and the experiments introduction of chain was also a favourite pursuit of his, and that ried out led to the in its prosecution he formed a valuable col- cables into the navy. He also patented in Brown Brown

1817 improvements in suspension bridges, the Atomic Theory; Kecollections of Professor link Masson in Macmillan's vol. xii. the patent including a special sort of Magazine, ; North British vol. T. F. H. which enabled such bridges to be constructed Review, li.] on a larger scale than had ever before been SAMUEL (1810-1875), ac- possible. The first large suspension bridge BROWN", and entered the office of the was the Union Bridge across the Tweed near tuary statist, old Life in 1829 as a He Berwick, a picture of which, painted by Equitable junior. before the erection of was appointed actuary of the Mutual Life Alexander Nasmyth ; Office in 1850, and of the Guardian Insurance the bridge in order to show what it would be in 1855. He contributed numerous like when completed, is now in the posses- Company to the 'Assurance and also sion of the Society of Arts. His principle papers Magazine,' to the ' Journal of the Statistical He was also used by Telford in the suspension Society.' took a in the decimal bridge across the Menai Straits. In 1823 he ! very prominent part the chain at Be- coinage movement, and several times dis- constructed pier Brighton. ; cussed the before the International sides those for his inventions connected with question j Statistical He also advocated uni- chains and chain cables, he took out nume- Congress. | form weights and measures throughout the rous other patents (ten in all), most of them commercial world. He took an active part in for matters connected with naval architec- , the Institute of Actuaries in 1848 ture or marine Brown died at founding r engineering. ; 15 1852. married and became its president in 1867, holding the Blackheath on March He j office for three consecutive was also of John Home of years. He Mary, daughter Edinburgh, ' joint editor of the Journal of the Institute writer to the signet, 14 Aug. 1822. of Actuaries.' In 1868 he was president of i. Eecords of the [Gent. Mag. 1852, 519; the Economic section of the British Associa- Patent H. T. W. Office.] tion at Norwich. He instituted the ' Brown Prize ' at the Institute of and the BROWN", SAMUEL (1817-1856), che- Actuaries, first award under the terms of the endow- mist, fourth son of Samuel Brown of Had- ment for the best on the dington, founder of itinerating libraries, and fifty guineas essay of life insurance was made in 1884. grandson of Dr. John Brown, author of the history ' ' at He evidence before various Self-interpreting Bible [q. v.], was born gave parliamen- committees on insurance and kindred Haddington on 23 Feb. 1817, and, after at- tary He died in 65. tending the grammar school of Haddington topics. 1875, aged the and the high school of Edinburgh, entered [Walford's Insurance Cyclopaedia.] C. W. medical classes of the university of Edinburgh in 1832. He M.D. in but de- graduated 1839, BROWN, STEPHEN (Jl. 1340?), theo- his chief attention to chemical research. voted logian, a native of Aberdeen, was a doctor ' An account of his experiments on Chemical of theology and a Carmelite monk. He is ' ' Isomerism was published in the Transactions mentioned as one of the twelve scholars of of the of Royal Society Edinburgh, 1840-1,' special reputation in Scotland whom Ed- and the same winter he I is said to invited to during delivered, along ward have Oxford ; and with Edward Forbes, a course of lectures on certain collections of sermons, theological the sciences. 1843 he the philosophy of In treatises, expositions, and letters are attri- was a candidate for the chair of chemistry buted to him. Brown's identity is, however, in the of but on ac- doubtful and the date at university Edinburgh, extremely ; very count of his failure to establish the propo- which he is said to have flourished is hardly sition of carbon and of the isomerism silicon, compatible with the facts related of his life. his other high qualifications were disregarded. He has apparently been confounded with From this time he retired very much from another Stephen Brown who was appointed over to the task public life, and gave himself to the see of Ross, in the province of Munster, of of realising experimentally his doctrine by a papal provision dated 22 April 1399 constitution of de- the atomic bodies, only (C. DE VILLIEES, Sibliotheca Carmelitana, it im- sisting when failing health rendered ii. 767), and who, 'having made the requisite perative on him to do so. He died at Edin- declarations and renounced all clauses in His ' Lectures on burgh on 20 Sept. 1856. the pope's bull which were prejudicial to the the and Scientific Atomic Theory, Essays rights of the crown, was restored to his tem- and ' were in 1858 in two ' Literary published poralities on May 6, 1402 (H. COTTON, Fasti also the author of a tra- volumes. He was JZccles. Hibern. i. 352, 2nd ed. 1851). This < and of < gedy, Galileo Galilei/ 1850, Lay confusion of the two persons has, in fact, Sermons on the Theory of Christianity.' been made by the historian of the Carmelite order to add to the [Preface by his cousin, Dr. John Brown, (I.e.} ; and, difficulty, author of Kab and his Friends, to Lectures on Bale describes Brown as bishop of Ross in Brown Brown

Scotland, and Tanner, by an error easily ac- appeal to Rome, when the prior was com- counted for, makes him bishop of Rochester pelled to submit to his diocesan. Brown died the of at ('Roffensis '). Since, however, bishop Hoxne on 6 Dec. 1445, and was buried in the Irish see is an historical personage, of the cathedral. His will has been preserved. the armorial are whom even bearings pre- In it, besides other legacies, he leaves money it is served (COTTON, I.e.), perhaps most pro- for the support of poor scholars at both uni- bable that his earlier namesake is purely versities. fictitious. [Le Neve's Fasti, ii. 40, 79, 567, 634 (Hardy); Fcedera, x. 433, 608, 724, 728, [Bale's Script. Brit. Cat. xiv. 54 (vol. ii. 215 Rymer's 730; et T. Hist. Eccles. Gent. Scot. Rolls of Parliament, v. 13; Blomefield's Norfolk, seq.) ; Dempster's iii. 533 Stubbs's Sac. ii. ed. Tanner's ; Reg. Anglic. ; Brown's 198, p. 107, Bologna, 1627 ; will, Lambeth Stafford, 131 b; Bibl. Brit. p. 131.] E. L. P. Reg. Genealogist, v. 324.] A. J. BROWN or THOMAS BROUNS, BROWN, THOMAS (/. 1570), trans- was of Rochester and Nor- (d. 1445), bishop lator, of Lincoln's Inn, translated into Eng- wich. Nothing is known of his parentage lish 'A ritch Storehouse or Treasurie for or nor of what he was birthplace, university Nobilitye and Gentlemen, which in Latine LL.D. Cardinal As, however, Repington, is called Nobilitas literata, written by a of collated him to the sub- bishop Lincoln, famous and excellent man, John Sturmius, of Lincoln in and as deanery 1414, Reping- and translated into English by T. B., gent., ton was chancellor of it is Oxford, probable . . . Imprinted at London by Henri e Den- that Brown was of that university. In 1419 ham .... 1570.' This volume is in the lie was made archdeacon of in 1422 Stow, pre- Grenville Library in the British Museum. of in 1423 bendary Biggieswade, prebendary In a note appended to it Mr. Grenville says of Manor in the diocese of Langford (all that it does not appear who T. B. was. A in 1425 of Flixton in Lincoln), prebendary Thomas Brown who wrote some verses pre- the diocese of Lichfield, in 1427 archdeacon fixed to the ' Galateo of maister John Delia of and in 1431 dean of Berkshire, Salisbury. Case (Casa) archbishop of Beneventa,' trans- He held all these till preferments together lated by Robert Peterson of Lincoln's Inn, his to the see of Rochester in promotion gentleman, a work printed in 1576, and de- at the same time ' 1435, being vicar-general scribed in Herbert's edition of Ames's Typo- to of Can Chichele, archbishop Canterbury." graphical Antiquities,' is probably Thomas Thomas be to Brown Gascoigne referring Browne (d. 1585) [q. v.] when he in his says, usually extravagant Bibl. Brit. 131 note of ' [Tanner's ; manuscript manner, Novi unum fatuum qui habuit T. Grenville Herbert's Ames's Mr. ; Typographi- archidiaconatum et unum magnum xij. prse- cal ii. W. H. ' Antiquities, 903.] bendas magnas ? (Loci e Libro Verltatutn, THOMAS mis- Clarendon Press, 4to, 1881, p. 43). In 1429 BROWN, (1663-1704), cellaneous son of a was born he was elected to the bishopric of Chichester, Avriter, farmer, and was the but the in 1663 at Shifnal in Shropshire. He was approved by king ; pope, educated at in the same Martin V, quashed the election, and he had Newport school, whence he in 1678 to Christ to wait four years before he was raised to the .county, proceeded Oxford. Here his habits episcopate. He was consecrated bishop of Church, irregular him into trouble. The Rochester at Canterbury on 1 May 1435, brought story goes that the dean of Christ Dr. and next year, while attending at the coun- Church, Fell, threatened to on of a cil of Basle, was translated by Eugenius IV expel him, but, receipt submissive to him if to the bishopric of Norwich. Henry VI letter, promised forgive he would translate the of taking offence at this, Brown submitted him- extempore epigram Martial ' Non amo self to the king's pleasure, and with so good (i. 32), te, Sabidi,' &c., which Brown rendered a grace that his apology was accepted, and promptly by Dr. he was allowed to take possession of his see. I do not love thee, Fell,

The reason I cannot tell ; In 1439 he was sent as ambassador to nego- why But this I and know full tiate a peace with France, and to make a know, well, I do not love thee, Dr. Fell. commercial treaty with the Flemings. His episcopate is uneventful, except, that he was Brown afterwards made amends by writing a peacemaker on the occasion of a serious the doctor's epitaph. Some English verses dispute between the citizens of Norwich and by Brown are prefixed to Creech's translation the priory. Possibly his award may have been of Lucretius, 1682, and there is a copy of his ' displeasing to the convent, for soon after this Latin verses, entitled Soteria Ormondiana/ ' the prior behaved with exceeding disrespect in Musse Oxonienses.' He contributed some l to the bishop, and the quarrel ended in an translations from Horace to Miscellany Brown 3 Brown

Poems by Oxford Hands,' 1685. Leaving for which performance he is said to have been the university without a degree, he came to apprehended and punished. Many of Brown's London, and endeavoured to support himself humorous and satirical verses were published his it difficult to in { A Collection of Let- by pen ; but, finding pro- Miscellany Poems, cure employment, he reluctantly accepted the ters, &c., by Mr. Brown, &c.,' London, 1699, post of usher in a school at Kingston-on- 8vo. On p. 49 of this collection is a bitter Thames. Writing to a friend at this date, attack by Brown on Tom Durfey, beginning ' : or to launch he says I ventured once twice Thou cur, half French, half English breed, my little bark amongst the adventurous rovers Thou mongrel of Parnassus. of the pen, but with such little success that Elsewhere ( Works, ed. 1719-21, v. 65) he for the 1 have abandoned all hopes present has some amusing verses on a duel fought at of doing anything that way. . . . The pro- Epsom in 1689 between Durfey and Bell, when he was ' ' digal son, pressed by hunger a musician. In a Session of the Poets and himself to a swineherd and thirst, joined ; there is a mock trial of Durfey and Brown, I have been driven the same stimuli to by held at the foot of Parnassus on 9 July 1696. to a swine, an peda- join myself ignorant Brown's satirical writings are more remark- about twelve miles out of town.' He gogue able for coarseness than for wit. In worry- was afterwards appointed head-master of the ing an adversary he was strangely pertina- school at Kingstoii-on-Thames. grammar cious; he never would let a quarrel drop, spent three years in school work, he Having but returned to the attack again and again. settled in London, and devoted himself to Sir Richard Blackmore was one of the special of satirical and the production poems pamph- of his aversion he edited in objects ; 1700 with transla- ' lets, varying this employment a collection of mock Verses and Commendatory tions from Greek, Latin, French, Spanish on the Author of the Two Arthurs and the authors. In 1687 he contributed supple- Satyr against Wit by some of his particular * Reflections on the Hind and the mentary fol. For a ' ' Friends,' writing 'Satyr upon Panther to Matthew Clifford's 'Four Letters r the French King on the Peace of Reswick on and in the as- Dryden ; following years, ( Works, i. 89, ed. 1707) he was committed suming the pseudonym Dudley Tomkinson, to and the that prison ; story goes he pro- he assailed in a not Dryden spiteful, though cured his release by addressing to the lords entitled ' The Reasons unamusing, pamphlet, in council a Pindaric petition, which con- of Mr. his considered Bays' changing religion, cludes thus : in a dialogue between Crites, Eugenius, and The pulpit alone Mr. Bays,' 4to, of which a second part was Can never preach down in 1690 under the title of 'The published The fops of the town. Reasons of the New Convert's the taking Then pardon Tom Brown and a third ' The Reason Oaths,' 4to, part, And let him write on : the Conversion and of Mr. Hains Player's But if you had rather convert the poor sinner, Reconversion,' in 1691,"4to. In 1691 he pub- His fast writing mouth may be stopped with a l lished The Weesils. A satyrical Fable giving dinner. the account of some argumental passages Give him clothes to his back, some meat and much happening in the lion's court about Weesi- drink, Then him close without and lion's taking the oaths,' London, 1691, 4to, clap prisoner pen ink, And shall an attack on Dr. Sherlock. An anonymous your petitioner neither pray, write, ' nor think. satire on Durfey, Wit for Money, or Poet Stutter, a Dialogue,' 1691, 4to, may probably Tom Brown's life was as licentious as his be assigned to Brown, who, in the same year, writings. Much of his time was spent in a assailed two prominent clergymen in an ano- low tavern in Gower's Row in the Minories. t nymous pamphlet entitled, 'Novus Refor- His knowledge of London was certainly ex- mator Vapulans, or the Welsh Levite tossed tensive and peculiar,' and his humorous in a blanket. In a dialogue between Hick- sketches of low life are both entertaining and

valuable. : [eringill] of Colchester, David J[o]nes and An anonymous biographer says 1 the Ghost of Wil. Pryn,' 4to. About this Tom Brown had less the spirit of a gentle- time Brown started the ' Lacedaemonian Mer- man than the rest of the wits, and more of a cury/ in opposition to Dunton's 'Athenian scholar. . . . As of his mistresses, so he was ' but the had a short run. in the choice of his Mercury ; paper only very negligent companions, In August 1693 he wrote a copy of satirical who were sometimes mean and despicable/ verses on the occasion of the marriage of Brown died in Aldersgate Street on 16 June Titus or and was buried in the cloisters of Oates (' The Salamancan Wedding ; 1704, a true Account of a swearing Doctor's Mar- Westminster Abbey, near his friend Mrs. riage with a MuggletonianWidow,' halfsheet), Aphra Behn. The inscription (which has Brown Brown

his been lately recut) on tombstone is, 1760, 4 vols. 8vo. Two (unacted) comedies 'Thomas Brown, Author of "The London are not included in the collected editions: died but the author of 1. Spy," born 1663, 1704,' 'Physic lies a-bleeding, or the Apothe- < ' The London Spy was Ned Ward. Shortly cary turned Doctor,' 1697, 4to. 2. 'The ' after his death appeared a Collection of all Stage-Beaux tossed in a Blanket, or Hypo- of Mr. the Dialogues Thomas Brown,' 1704, crisy a-la-mode/ 1704, 4to, a comedy in three to which was a letter 8vo, appended (the acts, satirising Jeremy Collier. Among ofwhich was attested Thomas ' genuineness by Brown's scattered writings are : 1. Lives of Wotton, curate of St. Lawrence Jewry) pur- all the Princes of Orange, from the French to have been written Brown on of Baron Mourier to is porting by ; which added the Life his deathbed. In this letter Brown, after of King William the Third,' 1693, 8vo. ' expressing regret for having written any- 2. Life of the famous Duke de Richelieu, thing that would be likely to have a perni- from the French of Du Plessis,' 1695. cious influence, protests against being respon- 3. 'France and Spain naturally Enemies, ' in ' sible for lampoons, trips, London Spies,' from the Spanish of C. Garcia.' 4. Miscel- which he had no hand. He was too he lanea lazy, Aulica ; or a Collection of State tells us, to write much, and yet pamphlets Treatises,' 1702, with a preface of ten pages good and bad of every kind had been fathered by Brown. 5. ' Short Dissertation about the of upon him. A whimsical description Mona in Caesar and Tacitus,' appended to Brown's experiences on his arrival in Hades Sacheverell's ' Account of the Isle of Man/ ' was published under the title of A Letter 1702, 12mo. 6. ' Marriage Ceremonies as from the dead Thomas Brown to the living now used in all Parts ofthe World.' Written Herodotus,' 1704, 8vo. An epitaph, written originally in Italian by Signor Gaya, third ' shortly after his death, contains the lines edition, 1704. 7. Justin's History of the World made Mr. T. Each merry wag throughout the town English by Brown/ second 12mo. Brown's name Will toast the memory of Brown, edition, 1712, is found on the list of contributors to the Who laugh'd a race of rascals down. variorum translations of Petronius (1708), the of Addison, in his essay on 'Potency Lucian (1711), and Scarron (1772). A col- Mystery and Innuendo' (Spectator, No. 567), lection of ' Beauties of Tom Brown/ with a after mentioning that some writers, 'when preface by C. H. Wilson, and a coloured than they would be more satirical ordinary, folding frontispiece by Thomas Rowlandson, omit only the vowels of a great man's name, was published in 1808, 8vo. and fall most all the con- mercifully upon James to Brown's ' [Memoir by Drake, prefixed adds that Tom of facetious sonants,' Brown, Collected Works; Wood's Athense, ed. Bliss, iv. the first to the was bring practice Gibber's iii. memory,' 662-4 ; Lives of the Poets, vol. ; into fashion. ed. Jones Scott's Biographia Dramatica, Stephen ; in A collected edition of Brown's works Swift, 2nded., ix. 375; Scott's Dry den, x. 102-3; three with a character of the author Ebsworth's i. 88 Notes and volumes, Bagford Ballads, ; was in 6th ser. i. ii. 228 by James Drake, M.D., published Queries, 316, 337, 158, 210, ; 1707-8, 8vo. Vol. I. contains essays, poems, Works.] A. H. B. sat and letters trans- ires, epigrams ; original ; lations Aristgenetus's and of letters THOMAS meta- of letters, , (1778-1820), from Latin and French. Vol. II. is entirely physician, was born at the manse of Kilma- ' occupied with Letters from the Dead to the breck 9 Jan. 1778. His father, minister of Living' (which had been previously published Kilmabreck and Kirkdale, died eighteen in 1702). These are partly original and months later, and his mother removed to partly translated from the French. Brown Edinburgh. Thomas was a very precocious wrote only a portion of the collection. The child. His biographer asserts, 'upon the ' contents of vol. iii. are : Amusements Se- most satisfactory evidence,' that when four rious and Comical, calculated for the Me- years old he was found comparing the gospels ' ridian of London (separately published in to see in what respects the narratives dif- ' Letters Serious and Comical ' fered. In his seventh he was sent to a 1700) ; ; year ' Pocket-book of Places ' ' A Walk school at Camberwell a maternal Common ; by uncle, Westminster ' l The Dis- Smith. in a he was round London and ; Captain Thence, year, a Farce ' ' The London and Lace- moved to and afterwards to schools pensary, ; Chiswick, daemonian Oracles.' The fourth edition, in at Bromley and Kensington. On his re- four volumes is dated 1719 a moval from the other drew 8vo, ; supple- Chiswick, pupils ' ' mentary volume of Remains (incorporated up a round-robin asking for his return. A in later editions) followed in 1721. The poem on Charles I, written at Chiswick, was eighth and final edition was published in inserted by one of the masters in a magazine. Brown Brown

his In 1792, on the death of uncle, he re- theory did not lead to the sceptical conse- ' turned to Edinburgh, and was much grieved quences ascribed to it. He published Ob- by the loss of his books at sea. He entered servations on the Nature and Tendency of

the university at Edinburgh, and studied ! the Doctrine of Mr. Hume concerning the under Dr. In 1793 he Relation of Cause and Effect ' in 1804 a logic Finlayson. spent ; part of the vacation at Liverpool. Here he second and enlarged edition of which ap- made the of Dr. the in 1806 and a called ' In- acquaintance Currie, peared ; third, An of Burns, who put into his hands quiry into the Relation of Cause and Effect,' biographer |

the recently published first volume of Dugald : in 1818. In 1806 Brown became a partner ' Stewart's Elements.' Next winter he at- of Dr. Gregory. In spite of fair professional tended Stewart's lectures, and attracted the prospects, his tastes were still philosophical. professor's notice by submitting to him an Attempts had been made in 1799 to obtain acute criticism. If, as Stewart held, memory his appointment to the chair of rhetoric, and in depends upon voluntary attention, how, asked 1808 to the chair of logic. The tory and Brown, do we remember dreams ? The same church interest was too strong for him. objection had been urged in a letter which Dugald Stewart's health was now declining, Stewart had just received from Prevost of and he obtained the assistance of Brown in Geneva (1755-1819), afterwards professor at lecturing the moral philosophy class in the Montauban. (Prevost's letter is given in winter of 1808-9. In the next winter Brown ' 7 < Stewart's Works, ii. 491.) Darwin's Zoo- acted for a longer time as Stewart's substi- ' nomia was at this time attracting attention, tute. His lectures attracted the attendance and Brown wrote some remarks upon it, of professors as well as students, and a com- which, by Stewart's advice, he communicated mittee was formed upon Stewart's reappear- to Darwin. A correspondence took place ance to congratulate him and express admi- (October 1796 to January 1797), in which ration for his assistant. In the following Darwin showed some annoyance at the sharp May (1810), after an earnest canvass by- treatment of his theories. The remarks were Stewart himself, and many letters from emi- put together by the boyish critic, and pub- nent men, Brown was elected by the town lished in 1798. They were highly praised council as Stewart's colleague. He held this by the critics in the literary circles of position for the rest of his life. His lectures Edinburgh. Brown had become intimate were written at high pressure. He began to with young men of promise. He joined the write each on the evening before its delivery, Literary Society in 1796, and a smaller so- sat up late several times all night in the in first ciety, formed by some of the members winter and did not finish till the clock 1797, which called itself the Academy of struck twelve, the hour of lecturing. Three Physics, and included Brougham, Jeffrey, volumes were thus written in his first session, Horner, Sydney Smith, Leyden, and others. and the fourth in the second. He lived It nourished for about three years, and helped quietly with his mother and sisters, hospi- ( to bring together the founders of the Edin- tably entertaining visitors to Edinburgh. burgh Review.' Brown was one of the first His chief amusement was walking, and he reviewers. He wrote an article upon Kant had a passion for hill climbing. He also found in the second number, which is at least a time to compose a quantity of indifferent proof of courage, as it is founded entirely poetry, which he alone preferred to his philo- upon Villers's French account of Kant. sophy. In 1814 he finished and published Some editorial interference with an article anonymously his 'Paradise of Coquettes,' in the third number led him to withdraw begun six years before. In 1815 he published ' from the review. He never afterwards wrote the Wanderer in Norway,' an elaboration of to law in some verses in his first in a periodical. He began study volumes, suggested l 1796, but finding that it did not suit his health by Mary Wollstonecraft's Letters from ' became a medical student from 1798 to 1803. Norway.' In 1816 he published the War- < His thesis upon taking his degree, entitled fiend,' in 1817 the Bower of Spring.' in 1818 1 ' ' De Somno,' is praised for the purity of the Agnes,' and in 1819 Emily.' A collected Latin, in which language, it is said, he could edition in 1820, in four volumes, includes talk as fluently as in English. these and a second edition of a poem called ( In 1804he published poems in two volumes, the Renovation of India,' originally written and in the same year took part in a famous for a college prize, and published when, after controversy. The claims of Leslie to the three years, no award was made. He was mathematical chair at Edinburgh had been much grieved by the death, in 1817, of his had to opposed on the ground that he spoken mother, whom he had been most tenderly favourably of Hume's theory of causation. attached. In 1819 he began to prepare a that text-book of his lectures. fell Brown undertook to prove Hume's He ill, and Brown 33 Brown upon meeting his class broke down in giving by which they are overlaid and expanded. a lecture (No. 35 in the collected edition), This is due probably to haste and tov^he which always affected him. He never lec- desire to catch a youthful audience. They tured again. His health was injured by show, however, remarkable powers of psycho- worry about providing a substitute, and logical analysis. The most valuable teach- severe weather. is to afterwards by His physi- ing considered be the exposition (lec- cians recommended a voyage to London. tures 22 to 27) of the part played by touch He died at Brompton on 2 April 1820. He and the muscular sense in revealing an ex- had left to his friend and biographer, Dr. ternal world. Professor Bain's writings upon "Welsh, the superintendence of the last sheets the same topic partly embody Brown's theo- his called the l of ries. Hamilton of text-book, Physiology (REID'S Works, p. 868) ac- the Human Mind,' which was already in the cuses Brown of borrowing in this direction and his lectures were under from Condillac and De press ; published Tracy. His philo- the care of John Stewart (who had under- sophy, as Dr. M'Cosh says, is a combination taken to supply his place on his final break- of Reid and Stewart with the French sen- death of the sationalists. down), and on Stewart's Rev. A peculiarity of Brown is, that E. Milroy. he suppresses the will, as Reid had suppressed Brown was a man of simple habits and the feelings in the more generally accepted affections. read all his classification strong domestic He of intellect, will, and feeling. works before publication to his mother and By the subordination of the will to desire, sisters. He was fond of animals Hamilton that he specially ; (ib. p. 531) says virtually he held that some of them had a moral sense abolished all freedom, responsibility, and and immortal souls, arid meant to write a morality. Hamilton everywhere shows a treatise on our duties to them. He was a strong dislike to Brown, whose influence was patriotic Scotchman, and a strong liberal, supplanted by his own. In an article in and credited, though not accurately, with re- the 'Edinburgh Review' (October 1830), re- I in of first in his ' publicanism. Except the period I printed Dissertations/ he accuses his he confined his hours Brown of the his- preparing lectures, ; totally misunderstanding of to the after break- of theories of and composition morning, | tory previous perception, fast, and the evening from seven till ten or of grossly misrepresenting Reid. Brown I eleven. His knowledge of modern languages speaks with some severity of Reid, and was considerable, and his memory extraor- Stewart had protested against this, and con-

he could remember or ! demned the hastiness of Brown's dinary ; twenty thirty general lines of French or Italian after a single read- work in a note to the third volume of his j 1 ' ing. Brown's poetry, modelled chiefly upon Elements (published in 1826) (STEWAKT'S Pope and Akenside, never made much im- Works, iv. 377). He had been unconscious pression. His lectures excited the utmost of his colleague's sentiments till the publica- enthusiasm the students and his tion of the lectures in Welsh's 'Life/ amongst ; Hamil- fame lasted till the rise of a new school, cul- ton's dislike is obvious, and his charges of minating about 1830 to 1835. A 19th edi- plagiarism seem to be unfair as against lec- tion of his lectures appeared in 1851. The tures intended for learners, and published inquiry into the relation of cause and effect after the author's death, and without his ex- is one of the most vigorous statements of the planations. Whatever Brown's originality, he doctrine first made prominent by Hume, and was the last and a very vigorous representa- since maintained by the Mills. Like them, tive of the Scotch school, modified by French Brown reduces causation to invariable se- influence, but not affected by the German phi- quence, and especially labours the point that losophy, which, under the influence of Hamil-

'power' is a word expressive of nothing eke. ! ton and his followers, has since so deeply af- ' ' He denies the distinction between physical fected philosophical speculation in Scotland. j and ' efficient ' causes. He differs, however, [Welsh's Account of the Life and Writings, from Hume whose he makes (upon writings &c., 1825 (an abridgment is prefixed to the later I some criticisms) in that editions of the M'Cosh's Scottish Phi- interesting inferring i lectures) ; we have an intuitive L. S. conception, underlying ; losophy, pp. 317-37.] all experience, that the same antecedents will produce the same consequences. This takes BROWN, THOMAS JOSEPH, D.D. ' the place of Hume's custom,' and enables (1798-1880), catholic bishop, was born at Brown to avoid Hume's theological scepti- Bath on 2 May 1798. His education began cism. He infers God as the cause of an at a small protestant school in that city, orderly universe. The lectures, hurriedly while his religious instruction was entrusted the care of written, are injured by the sentimental rhe- by his catholic parents to Ralph toric and frequent quotations from Akenside, Ainsworth, then the priest in charge of the VOL. VII. D Brown 34 Brown

Bath mission. At Ainsworth's instance he ward Tottenham. A friend of Brown's hav- was sent in 1807 to Acton Burnell, near ing formally challenged those gentlemen to Shrewsbury, where the Benedictine monks a disputation, six meetings were soon after- had opened a college. There he remained wards arranged to take place in the college for seven years, towards the end of which chapel at Downside. These meetings came time he received the Benedictine habit, on off in 1834, and in 1836 appeared the ' 19 April 1813. Early in 1814 he accompanied Authentic Report of the Discussion which the community on their migration to their took place in the Chapel of the Roman Ca- new home at Downside in Somersetshire. tholic College of Downside, near Bath. Sub- At the new college of St. Gregory's, Down- jects : the Rule of Faith and the Sacrifice of side, Brown remained in residence for more the Mass.' Soon afterwards, in the same ' than a quarter of a century. He was or- year, was published Supplement to the dained to the priesthood on 7 April 1823 in Downside Discussion, by the Rev. T. J. London, and almost immediately appointed Brown, D.D.' Brown had been elected, professor of theology at Downside. That 18 July 1834, prior of Downside, and had

' office he held for upwards of seventeen years. received six days afterwards, 24 July, his cap Throughout that period he conducted the as doctor of divinity. Immediately after his dogmatic course invariably in Latin. As election to the priorship he resumed with Bishop Hedley says, in his funeral sermon unabated energy his teaching labours as pro- ' in (p. 5), Unwearying study, extreme pains fessor of theology. In July 1840 the vicars collating author with author and passage apostolic in England were increased from with passage, and unfailing accuracy of four to eight, Wales, until then included in memory these, in his best days, were the the western district, being formed into a characteristics of his class lessons.' In 1829 separate vicariate. Gregory XVI, who as he was sent to Rome as socius with Fr. Cardinal Cappellari had years before then Richard Marsh, then president-general, to learned to appreciate his capacities, named conduct a most delicate case before the Ro- Brown at once the first bishop of the man Curia. Three before this Brown Welsh district. He the at years , accepted dignity had ' A Letter to the Rev. last with reluctance. His published Very { profound episco-

' Archdeacon Daubeny, LL.D., exposing the pal consecration by Bishop Griffith took Misrepresentations of his Third Chapter on place on 28 Oct. 1840, in St. John's Chapel, Transubstantiation,' 1826. On his return to Pierrepoint Place, Bath, the title assumed England, Brown attained a position of great by him being Bishop of Apollonia in the j eminence, both on the platform and in the I Archdiocese of Thessalonica. The newly five in created diocese embraced the twelve press. For days together, 1830, he, \ counties with five of his coreligionists, confronted three ! of Wales, with Herefordshire and Mon- of the Protestant Reformation So- mouthshire. His vicariate was exten- members \ very in school at in sive and It in- ciety the riding Cheltenham, j extremely impoverished. the presence of four thousand people. The cluded within it only nineteen chapels. fifth day's controversy closed with a scene of Eleven of these belonging to Hereford and riotous confusion. Soon afterwards appeared Monmouth, no more than eight in all apper- ' Substance of the the tained to the dozen Welsh counties. On the Arguments adopted by j Roman Catholic Advocates in the Recent Dis- formation of the catholic hierarchy Brown cussion at Cheltenham on the Rule of Faith, was translated, on 29 Sept. 1850, to the collected from Notes taken during the Discus- newly constituted see of Newport and Me- sion by the Rev. T. J. Brown, S.T.P.,' 1830. nevia. His jurisdiction was thenceforth re- In 1833 a controversy sprang up between stricted to the six counties of South Wales, Brown and two protestant clergymen, the with the shires of Hereford and Monmouth. Rev. Messrs. Batchellor and Newnham. Towards the close of that year he was drawn ' Brown's argument was published as Catho- into the last of his more noteworthy theo- lic Truth vindicated against the Misrepre- logical discussions. It began on 3 Dec. 1850, " sentations and Calumnies of Popery Un- in a correspondence which was not completed ' masked," 1833. Before the close of that until 13 Jan. 1852. Immediately upon its ' year Brown was appointed cathedral prior of conclusion it appeared as A Controversy on Winchester. in 1834 he took part in the Infallibility of the Church of Rome and Early j the controversy long afterwards memorable the Doctrine of Article VI of the Church of ' as The Downside Discussion.' It arose, on England, between Bishop Brown and the Rev. | 10 Jan. 1834, at the Old Down inn, out of a Joseph Baylee, M.A., Principal of St. Aidan's meeting of the Protestant Reformation So- ', College, Birkenhead,' 1852. Besides this ciety, at which the two principal speakers , and the works already enumerated, Brown l were the Rev. John Lyons and the Rev. Ed- published Monita Confessariorum,' and in | Brown 35 Brown

' ' the Orthodox Journal very many articles accession of the empress Maria Theresa, he and letters signed with his then well-known was advanced to the rank of field-marshal initials, S[acree] T [neologise] P[rofessor]. In lieutenant and appointed to command in 1858 he obtained permission from the holy see Silesia. In the campaigns in Italy in 1743-8 that his cathedral chapter should be formed ex- he greatly distinguished himself, particularly clusively of Benedictine monks. He thus suc- at the battle of Piacenza, where he com- ceeded in reviving under the new hierarchy manded the Austrian left, and mainly con- one of the most remarkable and distinctive tributed to the success of the day. When features of the pre-reformation hierarchy of the Austrians moved southward the city of England. On 29 Sept. 1873 John Cuthbert Genoa opened its gates to him, and he sub- Hedley was consecrated bishop auxiliary, and sequently commanded the imperialist troops seven years later was his successor in the that crossed the Var and entered France, see of Newport and Menevia. Before the establishing their outposts a few miles from close of his life Brown was for many years Toulon. His withdrawal from Genoa was the senior member of the English catholic considered a masterly operation. After the episcopate. For forty years together he was convention of Nizza in 1749 he returned to in a very literal and primitive sense a bishop Vienna, and held commands in Transylvania in poverty. Kising all through his long life and Bohemia. He became a field-marshal invariably at 5 A.M., he persistently tra- in 1753. At the outbreak of the seven years' velled, preached, wrote, saved, and begged war he was in Silesia, and commanded the for his flock. And with such good effect did Austrians at the battle of Lobositz. Be- he spend himself in their interests that, in- lieving a dual command, as proposed by Maria stead of the nineteen chapels and nineteen Theresa, to be prejudicial to public interests, priests he had found in his huge vicariate of Brown offered to serve under the orders of the Welsh district, he left in his compara- Prince Charles of Lorraine, the empress's fa- tively much smaller diocese of Newport and vourite, in Bohemia, and there, while head- Menevia fifty-eight churches and sixty-two ing a bayonet-charge of grenadiers on the priests. Brown died on 12 April 1880, Prussian line before the walls of Prague, on shortly before the completion of his eighty- 6 May 1757, was struck by a cannon-shot, second year, at his residence in Bullingham, which shattered one of his legs. He was Herefordshire. carried from the field, and died of his wound at on 26 June be- [Snow's Necrology of the English Benedic- Prague following, leaving hind him the of a consummate tines from 1600 to 1883, p. 174; Men of the reputation 10th 153 Maziere and an able and successful Time, ed., p. ; Brady's Epi- general nego- 424-6 Oliver's tiator. His was in Ger- scopal Succession, pp. 337, 354, ; biography published Collections illustrating the History of the Ca- man and in French in 1757. tholic 253 The Downside Eeligion, &c., pp. 252, ; [Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (Leipzig, No. are Review, 1, July 1880, Memoir, pp. 4-16; 1876), iii. 369-73, the particulars in which Annual for Register 1880, p 160; Tablet, taken from Zuverlassige Lebensbeschreibung von 498 17 17 April 1880, p. ; Weekly Register, April U. M. Count von Brown (Leipzig and Frankfort, 1880, 241, C. K. Baron 0' Cabin's Geschichte der pp. 246.] 1757) ; grossten Heerfuhrer der neueren Zeit ii. BROWN or BROWNE, ULYSSES (Rastadt, 1785), 264-316. English readers will find compendious MAXIMILIAN VON (1705-1757), count of notices of Count Brown's military operations in the Roman baron de Camus holy empire, Sir E. Gust's Annals of the Wars of the Eighteenth and and field-marshal in the im- Mountany, Century (London, 1860-1); Carlyle's Frederick was son of baron M. C. perialist armies, Ulysses, the Great.] H. Brown, an Irish colonel of cavalry in the WILLIAM rear- Austrian army ennobled for his military ser- BROWN, (d. 1814), an old Leicestershire was vices by the emperor Charles V, and was admiral, of family, in and born at Basle on 23 Oct. 1705. He entered made a lieutenant in the navy 1788, a in when he came home the imperial service at an early age and dis- commander 1792, from the Mediterranean in command of the tinguished himself on several occasions. At Zebra After sixteen months' unevent- the age of twenty-one he married the young sloop. on the home in command Countess Marie Philippine von Martinez, ful service station, and he was daughter of George Adam Martinez, who for of the Kingfisher Fly sloops, to rank on 29 Oct. 1793. In a short time was imperial vicegerent in the advanced post he commanded the Venus frigate in the kingdom of Naples. Brown's influential con- 1794 fleet under Lord and in her nections, as well as his personal merits, se- Channel Howe, at the action of 1 June, but cured his rapid advancement. At twenty-nine was present of distinction. In he commanded an Austrian infantry regi- without any opportunity ment in on the 1795 he commanded the Alcmene, and, Italy, and a few years later, D2 Brown Brown though in feeble health, continued in her on BROWN, WILLIAM (1777-1857), ad- the home station and the coast of Portugal miral in the navy of Buenos Ayres, a native till November 1797, when he was discharged of Ireland, accompanied his family to Ame- to sick quarters at Lisbon. On his recovery, rica in 1786, and, being there left destitute he was in March 1798 appointed by Lord St. by the death of his father, obtained employ- Vincent to the Defence, of 74 guns, and on ment as cabin-boy on board a merchant ship. her being paid off in the following January In 1796 he was pressed into an English he commissioned the Santa Dorothea. man-of-war, and served for several years in In 1805 Brown commanded the Ajax, the navy. Afterwards, having obtained the the of 74 guns, and in her was present in command of an English merchant ship, he action off Finisterre on 22 but in to Buenos where he Cape July ; came, 1812, Ayres, by bearing up at the critical moment of settled with his family. In 1814 he ac- the attack, in order to communicate with cepted a naval command in the service of the admiral, during the prevalence of a fog, the republic. He engaged a Spanish flo- he weakened the English van, and must be tilla at the mouth of the Uruguay, and he considered as to . some extent a cause of the fought another and more decisive action off unsatisfactory result of the action (JAMES, Monte Video, capturing four of the Spanish Naval History, 1860, iii. 361). He after- vessels and dispersing the rest. He received wards, at the request of Sir Robert Calder, the title of admiral, and fitted out a privateer, left the Ajax in command of the first lieu- in which he cruised against the Spaniards in tenant, and returned to England in order to the Pacific. His ship was visited by an Eng- give evidence at Calder's court-martial [see lish man-of-war, sent to Antigua, and there CA.LDER, SIR ROBERT]. He was thus absent condemned, but was afterwards restored on from Trafalgar, where the Ajax was com- appeal to the home government. Brown manded by Lieutenant Pilfold. Brown was lived in retirement at Buenos Ayres till afterwards for some time commissioner of December 1825, when Brazil declared war the dockyards at Malta and at Sheerness. against the republic and blockaded the River in the He attained his flag rank in 1812, and Plate. On 4 Feb. 1826 Brown attacked June 1813 was appointed commander-in- enemy of more than four times his material chief at Jamaica, where he died, 20 Sept. force, and drove them eight leagues down 1814, after an illness of five days. He mar- the coast. In February 1827 Brown engaged ried a daughter of Mr. John Travers, a and almost totally destroyed a squadron of director of the East India Company, by nineteen small vessels at the mouth of the whom he had several children. Uruguay. On 9 April he put to sea with a ' few brigs, and was at once brought to action [0' Byrne's Nav. Biog. Diet, under Charles Foreman Brown ' and ' "William Cheselden by a superior force of the enemy. Some of in the Public the seem to have back without Browne ;' Official Correspondence brigs got much loss Kecord Office.] J. K. L. ; Brown, though badly wounded, succeeded in running one ashore and setting WILLIAM, D.D. (1766- fire to her the other was reduced to a wreck BROWN, ; historical was born in 1766. 1835), writer, and captured. The loss obliged the republic licensed the of Stir- He was by presbytery to enter on negotiations which resulted in a in was to the of ling 1791, presented parish peace. In the civil war of 1842-5 Brown the Duke of Buccleuch in Eskdalemuir by was again in command of the fleet of Buenos there the duties of mini- 1792, and fulfilled Ayres, and with a very inefficient force kept In 1 797 he married ster for forty-three years. up the blockade of Monte Video, notwith- whom he had three Margaret Moffat, by standing an order from the English commo- of D.D. children. He received the degree dore to throw up his command. In 1845, of Aberdeen in and from the university 1816, when the English and French squadrons died on 21 Sept. 1835. He was the author of were directed to intervene and restore ' peace < of the Jews ed. the Antiquities (2nd 1826, to the river, their first step was to take pos- '2 wrote the 'Account of the Pa- vols.), and session of Brown's ships, thus reducing him ' rish of Eskdalemuir in the ' Statistical Ac- to compulsory inactivity. He had no further Scotland.' His work on the Jews count of service, but passed the rest of his life on his into their customs- enters with great detail small estate in the neighbourhood of Buenos but touches and religious ceremonials, barely Ayres. He died on 3 May 1857. A power- or ethnical upon their political history ful ironclad, named the Almirante Brown, peculiarities. still keeps his memory living in the navy of the [Hew Scott's Fasti Ecclesiae Scoticanse, vol. i. Argentine republic. iv. part ii. 635; Gent. Mag. new series, 554; [Mulhall's English in South America, p. 144 Historical N. Gr. a Drake's Diet, of American Chambers's Newspaper.] (with portrait) ; Brown 37 Brown

Biography; Memoirs of General Miller (1829); and Derby Museum at Liverpool, which was of vol. i. Chevalier Armitage's History Brazil, ; opened on 8 Oct. 1860, at a cost to himself of de Saint-Eoberts's Le General Eosas et la Ques- 40,000/., the corporation providing the site and tion de la Plata 41 Mallalieu's (1848, 8vo), p. ; foundation and furnishing the building. At Buenos Monte Video, and Affairs in the Ayres, the inauguration of the volunteer movement Eiver Plate J. K. L. (1844, 8vo), p. 27.] in 1859 he raised and equipped at his own ex- BROWN, SIB WILLIAM (1784- pense a corps of artillery, which ranked as the son of 1864), benefactor to Liverpool, eldest 1st brigade of Lancashire artillery volun- Alexander Brown of Ballymena, county An- teers. He was created a baronet on 24 Jan. trim, and Grace, daughter of John Davison 1863, and in the same year he served as sheriff of Drumnasole, was born at Ballymena on for the county of Lancashire. He did not, 30 May 1784. At twelve years of age he was however, live long to enjoy his honours, as he placed under the care of the Rev. J. Bradley died at Richmond Hill, Liverpool, on 3 March at Catterick, Yorkshire, whence in 1800 he 1864. He was always an advocate of free returned to Ireland. Soon afterwards he trade, and particularly favoured the idea of a sailed with his father and mother for the decimal currency. On the proving of his will United States of America, and at Baltimore, on 21 May 1864 the personalty was sworn where his father continued the linen trade in under 900,000/. which he had been engaged in Ireland, re- He married, on 1 Jan. 1810, Sarah, daugh- ceived in the counting-house his commercial ter of Andrew Gibson of Ballymena; she education. In a few years the house at Bal- died on 5 March 1858. The eldest son, Alex- timore became the firm of Alexander Brown ander Brown, having died on 8 Oct. 1849, & Sons, consisting of the father and his sons, the grandson, Lieutenant-colonel William William, John, George, and James. In 1809 Richmond Brown, succeeded to the baronetcy William returned to the United Kingdom, in 1864. Sir W. Brown was the author of ' established a branch of the firm in Liverpool, a pamphlet entitled Decimal Coinage. A the and they shortly afterwards abandoned Letter from W. Brown, Esq., M.P., to Francis exclusive linen business and became general Shand, Esq., Chairman of the Liverpool merchants. The transactions of the firm soon Chamber of Commerce/ 1854. extended so as to further branches. require [Gent. Mag. xvi. 657-8 (1864); Illustrated James established himself at New York London News, xix. 70 (1851), with portrait; and John at and on the death Philadelphia, H. E. Fox Bourne's English Merchants (1866), of their father the then the most business, ii. 299-301, 306-20.] G. C. B. extensive in the American trade, was con- tinued by the four brothers, George remain- BROWN, WILLIAM LAURENCE ing in Baltimore. The disastrous aspect of (1755-1830), theological writer, was born at affairs in 1839 induced the brothers George Utrecht in Holland, where his father was and John, who had by this time realised minister of the English church, 7 Jan. 1755. ample fortunes, to retire from the firm, His father having been appointed professor leaving William the eldest and James the of ecclesiastical history at St. Andrews, to continue the concern. the son studied at the youngest They Scotland, university ; now became bankers in the sense of conduct- but afterwards he proceeded to Utrecht, ing transmissions of money on public account where, after completing his theological between the two hemispheres, and in this studies, he was in 1778 ordained minister of pursuit and the business of merchants they the English church. He obtained in 1783 acquired immense wealth. In 1825 William the Stolpian prize at Leyden for an essay on took an active part in the agitation for the the origin of evil, and various prizes from the reform in the management of the Liver- Teylerian Society at Haarlem, the subject of ' pool docks. He was elected an alderman of one being On the natural Equality of Man.' Liverpool in 1831, and held that office until In 1784 the university of St. Andrews con- 1838. He was the unsuccessful Anti-Cornlaw ferred on him the degree of D.D. In 1788 he League candidate for South Lancashire in was appointed professor of moral philosophy 1844. He was, however, returned in 1846, and and ecclesiastical history at Utrecht, and two continued to represent South Lancashire until years after he became rector of the university. 23 April 1859. He was the founder of the Thereafter there was added to his duties the firm of Brown, Shipley, & Co., Liverpool and professorship of the law of nature. London merchants, arid at one time was the Driven from Holland in 1795 by the chairman of the Atlantic Telegraph Company. French invasion, Brown with his wife and His name is probably best known by the mu- five children crossed the Channel in mid nificent gift which he bestowed on his adopted winter in an open boat, and after a stormy town. He erected the Free Public Library passage landed at London. The magistrates Brownbill Browne of Aberdeen appointed him to the chair of BROWNE, SIR ANTHONY (d. 1548), divinity in Marischal College on the resigna- politician, only son of Sir Anthony Browne, tion of Dr. George Campbell, and in 1796 he standard-bearer of England and constable also succeeded Campbell as principal of the of Calais, and of his wife Lady Lucy Nevill, university. daughter and coheiress of John Nevill, mar- Brown soon became a conspicuous and quis Montacute, and niece of Richard, earl of influential member of the general assembly, Warwick, was knighted in 1523 after the suc- sympathising mainly with the reforming cessful siege of Morlaix. In 1524 he was made party in the church. He made several esquire of the body to King Henry VIII, and contributions to literature after his arrival from that time until the death of Henry he ( in Scotland, the most important being An became more and more the friend of his sove- Essay on the Existence of a Supreme Creator,' reign. In 1526 he was created lieutenant of written in response to the offer of valuable of the Isle of Man during the minority earl of In and prizes by the trustees of the late Mr. Burnett Edward, Derby. 1528, again in Browne was sent into France on of Dens, Aberdeen, 2 vols. 8vo, 1816. Brown's 1533, ; the first to invest Francis I with essay obtained the first prize, amounting to occasion the second to 1,250/., the second being awarded to the Rev. the order of the Garter, and on John Bird Sumner, afterwards archbishop attend that king to Nice for the conference of of Canterbury. Another elaborate work with the pope respecting the divorce was entitled ' A Comparative View of Chris- Henry VIII and Catherine of Arragon. In master of the tianity, and of the other forms of religion 1539 Browne was made horse, which have existed, and still exist, in the and in 1540 he was created a knight of the world, particularly with regard to their moral Garter. to Browne in tendency,' 2 vols. 8vo, 1826. He died 11 May Battle Abbey was granted he the abbot's and 1830. 1538 ; occupied lodging, Brown's works were written from the razed to the ground the church, the cloisters, int of view of the time, and were marked and the chapter-house. At the same time considerable but the he received the of St. in ability ; standpoint priory Mary Overy discussion has altered so completely that Southwark, and the house which he built now they have little more than an antiquarian there was for generations the London re- interest. sidence of his descendants the Viscounts The manors of Godstow, of of the Advocates' Library, Edin- Montague. [Catalogue Send in and of which in- Scott's iii. E. Cham- Sussex, Brede, burgh ; Hew Fasti, 475 ; cluded a considerable of the town of bers's Eminent Scotsmen.] W. Gr. B. part Hastings, were also granted to Browne; and BROWNBILL, THOMAS ROBSON. in 1543, on the death of his half-brother, Sir William earl of South- [See ROBSON.] Fitzwilliam, K.G., ampton, he inherited the Cistercian abbey BROWNE. [See also BKOTJN and of Waverley, the monasteries of Bayham BROWN.] near Lamberhurst and of Calceto near Arundel, the priory of Easebourne, and the BROWNE, ALEXANDER (Jl. 1660), estate of Cowdray, both close to Midhurst. miniature painter, engraver, and printseller, Part of the magnificent mansion of Cow- who lived in the reign of Charles II, painted dray had already been built by the Earl of the the portrait of that monarch and that of Southampton, but much was added to it by ' Prince of Orange. In 1675 he published Ars Browne. Pictoria, or an Academy treating of Drawing, In 1540 Browne was sent to the court ot Painting, Limning, and Etching,' fol., Lon- John of Cleves to act as proxy at the mar- don. The designs are after foreign artists, riage of Henry VIII with Anne of Cleves. and chiefly copied from Bloemart's drawing- In 1543 he accompanied the Duke of Norfolk * book. Mr. J. Chaloner Smith, in his Cata- in an expedition against the Scots, and in enu- logue of British Mezzotint Portraits,' the following year, as master of the horse, van merates forty-four plates after A. Dyck he attended Henry VIII at the siege of and Sir Peter Lely, which were published Boulogne. In 1545 he was made justice ' in Little by Browne at the blew balcony in eyre of all the king's forests north of the Queen Street,' but do not bear any engraver's Trent, and in the same year he was consti- name. It has been conjectured, but on in- tuted standard-bearer to Henry VIII as his sufficient grounds, that these may be the work father had been to Henry VII. During the of Browne himself. last illness of Henry VIII Browne, with ' and undertook to [Eedgrave's Dictionary of Artists, 1878.] good courage conscience,' L. F. tell the king of his approaching end. Henry Browne 39 Browne

him to Prince appointed guardian Edward Browne whence he got his religious views, ' .and to Princess made him one of Even of sir it Elizabeth, replied you, ; you taught me, his executors, and left him a legacy of 300Z. and none more than you. For in King Ed- the death Browne went to Hert- ward's in On king's days open sessions you spoke against ford in order to tell the news to the young this religion now used no preacher more. and when Edward VI made his You then said the prince ; mass was abominable and public entry into London, Browne, as master all their trumpery besides, wishing and ear-

of the horse, rode next to him. But Browne i nestly exhorting that none should believe survived Henry VIII only one year. On therein, and that our belief should be j only

6 1548 he died at a house which he : in Christ and then said that May ; you whosoever had built at Byfleet in Surrey. He was should bring in any strange nation to rule j buried with great pomp at Battle, under a here it were treason and not to be suffered.' splendid altar-tomb which he had himself The same year Browne was active in bringing prepared. one William Hunter to the stake at Brent- Browne was twice married. His first wood and in the ; following year he received ' wife, whose effigy lies on the tomb at the thanks of the privy council for his dili- ' Battle beside his own, was Alys, daughter gent proceedings against one George Eagles, of Sir John Gage, K.G., constable of the alias Trudge-over-the-world, whom he had ' Tower. By her he had seven sons and three executed as a traitor, and was authorised to daughters; the eldest son, Anthony, suc- distribute his head and quarters according to ceeded to his father's estates, and was created his and his colleagues' former determination, in 1554 Viscount Montague. Browne's se- and to proceed with his accomplices accord- cond wife was Lady Elizabeth Fitzgerald, ing to the qualities of their offences.' This daughter of Gerald, ninth earl of Kildare, Eagles was a tailor and itinerant preacher, and better known as Hhe fair Geraldine.' who was convicted of treason for holding At the time of this marriage Browne was religious meetings, and hanged, drawn, and .sixty, and the bride only fifteen years of age. quartered. The earliest mention of Browne Her two sons died in infancy. After the in the reports is under date Michaelmas term death of Browne his young widow married 1554, when he argued an important case in Sir Edward Clinton, first earl of Lincoln, the common pleas. In 1555 (16 Oct.) he and was buried with him in St. George's took the degrees of serjeant-at-law and king Chapel, Windsor. and queen's serjeant together. In 1558 (5 Oct.) he was appointed chief justice of [Collins's Peerage ; Baronagium Genealogi- the common and at once had an cum, 1732; Sussex Archaeological Collections; bench, op- of that he was of Dallaway's History of Sussex.] J. A. E. B. portunity showing capable maintaining the prerogatives of that office BROWNE, ANTHONY (1510 P-1567), with due tenacity. The office of exigenter judge, son of Sir Wistan Browne of Abbes- of London and other counties having become roding and Langenhoo in Essex, knight, and vacant during the lifetime of Browne's pre- Elizabeth, daughter of William Mordaunt decessor, Sir R. Brooke, the queen, by letters of Turvey in Bedfordshire, was born in Essex patent of the same date as Browne's appoint- about 1510 and studied at Oxford, but left ment, granted the office to a nominee of her the university without taking any degree own, one Coleshill. Browne refusing to ad- .and entered at the Middle Temple, where he mit Coleshill, and admitting his own nephew was appointed reader in the autumn of 1553, Scroggs, Elizabeth (who had acceded in the but did not read until Lent of the following interim) in Michaelmas term 1559 directed year. In 1553 (28 June) he purchased of the lord-keeper, Nicholas Bacon, to examine the Lady Anne of Cleves the reversion of Coleshill's case. In the result the judges of the manor of Costedhall near Brentwood the queen's bench were assembled, and unani- in Essex, which had formerly belonged to mously decided that the action of Mary in to Thomas Cromwell. Being one of the mag- granting the office was illegal, the right nates of Essex, he was commissioned with do so being an integral part of the preroga- Lord Rich and others in 1554 to enforce the tive of the chief justice, and that, therefore, Statute of Heretics (2 & 3 Ph. & M. c. 6) the title of Coleshill was null and void. against the puritans in that part of the Browne's patent had at first been renewed in -country. He would seem to have been a on Elizabeth's accession, but consequence in person of no fixed religious opinions, at least of his energetic conduct enforcing the if the evidence of Watts, a protestant, burned laws against heresy it was deemed advisable at Chelmsford in 1555, is to be credited. The to degrade him, and accordingly (22 Jan.) story which is told both by Foxe and Strype Dyer was made chief justice and Browne re- is to the effect that Watts being asked by duced to the level of a puisne judge. In Browne Browne

1564 it is said that the queen offered the Ely, and Sir Edward Carne (the three am- office of clerk of the hanaper to Browne, and bassadors representing the three estates of the that he refused it. In 1566 he was knighted realm), to treat with the pope concerning the by the queen at the Parliament House. He reconciliation of the church of England to the died on 16 May 1567 at his house in Essex. papal see. In 1555 he was made a member ' His wife, Joan, only daughter of W. Faring- of the privy council and a knight of the Garter, ' of ton, died in the same year. Browne is credited and in 1557 he acted as lieutenant-general of St. by Doleman with having furnished Morgan j the English forces at the siege Quentin Philipps with the legal authorities cited in in Picardy. his treatise in support of the title of the On the accession of Elizabeth, Montague ' Queen of Scots to the succession to the Eng- lost his seat in the privy council, and he lish throne, of which the bishop of Ross boldly expressed his dissent in the House (John Leslie) made considerable use in his of Lords from the Acts of Supremacy and work on the same subject. On the strength Uniformity. Nevertheless he was employed of this somewhat doubtful connection with two years afterwards, in 1561, on a special as literature, Wood accorded him a niche in mission to the court of Spain, one whom ' the ' Athense Oxonienses.' Plowden speaks the queen highly esteemed for his great pru- devoted in very high terms of his legal learning and dence and wisdom, though earnestly In 1562 he made a eloquence, quoting some barbarous elegiacs to the Romish religion.' to the like effect. forcible and courageous speech in the House i 462 Wood's of Lords the act entitled for the as- [Nicolas's Testamenta Vetusta, ; against i. 433 Morant's surance of the over all Athense Oxon. (Bliss), 356, 405, ; queen's royal power within her i. 120 Foss's Lives of the ; estates and Essex, 118, ; Judges subjects dominions/ ii. iii. to take the Strype's Memorials (fol.), (pt. ii.) 509, by which all persons were bound Narra- to do so a (pt. i.) 51, 196, 265, 340, (pt. ii.) 400; oath of supremacy if required by tives the Keformation of (Camden Society), 212, bishop or by commissioners, incurring the Foxe's iii. 157-9, 222, take 237; Martyrs (ed. 1684), penalties of prsemunire for refusing to Chron. 700-2; Dugdale's Orig. 217; Dugdale's if the refusal was it, and of high treason per- Ser. 91 Re- 90, ; Wynne's Serj.-at-Law; Dyer's sisted in. the measure, not Plowden's Montague opposed ports, 175 a; Reports, 249, 356, 376.] on the that the Roman J. M. E. only ground queen's catholic subjects were peaceably and loyally ' a BROWNE, ANTHONY, first VISCOTTNT disposed, but also as being in itself thing and to the natural MONTAGUE (1526-1592), was the eldest son of unjust repugnant liberty of men's . . . for what man is Sir Anthony Browne (d. 1548) [q. v.] and understanding there so without and stomach, or void Alys his wife, daughter of Sir John Gage. He | courage succeeded his father in with of all honour, that can consent or agree to re- 1548, inheriting i other the estates of Battle and ceive an opinion and new religion by force property Abbey ' Cowdray in Sussex. Like his father he was a and compulsion ? did forfeit the favour of staunch Roman catholic, yet his loyalty to the He not, however, Elizabeth. He was one of the crown was above suspicion, and he enjoyed the forty-seven confidence and favour alike of Edward VI, commissioners who sat on the trial of Mary and in when the Mary, and Elizabeth. He was knighted (with Queen of Scots in 1587, 1588, of reviewed her at Fort, forty other gentlemen) at the coronation queen army Tilbury first to on the Edward VI, and although he was sent to the Montague was the appear of two hundred horse- Fleet in 1551 for hearing mass his imprison- ground, leading a troop and his son and ment did not last long, for in 1552 he enter- men, accompanied by grand- son. Three after the defeat of the tained the king in sumptuous style at Cow- years Armada in 1591 the dray House. In the following year his wife, Spanish August queen a visit to where she was most Lady Jane, daughter of Robert Ratcliff, earl paid Cowdray, entertained for a week. of Sussex, died in giving birth to a son. He magnificently nearly afterwards married Magdalen, a daughter of In October of the following year Montague and was buried in Midhurst Church. William, lord Dacre of Graystock and Gyles- died, three table tomb of marble and alabas- land, and by her had five sons and A splendid of surmounted a of him- daughters. In 1554, on the occasion Mary's ter, by kneeling figure self and recumbent of his two wives, marriage with Philip of Spain, he was created effigies was erected over his but has since a viscount, and chose the title of Montague, remains, been removed to Easebourne close to probably because his grandmother, Lady Lucy, Church, the entrance of Park. hadbeen daughter and coheiress ofJohnNevill, Cowdray Keformation marquis Montacute. In the same year he was [Burnet's History of the (Pocook's sent to vols. ii. iii. and v. Hallam's Constitu- made master of the horse, and was edition), ; Nichols's Rome on an embassy with Thirlby, bishop of tional Hist. i. 116,117, 162; Progresses Browne Browne

vol. iii. Mrs. Roundell's to from 1797 to of Queen Elizabeth, ; 1795, 1799, and from 1801 E. S. History of Cowdray, ch. iv.] W. W. to 1805).

Browne was made king's counsel in 1795 r BROWNE, ARTHUR (1756 P-1805), an became prime serjeant in 1802, and in 1803 Irish lawyer, born about 1756, was the son was admitted a bencher of the Society of the of Marmaduke Browne, rector of Trinity King's Inns, Dublin. Browne was the last in Church, Newport, Rhode Island, who 1764 to hold the office of prime serjeant. He was appointed one of the original fellows of died on Saturday morning, 8 June 1805, in Rhode Island College, known from 1804 as Clare Street, Dublin. He was twice married,, Brown University. His grandfather, the and had by his first wife a daughter, and a Rev. Arthur Browne, born at Drogheda 1699, family by his second wife, who, with five was educated at Trinity College, Dublin, be- children, survived him. 1729 coming B.A. 1726 and M.A. 1729. In . When a college corps of yeomanry was he emigrated, at Berkeley's persuasion, to formed on the appearance of the French in Rhode Island, and was for six years the Bantry Bay in December 1796, Browne was minister of King's Chapel, Providence, and in unanimously elected to the command. In 1736 he became episcopal minister at Ports- 1787 he defended the church of Ireland in mouth, New Hampshire, and died 10 June spite of much abuse, and was a conscientious 1773. Arthur Browne, the grandson, was supporter of the union. Browne published, educated at a school established in Newport in imitation of Montaigne, two volumes of 1 by Dr. Berkeley. His father died from the Miscellaneous Sketches, or Hints for Essays/ privations of the voyage almost immediately 8vo, London, 1798, the first of which was in- Island from scribed ' to his M. T. B. ' the second after his return to Rhode Ireland, daughter, ; 1 whither he had repaired in order to enter to the memory of Marianne/ his first wife. his son at Trinity College, Dublin. Arthur Browne also published, as a study in fancy l Browne had previously been entered at Har- and philology, Hussen O Dil. Beauty and in the an translated from the vard College, Cambridge, Massachusetts, Heart, Allegory ; 1771. At Trinity College he gained a scholar- Persian Language/ &c., 4to, Dublin, 1801.; ' ship in 1774, and took his B.A. degree in 1776. and he was also the author of A Brief Re- He was elected a junior fellow in 1777, pro- view of the Question, Whether the Articles ' ceeded M.A. 1779, and was called to the of Limerick have been violated ? 8vo, Dub- bar of Ireland. He graduated LL.B. (1780) lin, 1788, a defence of the legislature against and LL.D. (1784), and in 1784 became an the calumnies with which it had been as- advocate in the courts of delegates, preroga- sailed during the session preceding its pub- tive, admiralty, and consistory, and for a long lication. time held the of the diocese 1833 vicar-generalship [Dublin University Calendar, ; Catalogue of Kildare. served as of of Dublin 1869 Chronicle He junior proctor Graduates, ; Smyth's in of the Law Officers of 1839 Members of the university 1784, and as senior proctor Ireland, ; having become a senior fellow in 1795 Parliament: Parliaments of Ireland, 1559-1800, from 1801 to the time of his death. In 1783 1877; Kecords of the State of Khode Island, 11 and he was returned to the Irish House of Com- 1856-65; Faulkner's Dublin Journal, 13 June 1805; Walker's Hibernian Magazine, mons as member for the university of Dublin, October 1805 which he continued to in three 1805; Monthly Anthology, ; Kipley represent par- and Dana's American 1873-78 liaments until 1800. In 1785 Browne became Cyclopaedia, ; Duykinck's Cyclopaedia of American Literature, regius professor of civil and canon laws, and A. H. G, ' 1877.] afterwards published A Compendious View of < a learned the Civil Law,' &c. (1798), and A Com- BROWNE, DAVID (fl. 1638), pendious View of the Ecclesiastical Law, Scotchman, is known only by indications in being the Substance of a Course of Lectures his curious books on calligraphy. His first- read in the University of Dublin,' &c., 8vo, work was 'The New Invention, intituled Cal- ' ... Dublin, 1799, &c. A second edition, with ligraphia or the Art of Fair Writing by ' Browne. great additions/ was published as A Com- His Majesties Scribe, Master David pendious View of the Ecclesiastical Law of Sainct Andrewes, 1 622,' 1 2mo. It gives a copy 1803 and a < first of James's letter the author Ireland,' &c., 8vo, Dublin, ; King granting 1 American edition from the second London the only licence and priviledge . . . under be the edition, with great additions,' was published paine of 1000 pounds monie to paid by ' as A Compendious View of the Civil Law, contraveners.' It is dedicated to the king, ' ' and of the Law of the Admiralty,' &c., 2 vols. whose scribe he calls himself. Its 270 pages 8vo, New York, 1840. In addition to his comprise arguments and instructions full of chair of law Browne thrice held the regius heavy learning, wise saws, puerile illustra- matters professorship of Greek at Dublin (from 1792 tions, and the most common having Browne Browne reference to writing. King James, when at lectures were ended, Browne returned to Nor- Holyrood House, appears to have seen and ap- wich, and soon after started on his travels. proved of his wonderful exercises, illustrated He went to Italy and came home through l by certain rare practices of a disciple,' a child France, and it is by his description of this and only nine years old. His book gives spaces of several subsequent journeys that he is best here and there to be filled up by his clerks for known. In 1668 he sailed to Rotterdam from the various pupils or purchasers, but existing Yarmouth and went to Leyden, Amsterdam, copies are without these necessary illustra- and Utrecht, visiting museums, libraries, and tions of the art. His second work, entitled churches, attending lectures, and conversing ' The Introduction to the true understanding with the learned. He went on to Antwerp, of the whole arte of expedition in teaching and ended his journey at Cologne on 10 Oct.

. is to write . . Anno Dom. 1638,' 8vo, more 1668. His next journey was to Vienna, where -extraordinary than the other, as on the title- be made friends with the imperial librarian page he claims to teach his art in six hours, Lambecius, and enjoyed many excursions and parades his own excellence beyond all others, much learned conversation. He seems to ' -and asserts that a Scotishman is more in- have studied Greek colloquially, and brought than one of another nation ' the back letters from a learned Greek in his own genious ; yet book itself has little to do with calligraphy, tongue to Dr. Pearson, the bishop of Chester, and teaches nothing. There is one plate at and to Dr. Barrow, the master of Trinity. ' the end of the book, a specimen of The new, From Vienna Browne made three long jour- swift, current, or speedy Italian writting,' neys, one to the mines of Hungary, one into very inferior in style and execution to the Thessaly, and one into Styria and Carinthia. handiwork of other penmen of the century. Wherever he went he observed all objects At the time this book was published the natural and historical, as well as everything ' author taught his art at the Cat and Fiddle bearing on his profession. He sketched in a ' in Fleet Street,' where Mary Stewart and stiff manner, and some of his drawings are her daughters also instructed young, noble, preserved (British Museum). At Buda he and gentlewomen in good manners,languages,' came into the oriental world, and at Larissa &c., by his direction. He afterwards removed he saw the Grand Seigneur. Here he studied to a country-house at Kemmington (sic), near Greek remains, and followed in imagination the Newington Butts. The dates of his birth the practice of Hippocrates. He returned to .and death are not known. England in 1669, but made one more tour in of 1673 in company with Sir Joseph Williamson, [Browne's "Works ; Massey's Origin Letters.] J. W.-G. Sir Leoline Jenkins, and Lord Peterborough. He visited Cologne, Aix-la-Chapelle, Liege, BROWNE, EDWARD(1644-1708),phy- Louvain, Ghent, Bruges, and other towns of the and saw all that was to sician, was the eldest son of Sir Thomas Low Countries, in be seen. He in London in 1673 a Browne of Norwich [q. v.], and was born published small volume called ' Brief Account that city in 1644. He was educated at the quarto A Norwich grammar school and at Trinity Col- of some Travels in Hungaria, Styria, Bulga- at Car- lege, Cambridge. He graduated M.B. Cam- ria, Thessaly, Austria, Servia, Carynthia, to Norwich. and Friuli ' another volume bridge 1663, and then returned niola, ; appeared in and in 1685 a collection of all his A journal of this period of his life is extant, 1677, travels in one volume folio. It contains some .and gives an amusing picture of his diversions small alterations and some additions. In 1672 and occupations, and of life in Norwich. ' Browne often went to dances at the duke's he published in 12mo a translation of a His- of the and he wrote the lives palace, admired the gems preserved there, tory Cossacks,' and Sertorius in and learnt to play ombre from the duke's of Themistocles Dryden's < brother. He dissected nearly every day, Plutarch,' published in 1700. In 1667 Browne had been elected sometimes a dog, sometimes a monkey, a calf's F.R.S., studied and in 1675 was admitted a fellow of the Col- leg, a turkey's heart. He botany, read medicine and literature and theology lege of Physicians. He lived in Salisbury Fleet Street in his father's library, and saw at least one Court, (College of Physicians ' and became to the He patient. 16 Feb. Mrs. Anne Ward gave me Lists], physician king. week after this was elected to St. Bartholomew's my first fee, ten shillings.' A physician 7 1682 St. Earth. important event Browne went to London. Hospital Sept. (MS. Journal, was treasurer of the of He attended the lectures of Dr. Terne, phy- Hosp.) ; College and 1704- sician to St. Bartholomew's Hospital, whose Physicians 1694-1704, president had a and daughter Henrietta he married in 1672. His 1708. He large practice, enjoyed notes of Dr. Terne's lectures exist in manu- the friendship of many men in power. A Street writer attributes of his script in the British Museum. When the Grub part good Browne 43 Browne

fortune to the favour of one of Charles II'a to considerable opulence. In 1727 he built mistresses but the statement has no founda- himself a ; commodious mansion, with several tion in fact. Browne's professional success other dwelling-houses adjoining, intended for to his and was due general capacity interest- the residences of the captains of his ships and ing conversation. His note-books show that other persons in his employment. The man- he laboured hard at his profession, and that sion-house afterwards became the custom- through good introductions he early became house for the port of Sunderland. Browne ' known to many physicians, surgeons, and died at Cork 27 Aug. 1730. Some Account of apothecaries. In 1673 he had already met in Edward Browne of Sunderland, with copies consultation thirteen physicians and ten sur- of manuscripts respecting him,' was printed geons (Sloane MS. 1895). A great many let- for private circulation at Sunderland, 1821, ters and notes in his handwriting are to be 12mo, and reprinted for sale London, 1842, found among the Sloane MSS. Amongst them 12mo. is the earliest known of the ' Pharmaco- copy Smith's Cat. of Friends' i. 329 ' [Joseph Books, ; of St. Bartholomew's It is poeia Hospital. Richardson's Local Historian's Table Book (Hist. dated and some of its were 1670, prescriptions Div.), i. 329.] T. C. the subject ofcorrespondence between Browne and his father. Browne died at Northfleet, BROWNE, FELICIA DOROTHEA. Kent (MuNK, Coll ofPhys. i. 375), on 28 Aug. [See HEMANS.] 1708, andleft a son Thomas (1672-1710) [q.v.] and a daughter. He is buried at Northfleet. BROWNE, GEORGE, D.D. (d. 1556), Browne's travels are spoken of by Dr. John- archbishop of Dublin, the chief instrument of son with small respect, and their style cannot Henry VIII in the Irish reformation, was 'be commended. The best that can be said of originally a friar, and first emerges into them is that they contain many interesting notice in 1534, when, as provincial of the facts, and that their information is exact. whole order of Austin Friars, he was em- They may be read with pleasure if viewed ployed, in conjunction with Hilsey, the pro- as a table of contents of the mind of a well- vincial of the Dominicans, to minister the oath read Englishman of King Charles II's days. of succession to all the friars of London Browne had read a good deal of Greek as and the south of England (Dixox, Hist, of well as of Latin, the fathers as well as the the Church of England, i. 214). He- is said classical authors. He was also well versed to have recommended himself to the king by in new books he had read Ashmole's ' Or- the who were to ; advising poor, beginning ' der of the Garter,' La Martiniere's Arctic feel the distress caused by the religious re- Travels,' and did not even despise the last volution, to make their applications solely to new novel, but quotes the Duchess of New- Christ. Within a year he was nominated to castle's 'New Blazing World' (Travels, ed. the see of Dublin, vacant by the murder of 1685, pp. 97, 99, 123) in the year of its pub- Archbishop Allen in the rising of Kildare lication. loved his in 1534 but it was not until another He father, and inherited ; year his tastes, and, if practice had not engrossed bad elapsed that he arrived in Ireland on too much of his time, might have written 6 July 1536 (HAMILTON, Cal of State Pa- books as as the' Errors' or 21 the life of Browne in good Vulgar persfor Ireland, p. ; l the Hydriotaphia.' Deeper meditations like the Harleian Misc. vol. v. places his arrival l ' those of the Religio Medici were probably in December 1535). The Irish parliament, foreign to his nature. In a taste for every which had been sitting for two months, ac- kind of information, in regard for his pro- cepted all the principal acts by which Eng- in warm and in land had declared herself of fession, family affections, up- | independent right principles and conduct, he resembled Rome. The only opposition to these sweep- his father but the strain of measures was offered the ; deeper thought ing by clergy, which is to be found in Sir Thomas Browne who claimed the power of voting in their is nowhere to be traced in the writings of his own house upon bills which had passed the eldest son. Irish commons, and carried this obstructive so under the of their [Sloane MSS. in British Museum, 1895-7; policy far, leadership of Wilkins's Works of Sir primate Cromer, the archbishop Armagh, Thomas Browne ; Munk's Coll. of that it was found necessary to deprive them Phys. 1878 ; Works.] N. M. of their privilege (Dixox, ii. 179). A speech BROWNE, EDW^ARD (d. 1730), an made by Browne on this occasion, declar- eminent quaker, son of James Browne of ing his vote for the king as supreme head of was a Cork, native of that city. He was the Irish church, has been preserved (Harl. an inhabitant of where he Misc. v. and it was long Sunderland, 559) ; through him, -served his apprenticeship and afterwards rose as he boasted, that a separate act was passed Browne 44 Browne granting the first-fruits of all abbeys to the Hibernian church before she assumed her king, thus paving the way for the suppression English livery. The lord-deputy read the royal ' of the Irish monasteries, which quickly fol- order for the service to be in English. Then/ lowed. By these enactments the English exclaimed the primate Dowdall indignantly, reformation in a mass ' illiterate ready made was flung any layman may say mass !' and after into the midst of a semi-barbarous and de- a warm altercation he left the meeting, fol- caying country. Browne held a commission lowed by the greater number of his suffra- from Thomas Cromwell, the minister and gans. Santleger then handed the order to ' vicegerent of Henry, to further the king's Browne, who now assumed his natural posi- ' and in this cause he laboured tion as head of the ' This advantage ; conforming party. with diligence, journeying into various parts, order, good brethren,' said he to the remaining ' preaching, publishing the royal articles and clergy, is from the king and from our bre- and the first-fruits and thren the fathers and of to injunctions, collecting clergy England ; twentieths of the spiritualties which had him I submit, as Jesus did to Csesar, in all been decreed to the king. He put forth a things lawful, asking no questions why or form of bidding bedes, or prayers, which is wherefore, as owning him our true and law- the earliest document in which the church ful king.' On the Easter day following the of Ireland is conjoined with the church of English service was used for the first time State England under royal supremacy ( Col, of in the cathedral church of Dublin, Browne Papers, ii. 504 : COLLIEE, Eccl. Hist. Records, preaching the sermon. To the Irish people No. 40). Browne encountered not only the the change from Latin to English was a open hostility of many of his brethren, and change from one unknown tongue to another, especially of Staples, the bishop of Meath, for English maintained itself with difficulty but the detractions and suspicions of the rest even in the pale, though the use of it was of the Irish council. The lord-deputy Grey commanded by penal statutes. The churches was his enemy, and treated him with con- were emptier than ever, and the malcontent ' tempt, calling him a polshorn friar,' and on clergy were aided by papal emissaries, and one occasion putting him in prison. The the Jesuit missionaries gained ground (MAC- king entertained the complaints that were GEOGHAN, Hist, of Ireland). The prelates, sent to England against him of arrogance and however, who followed Dowdall gradually and wrote him a severe conformed and in the middle of the inefficiency, letter, ; when, him with but Browne same Dowdall went from his menacing disgrace ; year, 1550, see, contrived to explain all accusations, except declaring that he would not be bishop where perhaps the one of receiving bribes. He must there was no mass, none of his brethren have been a man of some sagacity, for he imitated his example. His place, after a predicted that the alteration of religion would vacancy of two years, was filled by Goodacre,. ' cause the English and Irish race to lay aside an Englishman sent by Cranmer, who was their national old quarrels, and a foreigner to consecrated by Browne at Christ Church. At ' invade the nation (Letters to Cromwell, May the same time the primacy of all Ireland, the 1538, Harl Misc. v. 561). ancient dignity of the see of Armagh, was In the first years of Edward VI the reforma- claimed by Browne, and transferred by royal tion languished. Browne lay at the moment patent to Dublin. under the cloud of certain accusations of ne- Browne had complained to the authorities * glect of duty, alienation of leases, and un- in England of the remissness of Santleger in decent' conduct in preaching, which were the reformation (Browne to Warwick, August him another member of 1551 Irish Cal. But preferred against by ; HAMILTON, p. 115). the Irish council, and seem never to have been to John Bale, who arrived in Ireland at the- fully explained (DixoN, iii. 406). It was not same time as Goodacre, Browne himself ap- until 1550, after the full publication of the first peared remiss. The Bishop of Ossory has given him the character of an avaricious dis- sembler, hints that he was a drunkard and religion. By a profligate, and affirms that his complaints lingham had been succeeded by the second against Santleger were a device to get the ' administration of Santleger, a man of easy primacy. As for his learning,' says Bale, ' temper, secretly attached to the old system. he knows none so well as the practices of" were to order the to use for his twice in His instructions clergy Sardanapalus ; preachings the service. Accordingly he some- the year, of the ploughman in the winter, by English " what incautiously summoned a convention of Exit qui seminat," and of the shepherd in " the bishops and clergy at Dublin, and thus the summer, by Ego sum bonus pastor,"' brought about the curious scene which was the they are so well known in Dublin that when final protestation of the ancient independent he cometh into the pulpit they can tell the- Browne 45 Browne sermon.' Bale was consecrated Browne state secrets he carried by ; which to St. Peters- and the bitterness between them began at the burg. In recognition of this special service he was ceremony, which Bale affirmed that Browne raised by Anna to the rank of major- performed very awkwardly, and desired to general, and in this capacity accompanied have deferred, in order to get the revenue General Lacy on his first expedition to Fin- for the see for the year. Their differences land. On the outbreak of the Swedish war were renewed when, on the accession of his tactical skill was displayed to great ad- Queen Mary, Bale was forced to quit Ossory vantage in checking Swedish attacks on Li- and fly for his life to Dublin. Browne re- vonia. In the seven years' war he rendered ' fused to allow him to preach there. Sitting important assistance as lieutenant-general on his ale-bench, with his cup in his hand, under his cousin Ulysses Maximilian, count he made boast that I should not preach in von Browne [q. v.] His fortunate diversion his city' (BALE, Vocation, in Harl. Misc. of the enemy's attacks at Kollin, 18 June 1757, contributed vol. vi.) Browne's triumph was short. In materially to the allied victory, the revolution under Mary his primacy was and in token of her appreciation of his con- revoked, and, Goodacre being expelled from duct on the occasion Maria Theresa presented Armagh, Dowdall was reinstated in his see him with a snuff-box set with brilliants and and title of primate of all Ireland, and the adorned with her portrait. At Zorndorf, superior style afterwards stood firm in Ar- 25 Aug. 1758, he again distinguished himself magh without revocation. By Dowdall in a similar manner, his opportune assistance Browne was extruded from Dublin as being of the right wing at the most critical moment a married man (WARE, De Prcesulib. Hib. of the battle changing almost inevitable de- 120), and in two years his successor, Hugh feat into victory. By Peter III he was named Carwin, was appointed, September 1555. field-marshal, and appointed to the chief com- The death of Browne followed shortly after- mand in the Danish war. On his addressing wards. His character, which seems to have a remonstrance to the czar against the war as been insignificant, has been described by the impolitic, he was deprived of his honours and Irish historians merely in accordance with commanded to leave the country, but the their own prejudices. czar repenting of his hasty decision recalled him three afterwards and him [Besides the authorities above mentioned, see days appointed Mant's Hist, of Ireland a governor of Livonia. He was confirmed in ; Mosheim gives long in his the office under Catherine and for account of Browne Ch. Hist. ; the Life II, thirty in the Harleian Misc. is also in the Phoenix, a years to the close of his life administered its series of scarce tracts in 2 vols., London, 1707; affairs with remarkable practical sagacity, Christian Biography, 2 vols., London, 1835.] and with great advantage both to the su- K. W. D. preme government and to the varied in- terests of the inhabitants. He died 18 Feb. BROWNE, GEORGE, COUNT DE (1698- 1792. Irish soldier of was descended 1792), fortune, [Histoire de la Vie de G. de Browne, Eiga, from a which could trace its descent family 1794; Ersch and Gruber's Allgemeine Ency- to the time of the Conqueror, and had settled clopadie, sect. i. vol. xiii. pt. i. pp. 112-13; in Ireland at a very early period. His im- Ferrar's History of Limerick.] T. F. H. mediate ancestors were the Brownes of Camas, Limerick, where he was born 15 June 1698. BROWNE, HABLOT KNIGHT (1815- He was educated at Limerick diocesan school. 1882), artist and book-illustrator, who as- A catholic and a Jacobite, he, like several of sumed the pseudonym of PHIZ, was born his other relations, sought scope for his am- at Kennington, Surrey, on 15 June 1815, bition in a foreign military career. In his being the ninth son of Mr. William Loder twenty-seventh year he entered the service Browne, a merchant, who came originally of the elector palatine, from which he passed from Norfolk. The child was christened in 1730 to that of Russia. He distinguished Hablot in memory of Captain Hablot, a himself in the Polish, French, and Turkish French officer, to whom one of his sisters was wars, and had risen to the rank of general, betrothed, and who fell at Waterloo. Young with the command of 30,000 men, when he Browne received his first education at a pri- was taken prisoner by the Turks. After vate school in Botesdale, Suffolk, kept by the being three times sold as a slave, he obtained Rev. William Haddock. In his earliest years his freedom through the intervention of the he displayed so strong a bias for drawing French ambassador Villeneuve, at the in- that he was apprenticed to Finden the en- stance of the Russian court, and, remaining graver. In London he found a congenial home for some time at Constantinople in his slave's in the house of an elder sister, who was mar- costume, succeeded in discovering important ried to Elhanan Bicknell [q. v.], afterwards Browne 46 Browne

* ' well known as a collector of Turner's and cawber in David Copperfield 'was capital/ ' other pictures. Painting in water-colour and Skimpole was made singularly unlike soon became a passion with young Browne, the great original,' a result which the author who, having obtained his release from the doubtless very much desired. monotonous work at Finden's, set up as a In 1837 Browne made a trip to Flanders, painter with a young friend of similar tastes. accompanied by Dickens, and in the follow- The rent of the attic which they shared was ing year they went together into Yorkshire paid by the produce of their artistic labours. and made studies for 'Nicholas Nickleby/ About this time Browne attended a 'life' The sketch of Squeers was taken from the school in St. Martin's Lane, where Etty was life. The 'Tale of Two Cities' was tie- a fellow-student. last work by Dickens that Browne illus- In 1832 Browne gained the silver Isis trated. medal offered by the Society of Arts for For many years the artist kept up the the best illustration of an historical subject practice of sending water-colour drawings Trans, xlix. i. and later another to the exhibitions at the British ( pt. 24) ; Institution prize from the same society for an etching and the Society of British Artists. To the ' of John Gilpin's Race.' exhibition of cartoons in Westminster Hall ' In 1836 Browne first became associated in 1843 he sent a large design of A Forag- with Charles Dickens, his senior by three ing Party of Caesar's Forces surprised by the years, in the illustration of Dickens's little Britons,' and No. 65 in the same exhibition, ' ' work, Sunday as it is by Timothy Sparks.' Henry II defied by a Welsh Mountaineer/ This book was levelled at the fanatical Sab- is attributed to him. His oil paintings were batarians, and it gave the artist an oppor- imperfect in their technical execution. Two tunity of revealing his truly comical genius. large oil pictures, however, in the Loan Ex- In the same year began the publication of hibition of his works in 1883 attracted much ' ' the Pickwick Papers,' the early portion of attention : No. 81, Les trois vifs et les trois which was written to elucidate the in 1867 and No. ' Sin- drawings morts,' painted ; 128, of cockney sporting life by Robert Seymour. tram and Death descending into the Dark On Seymour's death Dickens resolved to Valley,' painted in 1862. He had had no subordinate the plates to his text, and look- regular training except for a short period in ' ' ing out for a sympathetic illustrator after the life school in St. Martin's Lane. He Mr. Buss's unsuccessful attempt to follow never worked after that from a model either Seymour, he negotiated with Browne and of man or horse. He took great delight in Thackeray, who both sent drawings to him. horses and horsemanship, and at the height Browne was chosen, and was not long in of his fortunes, when living at Croydon and conquering a world-wide reputation under the Banstead, he regularly followed the hounds. ' signature of Phiz.' For the first two plates In his illustrations of Lever's novels the ' he assumed the modest pseudonym Nemo,' staple is almost invariably the description of ' ' ' but afterwards adopted that of Phiz as wild feats of horsemanship. I wish I could more consonant to the novelist's ' Boz.' A draw horses like Browne,' Leech was once 1 ' ' ' verbal description (see preface to Pickwick) heard to say. Harry Lorrequer,' Charles ' of the scene to be depicted was frequently O'Malley,' 'Jack Hinton,' and Tom Burke' all that Browne received from Dickens. In bear witness to 'Phiz's' versatility in his ' some instances the conception of the artist graphic treatment of the horse, while The ' ' unquestionably bettered that of the author. O'Donoghue,' The Barringtons,' and Con ' Those who in the days of his public readings Cregan contain some of his best designs. in England and America heard Dickens re- Browne went over to Brussels to confer with ' present the immortal Sam Weller as a loutish Lever on the designs for Jack Hinton/ and drawling humorist, were unable to recognise the two men became intimate. Lover, who ' the brisk, saucy, ready cockney ostler sketched was of the party, wrote that they did nothing so cleverly by Phiz. all day, or, in some instances, all night, but The association of Browne and Dickens eat, drink, and laugh.' Occasionally Lever ' continued throughout the publication of had his grumble over Browne's plates : The ' ' " " many novels. Martin Chuzzlewit and supper scene in No. 2 of Lorrequer showed ' ' David Copperfield contain perhaps the the hero as another "Nicholas Nickleby," and etcher's most vigorous work. Occasionally plagiarisms, he begged to say, were the au- differences of opinion would arise between thor's prerogative.' Again, in a moment of ' author and artist. Paul and Mrs. Pipchin,' severe respect for the proprieties of life, he ' in 'Dombey and Son,' 'really distressed' wrote, The character of my books for up- ' Dickens, it was so frightfully and wildly roarious people and incident I owe mainly to wide of the mark.' On the other hand Mi- master Phiz.' In the Irish scenes he thought Browne 47 Browne

Browne was not familiar with the of the Chichester enough pal theological college, ; oa national physiognomy, and begged him to go 9 Dec. 1842 he was collated to the prebendal and O'Connell's ' Tail ' in the House stall of Waltham in Chichester study cathedral ; of Commons (Lever's Life, i. 225, 228, 237, in 1843 he was appointed examining chaplain to the of Chichester in 295). bishop ; and 1854 * In the illustrations to Smedley's Frank he was preferred to the rectory of Pevensey Fairleigh' and 'Lewis Arundel' the horse in the same diocese. Here he remained frequently plays a part. Browne's power in till his death, 19 June 1875. Besides edi- producing strong effects of black and white tions and translations of the classics, Browne- are well shown in the illustrations to some applied himself chiefly to the elucidation of Ainsworth's romances, particularly in of sacred chronology. His published works ' ' Old St. Paul's.' are numerous : 1. Ordo Sseclorum, a trea- For thirty years Browne laboured with tise on the Chronology of Holy Scripture/ few intervals of rest save the hunting season The argument, which is subtle, is mainly on and occasional travels. His principal recrea- the same lines as Clinton's, and the latest tion was painting, and in 1867 he had just contemporary knowledge of oriental archaeo- on a broad canvas the ' Three is to bear on the biblical finishe^ Living logy brought ' and th4 Three Dead,' when he was struck statements (1844). 2. Examination of the with paralysis, the immediate cause of which Ancient Egyptian Chronographies,' com- ' was exposure to a strong draught in his bed- menced in 1852 in Arnold's Theological room at the seaside. He survived fifteen Critic.' 3. 'Remarks on Mr. Greswell's " ' years, and with characteristic tenacity con- "Fasti Catholic! (1852). This is a criticism tinued to work at plates. His mind was which aims at completely annihilating the- clear and well stored with anecdotes of the conclusions of Greswell. 4. He translated l ' eminent men he had known. But his hand for the Library of the Fathers seventeen had lost its For a few of his latter short treatises of St. in con- cunning. ' Augustine, j years he received a small pension from the junction with C. L. Cornish, and also St. Royal Academy, which had previously been Augustine's Homilies on the Gospel and First held by George Cruikshank. In 1880 he re- Epistle of St. John (1838, &c.) 5. Several moved with his family from London to West volumes of Greek and Latin classics for Ar- < Brighton, and there died on 8 July 1882. nold's School and College Series' (1851, &c.) ' He was buried on the summit of the hill at 6. A translation of Madvig's Greek Syn- ' ' the north side of the Extramural Cemetery, tax (1847). 7. A Handbook of Hebrew ' ' Brighton. Antiquities (1851). 8. An English-Greek In person Browne was handsome and Lexicon,' conjointly with Radersdorf (1856)_ ' ' strongly built. His disposition was modest 9. Hierogrammata (1848). The aim is to and retiring, but he had a fund of quiet show that Egyptian discoveries do not inva- humour and was a charming companion with lidate the Mosaic account. He was also the intimates. When he was about to leave his author of several articles in the last edition residence at Croydon for another, he made a (1862-6) of Kitto's ' Cyclopedia of Biblical bonfire of all the letters he had received from Literature.' and be- Dickens, Lever, Ainsworth, others, of the ninth edition Le Neve's- [Men Time, ; cause were almost about illus- they solely Fasti (Hardy), i. 285; British Museum Cata- trations ii. 51 He was (Lever's Life, note). logue.] A. G-N. happily married in 1840 to Miss Reynolds, and at his death left five sons and four BROWNE, ISAAC HAWKINS, the- daughters. elder (1705-1760), poet, was born on 21 Jan. 1705 at of which hi& [Thompson's Life and Labours of H. K. Burton-on-Trent, parish 1884 a F. G-. father a man of fortune and the- Browne, ; Phiz, Memoir by Kitton, private holder of ecclesiastical 1882; Forster's Life of Charles Dickens, iii., other preferments 1874; Fitzpatrick's Life of Charles Lever, was vicar. Receiving his first education at 1879.] E. H. Lichfield, he passed to Westminster School,, and thence in 1721 to Trinity College, Cam- BROWNE, HENRY (1804-1875), classi- bridge, where he obtained a scholarship and cal and biblical scholar, son of the Rev. Henry took the degree of M.A. About 1727 he John Browne, rector of Crownthorpe, Nor- began the study of law at Lincoln's Inn, but folk, was born in 1804. He was educated though called to the bar he did not seriously of his at Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, where prosecute the practice profession. he gained Bell's university scholarship in Through the influence of the Forester family 1823 he in he was twice returned to the ; graduated B.A. 1826, and M.A. (1744, 1747) of in 1830. From 1842 to 1847 he was princi- House of Commons for the borough Wen- Browne 48 Browne

near to which was his own could lock, Shropshire, open well without having a glass of estate. He was during his parliamentary ca- wine, and then the vein flowed to admira- a of Pelham's tion.' reer (1744-54) supporter whig According to the same authority, written a ministry. Before this time he had Browne died of consumption {Life of Thomas ' poem of some length on Design and Beauty,' Newton, D.D., Bishop of Bristol Written addressed to Highmore the painter, and among by himself, 1782). his other ' A of an productions Pipe Tobacco,' Brit. ii. [Biog. (Kippis), 647 ; Return of Mem- ode in imitation of Pope, Swift, Thomson, bers authorities ; quoted in the then had a con- text.] and other poets living, gained J. M. S. siderable measure of popularity. His prin- a cipal work, published in 1754, was Latin BROWNE, ISAAC HAWKINS, the ' poem on the immortality of the soul De younger (1745-1818), only child of Isaac ' Hawkins the Animi Immortalitate which received high Browne elder [q.'v.], was born -commendation from the scholars of his time. 7 Dec. 1745. He was educated at West- Of this there have been several English trans- minster School and Hertford College, Ox- ford. lations, the best known of which is by Soame Long after taking his M.A. in 1767, After a illness he died in he kept his rooms at Oxford and Jenyns. lingering | frequently

London on 14 Feb. 1760. An edition of his resided there ; in 1773 he received the de- poems was published by his son [see BROWNE, gree of D.C.L. Having made a tour on ISAAC HAWKINS, the younger] in 1768. the continent, he settled on his property in Browne had little aptitude for professional or Shropshire, and in 1783 served as sheriff for talents the In public life, but he was a man of lively county. 1784 he entered the House and varied accomplishments. The humour of of Commons as member for Bridgnorth, some of his lighter pieces has not wholly which he represented for twenty-eight years and the of his is he was a of Pitt. evaporated, gaiety genius (1784-1812) ; supporter Like his vouched by contemporaries of much wider father, he seems to have had no gift for celebrity. Warburton, praising the poem on oratory, but when he spoke 'his esta- ' the soul, adds that it gives me the more blished reputation for superior knowledge pleasure as it seems to be a mark of the and judgment secured to him that attention ' author getting serious (NiCHOLS, Illustr. of which might have been wanting to him on other Lit. ii. 33). Mrs. Piozzi reports Dr. Johnson accounts.' In 1815 he published, anony- as of Browne that he was ' of all con- ' and Moral ' saying mously, Essays, Religious ; versers the most delightful with whom I ever this work he afterwards acknowledged, and was in his talk was at once so ele- an edition two later bears company ; published years i gant, so apparently artless, so pure and so his name. His Essays on Subjects of im- pleasing, it seemed a perpetual stream of sen- portant Inquiry in Metaphysics, Morals, and timent, enlivened by gaiety and sparkling Religion' (1822) were not published till with images' (MRS. PIOZZI, Anecdotes of after his death; if the seriousness of his Dr. Johnson, 1786). And fifteen years after mind is shown by the spirit of this volume, Browne's death Johnson is found thus illus- his exactness and capacity for taking pains trating the proposition that a man's powers are illustrated by the array of authorities are not to be judged by his capacity for pub- by which the text is supported. Bishop New- ' ton lic speech : Isaac Hawkins Browne, one of (Life of Thomas Newton, D.D., Bishop ' the first wits of this country, got into par- of Bristol, 1782) speaks of him as a very ' liament and never opened his mouth (Bos- worthy, good young man, possessed of many WELL, Johnson, 5 April 1775). In the 'Tour of his father's excellencies without his fail- to the Hebrides,' two years earlier, Boswell ings,' and this portrait is completed by a ' writes (5 Sept. 1773) : After supper Dr. contemporary biographer, who, mentioning Johnson told us that Isaac Hawkins Browne that Charles James Fox was a fellow-student drank freely for thirty years, and that he with Browne and of the same is " " college, wrote his poem De Animi Immortalitate careful to add that they formed no intimacy, ' in some of the last of these years. I listened their pursuits, habits, and connections being to this with the eagerness of one who, con- of a widely different character.' In 1768 is he edited scious of being himself fond of wine, glad his father's poems in two editions, to hear that a man of so much genius and the best of which, with plates by Sterne, was not for good thinking as Browne had the same pro- sale. This edition, it "may be pre- is to some contained the pensity.' This story confirmed sumed, memoir of his father, extent by Bishop Newton, who speaks of which he is said to have issued with his * and draws a be- works in case there is Browne's failings,' parallel ; any no memoir in ' tween him and Addison : They were both the edition offered to the public, which of is the one excellent companions, but neither them only generally accessible, though Browne 49 Browne the material facts in the life of Browne the tributed certain articles which assisted to l elder in the Biographia Britannica' were, as bring to light the Burke and Hare murders. ' ' appears from an acknowledgment in that During his editorship of the Mercury he work, supplied by his son. Browne was became involved in a dispute with Mr. Charles ' twice married (1788 and 1805), his first wife Maclaren, editor of the Scotsman/ with the being the daughter of the Hon. Edward Hay, result that they fought a duel, in which son of the seventh earl of Kinnoul. Browne neither was injured. In 1830 he resigned the ' died in London 30 May 1818. editorship of the Mercury/ and started the ' North Britain ' but after the discontinu- [Gent. Mag. Ixxxviii. part ii. 179.] ; J. M. S. ance of that paper he resumed the editorship ' of the Mercury.' When the issue of the ' BROWNE or BROWN, JAMES (1616- seventh edition of the Encyclopaedia Bri- ' 1685), theologian, son of a father of the tannica was resolved upon, he was appointed same names, of Mangotsfield, Gloucestershire, assistant editor. In his books and in his matriculated at Oxford as a student of Oriel newspaper articles the excitability of his in 1634, and took his B.A. degree in 1638. temperament was mirrored in a boisterous and He then left the university, and is said to blustering mode of expression, cleverly cari- ' ' have become a chaplain in the parliamenta- catured in an article in Blackwood (vol. ' rian army and to have been an eager dispu- xviii.), entitled Some Passages in the Life tant. On the Restoration he conformed. of Colonel Cloud.' ' He wrote: 1. Antichrist in Spirit,' a work He was the author of: 1. 'A Sketch of l answered by George Fox in his Great the History of Edinburgh/ attached to Ew- ' Mystery of the Great Whore,' pp. 259, 260, bank's Picturesque Views of Edinburgh/ < where the author's name is spelt Brown. 1823-5. 2. Critical Examination of Mac- ' 2. Scripture Redemption freed from Men's culloch's Work on the Highlands and Islands ' Restrictions,' 1673, and printed with it. of Scotland/ 1826. 3. Apercu sur les Hiero- ' 3. The Substance of several Conferences and glyphes d'Egypte/ Paris, 1827; a French Disputes . . . about the Death of our Re- translation of articles contributed to the deemer.' 1 Edinburgh Review.' 4. ' Remarks on the of the Civil occasioned iv. Study Law, by Mr. [Wood's Athense Oxon. (ed. Bliss), 504 ; late attack on the Scottish Fox's Great Mystery (ed. 1659), 259.] W. H. Brougham's Bar/ 1828. 5. A popular and interesting 'History BROWNE, JAMES, LL.D. (1793-1841), of the Highlands and of the Highland Clans/ journalist and author, was the son of a manu- in four volumes, 1st ed. 1835-8, 2nd ed. 1845. facturer at Coupar Angus, and was born at By his excessive literary labours he over- Whitefield, parish of Cargill, Perthshire, in tasked his strength and induced a severe at- 1793. He was educated for the ministry of tack of paralysis, from which his recovery the at church of Scotland the university of was never more than partial. He died April St. Andrews, where he specially distinguished 1841 at Woodbine Cottage, Trinity, near liimself in classics. After obtaining license Edinburgh, and was buried in Duddingstone to preach he spent some time on the conti- churchyard. In his later years he became nent as tutor -in a private family. On his a convert to the Roman catholic faith, and ' return to Scotland he acted as assistant clas- he wrote a tractate, entitled Examination sical master in Perth Academy, officiating at of Sir Walter Scott's Opinions regarding the same time as interim assistant to the Popery/ which was published posthumously minister of Kinnoul, Perthshire. About this in 1845. time he ' published anonymously a History 1841 Gent. [Caledonian Mercury, 10 April ; of the which obtained a Inquisition/ large ser. xv. 662 Anderson's Scottish Na- Mag. new ; and in he a circulation, 1817 sermon ii. Brit. 9th ed. iv. printed tion, 400-1 ; Encyc. 389.] reached on the death of the Princess Char- T. F. H. E)tte. Either because he found his work un- congenial, or because he saw little prospect BROWNE, JOHN (1642-1700?), sur- of obtaining a parish, he resolved to study for geon, was born in 1642, probably at Norwich, the bar. He passed advocate in 1826, and where he lived in the early part of his life. received the degree of LL.D. from the uni- He was of a surgical family, being, as he of St. Andrews but to obtain 'conversant with almost versity ; failing says, chirurgery a practice at the bar he gradually turned his from my cradle, being the sixth generation of attention wholly to literature. For some time my own relations, all eminent masters of our ' he acted as editor of the Scots Magazine,' and profession.' Among these relations was one ' in 1827 he became editor of the Caledonian William Crop, an eminent surgeon in Nor- Mercury/ to which in the same year he con- folk. He was acquainted with the celebrated VOL. VII. Browne Browne

Sir Thomas Browne of Norwich [q. v.], who tween 1660 and 1682 to 92,107). His trea- wrote commendatory letters prefixed to two tise on the muscles consists of six lectures, is men- of his namesake's books, but there no illustrated by elaborate copper-plates, of tion of any kinship between them. Browne which the engraving is better than the draw- studied at St. Thomas's Hospital, London, ing. It is probably the first of such books in a under Thomas Hollyer, but after serving as which the names of the muscles are printed in the settled down at Norwich. on the figures. Browne's surgeon navy [ portrait, engraved In 1677 he published his book on tumours, by R. White, is prefixed in different states to and in the following year migrated to Lon- each of his books. don, being about the' same time made sur- He wrote: 1. 'A Treatise of Preternatural Charles II. the geon in ordinary to King On Tumours,' 8vo, London, 1678 (with plates). ' occasion of a vacancy for a surgeon at St. 2. A Complete Discourse of Wounds,' 4to, < Thomas's Hospital, the king sent a letter London, 1678 (plates). 3. Adeno-Choira- recommending him for the appointment, and delogia, or an Anatomick-Chirurgical Trea- he was elected the on 21 June 1684 in three by governors tise,' &c., 8vo, London, ; parts ' '

his I 1683, in all humble submission to ma- with separate titles, viz. (1) Adenographia, the claims of another ! or an Anatomical Treatise of the Glandules ' jesty's letter/ though ; * surgeon, Edward Rice, who had taken charge (2) Chreradelogia, or an exact Discourse of the the of of Strumaes or Evil ' hospital during plague 1665, King's Swellings ; their ' when all the surgeons deserted posts, [ (3) Charisma Basilicon, or the Royal Gift were This inter- of Contact or Im- manifestly superior. royal j Healing Strumaes, &c., by ference did not in the end prove a happy position of the Sacred Hands of our Kings circumstance for Browne. In 1691 com- of England and of France.' 4. ' Myographia plaints arose that the surgeons did not obey Nova, or a graphical description of all the the of the and Muscles in the Human with one and regulations hospital, pretended Body ; that mandamus 1684 2nd ed. being appointed by royal forty copper-plates,' London, ; they were not responsible to the governors. Lugd. Batavorum, 1687; 3rd ed. London, state of and under 4th ed. 5. ' In the changed politics, 1697 ; London, 1698. The Sur- the guidance of their able president, Sir geon's Assistant,' 8vo, London, 1703.

Robert the were deter- ; Clayton, governors [Browne's Works; Archives of St. Thomas's to maintain their and on mined ; authority, Hospital.] J. F. P. 7 July 1691 they 'put out' the whole of their surgical staff, including Browne, and BROWNE, JOHN (1741-1801), en- appointed other surgeons in their place. graver, was born at Finchfield, Essex, Browne appealed to the lords commissioners 26 April 1741. He was the posthumous son of the great seal, and the governors were of the rector of Boston, Norfolk, and was edu- | called upon to defend their proceedings. The cated at Norwich. In 1756 he was appren- decision apparently went in their favour, for ticed to John Tinney, the engraver, who was in 1698 Browne humbly petitioned the go- also William Woollett's master. With Tin- vernors to be reinstated, though without ney he remained till 1761, and then placed success. Browne managed to continue in himself under Woollett, many of whose plates court favour after the revolution, and was were commenced by Browne. On leaving T surgeon to William III. He died probably W oollett he engraved a series of plates after early in the eighteenth century. N. Poussin, P. P. Rubens, Claude Lorraine, Browne was a well-educated man, and in and other eminent masters. Browne practised all likelihood a good surgeon, as he was cer- exclusively as an engraver of landscape, and tainly a well-trained anatomist according to attained to a high degree of excellence in that the standard of the day. His books show department. He was elected an associate en- no lack of professional knowledge, though graver of the Royal Academy in 1770, and they are wanting in originality. The most exhibited thirteen plates between 1767 and ' notable perhaps is Charisma Basilicon, or 1801. He died in West Lane, Walworth, an Account of the Royal Gift of Healing,' 2 Oct. 1801. The following are some of his where he describes the method pursued by most important works, which are to be seen < ' Charles II in touching for the king's evil,' in our national collection of prints : The he was after Rubens ' The with which as the king's surgeon Watering Place,' ; Forest/ full of after Sir Beaumont ' St. John the officially concerned. Though gross George ; adulation and a credulity which it is difficult Baptist in the Wilderness/ after S. Rosa; ' to believe sincere, it is the best contemporary A View of the Gate of the Emperor Akbar curious rite as at after ' The account of this practised by Secundrii/ Hodges ; Cascade/ statistics of the after G. Poussin and four from his the Stuart kings, and gives ; plates ' ( ' numbers of persons touched (amounting be- own designs, Morning/ Evening/ After Browne Browne

and ' ' also several known also on the Sunset,' Moonlight ; large publication, plague, was plates after Claude Lorraine. addressed to the president and members of the of with which [Redgrave's Dictionary of Artists, 1878.] Royal College Physicians, L. R body he was not affiliated. Beyond the date of this publication (1721) there is no trace BROWNE, JOSEPH (/?. 1706), physi- of him. has been described as a char- cian, generally [Brit. Mus. Cat.; Granger's Biog. Hist, of latan. His is and the continuation ii. origin unknown, par- England, by "Noble, 232 ; Notes ticulars his are of personal history scanty, and Queries, 3rd ser. i. 465, ii. 13.] J. M. S. but it is that he was the probable Joseph JOSEPH Browne of Jesus College, Cambridge, who BROWNE, (1700-1767), pro- M.B. 1695 that he took the vost of Queen's College, Oxford, son of proceeded ; was born at a degree of M.D. does not appear, though George Browne, yeoman, place called the in he assumed the title. In 1706 he was Tongue Watermillock, Cum- educated at Barton and ad- twice convicted for libelling Queen Anne's berland, school, mitted commoner of administration. The first of these occasions, Queen's College, Oxford, on 21 March the of his when he was fined forty marks and ordered to 1716-17, expense education it is said, stand in the pillory, was for the publication being, partly defrayed ' a benefactor. He was elected of The Country Parson's Honest Advice to by private tabarder on the foundation of his that judicious and worthy Minister of State college, M.A. on 4 Nov. my Lord Keeper.' In a letter addressed to and, having graduated 1724, l became a there. He was elected Secretary Harley, occasioned by his late chaplain fellow 1 and became a successful committment to Newgate,' he denies the April 1731, tutor took the of D.D. 9 authorship of this pamphlet, of which at the ; degree July 1743, and was the with the same time he gives a professedly disinterested presented by college of 1746. In that explanation. He also speaks of Harley as living Bramshot, Hampshire, ' he was of natural having not only treated him like a patriot, year appointed professor and held that office until his but given him friendly advice.' For thus philosophy, death. He was instituted of undertaking the office of political interpreter prebendary Hereford on 9 June of the same he was again fined forty marks and ordered year (he was afterwards called into and to stand in the pillory twice. He has been residence), described ' as a mere tool of the booksellers on 13 Feb. 1752 was collated to the chan- ' of the cathedral. On 3 Dec. 1756 and always needy (GKANGEK, Biog. Hist, of cellorship he was elected of Queen's England (Noble's continuation), ii. 232). It provost College. From 1759 to 1765 he held the office of vice- is at any rate certain that he was an indus- chancellor of the He had a severe trious writer, and that his effrontery may be university. stroke of 25 March and died on discerned through an obscure and rambling palsy 1765, 17 June 1767. He edited l Maffei S. R. E, style. He wrote and lectured against Har- Card. Barberini Urbani VII vey's theory of the circulation of the blood, postea Poemata/ ' ' 1726. and he continued the Examiner after it had been dropped by Mrs. Manley, who had [Hutchinson's History of Cumberland, i. 426, ' 427 Wood's and of the succeeded Swift and others ; History Antiquities ; consequently and Halls it became as inferior to what it had been as Colleges (Ghitch), 149, app. 172, 173 ; of the ii. Le Neve's History University, 871 ; his abilities were to theirs' (ib.) Following Fasti i. 496. The lives of Dr. the fashion of the he the (Hardy), 494, time, sought patron- Browne in Chalmers's and Eose's of and was bold and Biographical age great people, impor- Dictionaries are taken from Hutchinson's Cum- ' tunate in his applications. Thus his Modern W. H. ' berland.] Practice of Physick vindicated (two parts, 1703-4) is dedicated to the Duke of Leeds BROWNE, LANCELOT (d.1605), physi- without permission, for he was 'jealous it cian, was a native of York. He matriculated might be denied him.' He hopes, however, at St. John's College, Cambridge, in May ' the duke will pardon the ambition I have of 1559, graduated B.A. in 1562-3, and M.A. in publishing to the world that I am known to 1566. In 1567 he was elected fellow of Pem- A similar motive led him to broke Hall in 1570 received the license of your grace.' ; ' dedicate his Lecture of Anatomy against the university to practise physic. He took a ' ' the Circulation of the Blood (1701) to His leading part in the opposition to the new Excellency Heer Vrybergen, Envoy Extra- statutes of the university promulgated in ordinary from the States-General.' His 1572, and in 1573 was made proctor. He was 'Practical Treatise of the Plague' (1720) created M.D. in 1576, and after this would has a prefatory epistle to an eminent medical appear to have moved to London, as on authority of that day, Dr. Mead, and his last 10 June 1584 he was elected fellow of the E 2 Browne Browne

censor in Brown ' Bibliotheca Britannica, College of Physicians. He was ; Typographic^ x. 64 Veteris ^Evi &c. Cata- several times afterwards an elect ; varii, ; 1587, and ; Catalogus dei scelti e &c. ; in 1599; and a member of the council of the pgo piu preziosi Marmi, i. 96 Environs, 540, Supplement, ; college in 1604-5; but died in 1605, probably L/ysons's private information.] J. H. shortly before 11 Dec. Browne was physi- cian to Queen Elizabeth, to James I, and to BROWNE, LYDE (d. 1803), the younger, his He is not known to have written queen. Lieutenant-colonel 21st royal Scots fusiliers, a letter in anything except commendatory who was killed by Emmett's mob in Dublin in Latin to Gerarde's 'Herbal' prefixed (first 1803, entered the army as cornet in the 3rd He was one of those en- edition, 1597). dragoons 11 June 1777, and obtained his troop trusted the of in 1589 by College Physicians in the 20th light dragoons, a corps formed with the of a and preparation pharmacopoeia, during the American war out of the light in 1594 was on a committee for the appointed troops of some other cavalry regiments, and same but for some reason the work object, which was disbanded in 1783, when he was and not resumed till was stopped, twenty on half He was brought on full when Browne was no placed pay. years afterwards, longer pay in the 40th foot in May 1794, and served living. with that regiment in the West Indies, and ii. 421 in the 4th West [Cooper's Athense Cantabrigienses, ; became major (Nicholl's) Hunk's Coll. of Phys. (2nd ed.) ii. 86.] Indiaregiment in 1797. His subsequent com- J. F. P. 90th 1798 lieu- missions were major foot, ; tenant-colonel 35thfoot, with which he served LYDE the elder, BROWNE, (d. 1787), at 1800 lieutenant-colonel 85th Malta, ; foot, was a director of the Bank of Eng- virtuoso, 1801 and lieutenant-colonel 21st fusiliers, a town house in Foster Lane, ; land, having 25 Jan. 1802. The latter regiment was sta- and a country house at Wimbledon. City, tioned in Cork Street, Thomas Street, and He commenced the antique-art collections for Coombe Barracks in 1803, and Browne which he was about 1747. He July distinguished was thither to his men on 5 1752 he repairing join became F.S.A. on April ; resigned the alarm being given at dusk on 23 July, the in 1772. In 1768 he fellowship April when he was shot dead by some of the same was elected director of the Bank of England. mob which immediately afterwards murdered that he had gathered together at his By year the Lord Kilwarden in an adjoining Wimbledon house as as rare aged many eighty-one street. statues and other precious examples of Greek Lists Trimen's Hist. Rec. and Roman art. Browne's art treasures were [Annual Army ; H. Stooks- 35th Foot 1874) ; described in a Latin catalogue, 8vo, published (Southampton, Smith's Alph. List Officers, 85th Lt. Inf. (Lon- in 1768, together with the sources whence : Cannon's Hist. Kec. 21st them were obtained. 1779 don, 1850) Fusiliers.] some of By H. M. C. Browne had largely increased his collection. An Italian catalogue of it (4to, Rivingtons) BROWNE, MOSES (1704-1787), poet, in that and this was published year, speaks born in 1704, was originally a pen-cutter. 236 as the choicest of Browne's a of pieces being His earliest production in print was weak said to be ' possessions, and comprising some called Polidus, or Distress'd Love,' ' tragedy * d' uno stile il sublime and in ' or piu perfect and an equally weak farce All Bedevil'd, 1786 Browne preservation. About arranged the House in a Hurry,' neither of which was the whole of these treasures a in a to sell (or ever performed by regular actors or to the of portion, it is not clear) Empress licensed theatre. His earliest studies were and the he was to be was viscount Russia, price paid patronised by Robert, Molesworth, merchant in St. Peters- ' 22,000/. Choosing a and his poems of Piscatory Eclogues,' 1729, burg, on the recommendation of some friends, were dedicated to Dodington, afterwards Lord to receive and transmit this sum of money, Melcombe. They were reissued with other ' Browne had 10,000/. of it duly forwarded, works in 1739 under the title of Poems on the balance was never to the in 1773 as but sent, owing various Subjects,' and again merchant's The loss caused ' bankruptcy. Angling Sports, in nine Piscatory Eclogues.' Browne much depression, and he soon after- Browne found a kind friend in Cave, the pro- wards died of ' and for (10 Sept. 1787) apoplexy. prietor of the Gentleman's Magazine,' mansion was tenanted con- His Wimbledon a long time he was the principal poetical his Dundas of 50/. after death by Henry (Lord tributor to that periodical. The prize the Earl of Melville), and subsequently by offered by Cave for the best theological poem Aberdeen and Lord Lovaine Dr. Birch it is by (LrsoNS, was awarded to Browne by ; Environs, p. 96). with other of his com- Supplement, printed, prize poems ^ under in the ' Poems on various [Gent. Mag. 1787, vol. Ivii. pt. ii. p. 840, position, Subjects.' Browne 53 Browne

Browne was an enthusiastic angler, and continued his studies, obtaining the degree of in 1750, at the suggestion of Dr. Johnson, M.D. 21 Feb. 1743 (PEACOCK, English Stu- of brought out an edition Walton and Cot- dents at Leyden, p. 14). At Leyden he made ' ton's Compleat Angler,' adding to it 'a the acquaintance of Gronovius, and began number of occasional notes.' These were of a correspondence with Linnaeus, which con- value, but unfortunately the original text tinued till his death. After practising his was altered to suit the taste of the age. profession for two years in London he re- Other editions appeared in 1759 and 1772, turned to the West Indies, spending some the former giving rise to a controversy with months in Antigua and other sugar islands, Sir John Hawkins, who was also an editor of and thence proceeding to Jamaica. Here he * that work. Browne's volume, Works and occupied himselfwith the study of the geology, Rest of the Creation, containing (1) an Essay botany, and natural history of the island. In on the Universe, (2) Sunday Thoughts,' was 1755 he published a new map of Jamaica, and ' published in 1752, and was several times in 1756 Civil and Natural History of Ja- ' reprinted, the last edition being in 1806. maica in folio, ornamented with forty-nine Through the encouragement of the Rev. engravings, a map of the island, and a map James Hervey he took orders in the English of the harbour of Port Royal, Kingston, &c. church and became curate to Hervey at Col- All the copperplates as well as the original lingtree in 1753. The small living of Olney drawings used in the work were consumed was given to Browne by Lord Dartmouth in the great fire in Cornhill 7 Nov. 1765, and in the same year, but as the poet had a large consequently the second edition of the book ' ' family Cowper says ten or a dozen chil- published in 1769, with four new Linnsean ' ' dren, Hervey with greater precision thirteen indexes, is without illustrations. In June * he was forced to accept in 1763 the chap- 1774 he published in Exshaw's London Ma- ' ' laincy of Morden College, and to be non- gazine a Catalogue of the Birds of Ireland, resident at Olney. At a still later date he whether natives, casual visitors, or birds of became the vicar of Sutton in Lincolnshire. passage, taken from observation, classed and died at Morden 13 to Linnaeus ' and in Browne College Sept. disposed according ; Au- t 1787, his wife, Ann, having predeceased him gust of the same year a Catalogue of Fishes on 24 March 1783, aged 65. A tablet to his observed on our coasts, and in our lakes and t memory is in Olney Church. John Newton rivers.' He left in manuscript a Catalogue was his curate there from 1764 to 1780, when of the Plants now growing in the Sugar Is- ' Thomas Scott succeeded him. lands,' and a Catalogue of such Irish Plants He was the author of several sermons and as have been observed by the author, chiefly ' the translator of The Excellency of the those of the counties of Mayo and Galway.' Knowledge of Jesus Christ, by John Liborius He died at Rushbrook, co. Mayo, 29 Aug. Zimmermann,' which passed through three 1790, and was interred in the family burying- editions (1772, 1773, and 1801). At the place at Crossboyne, where there is a monu- command of the Duke and Duchess of Somer- ment to his memory with an inscription set he wrote in 1749 a poem on their seat written by himself. of ' but it was not to the Percy Lodge,' given [Walker's Hibernian Mag. 1795, pt. ii. pp. world until 1755. Had this they lived, poor 195-7.] T. F. H. poet would have been better provided for. PETER was [Gent. Mag. 1736, pp. 59-60, 1787 pp. 286, BROWNE, (d. 1735), divine, in after the 932 Dram. i. 75 Westwood's born co. Dublin soon Restoration ; 840, ; Biog. (1812), ; Bibl. Piscatoria (1883), pp. 43-4, 221-2; entered Trinity College in 1682; became Nichols's Lit. Anecd. ii. v. 51-3 fellow in and in 1699. 21, 436, 36-7, ; 1692, provost August Hawkins's 46 and Ross in Johnson, p. ; Hervey's Letters, He was made bishop of Cork i. and ii. i. 243-4, iv. first ; Southey's Cowper, 154; January 1710. He became known as a Abbey and Overton's English Church, ii. 331.1 writer by an attack upon Toland, who had W. P. C. ' published in 1696 his Christianity not Mys- BROWNE, PATRICK (1720 ?-l 790), terious.' Browne made one of the best known ' of to this work and Toland was in the author of the Civil and Natural History replies ; Jamaica/ was the fourth son of Edward habit of boasting that he had thus made Browne of Woodstock, co. Mayo, Ireland, Browne a bishop (ToLAND, Life prefixed to and was born about 1720. In 1737 he was Collection of several Pieces, 1726, p. xx). sent to reside with a relative in Antigua, but Browne held that Toland was beyond the pale ill-health compelling him to return to Europe of toleration (AMOEY, Memoirs, &c., i. 85). he went to Paris, where he commenced the He afterwards published a full elaboration in the ' study of physical science, especially botany. of his argument Procedure, Extent, of 1728 Afterwards he removed to Leyden, where he and Limits Human Understanding,' ; Browne 54 Browne

' and in Things Supernatural and Divine con- is described as a ' woodmonger' in the list of ceived by Analogy with things Natural and i adventurers for the reconquest of Ireland, to

Human,' 1733. The argument in these books \ which enterprise he subscribed 600A He resembles one afterwards forward took arms for the and obtained put by | up parliament, Dean Hansel. It is adopted from Archbishop 1 a command in the trained bands. In Sep- King's sermon on predestination (1709, and tember 1642 he disarmed the royalist gen- republished with notes by Archbishop try of Kent (ViCARS, i. 163). In December V/hately, 1821). According to Browne we 1642 he served under Waller, and his regi- can have no direct knowledge at all of the real ment was the first to enter the breach at the of the i. nature Divine attributes, though we capture of Winchester (ib. 229). In July ' ' may have an analogical knowledge through 1643 he was charged with the suppression of

revelation. The doctrine was intended at first ! the rising which took place in Kent in con- to upset Toland's argument against mystery nection with Waller's plot, and crushed the in as being equivalent to nonsense. Berkeley, insurgents in a fight at Tunbridge (16 July ' his Alciphron' (third dialogue, 1732), urged 1643, ib. iii. 12). On 23 Dec. 1643 the par- that it really led to atheism. Browne replies liament appointed Browne to the command ' to Berkeley at great length in the Analogy.' of the two regiments (the white and the Berkeley says (4 April 1734) that he did not yellow) sent to reinforce Waller's army, and answer the last attack, as the book had excited he shared the command at the victory of little notice in Ireland. Browne also took part Alresford (29 March 1644). In the follow- in a controversy about the practice of drinking ing summer, by an ordinance dated 8 June, ' to the glorious and immortal memory.' He : he was constituted major-general of the maintained it to be a superstitious rite in va- forces raised for the subduing of Oxford, and l rious pamphlets : Drinking in Remembrance commander-in-chief of the forces of the three

of the Dead, being the substance of a discourse ; associated counties of Berkshire, Bucking- delivered to the of the diocese of and Oxfordshire iii. clergy Cork,' I hamshire, (RTISHWORTH, ' 1713 second 1714 An Answer to a ii. With three of auxili- ; part, ; pt. 673). regiments Rt. Rev. Prelate's Defence 1715 a aries raised in London he took his head- of, &c.,' ; up ' l Discourse of Drinking Healths, wherein the quarters at Abingdon, where he was a con- evil of the custom is 1716 and tinual thorn in the and in the sides great shown,' ; eyes goad 1 ' A Letter to a Gentleman in Oxford on the of Oxford and the adjacent royal garrisons subject of Health-drinking,' 1722. Swift (ViCARS, England's Worthies, 101). The par- ( ' refers to this in his letters to Sheridan (28 liamentary Diurnals are full of his exploits, and 29 June 1725), and says that the bishop while the royalist tracts and papers continu- is a 'whimsical gentleman.' Browne died ally accuse him of plundering the country and 25 Aug. 1735, and was buried at Ballinaspic, ill-treating his prisoners. An attempt was near Cork, where he had spent 2,000/. on a made by Lord Digby to induce him to betray house which he left to his successors in the his charge, but it met with signal failure bishopric. His body was exhumed 12 Jan. (September to December 1644, RTJSHWORTH 1861, in of a that it had iii. ii. consequence report | pt. 808-16). been stolen, and found so perfect that the In May 1645 Browne was employed for a resemblance to his portrait in the palace at short time in following the king's movements, Cork was recognisable. It was reinterred but was recalled to take part in the first under the new cathedral church of St. Fin- siege of Oxford (June 1645). He took part bar, Cork. He is described as a man of aus- in the final siege of that city in the summer of tere and simple habits, lavish and secret in 1646. On the conclusion of the war he was his charities, and a very impressive preacher. appointed one of the commissioners to receive His sermons, in two volumes, were published Charles from the Scots (5 Jan. 1647, RUSH- in 1742. He left various writings in manu- WORTH, iv. pt. i. 394). While at Holmby he of ' script, including a third volume the was, according to Anthony Wood, converted ' ' Analogy,' a tract On the Use and Abuse of by the king's discourses' (Annals, ii. 474). Metaphysicks in Religion,' and some other He was at Holmby when the king was seized ' tracts and sermons. by Cornet Joyce, and told the soldiers that if he had had we should have had iv. 234 Mant's strength Berkeley, 18, 222, ; [Eraser's his life before we the of ii. 193 Memoirs of | brought king away. Church Ireland, ; Amory's " " said the cornet, like j Indeed," you speak several Ladies, &c., i. 85; Ware's Bishops of " a and faithful man but he knew Ireland (Harris), 571, 572; Ware's Writers of gallant ; well he had not the and Ireland (Harris), 296, 297.] L. S. enough strength, therefore spake so boldly' (RUSHWORTH, BROWNE, SIR RICHARD (d. 1669), iv. 516). Browne was elected member for parliamentary general, a citizen of London, Wycombe amongst the recruiters, and in Browne 55 Browne

1647 was also chosen sheriff of London. him fresh advancement. The city rewarded describes him as * a him with a Clarendon having great pension of 500/. a year (7 Aug. interest in the with all name and city, and 1662, KENNET, p. 739), and the king created ' the presbyterian party (Rebellion, x. 70). him a baronet. He died on 24 Sept. 1669, 1 ' With the majority of his party he changed at his house in Essex, near Saffron Waldeii in of sides 1648, was accused by the army (Obituary ofRichard Smyth, p. 83). He was the Scots and a confederating with the secluded brave soldier, and the charges of rapacity

of ! members for the invasion England (6 Dec.), and cruelty brought against him by the royalist arrested (12 Dec.), expelled from the House pamphleteers can hardly be regarded as proved. j of and of his sherifFdom A blot on his fame is his conduct at Commons, deprived | greater and other Inde- the trial of the Browne posts (WALKER, History of \ regicides. repeated ii. 39 iv. ii. Adrian words to pendency, ; RTJSHWORTH, pt. against Scroop tending justify 1354-61). For several years he remained in the king's execution which Scroop had spoken prison at Windsor, Wallingford, Warwick, in a casual conversation, and this testimony Ludlow, and other places. In the account excited a feeling in the high court and the of his sufferings which he gave in parliament parliament which cost Scroop his life (WOOD, * in March 1659 he : I was used worse ii. ed. 1721 says Athena, 74, ; KEBTNET, Register, than a cavalier taken and sent ; away prisoner p. 276). to Wales used with more than if in ; cruelty [Vicars's Parliamentary Chronicle; Itushworth's in a worse than common Historical Newgate ; prison Collections; Keimet's Kegister. prisoners. My wife and children could not Vicars's England's Worthies (1647) contains a come under roof to see me. My letters sketch of Browne's career and a portrait. The with Lord was in could not pass. The governor demanded my correspondence Digby printed letters I said he should have life as a pamphlet entitled The Lord Digby's Design ; my ' on and several of soon. I defended them with my weapon Abingdon (4to, 1644), Browne's relations of different battles and skirmishes were (BURTON, Diary, iv. 263). This imprison- C. published contemporaneously.] , H. F. ment lasted for five years. In 1656 Browne was one of the members excluded from par- BROWNE or BROWN, RICHARD liament for to take the refusing engagement (fl. 1674-1694), physician, was educated at demanded the Protector Protest of by (see Queen's College, Oxford, but graduated at 22 in In Richard Sept. WHITELOCKE). Leyden, where he was admitted 20 Sept. Cromwell's he was one of the parliament 1675, being then fifty years old. He became members for and found at London, length, a licentiate of the College of Physicians on in March an for 1659, opportunity securing 30 Sept. 1676. His principal writings, some redress. On 26 March 1659 the House of ' of which bear on the title-page by Richard Commons annulled the vote of 4 Dec. 1649 Browne, Apothecary ofOakham,' are : 1. 'Me- disabling him from the office of alderman, dicina Musica or a Mechanical on the ; Essay and ordered the of still payment 9,016/. Effects of Singing, Music, and Dancing on owing to him from the state. In the summer Human Bodies with an on the Nature ; Essay of 1659 he was in Sir implicated George and Cure of the Spleen and Vapours,' London, Booth's and his arrest but ' rising, ordered, 1674, new edition 1729. 2. Ilepl 'Kpx&v, he succeeded in hid at Stationers' lying Liber in Veterum evertuntur, ' quo Principia the faithful of t Hall, by secrecy Captain et nova stabiliuntur,' London, 1678. 3. Pro- The Burroughes' (HEATH'S Chronicle, p. 737). sodia Pharmacopo3orum, or the Apothecary's votes then him were annulled ' passed against Prosody,' London, 1685. 4. English Gram- on 22 Feb. 1660 and (Journals ; PEPTS, mar,' London, 1692. 5. 'General History of Browne was one of the with Diary], persons Earthquakes,' London, 1694. A small book whom Whitelocke took counsel for the fur- ' entitled Coral and Steel, a most Compendious therance of his scheme of Fleet- persuading Method of Preserving and Restoring Health, wood to recall the 22 Dec. king (WHITELOCKE, byR. B., M.D.,'nodate, is doubtfully assigned 1659). Browne was chosen by the city as one to the same R. Brown. of the deputation to Charles II, and headed [Munk's Coll. of Phys. (1878), i. 391.] the triumphal procession which brought the G. T. B. king back to London with a troop of gentle- men in cloth of silver doublets. His services BROWNE, SIR RICHARD (1606- the were liberally rewarded by the king, who con- 1683), diplomatist, born in 1605, was ferred the honour of knighthood on both him only son of Christopher Browne of Sayes and his eldest son. He was also elected lord Court, Deptford, and Thomasine Gonson, mayor on 3 Oct. 1660. During his mayoralty whose father and grandfather, Benjamin and of Venner's insurrection took place, and the William Gonson, had been treasurers the vigour he showed in suppressing it gained navy. The father of Christopher, Sir Richard Browne Browne

Browne, knight, was in the service of the present at a service in this chapel, when the Earl of Leicester while governor of the ordination took place of two Englishmen Netherlands, and held the appointment of , Durell, afterwards dean of Windsor, and clerk of the cloth under Elizabeth and afterwards dean of the green Brevint, Durham ; James I. Richard Browne was educated at of and the ser- | Bishop Galloway officiated, Merton College, Oxford. After travelling mon was preached by the Dean of Peter- on the continent, ancl especially, as it would borough. It is recorded that divers bishops, seem, in France, he returned to England, and ! doctors of the church, and others who found was sworn clerk of the council to King an asylum in Browne's house at Paris, were

Charles I on 27 Jan. 1640-1. In the same ; accustomed, in their disputes with papists

! year he was sent on two diplomatic missions, and sectaries, at a time when the church ! ' to the Queen of Bohemia and the Elector of England seemed utterly lost, to argue and to of for the of the from Palatine, Henry Frederick, prince | visibility church,' solely Orange. In July 1641 Browne entered on the existence of Browne's chapel and con- the chief occupation of his life, being at gregation. About 1652-3 Browne also pur- ' that date appointed king's resident at the chased a piece of ground for the inter- court of France, in succession to the Earl of ment of protestants who died in or near Leicester. This appointment he held for no Paris. less than nineteen as the selection years, acting repre- \ A from Browne's correspondence- sentative both of Charles I and of his exiled has been published in the appendix to Bray's son. Browne was a staunch and his edition of ' and royalist, j Evelyn's Diary Correspon- ' was tried. the dence the most of it con- loyalty thoroughly During ; important portion j whole of his diplomatic career in France he sists of the letters which passed privately seems to have been practically obliged to give between himself and Sir Edward Hyde (after- | his services gratuitously. More than once he wards Earl of Clarendon), principally from

is found writing anxiously for some payment ! February 1652 to August 1659. In the corre-

of his allowances, Avhile on one occasion he I spondence very frequent mention is made ofthe complained bitterly that he had not even 'prizes' captured, after the death of Charles I, 1 the wherewithal to provide himself out of by the privateers of Scilly and Jersey. Those mourning a new coat and liveries.' The islands being then in the hands of the parlia- sum due to him for his allowance as resi- mentary forces, the freebooters were com- dent was stated, after the Restoration, to pelled to bring their prizes into the ports of amount to of which J. in return for the sanction of the 19,732/., only 7,668 ; France, and, had been paid or deducted as a fine on the royal commission, were called upon to pay lease to him of Court. certain dues into the of the exiled Sayes An attempt i exchequer ' made in 1649 by Augier, the agent for the English king (see Bray's notes to the Hyde rebels,' to bribe the resident if he and Browne in vol. iv. of king's | Correspondence ' would serve the new state, and discover EVELYN). In the collection of these dues what came to his knowledge of the Louvre Charles experienced great difficulties, and councils,' was, however, indignantly repelled. from the close of 1652 to 1654 Browne was ' ' I replied,' wrote Browne at the time, that actively engaged in Brittany, at Brest and I took it very ill that he or any should Nantes, endeavouring to collect the sums dare to make any such overture to me . . . owing to the king. On 1 Sept. 1649 Browne that I held his masters the most execrable had been created a baronet by Charles II, in villains that were ever upon the face of the virtue of a dormant warrant sent to him by and that if his now that I Charles I in 1643. On 19 earth, majesty I February Sept. had spent my whole estate in this my last 1649 he had also received from Charles II the eight years' service were neither able nor honour of knighthood. willing to use me, I would retire into some At the Restoration the king's resident re- remote, cheap corner of the world, where, turned to England, landing at Dover 4 June feeding only upon bread and water, I and 1660. He continued to hold office as clerk mine would hourly pray for his majesty's of the council until January 1671-2. The re- re-establishment.' But probably Browne's mainder of his life was spent (according to greatest service, in the eyes of the royalists WOOD, Fasti Oxon.} at Charlton in Kent, l was his maintenance of the public service where he passed his time in a pleasant re- and liturgy of the church of England during tiredness and studious recess.' For some few the exile of the English king. In his large months before his decease he suffered from house in Paris, Browne erected a chapel gout and dropsy, and died on 12 Feb. 1682-3,, which was much frequented by many well- at Sayes Court, Deptford. He was buried known English divines and other exiles. On in the churchyard of St. Nicholas, Deptford, the Trinity Sunday of 1650 John Evelyn was his funeral being attended by the brethren ot Browne 57 Browne the Trinity corporation, of which he had been his name was placed eightieth on the list it is master. Browne married Elizabeth, daugh- I probable that he matriculated first at some ter of Sir John Pretty-man of Dryfield in other college and migrated to Corpus for some

Gloucestershire. Their only daughter, Mary, ! reason which must remain unknown to us. became the wife of the well-known John Thomas one of the leaders of the | Aldrich, at was master of Evelyn. I puritan party Cambridge, The Sir Richard Browne of this article at this been on j Corpus time, having elected, should be carefully distinguished from Alder- the recommendation of Archbishop Parker,. 1 3 Feb. 1569-70. in a man Sir Richard Browne (d. 1669) [q. v.] The college was flourishing condition, due in a measure ' great [Evelyn's Diary and Correspondence (ed. Bray) to the favour shown to it the passim and Browne's Correspondence thereto by primate, at who had himself held the mastership from subjoined ; Monumental Inscriptions Dept- 1544 to 1553. It is conceivable that ford, printed in Lysons's Environs of London, hardly vol. iv. Fasti i. 439-40 Browne between the time of his at ; Wood's (Bliss), pt. pp. ; entry Calendar of State Domestic, and the of his should! Papers, especially | Corpus taking degree from 1640-1 to W. "W. have been admitted to the household of the 1663.] i unfortunate Thomas Howard, fourth duke of" I ROBERT (1550 P-1633 ?), Norfolk, still less that he should in any sense BROWNE, I the earliest from the church of been the duke's domestic in separatist i have chaplain England after the Reformation, and no-re- June 1571, as Strype asserts he was. The claimed as the first exponent of their prin- duke at this time was deeply pledged to the ciple of church government by the modern papal party, of which he was soon to be ac- congregationalists in England and America, knowledged as the ostensible leader, and he was born at Tolethorpe in Rutland about was the last man just at this time to have the middle of the sixteenth century, though extended his patronage to a young firebrand the exact date of his birth is unknown. The like Browne, whose violent denunciation of ' ' family from which he sprang had been settled all that was popish was quite ungovernable at Stamford in Lincolnshire since the four- and at any rate unrestrained. It is far more teenth century. They had amassed con- probable that Strype has confused Robert siderable wealth, filled positions of trust and Browne with another man of the same name importance, and were recognised county mag- upon whom Cecil doubtless had his eye nates before the fifteenth century had closed. the man who two months later was impli- One of them, John Browne, a merchant of cated when the Ridolfi conspiracy was dis- the staple, and a rich alderman of Stamford, covered, and who was to be the bearer of the built the church of All Saints in that town bag of money which was intended for Lord at his sole expense, and a brass in memory of Herries but never reached his hands. After him and his wife still exists in the church he taking his degree Browne appears to have erected. This man's son, Christopher Browne gone to London, where he supported himself of Tolethorpe, was high sheriff for the county as a schoolmaster, and delivered his soul on of Rutland in the reign of Henry VII, and his Sundays by preaching in the open air in de- son, grandfather of the subject of this article, fiance of the rector of Islington, in whose received a curious patent from Henry VIII, parish it was that his auditors assembled. allowing him to wear his hat in the royal About 1578, the plague being more than presence when he pleased. Robert was the usually violent in London, his father ordered third child of Mr. Browne of Tole- him to return to but unable to- Anthony Tolethorpe ; thorpe, by Dorothy, daughter of Sir Philip remain long without active employment, h& Boteler of Watton Woodhall, Hertford- grew tired of the quiet home, and again went to shire, and was connected more or less closely up to Cambridge, probably with a view of through both parents with some of the most taking the higher degrees, or on the chance this time ha wealthy and influential families in England. a fellowship falling to him. At In Cecil, lord Burghley, whose family had came under the influence of Richard Green- been connected with Stamford for genera- ham, rector of Dry Drayton, six or seven miles ear- tions, and who on more than one occasion from Cambridge, a clergyman of great acknowledged Browne as a kinsman, he found nestness and conspicuous ability, who had devout a friend indeed when he most needed his pro- remarkable influence upon the more then tection and support. and ardent young men in the university Browne is said to have entered at Corpus preparing for holy orders. Browne was pro- Greenham as Christi College, Cambridge, in 1570, and to bably placed for a while under soon have taken his B.A. degree in 1572. Both a pupil in his family, and the elder man had of statements can hardly be true, and as he cer- perceived that the younger one gifts tainly did take the B.A. degree in 1572, when no ordinary kind. Beginning by allowing Browne Browne

him to take a prominent part in the religious claiming this new theory of ecclesiastical exercises of his household, which was a large polity and at this time it was a very new one, he went on to encourage him to preach theory his health broke down, and while in the villages round, without taking the still suffering from illness he was formally trouble to get the bishop's license, though it inhibited from preaching by the bishop. is almost certain that he must have been Browne, with characteristic perversity, told previously ordained. Soon the fame of his the bishop's officer that he was not in a and enthusiasm extended to then if the eloquence itself, position preach just ; circum- ' and he was invited to accept the cure of a stances had been different, he would no whit ' parish in Cambridge, probably St. Benet's, less cease preaching for the episcopal inhi- adjoining his own college, where he preached bition. Soon after this he heard that there and for some months were certain in Norfolk fervently effectively ; people who were ' ' ' . at the end of that time he sent back the very forward in their zeal for a new refor- money they would have given him, and also mation, and consumed by his desire to spread 7 gave them warning of his departure. His his views of the importance of a separation of ' congregation were not as yet so rightly the godly from the ungodly, he felt called to grounded in church government' as they go down to East Anglia. It was just at this should be. In other words, he could not time that a former acquaintance and fellow- persuade them to follow him as far as he collegian of his, one Robert Harrison, re- desired to go. It was at this point in his turned to Cambridge, or paid a brief visit to career that he first became possessed with the the university. Harrison, who was Browne's notion that the whole constitution of eccle- senior by some years, had recently been dis- siastical government was faulty and needed missed from the mastership of Aylsham school a radical reform. Ordination, whether epi- in Norfolk for some irregularity or noncon- .scopal or presbyterian, was to his mind an formity, but had been fortunate enough to .abominable institution: to be authorised, li- obtain another resting-place as master of St. censed, or ordained, by any human being was Giles's [?] Hospital in the city of Norwich. hateful. When his brother obtained for him Harrison's visit to Cambridge resulted in a the necessary license from Cox, bishop of Ely, renewal of an old intimacy and in a closer and paid the fees, Browne lost one of the neces- union between two enthusiasts who had sary documents, threw the other into the fire, much in common. It ended by Browne and proceeded openly to preach in Cambridge, leaving Cambridge and taking up his resi- ' wherever he had the opportunity, against dence for a time in Harrison's house at the calling and authorising of preachers by Norwich. Gradually Browne, gaining ascen- bishops,' protesting that though he had been dency over his friend, used him as a coadjutor, fortified with the episcopal license, he cared the two working together pretty much as not one whit for it and would have preached Reeve and Muggleton did a century later whether he had been provided with it or not. and round them there soon gathered a small If the ecclesiastical government of the bishops company of believers who, accepting Browne in their several sees was bad, not less objec- as their pastor, called themselves 'the church,' tionable did the whole structure of the paro- as others have done before and since, and chial system seem to him, harmful to religion separated from all other professing Christians, and a bondage from which it was high time who f were held in bondage by anti-christian that the true believers should be set free. power, as were those parishes in Cambridge * ' The kingdom of God,' he proclaimed, was by the bishops.' The disciples became gene- not to be begun by whole parishes, but rather rally known as Brownists. Edmund Freake by the worthiest, were they never so few.' was bishop of Norwich at this time, and it was Already he had persuaded himself distinctly not long before he took action against the new that the Christian church, so far from being sect. On 19 April 1581 he forwarded certain ' a corporation comprehensive, all-embracing, articles of complaint against one Robert ' and catholic, was to be of all conceivable as- Browne to Lord Burghley, in which he set ' sociations the most narrow, exclusive, and forth that the said party had been lately confined in its influence and its aims. It apprehended on complaint of many godly was to be a society for a privileged and mira- preachers, for delivering unto the people culously gifted few, a witness immeasurably corrupt and contentious doctrine,' and further ' less for divine truth than against the world, that he was seducing the vulgar sort of which was lying in wickedness, and which people, who greatly depended on him, as- Browne seems to have considered he had sembling themselves together to the number little concern with, little call to convert of one hundred at a time in private houses from the errors of its ways. and conventicles to hear him, not without While vehemently and incessantly pro- danger of some evil effect.' It was not at Browne 59 Browne

at St. Norwich but Bury Edmunds that ! exclusive congregation were in no mood to Browne had produced this effect, and it is ally themselves with their fellow-exiles.

that he had been led to move into ! All other professing Christians might come grobableuffolk that at Norwich the to he would not to them. by finding I him, certainly go power of the bishop was too strong for him, To the amazement and grief of Cartwright

1 or that the clergy of the city, then deeply he found in the newcomers no friends but effected with Genevan proclivities and as a aggressive opponents, and a paper war was

1 body very zealous in their ministerial duties, carried on, Browne writing diligently and were by no means willing to befriend or co- printing what he wrote as fast as the funds operate with a sectary who began by assuming could be found. Harrison too rushed into that they were all in the bonds of iniquity. print, and the books of the two men were Lord Burghley returned a prompt reply to sent over to England and circulated by the bishop's letter of complaint, but as their followers so sedulously for not all

1 promptly sent back his kinsman to Bury the Norwich congregation had emigrated with a kindly excuse for him, and a sug- that a royal proclamation was actually issued ' gestion that his indiscretions proceeded of against them in 1583, and two men were zeal rather than malice.' Browne was no hanged for dispersing the books and one for sooner released than he returned to the old the crime of binding them ! ! course, and the bishop every day received Meanwhile the violent and imperious cha- some fresh complaint and became more and racter of Browne led him into acts and more irritated. In the following August he words which were not favourable to har- again wrote a strong letter to the lord trea- mony even in his own little company of de- in which he said that his ' en- voted and that which outsider surer, duty | followers, any forced him most earnestly to crave his lord- who watched the movement must have fore- | in ' this disturber of seen to be inevitable at last the ship's help suppressing happened ; ' ' his diocese. Again Burghley stood his friend, Middleburg church broke up, and Browne and when, a little after, Browne was brought towards the close of 1583 turned his back before the archbishop, even the primate could upon Harrison and the rest, and set sail for ' not keep his prisoner, and he was set at Scotland accompanied by four or five Eng- liberty only to return to his followers with lishmen with their wives and families,' so ' ' his influence over them increased tenfold. much already had the church shrunk The truth is that the time was hardly fa- from its earlier proportions. vourable for exercising exceptional severity Arrived in Scotland Browne began in the against a zealot of this character, who was old way, denouncing everything and every- for ever declaiming against papistry and body concerned in matters religious or eccle- Roman errors. The Jesuit mission to Eng- siastical, and he had scarcely been a month land had only just collapsed by the appre- in the country before he was cited to appear hension of Campion on 10 July. Parsons before the kirk of Edinburgh, and on his be- was still at large, and the rack was being having himself with his usual arrogance and employed pretty freely in the Tower upon treating the court with an insolent defiance the wretched men who, if they had succeeded he was thrown into the common gaol till time in nothing else, had succeeded in rousing the should be given to two theologians who were anti-papal feelings of the masses and the appointed to examine and report upon his alarm of such statesmen as looked with books. Meanwhile some secre b influences had apprehension upon a revival of catholic been brought to bear in his favour, and just sentiment. Nevertheless it became evident when it was confidently expected that this * ' that the little congregation, the church mischievous troubler would be condemned and set at which prized above all things human the silenced, to the surprise of all he was of privilege having their 'pastor' present liberty, why, none could explain. Browne ap- with them, could hardly continue -its assembly pears to have remained some months or even if Browne were to be continually worried longer in Scotland, but he made no way, left by citations and imprisonment at the will no mark, and gained no converts. In disgust of one after another of the stiff sticklers at his reception he delivered his testimony for and when had the Scotch in no measured uniformity ; they sought against terms, about for some time for a retreat where shook off the dust of his feet against them, once more they might enjoy liberty of worship un- and setting his face southwards was in the molested, they emigrated at last in a body printing and publishing books summer to Middleburg in the autumn of 1581. of 1584. Once more he was thrown into Cartwright and Dudley Fenner were the prison and kept there for some months, and accredited ministers of the English puritan once more Burghley interposed, became se- colony at Middleburg, but Browne and his curity for his good conduct, effected his Browne Browne release, and actually interceded for him in his duty in his parish with scrupulous fidelity a letter to his father, who was still alive. and preaching frequently and earnestly to- Browne returned to much broken his and doubtless un- Tolethorpe people ; though many in health by his long imprisonment. On re- friendly eyes were watching him, he never covering his strength his former habits and again brought upon himself the charge of non- 1 temper returned, and old Anthony Browne, conformity or of being a disturber of the vexed and provoked by his son's contumacy, peace of the church. His end was a sad and obtained his sanction one it must be read in the words of Thomas applied toBurghley ; for his son's removal to Stamford, possibly Fuller, the facts of the narrative having ( under the eye of some relatives, members never been disputed or disproved : . . . As I of the Browne or Cecil families. But such am credibly informed, being by the constable men as this are incorrigible. In the spring of the parish (who chanced also to be his of 1586 he had left Stamford and was preach- godson) somewhat roughly and rudely re- ing as diligently as ever at Northampton as quired the payment of a rate, he happened diligently and as offensively and on being in passion to strike him. The constable (not cited by Howland, bishop of Peterborough, taking it patiently as a castigation from a to appear before him, Browne took no notice godfather, but in anger as an affront to his of the citation, and was excommunicated office) complained to Sir Howland St. John, for contempt accordingly. a neighbouring justice of the peace, and This seems to have been the turning-point Browne is brought before him. The knight,, of his strange career. Whether it was that of himself, was prone rather to pity and par- Browne was to suffer in his than his but Browne's prepared per- don, punish passion ; son all sorts of hardships, but had never behaviour was so stubborn, that he appeared thought of being cast out of the church obstinately ambitious of a prison, as desirous, from which he gloried in urging others to (after long absence) to renew his familiarity go out, and thus was startled and con- with his ancient acquaintance. His mitti- fused the suddenness and mus is made and a cart with a feather-bed by unexpected ; form of the sentence that had been pro- provided to carry him, he himself being too nounced whether his disordered infirm to too to ; imagina- (above eighty) go, unwieldy tion began to conjure up some vague, mys- ride, and no friend so favourable as to pur- terious consequences which might possibly chase for him a more comely conveyance. ensue, and on which he had never reflected To Northampton gaol he is sent, where, soon before or his fifteen of rest- and was buried in a ; whether years after, he sickened, died, less all and all reli- and it is no hurt onslaught upon religions neighbouring churchyard ; gious men who would not follow nor be led to wish that his bad opinions had been in- ' by him, had almost come to be regarded by terred with him (FULLER, Church History, himself as a conspicuous failure, and he had bk. ix. sect, vi.) Fuller is wrong in the given up hope and lost heart, it is impossible date of Browne's death : an entry in his hand to say. Certain it is that from this time he is still to be seen in the parish register of ceased to be a disturber of the order of things Achurch made on 2 June 1631, arid his suc- ' ' ' ' established, and his church or churches cessor in the living was not instituted till were compelled to seek elsewhere for their 8 Nov. 1633. His burial-place is unknown. ' ' pastors and guides. In November 1586 Browne's wife was Alice Allen, a Yorkshire Browne was elected to be master Stam- her he had four sons and three of, lady ; by ford grammar school, certain pledges being daughters. The hateful story that he ill- exacted from him for good behaviour and used his wife in her old age is in all proba- certain conditions being extorted for the re- bility an infamous slander. Browne was straining him from troubling the world with very fond of music, and besides being him- ' the expression of his peculiar views. To self a singular good lutenist,' he taught his these conditions he affixed his signature, and children to become performers. On Sundays ' he began at once to discharge his new duties. he made his son Timothy bring his viol to He continued master of Stamford school for church and play the bass to the psalms that in- five years, and resigned his mastership only were sung.' Browne's issue eventually on his being presented to the rectory of herited the paternal estate at Tolethorpe, Achurch in Northamptonshire, a benefice and his last descendant died on 17 Sept. which was in the gift of Lord Burghley, 1839, as widow of George, third earl Pomfret. who two years before had made interest, That so powerful and intelligent a body as but to no purpose, with the Bishop of Peter- thecongregationalists should desire to affiliate borough to obtain some preferment for his themselves on to so eccentric a person as kinsman. At Achurch Browne continued Browne, and to claim him as the first enun- to reside for more than forty years, doing ciator of the principles which are distinctive Browne 61 Browne of their organisation, will always appear some- says that during the thirteen years of his Into discussions e what strange to outsiders. ministry he was rudely and unchristianly on church polity, however, it is not our in- handled' by the disloyal and schismatical last three in the * tention to enter. The works quoted party town, and that finally, by an among the authorities at the end of this invective and bitter Libell, consisting of four- article will give the reader as full a view as teene leaves in quarto cast into his garden, he can desire of the congregationalist stand- they disquieted his painefull and peaceable point. Mr. Dexter's most able and learned soule, and shortened the date of his trouble- volume contains an exhaustive account of some pilgrimage.' Browne died in 1632, and the literature and bibliography of the whole was buried at St. Mary's on 6 May. He pub- ' subject, and his elaborate monograph on lished The Sum of Christian Religion by l Browne's life has materially added to our way of Catechism,' 1630, 1637, 8vo, and Cer- knowledge of the man's curious career. Here tain Prayers,' and left at his death several too will be found by far the most complete sermons which he wished printed. list of his and some valuable ex- writings Athense Oxon. ii. 531 [Wood's (Bliss), ; Fasti hitherto works which tracts from unknown i. 306 (Bliss), 290, ; Studley's Looking-glasse of him to have been a man of 180-1 prove burning Schisme, ; Phillips's History and Anti- enthusiasm and one as we have of 100 Some Account of the who, might quities Shrewsbury, ; expected, could at times burst forth into pas- Ancient and Present State of Shrewsbury (ed. sages of fiery and impetuous eloquence which 1810), 216, 217.] W. H. must have been extraordinarily effective in their day, however much they may appear BROWNE, SAMUEL (d. 1668), judge, to us no more than vehement rhetoric. was the son of Nicholas Browne of Polebrooke, of [Blore's Hist, and Antiq. of the County of Northamptonshire, by Frances, daughter Fuller's Worthies Thomas St. third son of Oliver, lord Eutland, 1813, p. 93, &c. ; John, Lamb's Masters's Hist, of St. John. He was thus first cousin to Oliver (Eutland) ; Corpus St. chief Christi Coll. Cambridge, pp. 123 et seq., 460; John, justice of the common pleas -communication from Dr. Luard, Eegistrar of during the protectorate. He was admitted Univ. Cal. State Camb. ; Papers, Dom. 1547- pensioner of Queens' College, Cambridge, 421 Froude's Hist. x. 289-90 1580, p. ; Engl. ; 24 Feb. 1614, entered as a student at Lin- ii. 68 Athenae Cantab, Strype's Parker, ; Cooper's coln's Inn 28 Oct. 1616, where he was ii. Fuller's Church Hist. bk. cent. 177, 178; ix., called to the bar 16 Oct. 1623, and elected xvi., sect, vi., 1-7, 64-9 ; Lansdowne MSS., reader in Michaelmas term 1642. Two years all modern No. xxxiii. 20 quoted by writers, 13, ; he had been returned to Historical Memorials to the previously parlia- Hanbury's relating ment as member for the united of vol. i.ch.ii. John Browne's boroughs Independents, 1839, ; Clifton, Dartmouth, and Hardness in Devon- Hist, of Congregationalism in Norfolk and Suf- shire. In the articles laid before the at folk chs. i-iii. Dexter's king (1877), ; Congregation- Oxford in with a to alism of the last Three Hundred Years, as 1642, view negotiations for of a seen in its Literature, New York, 1880.1 peace, the appointment Browne to A.J. seat on the exchequer bench was suggested. In November of the same year he was made BROWNE, SAMUEL (1575 P-1682), one of the commissioners of the great seal. In 'divine, born at or near Shrewsbury, became March 1643-4 he was appointed one of the a servitor or clerk of All Souls College, Ox- committee to which the management of the ford, in 1594, at the age of nineteen, gra- impeachment of Laud was entrusted. His duated B.A. 3 Nov. 1601, and M.A. 3 July speech on this occasion has not been preserved, 1605, took orders, and in 1618 was appointed but from the constant references which Laud minister of St. Mary's Church, Shrewsbury, makes to it he appears to have put the case ' where he was much resorted to by precise against the archbishop in a very effective way. people for his edifying and frequent preach- After the trial was ended (2 Jan. 1644-5) ' ing (WOOD). In spite, however, of this he was deputed, with Serjeants Wilde and ' notice of his ministry in the Athense Oxon.,' Nicolas, to lay before the House of Lords Browne can scarcely have been a puritan, for the reasons which, in the opinion of the l in the curious little book entitled The Look- commons, justified an ordinance of attainder ing-glasse of Schisme, wherein by a briefe against the archbishop. This had already and true Narration of the execrable Murders been passed by the commons, and the upper done by Enoch ap Evan, a downe-right Non- house immediately followed suit. In July conformist . . . the Disobedience of that Sect 1645 a paper was introduced to the House of ' ... is plainly set forth (1635), the author, Commons, emanating from Lord Savile, and Peter Studley, minister of St. Chad's, Shrews- containing what was in substance an im- bury, speaks of him with great respect, and peachment of Denzil Hollis and Whitelocke, Browne Browne

of high treason in betraying the trust reposed 1722 a volume of sermons. In the Salters'' in them in connection with the recent nego- Hall controversy (1719) Browne had taken tiations at Oxford, of which they had had the the side of the non-subscribers, who resisted conduct. After some discussion the matter the imposition of a Trinitarian test. This was referred to a committee, of which Browne led to a rather sharp controversy in 1723 with was nominated chairman. The affair is frankly the Rev. Mr. Thomas Reynolds in regard to described by Whitelocke as a machination the dismissal of a preacher. About the same of the independents, designed to discredit the time the simultaneous loss of his wife and of presbyterian party, which both Hollis and only son (or, according to another story, the himself were members and as he accuses accidental of a un- ; strangling highwayman) Browne of a bias in favour his mind and his faculties displaying strong hinged ; though of the impeachment, it may be inferred that remained perfect in other respects he became at this time he had the reputation of belong- persuaded that God had { annihilated in him ing to the advanced faction. The charge was the thinking substance,' and that his words ultimately dismissed. In October of the fol- had no more sense than a parrot's. He tried lowing year Browne delivered the great seal by earnest reasoning to persuade his friends ' to the new commissioners then appointed, the that he was a mere beast.' He gave up his speakers of the two houses. In September ministry, retired to Shepton Mallet, and 1648 he was one of ten commissioners nomi- amused himself by translating classical au- nated by the parliament to treat with the thors, writing books for children, and com- ' king in the Isle of Wight. On the receipt of posing a dictionary. I am doing nothing/ ' letters from the commissioners containing the he said, that requires a reasonable soul. I king's ultimatum, the House of Commons, am making a dictionary; but you know thanks after voting the king's terms unsatisfactory, should be returned to God for everything, and ' resolved that notice be taken of the extra- therefore for dictionary-makers.' He took ordinary wise management of this treaty by part, however, in the controversies of the the commissioners.' Next day Browne was time, as an opponent of the deists from a ra- made a serjeant-at-law and justice of the tionalist point of view. In 1732 he published 1 king's bench by accumulation. The latter dig- a sober and charitable disquisition concern- nity, however, he refused to accept, whether ing the importance of the doctrine of the < out of timidity or on principle it is impossible Trinity,' &c., A Fit Rebuke to a Ludicrous to determine. After this no more is heard of Infidel, in some remarks on Mr. Woolston's him until the Restoration, when he was re- fifth discourse,' &c., with a preface protesting admitted serjeant-at-law (Trinity term 1600), against the punishment of freethinkers by the- and after raised and a ' Defence of the shortly (Michaelmas term) magistrate ; Religion to the bench as justice of the common pleas, of Nature and the Christian Revelation,' &c., ' and knighted 4 Dec. He died in 1668, and in answer to Tindal's Christianity as old as was buried at Arlesey in Bedfordshire, where the Creation,' a concluding part of which ap- he had a house. He married Elizabeth, peared in 1733 posthumously. To the last daughter of John Meade of Nortofts, Finch- of these works he had prefixed a dedication ingfield, Essex. to Queen Caroline, asking for her prayers in his case. was t once a but [Wotton's Baronetage, iv. 178; Dugdale's Orig. singular He man,' * 256, 324; Willis's Not. Parl. iii. 243; Dugdale's his very thinking substance has for more Chron.Ser. 115 Parl. Hist. ii. iii. than seven been 114, ; 606, 70, years continually wasting 182; Cobbett's State Trials, iv. 347, 443,449,464- away, till it is wholly perished out of him.' 599 Whitelocke's Mem. 470, 509, 554-7, ; 154, This was suppressed at the time by his friends,, Commons' Journ. 156, 160, 226, 334, 342, 378; but afterwards published by Hawkesworth in i. f iii. Siderfin's 3, 4, 365 ; Le Neve's 734 ; Eep. the Adventurer,' No. 88. Browne died at of vol. Pedigrees Knights (Harleian Society, viii.), the end of 1732, leaving several daughters. 122 Gal. State Dom. 103 Mo- ; Papers, (1640), ; Britannica Funeral Sermon ii. 40 ; rant's Essex, 366 ; Lysons's Bedfordshire, ; [Biog. Atkey's ; Foss's Lives of the Judges.] J. M. R. Town and Country Magazine for 1770, p. 689; No. 88 G-ent. xxxii. Adventurer, ; Mag. 453 ; SIMON Protestant Dissenters' iv. v. Ill BROWNE, (1680-1732), divine, Magazine, 433, ; at Somersetshire Leland's i. Wilson's was born Shepton Mallet, ; View, 110, 130; Dissenting educated under Mr. Gumming, and at the Churches, i. 165, iii. 338-57, where is a full list academy of Mr. Moor at Bridgewater. He of his works.] L. S. began to preach before he was twenty, and after being a minister at Portsmouth became, BROWNE, THEOPHILUS (1763- Unitarian born at in in 1716, pastor of the important congregation 1835), clergyman, Derby in the Old Jewry, London. In 1720 he pub- 1763, entered as a student at Christ's College, l B.A. and took lished Hymns and Spiritual Songs,' and in Cambridge, graduated M.A., Browne Browne orders, and was admitted a fellow of Peter- mon. The terms in which he dedicated this house on 15 July 1785. In December 1793 pamphlet to the Rev. T. Belsham, < to whom, he was presented to the college living of if to any, may be justly applied the title Head of Cherry Hinton, Cambridgeshire. While vicar the Unitarian Church,' gave great offence of this country parish he adopted the posi- to his co-religionists. Besides these he tions of the Priestley school of Unitarians, edited: 1. Select parts of William Melmoth's his In 1800 he became ' Great ' and resigned living. Importance of a Religious Life (ori- minister of the presbyterian congregation at ginally published in 1711). 2. A selection Warminster. In 1807 he left Warminster of 'Sermons '(1818, 12mo) by Joshua Toulmin, ' ' for the post of classical and mathematical D.D. 3. Devotional Addresses ajid Hymns tutor at Manchester College, York. At mid- (1818, 12mo), by William Russell of Birm- summer, 1809, Browne left York to become ingham. of the Norwich. minister Octagon Chapel, [G. B. B. (George Browne Brock) in Chr. Re- He had at Norwich as a candidate 507 see also 806 preached former, 1835, pp. seq., p. ; to in the previous January, and appears have Monthly Repos. 1812, pp. 64, 272, 1818, p. 750, dissatisfied the college authorities by doing 1819, pp. 18, 300, 1820, p. 392; Murch's Hist, of Presb. and so without notice to them. His ministry at Gen. Bapt. Churches in W. of Eng. Norwich was he is said to have 1835, pp. 13, 16, 92; Taylor's Hist, of Octagon unhappy ; ' Norwich, 1848, 55 ; Roll of magnified his office/ and not to have under- Chapel, p. Students, Manch. New Coll. 1868 Pickford's Brief Hist, of stood the dislike of his to any- ; congregation Unit. in the of a creed. He Congleton Chapel, 1883, p. 12; manuscript thing shape dogmatic of Rev. C. in took his stand his vested to a correspondence Wellbeloved, posses- upon right sion of G. R. W. Wood, Manchester ; information small endowment, and was paid for his re- from Rev. J. K. Montgomery, Chester.] at the of 1810. did not at signation end He A. G. once leave Norwich. A letter from him, dated Colgate, Norwich, 10 March 1812, appears in BROWNE, THOMAS (d. 1585), head- * the Monthly Repository,' in which he says master of Westminster, was born about 1535, he will be at liberty to take a congregation and educated at Eton, whence he proceeded at the end of March, and offers to go on six to King's College, Cambridge, in 1550. He j months' trial. He was minister at B.A. in M.A. in Congle- j graduated 1554-5, 1558, ton from 1812 to 1814. For a short time he and B.D. in 1559. In the ' Alumni Eto-

' ' acted as a supply at Chester, but removed to nenses (p. 166) he is styled S.T.P. Wood Barton Street Chapel, Gloucester, in 1815. (Athence, iii. 1004) also calls him a doctor of j He established a fellowship fund at Glouces- ' divinity. He was presented by the provost ter on 1 Nov. 1818, and a year or two after- and scholars of King's College to the rectory j wards created some consternation by propos- of Dunton-Waylett in Essex, which he held ing that Unitarian fellowship funds should from 18 April 1564 till his death (NEWCOTJRT, invest in state lotteries, with a view to gain- ii. 231). In 1564 he was appointed to the ing windfalls for denominational purposes. head-mastership of Westminster School. In He remained at Gloucester till the close of the following year he was made a canon of 1823. From this time he resided at Bath, the church of and acted for ^ Westminster, He took some time as sub-dean iii. 350 preaching only occasionally. great (LE NEVE, ; interest in education, and was president of WIDMORE, Antiq. of West. p. 219). Browne the Bath Mechanics' Institution. His friend was next promoted to the rectory of St. Brock speaks of him as 'conscientious almost Leonard, Foster Lane, on the presentation to a fault,' and very generous to the poor. of the dean and chapter of Westminster, He lost his wife Anne, three years his senior, 11 July 1567 (NEWCOTJRT, i. 394). This pre- on Christmas day, 1834, and died, after a ferment he resigned when presented, 7 June short illness, on 20 May 1835. He was 1574, to the rectory of Chelsea, by Anne, buried at Lyncomb Vale, near Bath. There duchess dowager of Somerset and Francis is a tablet to his memory in Trim Street Newdigate (NEWCOTTRT, i. 586). He had < Chapel, Bath. He published: 1. Eight meanwhile resigned the mastership of West- Forms of for Public Social minster in 1570 Alumni West. Prayer Worship,' (so WELCH, ; Bath, 1803, 12mo. 2. 'Plain and Useful WIDMORE, p. 227, gives 1569 as the date). Selections from the Books of the Old and In 1584, when it was proposed to translate New Testament,' 1805, 8vo (intended as a Aylmer to the vacant see of Ely, and pro- but not much esteemed Browne mote the of to lectionary, ; Day, provost Eton, London, projected a sequel to be taken from the the names of Mr. Browne and Mr. Blithe ' apocrypha). 3. Religious Liberty and the were submitted for the provostship in a Rights of Conscience and Private Judgment scheme sent by Whitgift to the queen grossly violated,' &c., 1819, 12mo, and a ser- (STRYPE, Whityift, i. 337), but the scheme Browne 64 Browne

fell through, and Browne died in the follow- storation lie recovered his benefices. In ing year (1585) on 2 May (LE NEVE, iii. 350). 1661 he was recommended for the provost- He was buried in the north transept of the ship of Eton, but the king passed him by. abbey (WIDMORE, 219, 227), or according to He died in 1673 and was buried at Windsor. ' Faulkner in the cloisters (Chelsea, i. 179). He published Tomus alter et idem, a History In the register of Chelsea parish for 3 April of the Life and Reign of that famous Prin- 1576 is found the baptism of Gabriel, son of cess Elizabeth,' a translation of vol. ii. of ' 'Thomas Browne, Pars. (FAULKNER, ii. 119). Camden's Annals,' to which he added an ' Browne was the author of occasional poems Appendix containing animadversions upon in Latin and verse. 1. A Latin several a sermon English ; passages,' 1629; preached to Edward Grant's ' before the of 1634 ' Con- poem, prefixed Spicile- University Oxford, ; ' ' gium Graecse Linguae (1577). 2. A similar cio ad Clerum,' or A Discourse of the in John Prise's ' Defensio Historige Bri- Revenues of the ... in a sermon poem j Clergy ' tannicae (1573). 3. A Latin poem on the preached . . . before the university j upon death of the two Dukes of Suffolk a B.D. 8 June (1552). ; taking degree 1637,' pre- i 4. Thebais, a tragedy.' 5. A poem in Eng- served in 'The Present State of Letters,' | lishon Peterson's 'Galateo' (1576) (v. AMES, i where it is described as 'a notable specimen ii. 6. ii. of 903). Wood (Athence, 130) mentions . the learning, wit, and pulpit oratory of verses a Thomas of that time ' ' to the by Browne, prebendary ; A Key King's Cabinet, Westminster, in Twyne's translation of or Animadversions upon the three printed ' Humphrey Lloyd's Breviary of Britain.' Speeches of Mr. L'Isle, Mr. Tate, and Mr. 7. Prefixed to a sermon by Richard Curteys, Browne, spoken at a Common Hall in Lon- of before the 3 1645 ' bishop Chichester, preached don, July 1645,' Oxford, ; A Treatise at Greenwich in there is a in defence of 1646 queen 1573-4, Hugo Grotius,' Hague, ; 1 ' Preface,' written according to the title-page The Royal Charter granted unto Kings by one T. and ' Thomas Browne God 1649 by B., signed Himself,' London, (HEARNE) ; ' B.D. at Westminster.' This is probably the Dissertatio de Therapeuticis Philonis,' pub- ' work of the man under notice. lished with The Interpretation of the Two thense Cantab, i 5 1 Tanner's Bibl. Books of Clement other writers,' 1689. [Cooper's A ; by Alumni Westmonast. 9 Har- Brit. ; Welch's p. ; Athense Oxon: iii. [Wood's (ed. Bliss) 1003 ; Eton. 166 Newcourt's wood's Alumni p. ; Reper- Walker's of the ii. Sufferings Clergy, pt. 93 ; i. ii. 231 Wood's Athenae torium, 394, 586, 923, ; Present State of Letters (ed. Andrew Eeid), ii. iii. 1004 Faulkner's Chel- Oxon. 231, ; vi. art. 199-219 (Bliss), 21, ; Hearne's Collections (ed. ii. i. 179, 119 ; Widmore's of sea, Antiquities Doble), 102, 363 (Oxford Hist. Soc.)] W. H. Westminster, pp. 219, 227 ; Strype's Whitgift, i. Ames ii. 903 Ser- 337 ; (Herbert), ; Curteys's BROWNE, SIR THOMAS (1605-1682), mon before the Queen at Greenwich, 1573-4 ; physician and author, was born in London, Le Neve, iii. A. G--N. 350.] in the parish of St. Michael, Cheapside, on BROWNE or BROWN, THOMAS 19 Oct. 1605. His father was a mercer at (1604 P-1673), divine, a native of Middlesex, ! Upton, Cheshire, but came of a good family, was elected student of Christ Ox- From a in the Church, | pedigree (printed by Wilkin) ford, in 1620, took the degree of M.A. in College of Arms, we learn that his mother was of the in of 1627, was proctor university 1636, | Anna, daughter Paul Garraway of Lewes, and took the of B.D. and was Sussex. His father died his degree ap- prematurely ; pointed domestic chaplain to Archbishop mother, who had received 3,000/. as a thisd j Laud in 1637. A sermon of his on John part of her husband's property, married Sir xi. 4 was highly offensive to the puritans, and Thomas Dutton, and left her young son com- they were indignant at his appointment to a pletely under the care of rapacious guardians, canonry at Windsor in 1639. This sermon ! Having been educated at Winchester College, ' was found in manuscript in Laud's study Browne was sent at the beginning of 1623 when the archbishop's papers were seized, a fellow-commoner to Broadgate Hall and appears not to have been printed. (now Pembroke College), Oxford. He was Browne held the rectories of St. Mary admitted to the degree of B.A. on 31 June Aldermary and Oddington in Oxfordshire. 1626, and proceeded M.A. on 11 June 1629. Being forced by the puritans to leave his Turning his attention to the study of medi- cure in London, he joined the king at Oxford, cine, he practised for some time in Oxford- was made his and received the shire his chaplain, ; afterwards, throwing up practice, -degree of D.D. by letters patent 2 Feb. 1642. he accompanied his stepfather (who held On the overthrow of the royal cause he took some official position) to Ireland on a visi- shelter in Holland, and was appointed chap- tation of the forts and castles. From Ireland lain to the Princess of Orange. At the Re- he passed to France and Italy; stayed at Browne Browne

Montpellier and Padua, where were flourish- with a preface, in which Browne informs us schools of medicine and on his return that he had * into ing ; represented the world a through Holland was created doctor of medi- full and intended copy of that piece which at circ. is cine Leyden 1633. His name not was most imperfectly and surreptitiously found in the list of Leyden students, for the published before.' By transcription the Thomas Browne who graduated on 22 Aug. work had become 'successively corrupted, 1644 (see PEACOCK'S Leyden Students} must until it arrived in a most depraved copy at have been another but the the The alterations in the certainly person ; press.' authorised register is in a faulty state. Having con- edition mainly consist of corrections of tex- cluded his he himself as tual errors but also took travels, established ; Browne occasion a physician at Shipden Hall, near Halifax. to modify various positive assertions. The In 1637 he removed to Norwich. Wood treatise, on its appearance in 1642, immedi- states that he was induced to take this step ately secured attention. It was commended by the persuasions of Dr. Thomas Lushing- by the Earl of Dorset to the notice of Sir ton, formerly his tutor, then rector of Burn- Kenelm Digby, who reviewed it in a lengthy ham Norfolk to of ' Observations.' that these Westgate, ; but, according paper Hearing ' ' ' the author of the life prefixed to Posthu- Observations had been put to press, Browne mous Works/ 1712, he migrated at the soli- sent Digby a courteous letter (dated 3 March citations of Sir Nicholas Bacon of Gilling- 1642-3), in which he stated that the treatise ham, Sir [or Dr.] Justinian Lewyn, and Sir was unworthy of such notice, that it had Charles le Gros of Crostwick. Probably been intended as a private exercise, and that both are the edition statements correct. A few months surreptitious was corrupt ; and * after he had settled at Norwich, Browne was he concluded with a request that the Ob- ' incorporated doctor of medicine at Oxford on servations should not be published until 10 July 1637. His fame was now established, the authorised edition appeared. On 20 March ' and he was much resorted to for his skill in Digby replied that on the receipt of Browne's physic' (WHITEFOOT). In 1641 he married letter he had at once sent instructions to the ' Dorothy, fourth daughter of Edward Mile- printer not to proceed with the Observa- ham of Burlingham St. Peter. She bore tions,' which were hastily put together in twelve children (of whom one son and three one sitting the reading of the treatise and ' ' daughters survived their parents), and died the composition of the Observations hav- three years after her husband. Whitefoot ing occupied only the space of twenty-four l describes her as a lady of such symmetrical hours. Notwithstanding Digby's instructions proportion to her worthy husband, both in to the printer, the animadversions (pp. 124, the graces of her body and mind, that they 8vo) Avere published without delay. When ' ' seemed to come together by a kind of natural the authorised edition of Religio Medici magnetism.' appeared there was prefixed an admonition ' ' ' The famous treatise Eeligio Medici was (signed 'A. B.') : To such as have or shall per- " surreptitiously published in 1642. It was use the Observations" upon a former corrupt probably written in 1635, during Browne's copy of this book,' in which Digby is severely residence at Shipden Hall. He states, in reprehended. The admonition is written the preface to the first authorised edition, much in Browne's style, and there is reason < ' published in 1643 : This, I confess, about to doubt whether it was prefixed (as A. B.' ' seven years past, with some others of affinity professes) without the author's knowledge.' thereto, for my private exercise and satisfac- In the preface Browne endeavours to secure tion, I had at leisurable hours composed.' himself against criticism by observing that ' ' i. xli. In pt. he says : As yet I have not many things are delivered rhetorically, seen one revolution of Saturn, nor hath my many expressions merely tropical, and there- ' beat ; to be taken in a soft and pulse thirty years and again, in pt. ii. fore many things ' : unto the xi., we find Now for my life it is a flexible sense, and not to be called is clear that he miracle of thirty years.' The author's manu- rigid test of reason.' It as to his script was passed among his private friends, was not without misgivings how by whom frequent transcripts were made treatise would be received. Wilkin protests with more or less inaccuracy, and at length against the view favoured by Dr. Johnson, two surreptitious editions in octavo were that Browne procured the anonymous publi- printed in 1642 by Andrew Crooke. There cation of the treatise in 1642 in order to try is some doubt as to which of these editions its success with the public before openly is to be The autho- entitled the editio princeps (see acknowledging the authorship. Greenhill's Introduction to the facsimile of rised edition, in any case, was issued by the the first ' edition. The edition of Religio Medici,' 1883). publisher of the surreptitious In 1643 Browne did not appeared the first authorised edition, probability is that, though VOL. VII. Browne 66 Browne

the of the torius.' Samuel a personally procure publication J Duncon, quaker residing editions, he took no active at conceived the of anonymous steps | Norwich, hope inducing ' to hinder it. A Latin translation of Religio Browne to join the Society of Friends. It ' Medici (from the edition of 1643), by John is not surprising that such divergence of x Merryweather, was published in 1644. It i opinion should have existed in regard to the

two editions at ! of Browne's for the immediately passed through purport speculations ; Leyden, and was twice reprinted in the same treatise appears to have been composed as year at Paris. From an interesting letter ! a tour de force of intellectual agility, an (dated 1 Oct. 1649) of Merryweather to attempt to combine daring scepticism with Browne it that there was consider- faith in revelation. At the appears j implicit begin- able difficulty in finding a publisher for the : ning of the treatise the author tells us that translation. In the first instance Merry- he was ' inclined to that which | naturally weather offered it to a bookseller zeal terms and that Leyden \ misguided superstition,' named who submitted it to Salmasius he 'could never hear the Ave bell with-

Haye, j Mary for approbation. Salmasius kept it for three out an elevation.' After stating that he j months, and then returned it with the remark ' subscribes to the articles and observes the that ' there were indeed in it many things constitutions of the church of England, he it ' is well said, but that contained many exor- adds : In brief, where the Scripture bitant in and would silent the church is text where that conceptions religion, my ; find but 'tis but comment where there is probably frowning entertainment, speaks, my ; the ministers ' so a silence of I borrow not the rules especially amongst ; Haye joint both, refused to undertake the publication. Finally, of my religion from Rome or Geneva, but after it had been offered in two other quarters, the dictates of my own reason.' He depre- it was accepted by Hackius. In 1645 Alex- cates controversies in matters of religion, ' l J ander Ross published Medicus Medicatus : asserting that he has no taint or tincture or the cured a Leni- of after which announcement he Physician's Religion by heresy ; tive or Gentle Potion,' in which he attacked proceeds with evident relish to discuss seem- both Browne and Digby the former for his ing absurdities in the scriptural narrative. In ' ' application of rhetorical phrase to religious the course of the treatise he tells us much subjects, for his leaning towards judicial about himself. He professes to be absolutely ' astrology, and generally on the score of free from national prejudices : all places, all the latter for his Romanism and make unto me one I am in heresy ; airs, country ; metaphysics. Browne did not reply to this England everywhere and under any meridian.' attack, but issued in the same year a new The one object that excites his derision is edition of his treatise. A Latin edition, the multitude, 'that numerous piece of ' with prolix notes by L. N. M. E. M.,' i.e. monstrosity, which, taken asunder, seem men Levinus Nicolaus Moltkius (or Moltkenius) and the reasonable creatures of God, but, Eques Misniensis (or Mecklenbergensis or confused together, make but one great beast was in 1652. and a more than Megalopolitanus), published j monstrosity prodigious To an English edition, published in 1656, Hydra.' For the sorrows of others he has were appended annotations by Thomas Keck. quick sympathy, while he is so little afflicted ' lose an The title-page of the annotations has the by his own sufferings that he could date 1659, but the preface is dated March arm without a tear, and with a few groans 1654. Dutch, French, and German transla- be quartered into pieces.' He understands tions appeared respectively in 1665, 1668, six languages, besides the patois of several and 1680. weather's version contri- j he has seen and Merry provinces ; many countries, the known and he is buted to make book widely has studied their customs polities ; among continental scholars. Guy Patin well versed in astronomy and botany; he in letter of (Lettres, 1683, Frankfort, p. 12), a has run through all systems philosophy, ' ' writes : On rest in As death dated from Paris 7 April 1645, i but has found no any. " ' fait 6tat du livre intitule fool the which icy grand Religio ! gives every gratis knowledge Medici." Get auteur a de 1'esprit. II y a is won in this life with sweat and vexation, &c. Browne's j to take in his de gentilles choses dans ce livre,' I he counts it absurd pride orthodoxy was vigorously assailed abroad achievements. Like other great men of his j for and vigorously defended. time, Browne believed in planetary influ- many years, j of ' ascendant was The editor 'of the Paris edition (1644) ence : Art my nativity my translation was convinced the of I was born in Merryweather's watery sign Scorpius ; I think I that Browne, though nominally a protestant, the planetary hour of Saturn, and the in me.' was in reality a Roman catholic; but have a piece of that leaden planet authorities and He is not < for the mirth and gal- papal judged' otherwise, disposed ' he placed the treatise in the Index Expurga- liardise of company,' yet in one dream Browne Browne

a whole on the ' Idols of can compose comedy. Discoursing chapter the Understanding.' leisurely in this vein of whimsical semi- Both at home and abroad the treatise at- seriousness, from time to time he allows his tracted immediate attention. In 1652 Alex- imagination free scope, and embodies the ander Ross published 'Arcana Microcosmi " loftiest thought in language of surpassing . . . with a refutation of Dr. Browne's Vul- " richness. gar Errors," the Lord Bacon's Natural His- " At the outbreak of the civil wars Browne's tory," and Dr. Harvey's Book De Gene- " sympathies were entirely with the royalists. ratione," Comenius," and others, &c.,' in He was the 432 citizens who which he shows in de- among principal | amusing persistence in 1643 refused to contribute to the fund for fending the absurdest of superstitions. John regaining the town of Newcastle, but there Robinson, a fellow-townsman of Browne and is no evidence to show that he gave any a physician, passed some not unfriendly anim- ' ' ' active assistance to the king's cause. His adversions on Vulgar Errors in his Venti- f ' ' great work, Pseudodoxia Epidemica, or latio Tranquilla appended to Endoxa,' 1656 into received tenets in Isaac Gruter Enquiries very many j (englished 1658). proposed and commonly presumed truths, which ex- to translate Browne's treatise into Latin, and amined prove but Vulgar and Common Er- addressed to him five letters (preserved in rors,' appeared in 1646 (fol.) On the com- Rawlinson MS. D. 391) on the subject, but position of this treatise, which contains an the translation was never accomplished. extraordinary amount of learning and re- Browne's fame for encyclopaedic know- search, he must have been engaged for many ledge being now firmly established, his aid years. In the preface he apologises for was frequently solicited by scholars engaged having undertaken single-handed a work on scientific or antiquarian inquiries. The ' which well deserved the conjunction of bulk of his correspondence has perished, but many heads.' He knows how difficult it is enough remains to show that he spared to eradicate cherished beliefs from men's neither time nor trouble in answering in- minds but he does not of a addressed to him. One of his earliest ; despair gaining quiries favourable hearing. His professional employ- correspondents was Dr. Henry Power, after- ment has been at once a hindrance and ad- wards a noted physician of Halifax, to whom in the of his he addressed in 1647 a letter of advice as to vantage pursuit investigations ; for though physicians are led in the course the method to be pursued in the study of of their professional practice to the discovery medicine. There is extant a letter of Power's of many truths, they have not leisure to ar- to Browne, dated 15 Sept. 1648, from Christ's range their materials or make 'those infal- College, Cambridge, in which he expresses a lible experiments and those assured deter- desire to reside for a month or two at Nor- minations which the subject sometimes wich in order to have the advantage of requireth.' He had originally determined to Browne's personal guidance, for at Cam- ' ' publish his treatise in Latin, but consider- bridge there are such few helpes that he ' ing that his countrymen, especially the 'in- fears he will make but a lingering pro- genuous gentry,' had a prior claim upon his gresse.' Another of his correspondents was services, he had abandoned his intention Theodore Jonas, a Lutheran minister residing and written in English. Readers, however, in Iceland, whtfcame yearly to England and, must be prepared to find the style somewhat in gratitude for some professional directions difficult is unavoidable in the con- the never failed before his ; neologism against leprosy, duct of such inquiries besides, the writer is return to visit Browne at Norwich. Sir addressing not the illiterate many, but the Hamon L'Estrange, of Hunstanton. equally ' discerning few. To modern readers Vulgar zealous as a naturalist and as a parliamen- Errors' presents an inexhaustible store of tarian, showed his admiration of Browne entertainment. The attainment of scientific by sending him in January 1653-4 eighty- truth was not for Browne the sole it five of 'Observations on object ; pages manuscript is in the discussion itself that he delights, the Pseudodoxia' (preserved in Sloane MS. and the in 1655 a more marvellous a fable is, the more 1839). His advice was sought by sedulously he applies himself to the investi- botanist of reputation, William How, who, gation of its truth. Though he professed after serving as an officer in a royalist cavalry himself as a his anxiety to dispel popular superstitions, regiment, had established phy- afterwards Browne was himself not a little imbued with sician, first inLawrence Lane, and of the spirit of credulity. He believed in as- in Milk Street. By the death Joseph trology, alchemy, witchcraft, and magic, and Hall, bishop of Norwich, in September 1656, he never abandoned the Ptolemaic system Browne was deprived of a dear friend. He of illness. In astronomy. The subject may perhaps attended the bishop in his last have been suggested by a hint in Bacon's 1658 Browne entered into correspondence F 2 Browne 68 Browne with John Evelyn and William Dugdale. Edward [q. v.] Thomas, the second son, was The correspondence with Evelyn was begun sent in 1660 at the age of fourteen, unaccom- at the request of Mr. (afterwards Sir) Robert panied, to travel in France. Among the Paston, created earl of Yarmouth in 1673. Rawlinson MSS. (D. 391) are transcripts At this time (January 1657-8) Evelyn was made by Mrs. Elizabeth Lyttleton of letters ' ' preparing for publication a work to be en- written by Browne to honest Tom (as the ' titled Elysium Britannicum/ and he was address always runs) between December anxious to receive assistance from Browne. 1660 and January 1661-2. The postscript of ' The 'Of and the one letter concludes : You tract, Garlands,' perhaps may stay your ' Observations on Grafting/ were written at stomack with little pastys sometimes in cold Evelyn's request. Though only a few let- mornings, for I doubt sea larks will be too ters have been preserved, the correspondence dear a collation and drawe too much wine to have been for some down be for Rochelle was a of appears kept up years. ; warie, place ' ' In Sylva Evelyn gives an extract from a too much good fellowship and a very drink- letter which Browne addressed to him in ing town, as I observed when I was there, 1664. The correspondence with Dugdale re- more than other parts of France.' There lates to the treatise 'On Embanking and appears to have been a perfect understand- Draining,' which Dugdale was then prepar- ing between father and son. The youth ing for publication. joined the navy in 1664, and had a brief but In 1658 appeared (1 vol. 8vo) 'Hydrio- brilliant career. He disappears from 1667. Urn Burial or a Discourse of the There are extant two of his letters to his taphia. ; Sepulchral Urns lately found in Norfolk' father, written in May 1667, which prove him ' The Garden of or the to have been a of attainments and Cyrus ; Quincun- man scholarly cial Lozenge, net-work plantations of the as well as a gallant officer. Browne cherished Ancients, artificially, naturally, mystically the memory of his lost son, and often al- considered.' The former treatise is dedicated ludes to him in letters of later years. White- to Thomas Le Gros of Crostwick the latter foot states that two of Browne's ; daughters to Sir Nicholas Bacon of Gillingham. In were sent to France, but we have no account * ' Hydriotaphia Browne discusses with great of their travels. In 1669 Browne's daughter learning the burial-customs that have existed Anne had been married to Edward Fairfax, in various countries at various times. More grandson of Thomas, lord viscount Fairfax. than one is made from Dante he She and her husband the Christmas of quotation ; spent was among the very few men of his time 1669 under her father's roof, and the visit ' who had read the Inferno.' The concluding was either prolonged or repeated, for the chapter is a solemn homily on death and registers of St. Peter's, Norwich, contain immortality, unsurpassed in literature for entries of the birth and burial of their first sustained majesty of eloquence. Lamb was child, Barker Fairfax, on 30 Aug. and 5 Sept. l an enthusiastic admirer of Hydriotaphia.' 1670. ' ' The Garden of Cyrus is the most fantastic An unfortunate practical illustration of of Browne's writings. Beginning with the Browne's credulity was given in 1664, when garden of Eden, he traces the history of hor- Amy Duny and Rose Cullender were ar- ticulture down to the time of the Persian raigned for witchcraft before Sir Matthew Cyrus, who is credited with having been the Hale at Bury St. Edmunds. Browne, who first to plant a quincunx, though Browne was in court at the time of the trial, having discovers the figure in the hanging gardens of been requested by the lord chief baron to Babylon, and supposes it to have been in give his opinion on the case, declared 'that use from the remotest antiquity. The con- the fits were natural, but heightened by the sideration of a quincuncial arrangement in devils co-operating with the malice of the horticulture leads him to a disquisition on witches, at whose instance he did the vil- of the five. lainies and he mentioned some similar cases the mystical properties number ;' He finds (in Coleridge's words) 'quincunxes that had lately occurred in Denmark. It in heaven above, quincunxes in earth below, is supposed that this expression of opinion quincunxes in the mind of man, quincunxes helped in no slight degree to procure the poor in tones, in optic nerves, in roots of trees, in women's conviction (HuTCHiNSOtf, Histori- leaves, in everything.' At the end of the cal Essay concerning Witchcraft, 118-20). ' 1 Garden of Cyrus Browne inserted a note In December 1664 Browne was admitted disclaiming the authorship of a book called socius honorarius of the College of Physicians, 1 Nature's Cabinet unlocked/ which had been receiving his diploma on 6 July 1665. In impudently published under his name. 1666 he presented to the Royal Society some Browne took a lively interest in the train- fossil bones found at Winterton in Norfolk. ing of his children. His eldest son was Two vears afterwards he sent some informa- Browne 6 9 Browne tion on the natural history of Norfolk to of some effectuall cheape medicines for the Dr. Christopher Merrett, who was then con- hospitall.' A few days afterwards Browne templating a third and enlarged edition was seized with a sharp attack of colic, to ' (which never appeared) of his Pinax Rerum which he finally succumbed on 19 Oct., the Naturalium Britannicarum.' He also lent day on which he completed his seventy- a number of coloured drawings to Ray, seventh year. He was buried in the church who acknowledged in his editions of Wil- of St. Peter Mancroft at Norwich, where ' ' * ' loughby's Ornithology and Ichthyology a mural monument was erected to his me- the assistance that he had received from mory by his widow. In August 1840, while Browne, but was at no pains to return the some workmen were digging a vault in the drawings. chancel of the church, his coffin-lid was On 28 Sept. 1671, Charles II paid a state broken open by a blow from a pickaxe. The visit to Norwich. He was anxious to confer bones were found to be in good preservation, the dignity of knighthood as a memorial of and the fine auburn hair had not lost its the visit on one of the leading inhabitants. freshness {Proceedings of the Archceological As the mayor declined the honour, Browne Institute, 1847). On the brass coffin-plate was knighted. Early in October Evelyn, was found a curious inscription (perhaps who was staying at Euston as the guest of written by his son) which supplied matter the Earl of Arlington, drove over with Sir for antiquarian controversy. His skull is Thomas Clifford to join the royal party at now kept under a glass case in the museum Norwich. His chief desire was to see at the Norwich hospital. Browne, and he has left a brief but interest- Browne left considerable property, both l ing account of a visit paid to that famous real and personal. On 2 Dec. 1679 he pre- scholar and physitian.' He found the house pared a will, by which ample provision was ' and garden a paradise and cabinet of made for his widow and his two unmarried rarities, and that of the best collections, daughters, Elizabeth and Frances. Elizabeth especially medails, books, plants, and natu- was married some time before his death to ral things.' He took particular notice of Captain Lyttleton. At the request of Dame ' Browne's extensive collection of birds' eggs. Dorothy Browne Some Minutes for the ' After inspecting the rarities, he was con- Life of Sir Thomas Browne were drawn up ducted round the city by Browne, who by his old and intimate friend the Rev. John pointed out to him whatever was worthy of Whitefoot, rector of Heigham. In these 1 ' observation. In the following year Browne Minutes' we are told that Browne's stature bore personal evidence (in a note dated was moderate, and habit of body neither fat 20 July 1672) to the marvellous precocity of nor lean, but evcrapKos.' He was simple in William Wotton [q. v.] He communicated his dress, and 'kept himself always very in March 1672-3 to Anthony a Wood through warm, and thought it most safe so to do.' ' Aubrey some notices concerning his former His modesty was visible in a natural habi- tutor, Dr. Lushington, and others, also some tual blush, which was increased upon the biographical particulars about himself. In least occasion, and oft discovered without answer to inquiries of Elias Ashmole respect- any observable cause.' He attended church ing Dr. John Dee, he sent some curious in- very regularly and read the best English formation that he had derived from the al- sermons, but had no taste for controversial f chemist's son, Dr. Arthur Dee, himself a firm divinity. He was liberal in his house en- believer in alchemy, who had resided at Nor- tertainments and in his charity.' It has wich for many years. been already mentioned that he subscribed Browne published nothing after 1658, but towards building a new library in Trinity he appears to have had the intention of col- College, Cambridge. Kennet (Register, p. lecting his scattered manuscript tracts for 345) records another instance of his gene- publication. In the biographical notice of rosity that he contributed 130/. towards himself that he sent through Aubrey to the repairs of Christ Church, Oxford. From ' " Wood, he says that he had some Miscel- Rawlinson MS. D. 391 we learn that he gave ' laneous Tracts'' which may be published.' 12. towards the building of a new school To the close of his life he continued to make in the college near Winton.' observations and experiments. His last ex- Various writings of Browne were published tant letter to his son Edward was written posthumously. In 1684 appeared a collec- ' under the on 16 June 1682. It is a gossipy letter, re- tion of Miscellany Tracts,' 8vo, lating to his daughter Elizabeth, who had editorship of Archbishop Tenison, who states ' married Captain George Lyttleton, and was in the preface that he selected them out of settled in Guernsey. Dr. Edward Browne many disordered papers and disposed them wrote on 3 Oct. to ask his father to ' thinke into such a method as they were capable of.' Browne Browne

These tracts chiefly consist of letters in reply is one which gives a brief account of all the to inquiries of correspondents. A copy that monuments of the cathedral of Norwich. belonged to Wilkin contains a manuscript It was written merely for private use, and ' note by Evelyn : Most of these letters were the relations of the author expect such justice addressed to Sir Nicholas Bacon.' The con- from those into whose hands some imperfect ' tents are : 1. Observations upon several copies of it are fallen, that, without their ' Plants mentioned in Scripture.' 2. Of Gar- consent first obtained, they forbear the pub- lands and or Garland of it. The truth matter to Coronary Plants,' ; lishing is, equal against which in Evelyn's copy is the note : the skill of the antiquary was not there ' | ' This letter was written to me from Dr. afforded.' 3. Concerning some Urnes found Browne more at in the Coronarie in ann. a ; large Brampton Field, Norfolk, 1667,' 3. ' Of the Fishes eaten our to ' Urn Burial.' 4. ' Some Let- plants.' by I supplement

1 Saviour with his Disciples after his Resur- ters which pass'd between Mr. Dugdale and ' " rection from the Dead.' 4. An Answer to Dr. ann. 1658 a letter Con- Browne, ; certain Queries relating to Fishes, Birds, and cerning the too nice curiosity of censuring ' Insects.' 5. Of Hawks and Falconry, an- the Present or judging into Future Dispen- " " ' cient and modern.' 6. 'Of &c. sations a note Hudibras." Cymbals,' ; Upon reading 7. 'Of Ropalic or Gradual Verses,' c. 5. 'A Letter to a Friend,' &c. (originally ' 8. Of Languages, and particularly of the published in 1690). The first edition of ' ' Saxon Tongue.' 9. 'Of Artificial Hills, Christian Morals was published in 1716 Mounts, or Burrows in many parts of Eng- by Archdeacon Jeffery. It is supposed that ' land,' addressed to E. D.,' an evident mis- this treatise was intended as a continuation ' take for 'W. D.,' i.e. William Dugdale. of Religio Medici.' A correspondent of the ' ' ' ' 10. Of Troas,' &c. 11. Of the Answers European Magazine (xi. 89) found in a of the Oracle of Apollo at Delphos to Croesus, copy of the 1686 edition of Browne's works King of Lydia,' from which tract (as from a a manuscript note by White Kennet stating, of ' it from Mrs. passage Religio Medici ') appears that on information derived Lyttle- Browne believed in the satanic origin of ton, that when Tenison returned Browne's oracles. 12. 'A Prophecy concerning the manuscripts to Dr. Edward Browne the ' Future State of several Nations.' 13. Mu- choicest papers, which were a continuation ' sseum Clausum, or Bibliotheca Abscon- of his Religio Medici,' could not be found. dita,' a whimsicaljeu d*esprit, suggested (as This note is supported by the statement of Warburton supposed) by Rabelais' cata- Jeffery in the preface, that the reason why logue of the books in the library of St. the treatise had not been printed earlier was ' Victor. These tracts were republished in because it was unhappily lost by being mis- the 1686 folio of Browne's works. The fine laid among other manuscripts for which ' and solemn Letter to a Friend upon occa- search was lately made in the presence of ' sion of the death of his intimate friend was the Lord Archbishop of Canterbury, of which issued in 1690 as a folio pamphlet by Dr. his grace, by letter, informed Mrs. Lyttleton Edward Browne. It closes with a string of when he sent the manuscript to her.' It maxims which reappear with slight varia- may be assumed with certainty that Browne ' ' ' tions in Christian Morals.' A manuscript never intended Christian Morals for pub- ' copy of the Letter,' differing largely from lication in its present shape. Of all his works the printed text, is preserved in Sloane MS. it is the weakest, and has the appearance of < 1862. In 1712 appeared Posthumous Works being a collection of fragmentary jottings of the learned Sir Thomas Browne, knt., from notebooks a piece of patchwork. Of M.D., late of Norwich : printed from his course it contains some noble passages, but original manuscripts,' c. The volume opens too often the thought is thin and the lan- with a short life of Browne, to which are guage turgid. appended Whitefoot's ' Minutes,' and the The manuscripts of Browne and of his diploma given to Browne by the College of son and grandson, Dr. Edward Browne and Physicians when he was chosen socius hono- Dr. Thomas Browne, were sold after the rarius. The miscellanies embrace : 1. 'An death of the grandson. Most of them were Account of Island, alias Iceland, in the year purchased by Sir Hans Sloane, and are now ' 1662.' 2. Repertorium, or some Account preserved in Sloane MSS. 1825-1923. A and Monuments in the Cathedral Church of full list of these manuscripts is given by Norwich,' written in 1680. In the preface Wilkin at the end of the fourth volume of to the 1684 collection Archbishop Tenison, the 1835 edition of Browne. All the pieces speaking of Browne's unpublished manu- in the collection that could be shown to be scripts, referred to this tract in the following by Browne were printed by Wilkin. Among ' ' : 1. terms : Amongst these manuscripts there these are Account of Birds, Fish, and Browne Browne

' ' ' other Animals found in Norfolk.' 2. Oratio Five manuscript copies of Religio Medici Anniversaria Harveiana,' written to be de- are known (see GARDINER'S Preface to Eel. l a ' livered by his son. 3. On the Ostrich,' Med. 1845, p. vi note). Pseudodoxia Epi- ' ' paper drawn up for his son's use. 4. On demica was originally published (in pot folio) i Dreams/ a striking fragment. 5. Observa- in 1646. The second edition, which is typo- tions on Grafting,' probably written for graphically the best, appeared in 1650. Two * ' Evelyn. 6. Hints and Extracts (from editions are dated 1658, one in folio, and the ' ' commonplace books), set down for the use other (which includes Hydriotaphia and ' are trite or 1 The Garden of in fifth of his son. They not vulgar,' Cyrus ') quarto. The ' says Browne, and very few of them any- edition, 1669, 4to, has a portrait of the author where to be met with. I set them not which bears little resemblance to the other down in order, but as memory, fancy, or oc- portraits. The sixth edition, 1672, 4to, with casional observation them whereof a Van was the last that produced ; portrait by Hove, you may take the pains to single out such as appeared in the author's lifetime, and contains shall conduce unto your purpose.' 7. 'De his final corrections. A Dutch translation Enecante Garrulo,' a quaint specimen of was published in 1668 by Griindahl, and a humorous invective. From memoranda in German translation in 1680 by Christian

Sloane MS. 1843 it appears that Browne ! Knorr (Peganius). In the British Museum meditated writing (1) 'A Dialogue between : there is an Italian translation, in 2 vols. an Inhabitant of the Earth and of the Moon,' 12mo, at Venice in 1737. The j published ' in Italian translation and (2) A Dialogue between two Twins ; was made (as we learn the the world were from the from the French but Womb concerning they title-page) ;

l ! to come into.' In the fourth chapter of Urn the earliest French translation yet discovered- ' ' is first Burial he observes : A dialogue between dated 1738. The collective edition two infants in the womb concerning the state of Browne's works was published in 1686, of this world might handsomely illustrate fol. It contains everything that had been our ignorance of the next, whereof methinks printed in his lifetime, together with the ' ' we discourse in Plato's den, and are but Miscellany Tracts that Tenison had edited yet I | ' ' < embryo philosophers.' Whether the dialogues in 1683. Hydriotaphia and the Garden were ever actually written is uncertain. A of Cyrus,' originally published in 1658, reached * Conjectural Restoration of the lost Dialogue their sixth edition in the folio of 1686. In ' ' between two Twins, by Sir Thomas Browne,' 1736 Curll reprinted Hydriotaphia and a ' was published in 1855 by B. Docray. The portion of the Garden of Cyrus,' including ' Fragment on Mummies,' which Wilkin re- in the same collection the tract on Brampton ceived without suspicion and printed in the urns and the ninth of the miscellany tracts. l ' fourth volume of Browne's Works (1835), No new edition of Hvdriotaphia appeared < was written by James Crossley. An anony- until 1822, when it was edited (with A l '

, to a Friend' mous manuscript play, called The Female I Letter and Musseum Clausum') ' ' Rebellion,' has been ascribed to Browne, by James Crossley. The Garden of Cyrus is included in Wilkin's editions of Browne's without the show of ;

slightest probability, by j ' a of ' and \vorks it has not been in a correspondent Notes Queries (5th complete ; published ' ' ser. iii. 341-4). A few unpublished letters separate form. Of a Letter to a Friend Dr. of Browne on professional subjects are pre- Greenhill describes eleven editions, ranging served in libraries from 1690 to 1869 his own accom- private (Hist. MSS. Comm. ; edition, < Reps.} nying Religio Medici'(1881), is the twelfth. ' A very careful bibliography of Religio is; Posthumous Works,' 1712, were not re- Medici ' has been drawn Dr. Greenhill. issued in a but are included up by j separate form, * He enumerates thirty-three English editions, in Wilkin's editions. Christian Morals,' j ranging from 1642 to 1881. Of the Latin 1716, was republished in 1756, with a life

j translation ten editions were published be- of Browne by Dr. Johnson and notes. The tween 1644 and 1743 a Dutch translation editions of 1761 and 1765 are the ; merely in 1665, and was in 1668 unsold copies (with fresh title-pages) of the appeared reprinted ' and 1683 a 1756 edition. ' Christian Morals has been ; French translation, made from ' the Dutch, is dated 1668, and Watt mentions appended to several modern editions of Re- an edition in Medici.' The collection two volumes, 12mo, 1732 ; a ; ligio only complete German translation was published in 1680, of Browne's works is Pickering's edition in and republished in 1746. In a letter to ' four volumes, 1835-6, edited by SimonWilkin. Aubrey, dated 14 March 1672-3, Browne This is a worthy edition of a great English states that the treatise had been already classic. Wilkin spent twelve years in col- translated into Italian. and his material he high Dutch and No lecting arranging ; spared such Italian translation has been discovered. himself no trouble and left no source of Browne Browne information unexplored. The three-volume and Garter in 1774. He was the most eminent reprint, 1852, of Wilkin's edition is far in- land surveyor in the kingdom, and was called ferior to the 1835 edition some of the most ' Sense to his- ; Browne,' distinguish him from interesting portions of the correspondence contemporary, Lancelot Brown [q. v.], who l and several miscellaneous pieces are omitted. was usually called Capability Brown.' At Dr. Greenhill's edition of ' first he resided at his Religio Medici,' seat of Little Wimleyy 1881, displays great care and learning. near Stevenage, Hertfordshire, which he re- Portraits of Browne are in the ceived with his wife afterwards he preserved ; removed Royal College of Physicians, in the vestry to Camville Place, Essendon, in that county. of St. Peter's, Norwich, and at Oxford. But he died at his town house in St. James's- Street called then* iv. 56-9 Wood's (now Great James Street), Bed- [Wood's A (Bliss), ; Fasti, ford i. and Whitefoot's on 22 Feb. 1780. His has 426, 451, 498 ; Life, Minutes, Row, portrait been from a prefixed to Posthumous Works, 1712; Life by engraved by W. Dickinson, Dr. Johnson and Supplementary Memoir by Simon painting by N. Dance. Wilkin Blomefield's iii. iv. 193- ; Norfolk, 414, [Noble's College of Arms, 394, 395, 415, 422, Works 1835-6; Greenhill's 439 Evans's Cat. of 13196 194; (ed. Wilkin), ; Engraved Portraits, ; Cole- editions of 1881 and 1883 ; Cat. of 340 Gent. Keligio Medici, Bromley's Engraved Portraits, ; ridge's Literary Eemains, i. 241-8, ii. 398; Pro- Mag. 1.103.] T. C. of the 1847 ceedings Archaeological Institute, ; WILLIAM The Palatine Note-book, vol. iii. No. 34.1 BROWNE, (1591-1643?), second son of is- A. H. B. poet, Thomas Browne, who supposed by Prince to have belonged to the BROWNE, THOMAS (1672-1710), phy- knightly family of the Brownes of Browne sician, was the son of Dr. Edward Browne Hash in the parish of Langtree, near Great was born at Tavistock [q. v.], president of the College of Physicians, Torrington, Devonshire, and thus grandson of the author of 'Religio in 1591. Wood states that he was educated at Medici.' He was born in London, and the grammar school of his native town, and ' * baptised on 21 Jan. 1672-3. His childhood about the beginning of the reign of James I was spent with his grandfather at Norwich, was sent to Exeter College, Oxford. On as is known from the numerous references leaving Oxford (without a degree) he entered to 'Tomey' in Sir T. Browne's correspon- himself at Clifford's Inn, whence he migrated dence with his son. He entered Trinity (November 1611) to the Inner Temple. A College, Cambridge, and proceeded M.B. in certain William Browne was granted on 1695, M.D. 1700. He was admitted a candi- 18 April 1615 the place of pursuivant of wards and liveries life but we cannot be date of the College of Physicians on 30 Sept. during ; 1704, and a fellow on 30 Sept. 1707 (MTTNX). sure that it was the poet who received the In 1698 he married his cousin Alethea, sinecure, for at this time there were other daughter of Henry Fairfax, but had no issue. William Brownes belonging to the Inner He inherited his father's estate at Northfleet, Temple. A William Browne of Chichester Kent, and (according to a statement in Le was admitted student in November 1588, and ' Neve's pedigree of the Brownes, printed in another of Walcott, Northants/ in November < 1579 the Inner Wilkin's Life and Works of Sir T. Browne ') (Students of Temple, 1571- died in 1710, in consequence of a fall from 1625, pp. 32, 57). Browne's earliest publica- his horse. Browne was not eminent as a tion was an elegy on Prince Henry, who died in 1612. It in physician, and what interest attaches to his November was printed 1613, an memory is chiefly through his family con- with elegy by Christopher Brooke [q.v.], in nections. He wrote, however, a curious ac- a small quarto, entitled Two Elegies, con- count of an antiquarian tour through Eng- secrated to the never-dying memorie of the in with Dr. Robert Plot most : most loued land company worthily admyred hartily ; and (historian of Oxfordshire, &c.), which exists generally bewayled Prince, Henry Prince in manuscript in the British Museum (Sloane of Wales,' 17 leaves. There is a manuscript of this in 1899), and is printed in Wilkin's work above copy elegy the Bodleian. It was cited. afterwards introduced, in a somewhat altered into the fifth of the first book of Life and Works of Sir Thomas form, song [Wilkin's ' Britannia's Pastorals.' The first book of the London. i. Munk's Coll. of Browne, 1836, ; Phys. ' 1 Pastorals to have been 2nd ed. ii. 18.] J. F. P. appears composed before the poet had attained his twentieth THOMAS for in the fifth he writes BROWNE, (1708 P-1780), year ; song Garter the second son of John kiiig-of-arms, how (methinkes) the impes of Mneme bring Browne of became of Ashbourne, Derbyshire, Dewes Invention from their sacred spring ! Bluemantle pursuivant in 1737, Lancaster Here could I spend that spring of Poesie herald in 1743, Norroy king-of-arms in 1761, Which not twice ten sunnes have bestow'd on me. Browne 73 Browne

' The curiously engraved title-page of the first with the poets. Passages in Milton's L'Al- edition of book bears no but the ' are imitated from the ' Pastorals ' i., fol., date, legro ; ' address to the reader is dated From the Inner Keats's early poems show clear traces of June the 1613.' Prefixed are Browne's influence and Mrs. took Temple, 18, ; Browning ' ' commendatory verses (in Latin, Greek, and some lines from Britannia's Pastorals as the ' English) by Drayton, Selden, Christopher motto of her Vision of the Poets.' Browne | others and the book is dedicated was as Michael and \ of him Brooke, ; indeed, Drayton says In in to l to Edward, lord Zouch. 1616 appeared ; the epistle Henry Reynolds, a rightly the second book, with a dedicatory sonnet to born poet.' There is preserved (in the li- | William, earl of Pembroke, and commenda- brary of Alfred H. Huth) a copy of the first l ' tory verses by John Glanvill, John Davies of edition of Britannia's Pastorals containing- Hereford, Wither, Ben Jonson, and others. notes in the handwriting of Milton. The The two books were republished in one vol. volume was submitted to the scrutiny of 8vo in 1625. A copy of the edition of 1625, experts, and there is no reason for doubting containing manuscript additional commen- the authenticity of the notes, which are datory verses by friends of the poet, was in meagre and of no great interest. In 1614 ap- * the possession of Beloe, who printed the peared The Shepheards Pipe,' small 8vo, de- whole of the manuscript matter in the sixth dicated to Edward, lord Zouch. It contains ' volume of his Anecdotes of Literature.' seven eclogues by Browne, to which are ap- f ' The third book of the Pastorals was not pended eclogues by Christopher Brooke, in the author's lifetime but Beriah and Davies of Hereford. In the first published ; Wither, Botfield [q.v.],while engaged in collecting ma- of Browne's eclogues is incorporated the story terials for his work on ' Cathedral of Jonathas then for the Libraries,' ; by Occleve, printed discovered a manuscript copy of it in the first time. At the end of the eclogue Browne ' library of Salisbury Cathedral. In 1852 makes the following note : As this shall the manuscript was printed for the Percy please I may be drawne to publish the rest of Society, and it has since been reprinted in his workes, being all perfect in my hands.' Mr. W. Carew Hazlitt's collective edition of the were never j Unfortunately manuscripts Browne's works vols. As the third The fourth is a (2 1868). | published. eclogue smoothly book is much inferior to the first and se- written have Mil j elegy (which may supplied doubts cast its authen- ! hints for ' on the death of cond books, were on ton with Lycidas ') ticity at the time of the publication of the < Thomas Manwood, son of Sir Peter Manwood. manuscript : but this inferiority is probably \ In the fifth eclogue the poet addresses Chris- due to the fact that the third is in un- to of a book an ; topher Brooke, urging him write poetry ' ' revised state. Britannia's Pastorals were higher strain. After the seventh eclogue there ( greatly applauded at the time of their first ap- is a second title-page, Other Eglogves : by pearance, and still hold a distinguished place Mr. Brooke, Mr. Wither, and Mr. Davies/ in English poetry. Browne was an ardent The first piece is inscribed to Browne by admirer of to whose he Brooke in the second is Spenser, memory pays ; (which by Wither) an eloquent tribute in the first song of the se- Brooke and Browne are figured under the cond book. are written in close names of Cuttie and the which Many passages Willy ; third, imitation of Spenser, and it was from the is by Davies, is entitled 'An Eclogue be- ' ' study of the Faerie Queene that he drew tween young Willy the singer of his native his fondness for allegory. The narrative is Pastorals and old Wernocke his friend.' and and it is doubtful follows a third 'Another very vague shadowy ; Then title-page, j whether there is some real of love trou- Mr. Wither. Dedicated story | Eclogue by George bles, or whether the characters are wholly , to his truely louing and worthy friend, Mr. fictitious. Browne is at his best when he I W. Browne.' Browne's next work was the leaves the narrative to take care of itself and ' Inner on the of j Temple Masque,' subject in Few have and written to be indulges pastoral descriptions. j Ulysses Circe, represented shown a truer appreciation for the sights and by the members of that society on 13 Jan. sounds of the country, though his descriptions 1614-15. As the books of the Inner Temple are sometimes weakened by the introduction contain no mention of any expenses incurred of crowded details. He is particularly fond by the performance, it is probable that the ar- of the of drawing similes from the homeliest objects, rangements for the representation and his quaint simplicity of imagery is not masque were at the last moment counter- the least of his charms. The baldness of the manded. The was for the first j piece printed narrative and the tediousness of the allegori- time in Davies's edition of Browne's works sing are forgotten when he sings of the trim (3 vols. 1772),from a manuscript in Emmanuel hedgerows and garden walks of his native College, Cambridge. Warton suggests, with ' Devon. Browne has always been a favourite little show of plausibility, that the Inner Browne 74 Browne

' ' ' Temple Masque supplied Milton with. the form it is found in Poems written by the idea of a masque on the subject of Comus.' Right Honourable William, Earl of Pem- ' ' Few facts are known about Browne's per- broke (1660) and Osborne's Traditional sonal history. From Harleian MS. 6164 Sir Memoirs of James I.' The epitaph certainly discovered that he married reads better as a sextain and Hazlitt Egerton. Brydges single ; ' the daughter of Sir Thomas Eversfield of makes the plausible suggestion, that who-

near . Den, Horshani, and had two sons, who ever composed the original sextain . . died in infancy. He survived his wife and the addition is the work of another pen, wrote an epitaph on her. At the beginning namely, Lord Pembroke's.' Among the hu- of 1624 he returned to Exeter College and morous poems in the Lansdowne MS. is the ' became tutor to the Hon. Kobert Dormer, well-known Lydford Journey.' Prince in afterwards earl of Carnarvon. In the ' Ma- the ' Worthies of Devon ' makes the poem con- ' triculation Book' is the entry, 30 Ap. 1624, sist of sixteen verses. The manuscript gives William son of Thomas seventeen verses and the in Thomas Browne, Browne, ; copy gentleman, of Tavistock, matriculated, age Westcote's 'View of Devonshire in 1630' 33.' It is possible (though improbable) that (Exeter, 1845) contains nineteen verses. Com- he did not matriculate during his earlier re- paring Westcote's text with the text of the sidence. On 25 Aug. 1624 he received per- Lansdowne MS., we get twenty verses (vide mission to be created master of arts, but Academy, No. 623, p. 262). the degree was not actually conferred until After 1640 we hear no more of Browne. the 16th of the following November. In In the register of Tavistock, under date ' the public register of the university he is 27 March 1643, is an entry, William Browne ' ' vir omni humana literarum et bona- was buried ed. i. styled ( Works, Hazlitt, xxxviii) ; rum artium cognitione instructus.' Wood but, as the name is so common, we cannot be states that he was afterwards received into sure that this William Browne was the poet. the family of the Herberts at Wilton, where Another William Browne died at Ottery St. l he got wealth and purchased an estate.' In Mary in December 1645. From a passage in ' 1629 Samuel Austin [q. v.] of Lostwithiel Carpenter's Geographia' (1635, p. 263) it has dedicated to Browne, jointly with Drayton been frequently asserted thatBrowne intended and Serjeant Pollexfen, the second book of to write a history of English poetry from the * his Urania.' Ashmole MS. 36 contains a earliest times to his own day : but Carpenter's copy of verses by Abraham Holland ad- words, which are usually quoted at second ' dressed To my honest father M. Michael hand and without reference to the context, Drayton and my new yet loved friend Mr. do not bear this interpretation. What he ' Will. Browne.' In November 1640 Browne says is : Many inferiour faculties are yet was at whence he addressed left, wherein our Devon hath displaied Jaer residing Dorking, | in as as in as in Philo- a letter (preserved Ashmole MS. 830) to ; abilities well the former,

Sir Benjamin Ruddyerd. Among the Lans- I sophers, Historians, Oratours, and Poets, the downe MSS. (No. 777) is a collection of poems blazoning of whom to the life, especially the by Browne, first printed at the Lee Priory last, I had rather leave to my worthy friend Press in 1815. The collection includes a Mr. W. Browne, who, as hee hath already ' series of fourteen sonnets to Ccelia,' in honoured his countrie in his elegant and which the writer seems to refer to the death sweet Pastoralls, no question will easily bee of his wife and to his second some intreated a little farther to it draw- wooing ; grace by tender and six * on out the line of his Poeticke Auncasters be- epistles elegies ; Visions,' ing the model of Du and baccha- in Iscanus and in Bellay ; jocular ginning Josephus ending nalian verses and himselfe.' no reference to ; epigrams epitaphs. Among Wood, making ' the epitaphs are found the famous lines Carpenter, writes : So was he expected and 1 Underneath this sable herse,' &c., which also intreated, a little farther to grace it [sc. have been commonly attributed, on no better his country] by drawing out the line of his authority than Peter Whalley, to Ben Jon- ! poetic ancestors beginning in Josephus Is- ' son. and 1st ser. iii. i canius and in himself but whether In Notes Queries,' 262, ending ; * it was pointed out that in Aubrey's Me- ever published, having been all or mostly ' moires of naturall in Wilts the written as 'twas said, I know not.' Whether remarques j ' lines are stated to have been made by Mr. i there is any truth or not in the italicised Willia Browne, who wrote the Pastoralls, ! words, it is certain that the work would have of Devonshire and they are inserted there.' No new infor- I been merely an account writers, mation was elicited by the recent discussion not a complete survey of English poetry. ' ' in the pages of the Academy (Nos. 608-10, Browne was a good antiquarian. In a mar- and 617). The Lansdowne MS. makes the ginal note at the beginning of the first book of consist of twelve lines and in this ' Britannia's Pastorals ' he corrects a epitaph ; passage Browne 75 Browne

in the printed copy of William of Malmes- of Magdalen College, of which he was senior bury from a manuscript copy in the hands of fellow. his * learned friend Mr. Selden.' Michael very Fasti ii. [Wood's (Bliss), 104, 282 ; Wood's Drayton in the Epistle to Henry Reynolds Athense Oxon. Ixx (Bliss) Life, xx, ; Pulteney's of Browne as one of his ' dear com- speaks Biog. Sketches of Botany (1 790), i. 166-9.1 ' ' panions and bosom friends.' To the second B. D. J. ' ' edition of the Polyolbion (1622) Browne a of verses and SmWILLIAM prefixed copy laudatory ; Dray- BROWNE, (1692-1774), ton showed his respect for Browne by dedi- physician, was born in the county of Dur-

! in cating to him an elegy. Christopher Brooke's ham 1692, and was the son of a physician. ' Ghost of Richard the and the He entered in 1707 Third/ 1614, Peterhouse, Cambridge, ; later editions of Overbury's 'Wife,' contain graduated B.A. 1711, and M.A. 1714. In poetical tributes by Browne, to whom may 1716, having received a license from the uni- be safely assigned the commendatory verses, versity, he began to practise medicine at ' bearing the signature W. B.,' prefixed to Lynn, Norfolk, where he lived for over ' ' Massinger's Duke of Millaine (1623) and thirty years. He was considered to be ec- * ' Bondman (1624). Browne was also a con- centric, but he succeeded in making a for- ' tributor to Epithalamia Oxoniensia,' 1625. tune, and in 1749 he moved to London, Like his friend Michael Drayton, whom he where he lived for the rest of his life in resembled in many respects, Browne possessed Queen Square, Bloomsbury. In 1721 he a gentleness and simplicity of character which took his M.D. degree at Cambridge. In secured him the affection and admiration of 1725 he was admitted a candidate at the

' his contemporaries. Prince tells us that he College of Physicians, and in the next year a had a great mind in a little body.' Whether fellow. On' 1 March 1738-9 he was ad- this description is to be taken merely as a mitted a fellow of the Royal Society, and in flower of speech, or whether the poet was 1748 he was knighted through the interest of short stature, it would be difficult to of the Duke of Montagu. After settling in determine. London he passed through the various offices Browne's works were edited in 1772, 3 vols. of the College of Physicians, and in 1765 12mo, by Thomas Davies the bookseller. The and 1766 was president. At this time there poems in Lansdowne MS. 777 were first was a violent dispute between the college printed by Sir Egerton Brydges at the Lee and the licentiates. Browne was a defender Priory Press. In 1868 a complete edition of of the privileges of the universities, and had Browne's works was edited for the Rox- offended the licentiates by a pamphlet in the ' burghe Club, in 2 vols. 4to, by Mr. W. Carew dispute with Dr. Schomberg (a Vindication Hazlitt, of the Royal College of Physicians,' 1753). Foote caricatured him on the stage in his [Memoir by W. C. Hazlitt prefixed to vol. i. farce ' The Davil on Two Sticks.' Browne of Browne's works, ed. 1868; Wood's Athense sent Foote a card him his ii. Wood's i. on (Bliss), 364-7 ; Fasti, 419 ; Boase's complimenting Exeter Coll. but his own muff to com- Keg. Oxon. ; Prince's Worthies of accuracy, sending the likeness. found it difficult to Devon; Carpenter's Geographia, 1635, p. 263; plete He Beloe's vi. 58-85 Warton's of maintain his at the and on Anecdotes, ; Hist, dignity college, ed. iii. 321 one he was the English Poetry, 1871, ; Retrospective occasion, when holding Review, ii. 149; Corser's Collectanea.] A. H.B. comitia, the licentiates forced their way tumultuously into the room. Resolving to BROWNE, WILLIAM (1628-1678), avoid such an affront in future, he deter-

botanist, was born at Oxford, and trained at i mined to resign his office instead of holding that where he B.A. on it for the usual term of five On university, graduated j years. quit- 2 Nov. 1647, being described as of Magdalen ting the chair he delivered a humorous ad- College. On 2 July 1652 he was one of the dress, which was published in Latin and examiners of Anthony a Wood for B.A. Con- English. In this he declared that he had jointly with Dr. P. Stephen, principal of found fortune in the country, honour in the he Magdalen Hall, edited a new edition of college, and now proposed to find pleasure Bobart's ' Catalogue of the Oxford Garden.' at the medicinal springs. He accordingly This is notable as being the first botanical went to Bath, where he called upon War- book issued in this country which cites the burton at Prior Park. Warburton gives a of pages authors quoted. He took the degree ludicrous description of the old gentleman, of B.D. on 8 and one with his his and his July' 1665, preached muff, Horace, spy-glass, of the university sermons at St. Mary's on who showed all the alacrity of a boy both in 22 Aug. 1671. He died suddenly on 25 March body and mind. He returned to London, 1678, and was buried in the outer chapel where, on St. Luke's day 1771, he appeared Browne 7 6 Browne

at Batson's coffee-house in a laced coat and 1772. 13. 'Elogy and Address,' 1773. ' fringed gloves to show himself to the lord 14. Latin Version of the Book of Job' mayor. He explained his healthy appearance (unfinished). that he had neither wife nor debts. by saying Browne's best known production is pro- His wife had died 011 25 July 1763, in her bably the Cambridge answer to the much sixty-fourth year. Browne died on 10 March better Oxford epigram upon George I's 1774. He was buried at Nor- of Hillington, present Bishop Moore's library to the under a Latin written him- folk, epitaph by university of Cambridge : self. He left a will profusely interlarded The king to Oxford sent a troop of horse, with directed that his Greek and Latin, and For tories own no force argument but ; Elzevir Horace should be on his placed With equal care to Cambridge books he sent, coffin. left three medals worth five He gold For whigs allow no force but argument. each to be to guineas given undergraduates Coll. of ii. [Hunk's Phys. 95 ; Nichols's Lit. at for Greek and Latin odes and Cambridge Anecd. iii. 315-30; Letters from a late Eminent He also founded a of epigrams. scholarship Prelate, p. 404.] L. S. twenty guineas a year, the holder of which was to remove to Peterhouse. BROWNE, WILLIAM (1748-1 825), gem Browne's only daughter Mary was second and seal engraver, obtained the patronage of wife of William Folkes, brother of Martin Catherine II, empress of Russia, who gave Folkes, president of the Eoyal Society. In him much employment and appointed him ' 1767 he presented his picture by Hudson to her gem sculptor.' In 1788 he was living in the College of Physicians. Paris, where he worked for the royal family, ' Browne's works are as follows : 1. Trans- but in the outbreak of the revolution in the lation of Dr. Gregory's Elements of Catop- following year returned to England. He was- trics and Dioptrics (with some additions)/ a frequent exhibitor at the Royal Academy 1715 and 1735. 2. < Two Odes in imitation between 1770 and 1823 of classical heads and of Horace,' 1763 and 1765; the second portraits. Browne's talents met with but written in 1741 on Sir Eobert Walpole little recognition in his own country, and the ceasing to be minister, and dedicated to the finest specimens of his art were sent to Rus- Earl of Orford, from whose family he had sia. Some of his portraits of eminent persons- received many favours. 3. * Opuscula varia are in the royal collection at Windsor. He utriusque linguae,' 1765 (containing the died in John Street, Fitzroy Square, 20 July Harveian oration for 1751, also published 1825, aged 77. separately at the time). 4. 'Appendix al- of Artists [Redgrave's Dictionary (1878) ; MS. tera ad opuscula,' his farewell oration, Notes in British Museum.] L. F. ' also published in English, 1768. 5. Frag- mentum Isaaci Hawkins Browne, arm., BROWNE, WILLIAM GEORGE (1768- sive Anti-Bolingbrokius,' translated for a 1813), oriental traveller, was born in London ' second Religio Medici,' 1768 (the Latin of on 25 July 1768, and descended from an old I. H. Browne from the poems published by Cumberland family. He was educated pri- his son in 1768, with English by W. B.) vately until entering at Oriel College, Oxford, ' 6. 'Fragmentum completum,' 1769 (con- where, receiving no encouragement and little tinuation of the last in Latin and English assistance in his academical studies,' he dili- ' ' by W. B.) 7. Appendix ad Opuscula (a gently strove to educate himself. After Latin ode with English translations), 1770. leaving Oxford (B.A. 1789) he for a time ' 8. A Proposal on our Coin, to remedy all pursued the study of the law, which he re- Present and all Future his- prevent Disorders,' j linquished upon becoming independent by 1771 (dedicated to the memory of Speaker father's death. His earnest though sedate j < Onslow). 9. A New Year's Gift, a Problem ! temper was deeply stirred by the French and Demonstration on the revolution. He at his own Thirty-nine | reprinted expense Articles ' difficulties which had a of Buchanan's treatise 'De Jure (explaining j portion occurred to him on having to sign the articles Regni apud Scotos,' and other political tracts, < at Cambridge), 1772. 10. The Pill-plot, to and seemed inclined to a public career, when Dr. Ward, a quack of merry memory,' 1772 his thoughts were diverted into a new channel ' (written at Lynn in 1734). 11. Correc- by reading Bruce's travels and the first re- tions in Verse from the Father of the College port of the African Association, and he re- on Son Cadogan's Gout Dissertation, contain- solved to devote himself to the exploration ing False Physic, False Logic, False Philo- of Africa. Among his qualifications he enu- ' ' sophy,' 1772. 12. Speech on the Royal merates a good constitution, though by no Society, recommending Mathematics as the means robust, steadiness of purpose, much in- paramount Qualification for their Chair,' difference to personal accommodations and Browne 77 Browne enjoyments, together with a degree of pa- His work was further prejudiced in the eyes tience which could endure reverses and dis- of the public by the prominence given to appointments without murmuring.' He also physiological details and an eccentric en- possessed a fair acquaintance with the classics, comium of eastern manners and customs at and an elementary knowledge of chemistry, the expense of the civilisation of Europe. botany, and mineralogy. He arrived at Alex- There is, nevertheless, an element of reason andria in January 1792, and after two months' in Browne's paradox, and his favourable residence proceeded westwards along the judgment of orientals after all he had under- coast to visit the ruins at Siwah, which, gone at their hands says much for his good with a candour rare among explorers, he temper and philosophic candour. pronounced not to be the remains of the From 1800 to 1802 Browne travelled again temple of Jupiter Ammon. Eennell, who in Turkey and the Levant generally, and differed from him on this question, remarks collected much valuable information, par- that Browne's Ammonian expedition in- tially published after his death in Walpole's ' volved much more personal risk than Alex- Travels in various Countries of the East.' ander's. He subsequently spent some time He spent the next ten years in England, ' at Cairo, studying Arabic and investigating leading the life of a scholar and recluse in the political and social condition of the the vast metropolis,' but intimate with several country, and visited the principal remains men of similar tastes, especially Smithson of Egyptian antiquity, now familiar, but in Tennant, the Cambridge professor of che- ' his time little known, to Europeans. Being mistry, who speaks of his soothing, romantic prevented by war from entering Nubia, he evening conversations.' In 1812 he again turned aside to the vast Roman quarries at left England with the object of penetrating Cosseir on the Red Sea, which he explored into Tartary by way of Persia. Travelling in the of an oriental. The war still Asia Minor and disguise j through visiting Armenia, continuing, he determined to accompany the he proceeded in safety as far as Tabriz, which great Soudan caravan to Darfur, a country he left for Teheran towards the end of the not previously described by any European, summer of 1813, accompanied by two ser- from which he hoped to penetrate into vants. According to one account these men Abyssinia. After encountering great hard- returned a few days afterwards, declaring ships he reached Darfur in July 1793, only that Browne had been murdered by banditti. to fall sick of dysentery, to be robbed of According to another, the discovery was most of his property, and to be detained by made by the mehmandar, or officer charged the sultan. He was not, however, imprisoned to insure his safety, whom Browne had un- or personally ill-treated, and employed his fortunately preceded. His body could not enforced residence in examining the cha- be recovered, but his effects, excepting his racter and productions of the uninviting money, were restored to the English am- country, solacing his ennui by the education bassador, and after some time his bones, or of two young lions. At length the sultan what were represented as such, were brought was induced to dismiss him by the fear of to Tabriz and honourably interred. There reprisals on Darfurian merchants in Egypt, seems no good reason for the suspicions and Browne returned with the caravan of entertained of the Persian government, and 1796, having made no remarkable discoveries it remains a question whether the motive of of his own, but having gained much informa- the murder was plunder or fanaticism exas- tion, especially on the course of the Nile, perated by Browne's imprudence in wearing the correctness of which has been established a Turkish dress. by subsequent research. Having journeyed Browne is described as grave and saturnine, ' ' over Syria and through Asia Minor to Con- with a demeanour,' says Beloe, precisely stantinople, he arrived in England in 1798, that of a Turk of the better order.' Beneath and published an account of his travels in this reserve he concealed an ardent en- 1800. The unfavourable reception of this thusiasm, his attachments were warm and valuable work was chiefly owing to the de- durable, he acted from the highest principles fects of the writer's style. As a traveller of honour, and was capable of great gene- Browne is not only observant but intelli- rosity and kindness. In politics he was a

1 gent and judicious, but his good sense deserts republican, in religion a free-thinker. His him when he takes the in and he intellectual endowments were rather solid pen hand, j in an eminent becomes intolerably affected and pedantic. I than shining, but he possessed His enthusiasm is unaccompanied by fancy i degree two of the traveller's most essential or imagination, and his faithful registry of qualifications, exactness and veracity. j observations and occurrences is rarely en- [Browne's Travels in Africa, Egypt, and

I Travels in livened by any gleam of descriptive power. Syria, 1800; Walpole's various