503

Supplementary Information

References – 504

Subject Index – 537

© Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2018 W. Schäberle, Ultrasonography in Vascular Diagnosis, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-64997-9 504 References

References

Abou-Zamzam AM Jr, Moneta GL, Edwards JM, Yeager RA, Taylor LM Jr, Akkersdijk GJM, Puylaert JBCM, Vries A (1991) Abdominal aortic aneu- Porter JM (2000) Is a single preoperative duplex scan sufficient for rysm as an incidental finding in abdominal ultrasonography. Br J planning bilateral carotid endarterectomy? J Vasc Surg 31:282–288 Surg 78:1261–1263 AbuRahma AF (2006) Fate of endoleaks detected by CT angiography Alanen A, Kormano M (1985) Correlation of the echogenicity and struc- and missed by color duplex ultrasound in endovascular grafts for ture of clotted blood. J Ultrasound Med 4:421–425 abdominal aortic aneurysms. J Endovasc Ther 13:490–495 Albrecht T, Urbank A, Mahler M et al (1998) Prolongation and optimi- AbuRahma AF, Robinson P, Decanio R (1989) Prospective clinicopatho- zation of Doppler enhancement with a microbubble US contrast logic study of carotid intraplaque hemorrhage. Am Surg 55:169–173 agent by using continuous infusion: preliminary experience. Radi- AbuRahma AF, Richmond BK, Robinson PA et al (1995) Effect of contra- ology 207:339–347 lateral severe stenosis or carotid occlusion on duplex criteria of ipsi- Albrecht T, Hoffmann CW, Schettler S et al (2000) B-mode enhancement lateral stenoses: comparative study of various duplex parameters. at phase-inversion US with air-based microbubble contrast agent: J Vasc Surg 22:751–762 initial experience in humans. Radiology 216:273–278 AbuRahma AF, Robinson PA, Killmer SM, Kioschos JM, Roberts MD Albrechtson LL, Olson QCG (1976) Thrombotic side effects of lower limb (1996) A critical analysis of cerebral computed tomography scan- phlebography. Lancet 1:723 ning before elective carotid endarterectomy and its correlation to Aldridge SC, Comerota AJ (1993) Popliteal venous aneurysm: report of carotid stenosis. Surgery 119:248–251 two cases and review of the world literature. J Vasc Surg 18:708–715 AbuRahma AF, Kyer PD, Robinson PA, Hannay RS (1998) The correlation Alexander JQ, Leos SM, Katz SG (2002) Is duplex ultrasonography an of ultrasonic carotid plaque morphology and carotid plaque hem- effective single modality for the preoperative evaluation of periph- orrhage: clinical implications. Surgery 124:721–728 eral vascular disease? Am J Surg 68:1107–1110 AbuRahma AF, Robinson PA, Stickler DL et al (1998) Proposed new Alexandrov AV, Bladin CF, Maggisano R, Norris JW (1993) Measuring duplex classification for threshold stenoses used in various symp- carotid stenosis. Time for reappraisal. Stroke 24:1291–1296 tomatic and asymptomatic carotid endarterectomy trials. Ann Vasc Alexandrov AV, Brodie DS, McLean A et al (1997) Correlation of peak Surg 12:349–358 systolic velocity and angiographic measurement of carotid stenosis AbuRahma AF, Burns W, Mullins DA (1999) Carotid artery dissection: a revisited. Stroke 28:339–342 challenging diagnosis. W V Med J 95:17–19 Alexandrov AV, Vital D, Brodie DS, Hamilton Paul Grotta JC (1997) Grad- AbuRahma AF, Covelli MA, Robinson PA, Holt SM (1999) The role of ing carotid stenosis with ultrasound. Stroke 28:1208–1210 carotid duplex ultrasound in evaluating plaque morphology: Allard L, Cloutier G, Durand L-G, Roederer GO, Langlois YE (1994) Limita- potential use in selecting patients for carotid stenting. J Endovasc tion of ultrasonic duplex scanning for diagnosing lower limb arte- Surg 6:59–65 rial stenoses in the presence of adjacent segment disease. J Vasc AbuRahma AF, Wulu JT Jr, Crotty B (2002) Carotid plaque ultrasonic het- Surg 19:650–657 erogeneity and severity of stenosis. Stroke 33:1772–1775 Allenberg JR et al (1995) Endovascular reconstruction of infrarenal AbuRahma AF, Abu-Halimah S, Bensenhaver J, Dean LS, Keiffer T, Emmett abdominal aortic aneurysm. Chirurg 66:870–877 M et al (2008) Optimal carotid duplex velocity criteria for defining Allenberg JR, Kallinowski F, Schumacher H (1997) Stand der Chirurgie the severity of carotid in-stent restenosis. J Vasc Surg 48:589–594 des infrarenalen Aortenaneurysmas: Prävalenz und Versorgungssi­ AbuRahma AF, Welch CA, Mullins BB, Dyer B (2005) Computed tomog- tuation. Dt Ärztebl 94:A2830–A2834 raphy versus color duplex ultrasound for surveillance of abdominal Allon M, Robbin ML (2002) Increasing arteriovenous fistulas in hemo- aortic stent-grafts. J Endovasc Ther 12:568–573 dialysis patients: problems and solutions. Kidney Int 62:1109–1124 AbuRahma AF, Mousa AY, Stone PA, Hass SM, Dean LS, Keiffer T (2012) Alri M, Herba MJ, Reinhold C et al (1996) Accuracy of sonography in the Duplex velocity criteria for native celiac/superior mesenteric artery evaluation of calf deep vein thrombosis in both postoperative sur- stenosis vs in-stent stenosis. J Vasc Surg 55:730–738 veillance and symptomatic patients. AJR 166:1361–1367 AbuRahma AF, Srivastava M, Stone PA, Mousa AY, Jain A, Dean LS, Keiffer Alson MD, Lang EV, Kaufman JA (1997) Pedal arterial imaging. Vasc T, Emmett M (2011) Critical appraisal of the Carotid Duplex Consen- Interv Radiol 8:9–18 sus criteria in the diagnosis of carotid artery stenosis. J Vasc Surg Aly S, Bishop CC (2000) An objective characterization of atherosclerotic 53:53–60 lesion: an alternative method to identify unstable plaque. Stroke AbuRahma AF, Srivastava M, Mousa AY (2012) Critical analysis of renal 31:1921–1924 duplex ultrasound parameters in detecting significant renal artery Aly S, Jenskin MP, Zaidi FH, Coleridge Smith PD, Bishop CC (1998) Duplex stenosis. J Vasc Surg 56:1052–1060 scanning and effect of multisegmental arterial disease on its accu- AbuRahma AF, Stone PA, Srivastanva M et al (2012) Mesenteric/celiac racy in lower limb arteries. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 16:345–349 duplex ultrasound interpretation criteria revisited. J Vasc Surg Aly S, Sommerville K, Adiseshiah M (1998) Comparison of duplex imag- 55:428–436 ing and angiography in evaluation of lower limb arteries. Br J Surg ACAS (1995) Asymptomatic carotid atherosclerosis study. JAMA 85:1099–1102 273:1459–1461 Amendt K (1998) Takayasu-Arteriitis. In: Amendt K, Diehm C (eds) Agrawal SK, Pinheiro L, Roubin GS et al (1992) Nonsurgical closure of Handbuch akrale Durchblutungsstörungen. Epidemiologie, Patho- femoral pseudoaneurysms complicating cardiac catheterization genese, Diagnostik und Therapie. Barth, Heidelberg, pp 153–184 and percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. J Am Coll Anaya-Ayala JE, Pettigrew CD, Ismail N et al (2012) Management of Cardiol 20:610–615 dialysis access-associated “steal” syndrome with DRIL procedure: Ahmad S, Blagg CR, Scribner BH (1998) Center and home chronic hemo- Challenges and clinical outcomes. J Vasc Access 13:299–304 dialysis. In: Schrier RW, Gottschalk CW (eds) Diseases of the kidney, Anderson IC, Baltaxe HA, Wolf GL (1979) Inability to show clot. One limita- 4th edn, Little, Brown, pp 3281–3322 tion of ultrasonography of the abdominal aorta. Radiology 132:693 Aitken AGF, Godden DJ (1987) Real-time ultrasound diagnosis of deep Anjaria PD, Vaidya PN, Vahia VN et al (1973) Venous aneurysms. J Post- venous thrombosis: a comparison with venography. Clin Radiol grad Med 20:142–144 38:309–313 Äppel RG, Bleyer AJ, Reavis S, Hansen KJ (1995) Renovascular disease Akbari CM, LoGerfo FW (1999) Diabetes and peripheral vascular disease. in older patients beginning renal replacement therapy. Kidney Int J Vasc Surg 30:373–384 48:171–176 505 References

Appelman PT, de Jong TE, Lampman LE (1987) Deep venous thrombosis Aschwanden M, Thalhammer C, Schaub S, Wolff T, Steiger J, Jaeger KA of the leg. Ultrasound findings. Radiology 163:743–746 (2006) Renal vein thrombosis after renal transplantation - early Aprin H, Schwartz GB, Valderamma E (1987) Traumatic venous aneu- diagnosis by duplex sonography prevented fatal outcome. Nephrol rysm. Clin Orthop 217:243–246 Dial Transplant 21:825–826 Araki CT, Back TL, Padberg FT, Thompson PN et al (1993) Refinements Aschwanden M, Kesten F, Stern M et al (2010) Vascular involvement in in the ultrasonic detection of popliteal vein reflux. J Vasc Surg patients with giant cell arteritis determined by duplex sonography 18:742–748 of 2x11 arterial regions. Ann Rheum Dis 69:1356–1359 Arko FR (2003) Intrasac flow velocities predict sealing of type II Aschwanden M, Daikeler T, Kersten F, Baldi T, Benz D, Tyndall A (2013) ­endoleaks after endovascular abdominal aortic aneurysm repair. Temporal artery compression sign - a novel ultrasound finding for J Vasc Surg 37:8–15 the diagnosis of giant cell arteritis. Ultraschall Med 34:47–50 Arlart IP, Ingrisch H (1984) Renovaskuläre Hypertonie. Radiologische Asciutto G, Mumme A, Marpe B, Hummel T, Geier B (2007) Different Diagnostik und Therapie. Thieme, Stuttgart approaches in the treatment of cystic adventitial disease of the Armstrong PA (2007) Visceral duplex scanning: evaluation before and popliteal artery. Chir Ital 59:467–473 after artery intervention for chronic mesenteric ischemia. Perspect Ashoke R, Brown LC, Rodway A et al (2005) Color duplex ultrasonogra- Vasc Surg Endovasc Ther 19:386–392 phy is insensitive for the detection of endoleak after aortic endo- Armstrong PA, Bandyk DF, Johnson BL et al (2007) Duplex scan surveil- grafting: a systematic review. J Endovasc Ther 12:297–305 lance after carotid angioplasty and stenting: A rational definition of Ashton HA, Buxton MJ, Day NE et al (2002) The Multicentre Aneurysm stent stenosis. J Vasc Surg 46:460–465 Screening Study (MASS) into the effect of abdominal aortic aneu- Arning C (2001) Nonatherosclerotic disease of the cervical arteries: role rysm screening on mortality in men: a randomised controlled trial. of ultrasonography for diagnosis. Vasa 30:160–167 Lancet 360:1531–1539 Arning C (2004) Die Karotidynie im Ultraschallbild: Mythos, Syndrom Atri M, Herba MJ, Reinhold C, Leclerc J et al (1996) Accuracy of sonog- oder Krankheitsbild? Nervenarzt 75:1200–1203 raphy in the evaluation of calf deep vein thrombosis in both post- Arning C (2005) Ultrasonographic criteria for diagnosing a dissection of operative surveillance and symptomatic patients. Am J Roentgenol the internal carotid artery. Ultraschall Med 26:24–28 166:1361–1367 Arning C, Grzyska U (2004) Color Doppler imaging of cervicocephalic Aube C, Oberti F, Korali N et al (1999) Ultrasonographic diagnosis of fibromuscular dysplasia. Cardiovasc Ultrasound 2:7 hepatic fibrosis or cirrhosis. J Hepatol 30:472–478 Arning C, Oelze A, Lachenmayer L (1995) A rare cause of stroke: aortic Aune S, Pedersen OM, Trippestad A (1998) Surveillance of above-knee dissection. Aktuell Neurol 22:189–192 prosthetic femoropopliteal bypass. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg Arning C, Hammer E, Kortmann H, Hahm H, Muller-Jensen A, Lachenmayer 16:509–512 L (2003) Quantifizierung von A. carotis interna-Stenosen: Welche Avasthi PS, Voyles WF, Greene ER (1984) Noninvasive diagnosis of renal Ultraschallkriterien sind geeignet? Ultraschall Med 24:233–238 artery stenosis by echo-Doppler velocimetry. Kidney Int 25:824–829 Arning C, von Reutern GM, Stiegler H, Gortler M (2010) Ultraschallkriterien Avenarius JKA, Breek JC, Lampmann LEH et al (2002) The additional zur Graduierung von Stenosen der A. carotis interna – Revision value of angiography after colour-coded duplex on decision mak- der DEGUM-Kriterien und Transfer in NASCET Stenosierungsgrade ing in patients with critical limb ischaemia. A prospective study. Eur [Revision of DEGUM ultrasound criteria for grading internal carotid J Vasc Endovasc Surg 23:393–397 artery stenoses and transfer to NASCET measurement]. Ultraschall AWMF-Leitlinien. Arteriitis cranialis. http://www.­dgn.­org/180.­0.­html Med 31:251–257 Baker WH, Stoney RJ (1972) Acquired popliteal entrapment syndrome. Arning C, Görtler M, von Reuttern DM (2011) Carotisstenose: Definitions­ Arch Surg 105:780–781 chaos wurde beseitigt. Dtsch Arztebl 108:A1794–A1795 Baker SR, Burnard KG, Sommerville KM, Thomas ML, Wilson NM (1993) Arnold JA, Modaresi KB, Thomas N, Taylor PR, Padayachee TS (1999) Comparison of venous reflux assessed by duplex scanning and Carotid plaque characterization by duplex scanning: observer error descending phlebography in chronic venous disease. Lancet may undermine current clinical trials. Stroke 30:61–65 341:400–403 Ascer E, Lorenso E, Pollina RM, Gennaro M (1995) Preliminary results of Bakken AM, Illig KA (2010) Long-term follow-up after endovascular a nonoperative approach to saphenofemoral junction thrombo­ aneurysm repair: is ultrasound alone enough? Perspect Vasc Surg phlebitis. J Vasc Surg 22:616–621 Endovasc Ther 22:145–151 Ascer E, Pollina RM, Gennaro M, Lorensen E (1995) Noninvasive pre­ Bakker J, Beek FJ, Beutler JJ (1998) Renal artery stenosis and acces- dictors of patency for infrapopliteal PTFE bypasses with combined sory renal arteries: accuracy of detection and visualization with arteriovenous fistula and vein interposition technique. Am J Surg gadolinium-­enhanced breath-hold MR angiography. Radiology 170:103–105 207:497–504 Ascer E, Mazzariol F, Hingorani A, Dalles-Cunba S, Gade P (1999) The Baldassarre D, Amato M, Bondioli A, Sirtori CR, Tremoli E (2000) Carotid use of duplex ultrasound arterial mapping as an alternative to con- artery intima-media thickness measured by ultrasonography in ventional arteriography for primary and secondary infrapopliteal normal clinical practice correlates well with atherosclerosis risk fac- bypasses. Am J Surg 178:162–165 tors. Stroke 31:2426–2430 Ascher E, Hingorani A, Markevich N, Costa T, Kallakuri S, Khanimoy Y Balk E, Raman G, Chung M et al (2006) Effectiveness of management (2002) Lower extremety revascularization without preoperative strategies for renal artery stenosis: a systematic review. Ann Intern contrast arteriography: experience with duplex ultrasound arterial Med 145:901–912 mapping in 485 cases. Ann Vasc Surg 16:108–114 Bandyk DF, Cato RF, Towne JB (1985) A low flow velocity predicts fail- Ascher E, Hingorani A, Markevich N et al (2004) Role of duplex arteri- ure of femoropopliteal and femorotibial bypass grafts. Surgery ography as the sole preoperative imaging modality prior to lower 98:799–809 extremity revascularization surgery in diabetic and renal patients. Bandyk DF, Scabrook GR, Moldenauer P et al (1988) Hemodynamics of Ann Vasc Surg 18:433–439 vein graft stenoses. J Vasc Surg 8:688–695 Aschulte-Altedorneburg G, Droste DW, Haas N (2000) Preoperative Bandyk DF, Schmitt DD, Seabrook GR (1989) Monitoring functional B-mode ultrasound plaque appearance compared with carotid end- patency of in situ saphenous vein bypasses: the impact of a surveil- arterectomy specimen histology. Acta Neurol Scand 101:188–194 lance protocol and elective revision. J Vasc Surg 9:286–296 Aschwanden M, Hess P, Labs KH et al (2003) Dialysis access-associated Baril DT, Rhee RY, Kim J, Makaroun MS, Chaer RA, Marone LK (2009) Duplex steal syndrome: the intraoperative use of duplex ultrasound scan. J criteria for determination of in-stent stenosis after angioplasty and Vasc Surg 37:211–213 stenting of superficial femoral artery. J Vasc Surg 49:133–139 506 References

Bärlin E, Schäberle W, Junge H, Seitz K, Rettenmaier G (1988) In-vitro-­ Beil PRF, Brennan J (1991) Vein graft surveillance by duplex scanning Untersuchung zur Meßgenauigkeit der mittleren Blutflußgeschwin- and pressure measurement. In: Greenhalgh RM (ed) The mainte- digkeit bei Duplex-Geräten. Ultraschall Klin Prax 1(Suppl):69 (Abstr) nance of arterial reconstruction. Saunders WB, London, p 135 Barnes RW (1985) Doppler ultrasonic diagnosis of venous disease. In: Belcaro G (1992) Evaluation of recurrent deep venous thrombosis using Bernstein EF (ed) Noninvasive diagnostic techniques in vascular colour duplex scanning in comparison with venography. Vasa disease. Mosby, St. Louis, p 344 21:22–26 Barnes RW (1991) Noninvasive diagnostic assessment of peripheral vas- Belcaro G, Nicolaides AN, Veller M (1995) Venous disorders. In: A man- cular disease. Circulation 83(Suppl 2):120–127 ual of diagnosis and treatment. Saunders, London/Philadelphia/ Barnes RW, KK W, Hoak JC (1975) Fallibility of the clinical diagnosis of Toronto, p 99 venous thrombosis. JAMA 234:605 Belkin M, Raftery KB, Mackey WC, McLaughlin RL, Umphrey SE, Kunke- Barnes RW, Nix ML, Barnes CL, Lavender RC et al (1989) Perioperative mueller A (1994) A prospective study of the determinants of vein asymptomatic venous thrombosis: role of duplex scanning versus graft flow velocity: implications for graft surveillance. J Vasc Surg venography. J Vasc Surg 9:251–260 19:259–267 Barrelier MT (1993) Superficial venous thromboses of the legs. Phle- Bendick PJ et al (2003) Efficacy of ultrasound scan contrast agents in the bologie 46:633–639 noninvasive follow-up of aortic stent grafts. J Vasc Surg 37:381–385 Bartels E (1992) Farbkodierte Dopplersonographie der Vertebralarter- Benninger DH, Baumgartner RW (2006) Ultrasound diagnosis of cervical ien. Vergleich mit der konventionellen Duplexsonographie. Ultra- artery dissection. Front Neurol Neurosci 21:70–84 schall Med 13:59–66 Benninger DH, Georgiadis D, Gandjour J et al (2006) Accuracy of color Bartels E, Flügel KA (1993) Advantages of color Doppler imaging duplex ultrasound diagnosis of spontaneous carotid dissection for the evaluation of the vertebral arteries. J Neuroimaging 3: causing ischemia. Stroke 37:377–381 229–233 Benson CB, Aruny JE, Vickers MA (1993) Correlation of duplex sonogra- Barwegen MGMH, van Dongen RJAM (1987) Neurovaskuläre Kompres- phy with arteriography in patients with erectile dysfunction. AJR sionssyndrome an der oberen Thoraxapertur und ihre vaskulären Am J Roentgenol 160:71–73 Komplikationen. In: Heberer G, Van Dongen RJAM (Hrsg) Benvegna S, Cassina I, Giuntini G, Rusignuolo F, Talarico F, Florena M Gefäßchirurgie. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg/New York/Tokyo, pp (1990) Atherothrombotic microembolism of the lower extremities S 571–S 584, Kirschnersche allgemeine und spezielle Operations­ (the blue toe syndrome) from atherosclerotic non-aneurysmal aor- lehre, Bd 11 tic plaques. J Cardiovasc Surg 31:87–91 Bassiouny HS, Sakaguchi Y, Mikucki SA et al (1977) Juxtalumenal loca- Beregi JP, Louvegny S, Ceugnart L (1997) Helical x-ray computed tomog- tion of plaque necrosis and neoformation in symptomatic carotid raphy of renal arteries. Apropos of 300 patients. J Radiol 78:549–556 stenosis. J Vasc Surg 26:585–594 Bergamini TM, Tatum CM Jr, Marshall C, Hall-Disselkamp B, Richardson Baumgartner I, Maier SE, Koch M et al (1993) Magnetresonanzarterio­ JD (1995) Effect of multilevel sequential stenosis on lower extremity graphie, Duplexsonographie und konventionelle Arteriographie arterial duplex scanning. Am J Surg 169:564–566 zur Beurteilung der peripheren arteriellen Verschlußkrankheit. Bergqvist D, Bjorck M, Ljungman C (2006) Popliteal venous aneurysm – a Fortschr Röntgenstr 159:167–173 systematic review. World J Surg 30:273–279 Baxter GM (2002) Imaging and renal transplantation. Imaging 14: Berguer R, Hwang NHC (1974) Critical arterial stenosis:A theoretical and 285–298 experimental solution. Ann Surg 180:39–50 Baxter GM, McKechnie S, Duffy P (1990) Colour Doppler ultrasound Berland LL, Koslin DB, Routh WD, Keller FS (1990) Renal artery stenosis: in deep venous thrombosis: a comparison with venography. Clin prospective evaluation of diagnosis with color duplex US compared Radiol 42:32–36 with angiography – work in progress. Radiology 174:421–423 Baxter GM, Aitchison F, Sheppard D et al (1996) Colour Doppler ultra- Bernardi E, Prandoni P, Lensing AW et al (1998) D-dimer testing as an sound in renal artery stenosis: intrarenal waveform analysis. Br J adjunct to ultrasonography in patients with clinically suspected deep Radiol 69:810–815 vein thrombosis: prospective cohort study. The Multicentre Italian Bay WH, Henry ML, Lazarus JM et al (1998) Predicting hemodialysis D-dimer Ultrasound Study Investigation Group. BMJ 317:1037–1040 access failure with color flow Doppler ultrasound. Am J Nephrol Bernardi E, Camporese G, Büller H et al (2008) Serial 2-point ultraso- 18:296–304 nography plus D-dimer test vs whole-leg color-coded Doppler Beach KW (1992) 1975–2000: a quarter century of ultrasound technol- ultrasonography for diagnosing suspected symptomatic deep vein ogy. Ultrasound Med Biol 18:377–388 thrombosis. JAMA 300:1653–1659 Beales L, Wolstenhumlme S, Evans JA, West R, Scott DJ (2011) Repro- Bettmann AM, Paulin S (1977) Leg phlebography: the incidence, nature ducibility of ultrasound measurement of abdominal aorta. Br J Surg and modifications of undesirable side effects. Radiol Diagn 122:101 98:1517–1525 Bettmann M, Salzman E, Rosenthal D et al (1980) Reduction of venous Becker HM, Kortmann H (1987) Nahtaneurysmen. In: Heberer G, Van thrombosis complicating phlebography. AJR 134:1169–1172 Dongen RJAM (Hrsg) Gefäßchirurgie. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg/ Beven EG (1991) Thoracic outlet syndromes. In: Young JR, Graor RA, Olin New York/Tokyo (Kirschnersche allgemeine und spezielle Opera- JW, Bartholomew JR (eds) Peripheral vascular diseases. Mosby, St. tionslehre, Bd 11), pp 178–184 Louis, pp 497–509 Becker D, Strobel D, Hahn EG (2000) Tissue harmonic imaging und con- Biasi GM, Sampaolo A, Mingazzini P et al (1999) Computer analysis of trast harmonic imaging. Verbesserung der Diagnose von Leberme- ultrasonic plaque echolucency in identifying high risk carotid bifur- tastasen. Internist 41:17–23 cation lesions. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 17:476–479 Beebe HG, Salles-Cunha SX, Scissons RP et al (1999) Carotid arterial Biasi GM, Froio A, Diethrich EB et al (2004) Carotid plaque echolucency ultrasound scan imaging: a direct approach to stenosis measure- increases the risk of stroke in carotid stenting: the Imaging in ment. J Vasc Surg 29:838–844 Carotid Angioplasty and Risk of Stroke (ICAROS) study. Circulation Beeman BR, Doctor LM, Doerr K, McAfee-Bennett S, Dougherty MJ, Cal- 110:756–762 ligaro KD (2009) Duplex ultrasound imaging alone is sufficient for Bicknell CD, Cheshire NJ (2003) The relationship between carotid ath- midterm endovascular aneurysm repair surveillance: a cost analysis erosclerotic plaque morphology and the embolic risk during endo- study and prospective comparison with computed tomography vascular therapy. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 26:17–21 scan. J Vasc Surg 50:1019–1024 Biemans RGM (1987) Kompressionssyndrom der Arteria poplitea. In: Beeman BR, Murtha K, Doerr K et al (2010) Duplex ultrasound factors Heberer G, Van Dongen RJAM (Hrsg) Gefäßchirurgie. Springer, predicting persistent type II endoleak and increasing AAA sac diam- Berlin/Heidelberg/New York/Tokyo, pp S593–S599, Kirschnersche eter after EVAR. J Vasc Surg 52:1147–1152 allgemeine und spezielle Operationslehre, Bd 11 507 References

Biland L, Lemgo E, Widmer LK (1987) Zur Epidemiologie der venösen Börner N, Todt M, Schuter CJ, Meyer J (1987) Sonographie in der Diag- Thromboembolie. Internist 28:285 nostik venöser Thromben. Klin Wochenschr 65(Suppl 9):37 Blackshear WM, Phillips DJ, Chikos PM, Harley JD et al (1980) Carotid Boström A, Ljungman C, Hellberg A et al (2002) Duplex scanning as the artery velocity patterns in normal and stenotic vessels. Stroke sole preoperative imaging method for infrainguinal arterial sur- 11:67–71 gery. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 23:140–145 Blätter W (1993) Komplikationen der Thrombophlebitis superficialis. Bots ML, de Jong PT, Hofmann A et al (1997) Left, right, near or far wall Schweiz med Wschr 123:223–228 common carotid intima-media thickness measurements: associa- Blätter W, Bulling B, Hertel T, Rabe E (1996) Leitlinien zur Diagnostik und tions with cardiovascular disease and lower extremity arterial ath- Therapie der Thrombophlebitis. Phlebologie 25:197–198 erosclerosis. J Clin Epidemiol 50:801–807 Blättler W, Linder C, Blättler IK et al (1996) Die ambulante Behandlung Bouchet C, Magne JL, Lacaze R, Lebrun D, Franco A (1986) L’anévrisme der akuten tiefen Beinvenenthrombose (TVT): eine randomisierte de la veine poplitée: une cause rare d’embolie pulmonaire à répé- prospektive Studie. Schweiz Med Wochenschr 126(Suppl):74/I tition. J Mal Vasc 11:190–193 Blättler W, Partsch H, Hertel T (1996) Leitlinien zur Diagnostik und Bouhoutsos J, Martin P (1974) Popliteal aneurysm, a review of 116 cases. Therapie der tiefen Bein- und Beckenvenenthrombose. Phlebologie Br J Surg 61:469–475 25:199–203 Bounameaux H (2002) Integrated diagnostic approach to suspected Bluth EL, Kay D, Merritt CRB et al (1986) Sonographic characterization of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. Vasa 31:15–21 carotid plaque: detection of hemorrhage. AJR 146:1061–1065 Bounameaux H, De Moerloose P, Reber G (1994) Plasma measurement Bluth EI, McVay LV, Merrit CRB, Sullivan MA (1988) The identification of of D-dimer as diagnostic aid in suspected venous thromboembo- ulcerative plaque with high resolution duplex sonographic carotid lism: an overview. Thromb Haemost 71:1–6 scanning. J Ultrasound Med 7:73–76 Bowersox JC, Zwolak RM, Walsh DB et al (1991) Duplex ultrasonography Bluth EL, Stavros AT, Marich KW, Wetzner SM, Aufrichtig D, Baker JD in the diagnosis of celiac and mesenteric artery occlusive disease. (1988) Carotid duplex sonography: a multicenter recommenda- Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 14:780–788 tion for standardized imaging and Doppler criteria. Radiographics Brandl R, Orend KH, Becker HM (1993) Rekonstruktionsprinzipien bei 8:487–506 peripherer arterieller Verschlußkrankheit der unteren Extremitäten. Bock RW, Gray-Weale AC, Mock PA et al (1993) The natural history of Dt Ärztebl 37:1616–1620 asymptomatic carotid artery disease. J Vasc Surg 17:160–171 Brandstetter K, Schwarzer JU, Bautz W, Pickl U, Lenz M (1993) Vergleich Bodily K, Buttorff J, Nordesgaard A, Osborne R Jr (1996) Aortoiliac recon- der Farbduplexsonographie mit der selektiven penilen DSA bei struction without angiography. Am J Surg 171:505–507 der Abklärung der erektilen Dysfunktion. Fortschr Röntgenstr 158: Bodner G, Peer S, Fries D et al (2000) Color and pulsed Doppler ultra- 405–409 sound findings in normally functioning transjugular intrahepatic Braun B, Scheffler P, Kiehl R, Wenzel E (1986) A duplex system for evalu- portosystemic shunts. Eur J Ultrasound 12:131–136 ation of venous function. In: Maurer PC, Becker HM, Heidrich H, Böhm B, Heyne J, Seifert S, Rimpler H, Bartel M (2000) Der Wert der Hoffmann G, Kriessmann A, Müller-Wiefel H, Prätorius C (eds) What farbkodierten kontrastmittelgestützten Duplexsonographie bei is new in angiology? Trends and controversies. Proceedings. Zuck- der Erfassung von Endoleckagen nach Aortenstentimplantation im schwerdt. Verlag, Munich mittleren Nachuntersuchungszeitraum von 15 Monaten. Gefäss- Braunwald E (1984) Heart disease. A textbook of cardiovascular medi- chirurgie 5:225–231 cine. WB Saunders, Philadelphia Bollinger A (1979) Funktionelle Angiologie. Thieme, Stuttgart Bredahl K, Eldrup N, Meyer C, Eiberg JE, Sillesen H (2013) Reproducibility Bollinger A, Franzeck UK (1982) Diagnose der tiefen Becken- und Bein- of ECG-gated ultrasound diameter assessment of small abdominal venenthrombose. Schweiz Med Wochenschr 112:550–556 aortic aneurysms. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 45:235–240 Bolondi L, Gamrolfi L, Arienti V et al (1982) Ultrasonography in the diag- Bredahl K, Taudorf M, Long A et al (2013) Three-dimensional ultrasound nosis of portal hypertension: diminished response of portal vessels improves the accuracy of diameter measurement of the residual sac to respiration. Radiology 142:167–172 in EVAR patients. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 46:525–532 Bolondi L, Mazziotti A, Arienti V et al (1984) Ultrasonographic study of Breitenseher M, Kainberger F, Hübsch P et al (1992) Screening von Nier- portal venous system in portal hypertension and after portosys- enarterienstenosen. Fortschr Röntgenstr 156:228–231 temic shunt operations. Surgery 95:261–269 Brescia MJ, Cimino JE, Appel K, Burwich BJ (1966) Chronic hemodialysis Bolondi L, Bassi SL, Gaiani S et al (1991) Liver cirrhosis: changes of Dop- using venipuncture and a surgically created arteriovenous fistula. N pler waveform of hepatic veins. Radiology 178:513–516 Engl J Med 275:1089–1092 Bolondi L, Gaiani S, Gebel M (1998) Portohepatic vascular pathology Brewster DC, Cronenwett JL, Hallet JW et al (2003) Guideline for the and liver disease: diagnosis and monitoring. Eur J Ultrasound treatment of abdominal aortic aneurysms. Report of a subcommit- 7(suppl 3):41–52 tee of the Joint Council of the American Association for Vascular Bommer WJ, Miller L (1982) Real-time two dimensional color flow Dop- Surgery and Society for Vascular Surgery. J Vasc Surg 37:1106–1117 pler: enhanced Doppler flow imaging in the diagnosis of cardiovas- Brittinger WD, Twittenhoff W-D, Walker G, Konrad N (1966) Revaskularisa- cular disease(abstr). Am J Cardiol 49:944 tion des Dialyseshunts. Nieren- und Hochdruckkrankheiten 25:4–9 Bond MG, Wilmoth SK, Enevold GL et al (1989) Detection and moni- Brodmann M, Stark G, Pabst E, Seinost G et al (2001) Cystic adventi- toring of asymptomatic atherosclerosis in clinical trials. Am J Med tial degeneration of the popliteal artery – the diagnostic value of 86:33–36 duplex sonography. Eur J Radiol 38:209–212 Bönhof J, Meairs SP, Wetzler H (1990) Duplex- und Farbdoppler-­ Brophy DP, Sheiman RG, Amatulle P, Akbari CM (2000) Iatrogenic femo- sonographische Kriterien von Nierenarterienstenosen. Ultraschall ral pseudoaneurysms: thrombin injection after failed US-guided Klin Prax 5:187 (Abstr) compression. Radiology 214:278–282 Bonnefous O, Pasque P (1986) Time domain formulation of pulse-­ Browman MW, Cooperberg PL, Harrison PB et al (1995) Duplex ultra- Doppler ultrasound and blood velocity estimation by cross correla- sonography criteria for internal carotid stenosis of more than 70% tion. Academic. Ultrason Imaging 8:73–85 diameter: angiographic correlation and receiver operating charac- Bork-Wölwer L, Wuppermann TH (1991) Verbesserung der nichtinva- teristic curve analysis. Can Assoc Radiol J 46:291–295 siven Diagnostik der V. saphena magna- und der Vena saphena Brown JM, Hammers LW, Barton JW et al (1995) Quantitative Doppler parva-Insuffizienz durch die Duplex-Sonographie. Vasa 20:343–347 assessment of acute scrotal inflammation. Radiology 197:427–431 Börner N (1991) Diagnostische und prognostische Bedeutung der Echo- Brunner U, Hauser M (1997) Hemodynamic assessment of venous aneu- morphologie tiefer Becken-Bein-Venenthrombosen. Habilitations- rysm of lower leg and therapeutic consequences. Zentralbl Chir schrift Mainz 122:809–812 508 References

Bruno S, Remuzzi G, Ruggenenti P (2004) Transplant renal artery steno- Chahwan S, Miller MT, Pigott JP Whalen RC, Jones L, Comerota AJ (2007) sis. J Am Soc Nephrol 15:134–141 Carotid arteria velocity characteristics after carotid artery angio- Bunk A, Buchcik R, Konopke R et al (2000) Farbdoppler, Power-Doppler, plasty and stenting. J Vasc Surg 45:523–526 Echokontrastmittel. Verbesserung der perioperativen Diagnostik? Chakfé N, Beaufigeau M, Geny B et al (1997) Extra-popliteal localization Internist 41:29–36 of adventitial cysts. Review of the literature. J Mal Vasc 22:79–85 Burckhardt CB (1993) Signalverarbeitung in Ultraschallabbildung, Dop- Chalmers RTA, Hoballah JJ, Kresowik TF et al (1994) The impact of color pler und Dopplerabbildung. Ultraschall Med 14:220–224 duplex surveillance on the outcome of lower limb bypass with seg- Burton BS, Syms MJ, Petermann GW et al (2000) MR imaging of patients ments of arm veins. J Vasc Surg 19:279–288 with carotidynia. Am J Neuroradiol 21:766–769 Chang BB, Leather RP, Kaufman JL, Kupinski AM, Leopold PW, Shah DM Bushong SC, Archer BR (1991) Diagnostic ultrasound. Physics, biology (1990) Haemodynamic characteristics of failing infrainguinal in situ and instrumentation. Mosby Year Book, St. Louis vein bypass. J Vasc Surg 12:596–600 Busuttil SJ, Franklin DP, Youkey JR et al (1996) Carotid duplex overesti- Chang YJ, Lin SK, Ryo SJ, Wai YY (1995) Common carotid artery occlu- mation of stenosis due to severe contralateral disease. Am J Surg sion: evaluation with duplex sonography. Am J Neuroradiol 172:144–148 16:1099–1105 Buth J, Disselhoff B, Sommeling C, Stam L (1991) Color-flow duplex Charette S, Nehler MR, Whitehill TA et al (2001) Epithelioid hemangioen- criteria for grading stenosis in infrainguinal vein grafts. J Vasc Surg dothelioma of the common femoral vein: Case report and review of 14:716–726 the literature. J Vasc Surg 33:1100–1103 Calligaro KD, Musser DJ, Chen AY et al (1996) Duplex ultrasonography Chawla Y, Santa N, Dhiman RK et al (1998) Portal hemodynamics by to diagnose failing arterial prosthetic grafts. Surgery 120:455–459 duplex Doppler sonography in different grades of cirrhosis. Dig Dis Calligaro KD, Syrek JR, Dougherty MJ et al (1998) Selective use of duplex Sci 43:354–357 ultrasound to replace preoperative arteriography for failing arterial Chengelis DL, Bendick PJ, Glover PJL, Brown OW, Ranaval TJ (1996) Prog- vein grafts. J Vasc Surg 27:89–95 nosis of superficial venous thrombosis to deep vein thrombosis. J Campbell WB, Milliar AW (1985) Cystic adventitial disease of the com- Vasc Surg 24:745–749 mon femoral artery communicating with the hip joint. Br J Surg Chi YW, White CJ, Woods TC, Goldman CK (2007) Ultrasound velocity criteria 72:537 for carotid in-stent restenosis. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 69:349–354 Caplan LR (2008) Dissections of brain-supplying arteries. Nat Clin Pract Chi YW, White CJ, Thornton S, Milani RV (2009) Ultrasound velocity crite- Neurol 4:34–42 ria for renal in-stent restenosis. J Vasc Surg 50:119–123 Cappell MS (1998) Intestinal (mesenteric) vasculopathy. I. Acute supe- Chiche L, Barranger B, Cordoliani YS et al (1994) Two cases of cystic rior mesenteric arteriopathy and venopathy. Gastroenterol Clin N adventitial disease of the popliteal artery. Current diagnostic Am 27:783–825 approach. J Mal Vasc 19:57–61 Cardella JF, Young AT, Smith TP et al (1988) Lower extremity venous Chiu KW, Ling L, Tripathi V, Ahmed M, Shrivastava V (2014) Ultrasound thrombosis. Comparison of venography, impedance plethysmogra- measurement for abdominal aortic aneurysm screening: a direct phy and intravenous manometry. Radiology 168:109 comparison of the three leading methods. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg Carpenter JP, Holland GA, Baum RA, Owen RS, Carpenter JT, Cope C 47:367–373 (1993) Magnetic resonance venography for the detection of deep Chong WK, Malisch TW, Mazer MJ et al (1993) Transjugular intrahepatic venous thrombosis: comparison with contrast venography and portosystemic shunts: US assessment with maximum flow velocity. duplex Doppler ultrasonography. J Vasc Surg 18:734–741 Radiology 189:789–793 Carpenter JP, Lexa FJ, Davis JT (1995) Determination of sixty percent or Choschzick M, Stosiek P, Hantschick M (1997) Cystic adventitial degen- greater carotid artery stenosis by duplex Doppler ultrasonography. eration of the popliteal artery. Rare cause of intermittent claudica- J Vasc Surg 22:697–703 tion in middle-aged adults. Pathologe 18:467–473 Carpenter JP, Lexa FJ, Davis JT (1996) Determination of duplex Doppler Chuang VP, Mena CE, Hoskins PA (1974) Congenital anomalies of the ultrasound criteria appropriate to the North American Symptom- inferior vena cava. Review of embryogenesis and presentation of a atic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial. Stroke 27:695–699 simplified classification. Br J Radiol 47:206–213 Carr S, Farb A, Pearce WH, Virmani R, Yao JST (1996) Atherosclerotic Ciccone MM, Cortese F, Fiorella A et al (2011) The clinical role of contrast-­ plaque rupture in symptomatic carotid artery stenosis. J Vasc Surg enhanced ultrasound in the evaluation of renal artery stenosis 23:755–766 and diagnostic superiority as compared to traditional echo-color-­ Carter KA, Nelms CR, Bloch PHS et al (2000) Doppler waveform assess- Doppler flow imaging. Int Angiol 30:135–139 ment of endoleak following endovascular repair of abdominal Ciulla MM, Paliotti R, Ferrero S, Vandone P, Magrini F, Zanchetti A (2002) aortic aneurysm: predictors of endoleak thrombosis. J Vasc Technol Assessment of carotid plaque composition in hypertensive patients 24:119–122 by ultrasonic tissue characterization: a validation study. J Hypertens CASANOVA Study Group (1991) Carotid surgery versus medical therapy 20:1589–1596 in asymptomatic carotid stenosis. Stroke 22:1229–1235 Clark TW, Cohen RA, Kwak A et al (2007) Salvage of nonmaturing native Casarella WJ (1995) Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt: a fistulas by using angioplasty. Radiology 242:286–292 defining achievement in vascular and interventional radiology. Claudon M, Plouin PF, Baxter GM et al. for the Levovist Renal Artery Ste- Radiology 196:305 nosis Study Group (2000) Renal arteries in patients at risk of renal Caspary L (2016) Inflammatory diseases of the aorta. Vasa 45:17–29 arterial stenosis: multicenter evaluation of the echo-enhancer SHU Cassar K, Engeset J (2005) Cystic adventitial disease: a trap for the 508 A at color and spectral Doppler US. Radiology 214:739–746 unwary. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 29:93–96 Claudon M, Cosgrove D, Albrecht T et al (2008) Guidelines and good Cave EM, Pugh ND, Wilson RJ et al (1995) Carotid artery duplex scan- clinical practice recommendations for contrast enhanced ultra- ning: does plaque echogenicity correlate with patient symptoms? sound (CEUS) – Update 2008. Ultraschall Med 29:28–44 Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 10:77–81 Clevert DA, Johnson T, Michaely H (2006) High-grade stenoses of the Chaer RA, Gushchin A, Rhee R et al (2009) Duplex ultrasound as the internal carotid artery: comparison of high-resolution contrast sole long-term surveillance method post-endovascular aneurysm enhanced 3D MRA, duplex sonography and power Doppler imag- repair: a safe alternative for stable aneurysms. J Vasc Surg 49: ing. Eur J Radiol 60:379 845–849 Clevert DA, Minfaifar N, Weckbach S et al (2008) Color duplex ultrasound Chahlaoui J, Julien M, Nadeau P, Bruneau L, Roy P, Sylvestre J (1981) and contrast-enhanced ultrasound in comparison to MS-CT in the Popliteal venous aneurysm: a source of pulmonary embolism. AJR detection of endoleak following endovascular aneurysm repair. 136:415–416 Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 39:121–132 509 References

Clevert DA, Jung EM, Reiser M, Rupp N Verbesserte diagnostische Cosgrove DO, Blomley MJK, Jayaram V et al (1998) Echo-enhancing Sicherheit durch den Ultraschall B-Flow bei Gefäßdissektion. Insti- (contrast) agents. Ultrasound Q 14:66–75 tut für klinische Radiologie; München (DE); Radiologie; Passau (DE); Cossman DV, Ellison JE, Wagner WH, Carroll RM et al (1989) Comparison Radiologie, München (DE) of contrast angiography to arterial mapping with color-flow duplex Clevert DA, Sommer WH, Helck A, Reiser M (2011) Duplex and contrast imaging in the lower extremities. J Vasc Surg 10:522–529 enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) in evaluation of in-stent restenosis Crawford ES, Hess KR (1989) Abdominal aortic surgery. N Engl J Med after carotid stenting. Hemorheal Microcirc 48:199–208 321:1040–1042 Clifford TA, Back T, Padberg FT, Thompson PN, Duran WN, Hobson RW Creutzig A, von der Lieth H, Majewski A, Caspary L, Oestmann J, Alexan- (1993) Refinements in the ultrasonic detection of popliteal vein der K (1988) Vascular complications of the compression syndrome reflux. J Vasc Surg 18:742–748 of the anterior thoracic aperture (thoracic outlet syndrome). Med Coelho JCU, Sigel B, Ryva JC, Machi J, Renigers SA (1982) B-mode sonog- Klin (Munich) 83:133–136 raphy of blood clots. J Clin Ultrasound 10:323–327 Cronan JJ (1993) Venous thromboembolic disease: the role of US. Radi- Coffmann SW, Leon SM, Gupta SK (2000) Popliteal venous aneurysms: ology 186:619–630 report of an unusual presentation and literature rview. Ann Vasc Cronan JJ (1996) Deep venous thromosis: one leg or both legs? Radiol- Surg 14:286–290 ogy 200:323–324 Cogo A, Lensing WA, Prandoni P, Hirsh J (1993) Distribution of thrombo- Cronan JJ (1997) Controversies in venous ultrasound. Semin Ultrasound sis in patients with symptomatic deep vein thrombosis. Arch Intern CT MR 18:33–38 Med 153:2777–2780 Cronan J, Leen V (1989) Recurrent deep venous thrombosis: limitations Cogo A, Lensing AWA, Koopman MMW et al (1998) Compression ultra- of US. Radiology 170:739–742 sonography for diagnostic management of patients with clinically Cronan JJ, Dorfman GS, Scola FH, Schepps B, Alexander J (1987) Deep suspected deep vein thrombosis: a prospective cohort study. BMJ venous thrombosis. US assessment using vein compression. Radiol- 316:17–20 ogy 162:191–194 Coleridge-Smith P, Labropoulos N, Partsch H, Myers K, Nicolaides A, Cronan JJ, Dorfman GS, Gusmark J (1988) Lower-extremity deep venous Cavezzi A (2006) Duplex ultrasound investigation of the veins in thrombosis: further experience with and refinements of ultrasound chronic venous disease of the lower limbs–UIP consensus docu- assessment. Radiology 168:101 ment. Part I. Basic principles. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 31:83–92 Cronan JJ, Froehlich J, Dorfman GS, Scola FH, Schepps B (1988) Serial Coley BD, Roberts AC, Fellmeth BD (1995) Postangiographic femoral compression ultrasonography in a patient population at high risk artery pseudoaneurysms: further experience with US-guided com- for deep vein thrombosis. Radiology 169(Suppl):321 (Abstr) pression repair. Radiology 194:307–311 Cronenwett JL, Krupski WC, Rutherford RB (2000) Abdominal aortic and Coli S, Magnoni M, Sangiorgi G et al (2008) Contrast-enhanced ultra- iliac aneurysms. In: Rutherford RB (ed) Vascular surgery, 5th edn. sound imaging of intraplaque neovascularization in carotid arter- Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 1246–1280 ies correlation with histology and plaque echogenicity. J Am Coll Cvitanic OA, Cronan JJ, Sigman M, Landau ST (1993) Varicoceles: post- Cardiol 52:223–230 operative prevalence – a prospective study with color Doppler Colli A, Cocciolo M, Riva C et al (1994) Abnormalities of Doppler wave- US. Radiology 187:711–714 form of the hepatic veins in patients with chronic liver disease: cor- Czerny M, Trubel W, Claeys L et al (1997) Acute mesenteric ischemia. relation with histologic findings. AJR 162:833 Zentralbl Chir 122:538–544 Collin J, Auranja H, Sutton GLJ, Lindsell D, Oxford D (1988) Screening D’Audiffret A (2001) Follow-up evaluation of endoluminally treated programme for abdominal aortic aneurysm in men aged 65 to 74 abdominal aortic aneurysms with duplex ultrasonography: valida- years. Lancet 2:613–615 tion with computed tomography. J Vasc Surg 33:42–50 Collins JT, Boros MJ, Combs K (2007) Ultrasound surveillance of endo- Daher A, Jones V, da Silva AF (2001) The role of popliteal vein incompe- vascular aneurysm repair: a safe modality versus computed tomog- tence in the diagnosis of saphenous-popliteal reflux using continu- raphy. Ann Vasc Surg 21:671–675 ous wave Doppler. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 21:350–352 Collins R, Burch J, Cranny G et al (2007) Duplex ultrasonography, mag- Dahl JR, Freed TA, Burke MF (1976) Popliteal vein aneurysm with recur- netic resonance angiography, and computed tomography angi- rent pulmonary thromboemboli. JAMA 236:2531–2532 ography for diagnosis and assessment of symptomatic lower limb Danse EM, Van Beers BE, Goffette P, Dardenne AN, Latterre PF, Pringot J peripheral arterial disease: systematic review. BMJ 334:1257 (1996) Acute intestinal ischemia due to occlusion of superior mes- Colombier D, Elias A, Rousseau H, Otal P, Leger P, Joffre F (1997) Cystic enteric artery: detection with Doppler sonography. J Ultrasound adventitial disease: importance of computed tomography in the Med 15:323–326 diagnostic and therapeutic management. J Mal Vasc 22:181–186 Danse EM, Kartheuser A, Paterson HM et al (2009) Color Doppler sonog- Comerota AJ, Katz ML (1990) The preoperative diagnosis of the ulcer- raphy of small bowel changes. J Belg Radiol 92:202–206 ated carotid atheroma. J Vasc Surg 11:505–510 Darwood R, Earnshaw JJ, Turton G, Shaw E, Whyman M, Poskitt K et al Comerota AJ, Katz ML, Greenwald LL, Leefmans E, Czeredarczuk M, (2012) Twenty-year review of abdominal aortic aneurysm screening White JV (1990) Venous duplex imaging: should it replace hemo- in men in the county of Gloucestershire, United Kingdom. J Vasc dynamic tests for deep venous thrombosis? J Vasc Surg 11:53–59 Surg 56:8–14 Conkbayir I, Yucesoy C, Edguer T et al (2003) Doppler sonography in Dasbach G, Schmitz I, Niehoff L, Edelmann M, Müller K-M (1998) Arteri- renal artery stenosis. An evaluation of intrarenal and extrarenal osklerose der Karotisregion. Gefässchirurgie 3:151–157 imaging parameters. Clin Imaging 27:256–260 Dauzat MM, Laroche J-R, Charras CC, Blin B, Domingo-Faye MM (1986) Connell J (1978) Popliteal vein entrapment. Br J Surg 65:351 Real-time B-mode ultrasonography for better specificity in the Cornus J, Pearson SD, Polak JF (1999) Deep venous thrombosis: com- noninvasive diagnosis of deep vein thrombosis. J Ultrasound Med plete lower extremity venous US examination in patients without 5:625–631 known risk factors – outcome study. Radiology 211:637–641 Davidson JT, Callis JT (1993) Arterial reconstruction of vessels in the foot Correas J-M, Hélénon O, Pourcelot L, Moreau J-F (1997) Ultrasound con- and ankle. Ann Surg 217:699–708 trast agents. Acta Radiol 38(suppl 412):101–112 Davies KN, Humphrey PR (1993) Complications of cerebral angiography Corriere MA, Guzman RJ (2005) True and false aneurysms of the femoral in patients with symptomatic carotid territory ischaemia screened artery. Semin Vasc Surg 18:216–223 by carotid ultrasound. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 56:967–972 Cosgrove D (1997) Echo enhancers and ultrasound imaging. Eur J Radiol Davies AH, Hawdon AJ, Sydes MR, Thompson SG (2005) Is duplex sur- 26:64–76 veillance of value after leg vein bypass grafting? Principal results Cosgrove DO, Arger PH (1982) Intravenous echoes due to laminar flow – of the Vein Graft Surveillance Randomised Trial (VGST). Circulation experimental observations. Am J Radiol 139:953–956 112:1985–1991 510 References

Davis SM, Donnan GA (2003) Is carotid angiography necessary? Editors Diehm C (1998) Buerger Syndrom (Thrombangiitis obliterans). In: disagree. Stroke 34:1819 Handbuch akrale Durchblutungsstörungen. Epidemiologie, Patho- Dawson DL (1996) Noninvasive assessment of renal artery stenosis. genese, Diagnostik und Therapie. Barth, Heidelberg, pp 185–203 Semin Vasc Surg 9:172–181 Dietrich CF, Averkiou MA, Correas JM (2012) An EFSUMB introduction De Bakey ME, Henly WS, Cooley DA et al (1965) Surgical management into Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound (DCE-US) for quantifi- of dissecting aneurysms of the aorta. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg cation of tumour perfusion. Ultraschall Med 33:344–351 49:130–148 Dion JE, Gates PC, Fox AJ, Barnett HJM, Blom RJ (1987) Clinical events De Bray JM, Glatt B (1994) Quantification of atheromatous stenosis in following neuroangiography: a prospective study. Stroke 18:997– the extracranial internal carotid artery. Cerebrovasc Dis 5:414–426 1004 De Bray JM, Baud JM, Dauzat M on behalf of the Consensus Confer- Disselhof B, Buth J, Jakimowicz J (1989) Early detection of stenosis of ence (1997) Consensus concerning the morphology and the risk of femoro-distal grafts. A surveillance study using colour-duplex scan- carotid plaques. Cerebrovasc Dis 7:289–296 ning. Eur J Vasc Surg 3:43–48 De Bruyne Manoharan G, Pijls NHJ et al (2006) Assessment of renal Diwan A, Sarkar R, Stanly JC (2000) Incidence of femoral and popliteal artery stenosis severity by pressure gradient measurement. J Am artery aneurysms in patients with abdominal aortic aneurysms. Coll Cardiol 48:1851–1855 J Vasc Surg 31:863–869 De Haan MW, Kroon AA, Flobbe K (2002) Renovascular disease in Dix FP, McDonald M, Obomighie J et al (2006) Cystic adventitial disease patients with hypertension: detection with duplex ultrasound. of the femoral vein presenting as deep vein thrombosis: a case J Hum Hypertens 16:501–507 report and review of the literature. J Vasc Surg 44:871–874 De Morais RH, Muglia VF, Mamere VF et al (2003) Duplex Doppler Do DD, Zehender T, Mahler F (1993) Farbkodierte Duplexsonogra- sonography of transplant renal artery stenosis. J Clin Ultrasound phie bei iatrogenen Aneurysmata spuria in der Leiste. Dtsch Med 31:135–141 Wochenschr 118:656–660 De Morais Filho D, Miranda F, Del Carmen Janeiro Peres M et al (2004) Do DD, Braunschweig M, Baumgartner I, Furrer M, Mahler F (1997) Segmental waveform analysis in diagnosis of peripheral arterial Adventitial cystic disease of the popliteal artery: percutaneous US-­ occlusive diseases. Ann Vasc Surg 18:714–724 guided aspiration. Radiology 203:743–746 De Smet AA, Kitslaar PJ (1990) A duplex criterion for aorto-iliac stenosis. Dodd GD III, Zajko AB, Orons PD et al (1995) Detection of transjugu- Eur J Vasc Surg 4:275–278 lar intrahepatic portosystemic shunt dysfunction: value of duplex De Smet AA, Emers EJ, Kitslaar PJ (1996) Duplex velocity characteristics Doppler sonography. Am J Roentgenol 164:1119–1124 of aortoiliac stenosis. J Vasc Surg 23:628–636 Doelman C, Duijm LE, Liem YS et al (2005) Stenosis detection in failing De Valois JC, van Schaik CC, Verzijlbergen F, van Ramshorst B, Eikelboom hemodialysis access fistulas and grafts: comparison of color Doppler BC, Meuwissen OJAT (1990) Contrast venography: from gold stan- ultrasonography, contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance angiogra- dard to “golden backup” in clinically suspected deep vein thrombo- phy and digital subtraction angiography. J Vasc Surg 42:739–746 sis. Eur J Radiol 11:131–137 Donald IP, Edwards RD (1982) Fatal outcome from popliteal venous DEGUM, Arbeitskreis Gefäßdiagnostik (1986) Richtlinien für die Durch- aneurysm associated with pulmonary embolism. Br J Radiol führung dopplersonographischer Untersuchungen der Becken- und 55:930–931 Beinvenen. Deutsche Ges Angiologie, Mitt 3. Demeter, Gräfelfing Dorweiler B, Neufang A, Kreitner KF et al (2002) Magnetic resonance Delcker A, Diener HC (1992) Die verschiedenen Ultraschallmethoden angiography unmasks reliable target vessels for pedal bypass graft- zur Untersuchung der A. vertebralis: Eine vergleichende Wertung. ing in patients with diabetes mellitus. J Vasc Surg 35:766–772 Ultraschall Med 13:213–220 Dougherty MJ, Calligaro KD, DeLaurentis DA (1998) The natural history Delin A, Johansson G, Silfverswärd C (1990) Vascular tumors in occlusive of “failing” arterial grafts in a duplex surveillance protocol. Ann Vasc disease of the iliac-femoral vessels. Eur J Vasc Surg 4:539–542 Surg 12:255–259 Denzel C, Balzer K, Muller KM, Fellner F, Fellner C, Lang W (2003) Relative Droste, v. Planta (1989) Memorix, 2. korrigierte Auflage: VCH Verlagsge- value of normalized sonographic in vitro analysis of arteriosclerotic sellschaft, Weinheim (Bundesrepublik Deutschland) plaques of internal carotid artery. Stroke 34:1901–1906 Droste DW, Karl M, Bohle RM, Kaps M (1997) Comparison of ultrasonic Denzel C, Fellner F, Wutke R, Bazler K, Muller KM, Lang W (2003) Ultra­ and histopathological features of carotid artery stenosis. Neurol Res sonographic analysis of arteriosclerotic plaques in the internal 19:380–384 carotid artery. Eur J Ultrasound 16:161–167 Dubbins PA (1986) Renal artery stenosis: duplex Doppler evaluation. Br Denzel C, Balzer K, Merhof D, Lang W et al (2009) 3D cross sectional view J Radiol 59:225–229 to investigate the morphology of internal carotid artery plaques. Duerschmied D, Rossknecht A, Olsson L et al (2005) Contrast ultrasound Is 3D ultrasound superior to 2D ultrasound? Ultraschall Med 29: perfusion imaging of lower extremities in peripheral arterial dis- 291–296 ease – a novel diagnostic method. Ultraschall Med 26:S39 Derkx FH, Schalekamp MA (1994) Renal artery stenosis and hyperten- Dunant JH, Eugenidis N (1973) Cystic degeneration of the popliteal sion. Lancet 344:237–239 artery. Vasa 2:156–159 Desai KM, Gilbert HG (1991) Noninvasive investigation of penile artery Dyet JF, Nicholson AA, Eitles OF (2000) Vascular imaging and Interven- function. In: Kirby RS, Carson CC, Webster GD (eds) Impotence: diag- tion in peripheral arteries in the diabetic patient. Diabetes Metab nosis and management of male erectile dysfunction. Butterworth-­ Res Rev 16(Suppl 1):16–22 Heinemann, Oxford, pp 81–91 Dzsinich C, Gloviczki P, Van Heerden J et al (1992) Primary venous leio- Desberg AL, Paushter DM, Lammert GK et al (1990) Renal artery ste- myosarcoma: a rare but lethal disease. J Vasc Surg 15:592–603 nosis: evaluation with color Doppler flow imaging. Radiology Ebrahim S, Papacosta O, Whincup P et al (1999) Carotid plaque, intima 177:749–753 media thickness, cardiovascular risk factors, and prevalent cardio- Deutsch AL, Hyde J, Miller SM, Diamond CG, Schanche AF (1985) Cystic vascular disease in men and women: The British Regional Heart adventitial degeneration of the popliteal artery: CT demonstration Study. Stroke 30:841–850 and directed percutaneous therapy. AJR 145:117–118 Eckstein HH, Winter R, Eichbaum M et al (2001) Grading of internal DeWire DM, Begun FP, Lawson RK, Fitzgerald S, Foley WD (1992) Color carotid artery stenosis: validation of Doppler/duplex ultrasound Doppler ultrasonography in the evaluation of the acute scrotum. criteria and angiography against endarterectomy specimen. Eur J Urol 147:89–91 Vasc Endovasc Surg 21:301–310 Diamaria G, Zittoun R, Reynes M (1981) Anévrisme veineux poplité ECST Collaborative Group (1996) Endarterectomy for moderate symp- révélé par une embolie pulmonaire. Ann Cardiol Angeiol 30: tomatic carotid stenosis: interim results from the MRC European 337–338 Carotid Surgery Trial. Lancet 347:1591–1593 511 References

ECST European Carotid Surgery Trialists Collaborative Group (1991) Elsman BH, Legemate DA, de Vos HJ, Mali WP, Eikelboom BC (1997) MRC European Carotid Surgery Trial: interim results for symptom- Hyperaemic colour duplex scanning for the detection of aortoiliac atic patients with severe (70–90%) or with mild (0–29%) carotid stenoses. A comparative study with intra-arterial pressure measure- stenosis. Lancet 337:1235–1243 ment. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 14:462–467 Edmondson HT, Crowe JA (1972) Popliteal artery and venous entrap- Elster EA, Hewlett S, DeRienzo DP, Donovan S, Georgia J, Yavorski CC ment. Am Surg 38:657–659 (2002) Adventitial cystic disease of the axillary artery. Ann Vasc Surg Edwards JM, Coldwell DM, Goldman ML, Strandness DE Jr (1991) The 16:134–137 role of duplex scanning in the selection of patients for transluminal Endean ED, Barnes SL, Kwolek CJ et al (2001) Surgical management of angioplasty. J Vasc Surg 13:69–74 thrombotic acute intestinal ischemia. Ann Surg 233:801–808 Edwards JM, Moneta GL, Papanicolaou G et al (1995) Prospective vali- Engberding R (1990) Untersuchungstechniken in der Echokardiogra- dation of a new duplex ultrasound criteria for 70%–99% internal phie. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg/New York, pp S183–S193 carotid stenosis. JEMU 16:3–7 Enzinger F, Weiss S (1993) Hemangioendothelioma: vascular tumor of Effeney DJ, Fiedmann MB, Gooding GAW (1984) Iliofemoral venous intermediate malignancy. In: Enzinger F, Weiss S (eds) Soft tissue thrombosis: real-time ultrasound diagnosis, normal criteria, and tumors. C.V. Mosby, St Louis, pp 627–640 clinical application. Radiology 150:787–792 Erickson SJ, Mewissen MW, Foley WD et al (1989) Stenosis of the inter- Egbring J, Görg C (2007) Die asymptomatische Lungenembolie: Sollte nal carotid artery: assessment using color imaging compared with jeder Patient mtit tiefer Beinvenenthrombose am Thorax geschallt angiography. Am J Roentgenol 152:1299–1305 werden? Ultraschall Med 28:375–379 European Carotid Plaque Study Group (1995) Carotid artery plaque Eiberg JP, Jensen F, Gronvall Rasmussen JB, Schroeder TV (2001) Screen- composition - relationship to clinical presentation and ultrasound ing for aortoiliac lesions by visual interpretation of the common B-mode imaging. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 10:23–30 femoral Doppler waveform. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 22:331–336 Evers EJ, Wuppermann T (1995) Ultraschalldiagnostik bei postthrom- Eiberg JP, Madycki G, Hansen MA, Christiansen S, Gronvall Rasmussen botischem Syndrom. Eine vergleichende Untersuchung mittels JB, Schroeder TV (2002) Ultrasound imaging of infrainguinal arterial Farbduplex, CW-Doppler, und B-Bildsonographie. Ultraschall Med disease has a high interobserver agreement. Eur J Vasc Endovasc 16:259–263 Surg 24:293–299 Evers EJ, Wuppermann T (1997) Die Charakterisierung des postthrom- Eichlisberger R, Jäger K (1989) Beeinflussung der venösen Hämody- botischen Refluxes mittels farbkodierter Duplexsonographie. Vasa namik durch Venenpharmaka. Nachweis mittels Duplexsonogra- 26:190–193 phie. Was gibt es Neues in der Phlebologie (Kurzfassung) Evers EJ, Wuppermann T (1997) Langzeitverlaufbeobachtung der El-Barghouty N, Geroulkas G, Nicolaides A, Androulakis A, Bahal V (1995) venösen Hämodynamik bei postthrombotischem Syndrom mittels Computer-assisted carotid plaque characterization. Eur J Vasc Farbdopplersonographie. Ultraschall 18(S1):54 Endovasc Surg 9:389–393 Eyding J, Geier B, Staub D (2011) Current strategies and possible per- El-Barghouty N, Nicolaides A, Bahal V, Geroulakos G, Androulakis A spectives of ultrasonic risk stratification of ischemic stroke in inter- (1996) The identification of the high risk carotid plaque. Eur J Vasc nal carotid artery disease. Ultraschall Med 32:267–273 Endovasc Surg 11:470–478 Faggioli GL, Pini R, Mauro R et al (2011) Identification of carotid ‘vulner- El-Barghouty NM, Levine T, Ladva S, Flanagan A, Nicolaides A (1996) able plaque’ by contrast-enhanced ultrasonography: correlation ­Histological verification of computerised carotid plaque characteri- with plaque histology, symptoms and cerebral computed tomog- sation. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 11:414–416 raphy. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 41:238–248 Elgersma OE, van Leersum M, Buijs PC et al (1998) Changes over time in Falk E (1992) Why do plaques rupture? Circulation 86:III-30–III-42 optimal duplex threshold for the identification of patients eligible Falk RL, Smith DF (1987) Thrombosis of upper extremity thoracic inlet for carotid endarterectomy. Stroke 29:2352–2356 veins: diagnosis with duplex Doppler sonography. Am J Radiol Elhammady MS, Baskaya MK, Sonmez OF et al (2007) Persistent primi- 149:677–682 tive hypoglossal artery with retrograde flow from the vertebrobasi- Falls G, Eslami MH (2010) Recurrence of a popliteal venous aneurysm. J lar system: a case report. Neurosurg Rev 30:345–349 Vasc Surg 51:458–459 Elias A, Le Croff G, Bouvier JL, Benichou A, Serradimigni A (1987) Value of Faught WE, Mattos MA, van Bemmelen PS et al (1994) Color-flow duplex real-time B-mode ultrasound imaging in the diagnosis of deep vein scanning of carotid arteries: new velocity criteria based on receiver thrombosis of the lower limbs. Int Angiol 6:175–182 operator characteristic analysis for threshold stenoses used in the Elias A, Mallard L, Elias M et al (2003) A single complete ultrasound inves- symptomatic and asymptomatic carotid trials. J Vasc Surg 19:818–828 tigation of the venous network for the diagnostic management of Favaretto E, Pili C, Amato A et al (2007) Analysis of agreement between patients with a clinically suspected first episode of deep venous duplex ultrsound scanning and arteriography in patients with thrombosis of the lower limbs. Thromb Haemost 89:221–227 lower limb artery disease. J Cardivasc Med 8:337–341 Eliasziw M, Rankin RN, Fox AJ, Hynes RB, Barnett HJ (1995) Accuracy and Fay JJ (1985) Anévrisme veineux poplité. Thèse Médicine, n° 78 Lille prognostic consequences of ultrasonography in identifying severe Federman J, Anderson ST, Rosengarten DS, Pitt A (1977) Pulmonary carotid artery stenosis. North American Symptomatic Carotid End- embolism secondary to anomalies of deep venous system of the arterectomy Trial (NASCET) Group. Stroke 26:1747–1752 leg. Br Heart J 39:547–552 Elkind MS, Cheng J, Boden-Albala B, Paik MC, Sacco RL (2001) Elevated Feigenbaum H (ed) (1986) Echocardiography. Lea & Febiger, Philadel- white blood cell count and carotid plaque thickness: Northern Man- phia, pp 1–49 hattan Stroke Study. Stroke 32:842–849 Feinstein SB, Cheirif J, ten Cate FJ et al (1990) Safety and efficacy of a Ellis M, Powell JT, Greenhalg RM (1991) Limitations of ultrasonography new transpulmonary ultrasound contrast agent: initial multicenter in surveillance of small abdominal aortic aneurysms. Br J Surg clinical results. J Am Coll Cardiol 16:316–324 78:614–616 Feldstein VA, Patel MD, LaBerge JM (1996) Transjugular intrahepatic Elsman BH, Legemate DA, van der Heijden FA, de Vos HJ, Mali WP, Eikel- portosystemic shunts: accuracy of Doppler US in determination of boom BC (1995) Impact of ultrasonographic duplex scanning on patency and detection of stenoses. Radiology 201:141–147 therapeutic decision making in lower-limb arterial disease. Br J Surg Fell G, Phillips DJ, Chikos PM, Harley JD, Thiele BL, Strandness DE (1981) 82:630–633 Ultrasonic duplex scanning for disease of the carotid artery. Circula- Elsman BH, Legemate DA, van der Heyden FW et al (1996) The use of tion 64:1191–1195 color-coded duplex scanning in the selection of patients with lower Fellmeth BD, Roberts AC, Bookstein JJ et al (1991) Post-angiographic extremity arterial disease for percutaneous transluminal angio- femoral artery injuries: nonsurgical repair with US-guided compres- plasty: a prospective study. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 19:313–316 sion. Radiology 178:671–675 512 References

Fellner F, Janka R, Fellner C et al (1999) Post occlusion visualization of Forsberg F, Liu J-B, Burns PN, Merton DA, Goldberg BB (1994) Artifacts peripheral arteries with “floating table” MR angiography. Magn in ultrasonic contrast agent studies. J Ultrasound Med 13:357–365 Reson Imaging 17:1235–1237 Forster S, Embree PM, O’Brien WD (1990) Flow velocity profile via time-­ Ferrer EJM, Samso J, Serrando R et al (2000) Use of ultrasound in the domain correlation: error analysis and computer simulation. IEEE diagnosis of carotid artery occlusion. J Vasc Surg 31:736–741 Trans Ultrason Ferroelectr Freq Control 37:164–175 Ferretti G, Salomone A, Castagno PL (1988) Renovascular hypertension: Foshager MC, Ferral H, Nazarian GK et al (1995) Duplex sonography a non-invasive duplex scanning screening. Int Angiol 7:219–223 after transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts (TIPS): normal Fillinger MF, Baker RJ Jr, Zwolak RM et al (1996) Carotid duplex criteria hemodynamic findings and efficacy in predicting shunt patency for 60% or greater angiographic stenosis: variation according to and stenosis. Am J Roentgenol 165:1–7 equipment. J Vasc Surg 24:856–864 Foster JH, Dean RH, Pinkterton JA, Rhamy RK (1973) Ten years experi- Finkenzeller T, Tacke J, Clevert DA et al (2008) Quantification of extra- ence with the surgical management of renovascular hypertension. cranial ICA stenoses with vessel ultrasound by CCDS and B-flow in Ann Surg 177:755–760 comparison to 64-slice multidector CTA, contrast-enhanced MRA Fox R, Kahn M, Adler J et al (1985) Adventitial cystic disease of the pop- and DSA. Ultraschall Med 29:294–301 liteal artery: Failure of percutaneous transluminal angioplasty as a Finlay DE, Longley DG, Foshager MC, Letourneau JG (1993) Duplex and therapeutic modality. J Vasc Surg 2:165–175 color Doppler sonography of hemodialysis arteriovenous fistulas Franco G, Nguyen Khac G (1997) Anévrisme veineux de la fosse poplitee: and grafts. Radiographics 13:983–989 exploration ultrasonographique. Phlebologie 50:31–35 Fisher AJ, Paulson EK, Kliewer MA et al (1998) Doppler sonography Francois GF, Jausseran JM, Giuly J (1988) Anévrisme veineux poplité. of the portal vein and hepatic artery: measurement of a prandial Presse Méd 17:755 effect in healthy subjects. Radiology 207:711–715 Frank E, Anderson C, Rubinstein D (1978) Frequency of sexual dysfunc- Fitzgerald SW, Foley WD (1991) Genitourinary system. In: Lanzer P, Yoga- tion in “normal” couples. N Engl J Med 299:111–115 nathan AP (eds) Vascular imaging by color Doppler and magnetic Fraser JD, Anderson DR (1999) Deep venous thrombosis: recent resonance. Springer, Berlin advances and optimal investigation with US. Radiology 211:9–24 Fitzgerald SW, Erickson S, DeWire DM et al (1992) Color Doppler sonog- Frauchiger B, Holtz D, Eichlisberger R, Jäger KA (1995) Duplexsono­ raphy in the evaluation of the adult acute scrotum. J Ultrasound graphie zur Abklärung der renovaskulären Hypertonie und bei Med 11:543–548 Durchblutungsstörungen der Transplantatniere. In: Jäger KA, Flanigan DP, Burnham SJ, Goodreau JJ et al (1979) Summary of cases Eichlisberger R (eds) Sono-Kurs – Ein konzentrierter Refresherkurs of adventitial cystic disease of the popliteal artery. Ann Surg 189: über die gesamte Ultraschalldiagnostik. Karger, Basel, pp 114–127 165–175 Frauchiger B, Schmid HP, Roedel C, Moosmann P, Staub D (2001) Com- Flanigan DP, Ballard JL, Robinson D et al (2008) Duplex ultrasound of parison of carotid arterial resistive indices with intima-media thick- the superficial femoral artery is a better screening tool than ankle-­ ness as sonographic markers of atherosclerosis. Stroke 32:836–841 brachial index to identify at risk patients with lower extremity Frederick MG, Hertzberg BS, Kliewer MA et al (1996) Can the US examina- ­atherosclerosis. J Vasc Surg 47:789–792 tion for lower extremity deep venous thrombosis be abbreviated? A Fleming SH, Ross PD, Timothy EC (2010) Accuracy of duplex sonography prospective study of 755 examinations. Radiology 199:45–47 scans after renal artery stenting. J Vasc Surg 52:953–958 Frimann-Dahl J (1935) Postoperative Röntgenuntersuchungen. Acta Fletcher JP, Kershaw LZ, Barker DS (1990) Ultrasound diagnosis of lower Chir Scand 76(Suppl):36 limb deep venous thrombosis. Med J Aust 153:453–455 Frühwald F, Blackwell DE (1992) Atlas der farbkodierten Dopplersono­ Fletcher J, Saker K, Baptiste P et al (2000) Colour Doppler diagnosis of graphie. Springer, Wien/New York, p 101 perigraft flow following endovascular repair of abdominal aortic Fukudome Y, Abe I, Onaka U et al (1998) Regression of carotid wall aneurysm. Int Angiol 19:326–330 thickening after corticosteroid therapy in Takayasu’s arteritis evalu- Flückiger F, Steiner H, Rabl H, Waltner F (1991) Zystische Adventitia-­ ated by B-mode ultrasonography: report of 2 cases. J Rheumatol Degeneration der Arteria poplitea: Sonographische Sicherung der 25:2029–2032 Diagnose. Ultraschall Med 12:84–87 Furness PN, Philpott CM, Chorbadijan MT et al (2003) Protocol biopsy Fobbe F (1993) Periphere Venen. In: Wolf KJ, Fobbe F (eds) Farbkodierte of the stable renal transplant: a multicenter study of methods and Duplexsonographie. Thieme, Stuttgart/New York, pp 114–129 complication rates. Transplantation 76:969–973 Fobbe F, Wolf K-J (1988) Erste klinische Erfahrungen mit der Angiodyno- Fürst G, Kuhn FP, Trappe RP, Modder U (1990) Diagnostik der tiefen Bein- graphie. Fortschr Röntgenstr 148:259–264 venenthrombose. Farb-Doppler-Sonographie versus Phlebogra- Fobbe F, Koennecke H-C, El Bedewi M, Heidt P, Boese-Landgraf J, Wolf phie. Fortschr Geb Röntgenstr Neuen Bildgeb Verfahr 152:151–158 K-J (1989) Diagnostik der tiefen Beinvenenthrombose mit farbkodi- Fürst G, Saleh A, Wenserski F et al (1999) Reliability and validity of nonin- erter Duplexsonographie. Fortschr Röntgenstr 151:569 vasive imaging of internal carotid artery pseudo-occlusion. Stroke Fobbe F, Ruhnke-Trautmann M, van Gemmeren D, Hartmann CA, Kania 30:1450–1455 U, Wolf K-J (1991) Altersbestimmung venöser Thromben im Ultra- Gabrielli R, Vitale S, Constanzo A, Carra A (2010) Our experience of pop- schall. Fortschr Röntgenstr 155:344–348 liteal vein aneurysm. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg 11:835–837 Foley WD (1991) Color Doppler flow imaging. Andover Medical Publish- Gaiani S, Bolondi L, Li Bassi S et al (1989) Effect of meal on portal hemo- ers, Boston dynamics in healthy humans and in patients with chronic liver dis- Foley WD, Middleton WD, Lawson TL, Erickson S, Quiroz FA, Macrander ease. Hepatology 9:815–819 S (1989) Color Doppler ultrasound imaging of lower-extremity Gaitini D (1990) Late changes in veins after deep venous thrombosis: venous disease. AJR Am J Roentgenol 152:371–376 ultrasonic findings. Fortschr Röntgenstr 153:68–72 Föllinger O (1982) Laplace- and Fourier-transformation. AEG-­Telefunken, Gaitini D, Kaftori JK, Pery M, Weich YL, Markel A (1988) High-resolution Berlin real-time ultrasonography in the diagnosis of deep vein thrombo- Fontcuberta J, Flores A, Langsfeld M et al (2005) Screening algorithm sis. Fortschr Roentgenstr 149:26 for aortoiliac occlusive disease using duplex ultrasonography- Galen SR, Gambino RS (1975) Beyond normality. The predictive value acquired velocity spectra from the distal external iliac artery. Vas- and efficiency of medical diagnoses. Wiley, New York, pp 10–14 cular 13:164–172 Gallacher JJ, Hageman JH (1985) Popliteal vein aneurysm causing pul- Foo FJ, Hammond CJ, Goldstone AR et al (2011) Agreement between monary embolus. Arch Surg 120:1173–1175 computed tomograpghy and ultrasound on abdominal aortic Galland RB, Simmons MJ, Torrie EPH (1991) Prevalence of abdominal aneurysms and implications on clinical decisions. Eur J Vasc Endo- aortic aneurysm in patients with peripheral vascular disease. Br J vasc Surg 42:608–614 Surg 78:1259–1260 513 References

Garovic VD, Textor SC (2005) Renovascular hypertension and ischemic Gonçalves I, Moses J, Pedro LM et al (2003) Echolucency of carotid nephropathy. Circulation 112:1362–1374 plaques correlates with plaque cellularity. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg Gartenschlager M, Klose KJ, Schmidt JA (1996) Diagnose flottierender 26:32–38 venöser Thromben mittels Phlebo-Spiral-CT. Fortschr Geb Röntgen- Gonçalves I, Lindholm MW, Pedro LM et al (2004) Elastin and calcium str Neuen Bildgeb Verfahr 164:376–361 rather than collagen or lipid content are associated with echo- Garth KE, Carroll BA, Sommer FG, Oppenheimer DA (1983) Duplex genicity of human carotid plaques. Stroke 35:2795–2800 ultrasound scanning of the carotid arteries with velocity spectrum Gooding GAW, Perez S, Rapp JH, Drupski WC (1991) Lower-extremity analysis. Radiology 147:823–827 vascular grafts placed for peripheral vascular disease. Prospec- Gebhardt J et al (1989) Sonographische Akutdiagnostik der Darmischä- tive evaluation with duplex Doppler sonography. Radiology 180: mie. Ultraschall 10:158–163 379–386 Geelkerken RH, Delahunt TA, Schultze Kool LJ et al (1996) Pitfalls in the Goodman LR, Lipchick RJ (1996) Diagnosis of acute pulmonary embo- diagnosis of origin stenosis of die coeliac and superior mesenteric lism: time for a new approach. Radiology 199:25–27 arteries with transabdominal color duplex examination. Ultrasound Gorenstein A, Katz S, Schiller M (1987) Congenital aneurysms of the Med Biol 22:695–700 deep veins of the lower extremities. J Vasc Surg 5:765–768 Geiger A, Hammel D, Scheld HH, Böcker W (1991) Fallbericht: Ungewöhn- Görtler M, Niethammer R, Widder B (1994) Differentiating subtotal lich großer Tumor eines Glomus caroticum. Angio 13:279–283 carotid artery stenoses from occlusions by colour-coded duplex Gentile AT, Mills JL, Gooden MA et al (1997) Identification of predictors sonography. J Neurol 241:301–305 of lower extremity vein graft stenosis. Am J Surg 174:218–221 Gottlieb RH, Voci S, Syed L et al (2003) Randomized prospective study Gerlach HE, Schellong SM, Hach-Wunderle V et al (2009) Non-­ comparing routine versus selective use of sonography of the com- implementation of guideline recommendations for diagnosis of plete calf in patients with suspected deep venous thrombosis. AJR deep venous thrombosis in Germany. J Thromb Haemost 7:491 180:241–245 Geroulakos G, Ramaswami G, Nicolaides A et al (1993) Characterization Götzberger M, Kaiser C, Landauer N, Dieterle C, Heldwein W, Schiemann of symptomatic and asymptomatic carotid plaques using high-­ U (2008) Intrarenal resistance index for the assessment of early resolution real-time ultrasonography. Br J Surg 80:1274–1277 renal function impairment in patients with liver cirrhosis. Eur J Med Geroulakos G, Domjan J, Nicolaides A, Stevens J et al (1994) Ultrasonic Res 13:383–387 carotid artery plaque structure and risk of cerebral infarction on Gramiak R, Shah PM (1968) Echocardiography of the aortic root. Investig computed tomography. J Vasc Surg 20:263–266 Radiol 3:356–366 Gerson L, Martin H (1981) Ectasie veineuse d’origine traumatique. Angi- Grant EG, Perrella RR (1990) Wishing won’t make it so: duplex Doppler ologie 33:275–278 sonography in die evaluation of renal transplant dysfunction. AJR Giannetti A, Biscontri M, Randisi P, Cortese B, Minacci C, Stumpo M 155:538–539 (2010) Contrast-enhanced sonography in the diagnosis of acute Grant EG, Duerinckx AJ, El Saden S et al (1999) Doppler sonographic mesenteric ischemia: Case Report. J Clin Ultrasound 38:156–160 parameters for the detection of carotid stenosis. Am J Roentgenol Giannoni MF, Bilotta F, Fiorani L, Fiorani P (1998) Regarding “Reduc- 172:1123–1129 tion in aortic aneurysm size: early results after endovascular graft Grant EG, Duerinckx AJ, El Saden SM et al (2000) Ability to use duplex replacement”. Letter. J Vasc Surg 27:981 US to quantify internal carotid stenoses: fact or fiction? Radiology Giannoni MF, Fanelli F, citone M, Cristina Acconcia M, Speziale F, Gossetti 214:247–252 B (2007) Contrast ultrasound imaging: the best method to detect Grant EG, Benson CB, Moneta GL et al (2003) Carotid artery stenosis: type II endoleak during endovascular aneurysm repair follow-up. gray-scale and Doppler US diagnosis – Society of Radiologists in Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg 6:359–362 Ultrasound Consensus Conference. Radiology 229:340–346 Gibson NS, Schellong SM, Kheir DY et al (2009) Safety and sensitivity of Grassbaugh JA, Nelson PR, Rzucidlo EM, Schermerhorn ML, Fillinger MF, two ultrasound strategies in patients with clinically suspected deep Powell RJ et al (2003) Blinded comparison of preoperative duplex venous thrombosis: a prospective managemend study. J Thromb ultrasound and contrast arteriography for planning revascularisa- Haemost 7:2035–2041 tion at the level of the tibia. J Vasc Surg 37:1186–1190 Gillespie DL, Villavicencio JL, Gallagher C et al (1997) Presentation and Grassi CJ, Polak JF (1990) Axillary and subclavian venous thrombosis: management of venous aneurysms. J Vasc Surg 26:845–852 follow-up evaluation with color Doppler flow US and venography. Giorgio A, Amoroso P, Lettieri G et al (1986) Cirrhosis: value of caudate to Radiology 175:651–654 right lobe ratio in diagnosis with US. Radiology 161:443–445 Gray-Weale AC, Graham JC, Burnett JR et al (1988) Carotid artery ath- Giustacchini P, Pisanti F, Citterio F et al (2002) Renal vein thrombosis eroma: comparison of preoperative B-mode ultrasound appear- after renal transplantation: an important cause of graft loss. Trans- ance with carotid endarterectomy specimen. J Cardiovasc Surg plant Proc 34:2126–2127 29:115–123 Giyanani VL, Krebs CA, Nall LA, Eisenberg RL, Parvey HR (1989) Diagnosis Gray-Weale AC, Graham JC, Burnett JR et al (1988) Comparison of pre- of abdominal aortic dissection by image-directed Doppler sonog- operative B-mode ultrasound appearance with carotid endarterec- raphy. J Clin Ultrasound 17:445–448 tomy specimen pathology. J Cardiovasc Surg 29:676–681 Glickerman DJ, Obregon RG, Schmiedl UP et al (1996) Cardiac-gated MR Green RM, McNamara J, Ouriel K, DeWeese JA (1990) Comparison angiography of the entire lower extremity: a prospective compari- of infrainguinal graft surveillance techniques. J Vasc Surg 11: son with conventional angiography. AJR 167:445–451 207–214 Glifeather M, Yoon HC, Siegelman ES (1999) Renal artery stenosis: evalu- Greenwood LH, Yrizarry JM, Hallett JW (1982) Peripheral venous aneu- ation with conventional angiography versus gadolinium-enhanced rysms with recurrent pulmonary embolism: report of a case and MR angiography. Radiology 210:367–372 review of the literature. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 5:43–45 Golledge J, Beattie DK, Greenhalg RM, Davies AH (1996) Have the results Greiner L (2005) Quantifizierung des Nichtquantifizierbaren oder: Maß of infrainguinal bypass improved with the widespread utilisation of und Zahl sind Schall und Rauch. Ultraschall Med 26:183–184 postoperative surveillance? Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 11:388–392 Griewig B, Morganstern C, Driesner F et al (1996) Cerebrovascular Golledge J, Iannos J, Walsh JA, Burnett JR, Foreman RK (2001) Critical disease assessed by color flow and power Doppler ultrasonogra- assessment of the outcome of infrainguinal vein bypass. Ann Surg phy. Comparison with digital subtraction angiography in internal 234:697–701 carotid artery stenosis. Stroke 27:95–100 Golzarian J et al (2002) Evaluation of abdominal aortic aneurysm after Grigg MJ, Nicolaides AN, Wolfe JHN (1988) Detection and grading of endoluminal treatment: comparison of color Doppler sonography femorodistal vein graft stenoses: duplex velocity measurements and biphasic helical CT. AJR Am J Roentgenol 178:623–628 compared with angiography. J Vasc Surg 8:661 514 References

Grigg MJ, Wolfe JHN, Tovar A, Nicolaides AN (1988) The reliability of Habscheid W (2006) Sonographie der Beinvenenthrombose. Ultraschall duplex derived haemodynamic measurements in the assessment Med 27:512–532 of femoro-distal grafts. Eur J Vasc Surg 2:177–181 Habscheid W, Landwehr P (1990) Diagnostik der akuten tiefen Beinve- Grogan J, Castilla M, Lozanski L et al (2005) Frequency of critical ste- nenthrombose mit der Kompressionssonographie. Ultraschall Med nosis in primary arteriovenous fistulae before hemodialysis access: 11:268–273 should duplex ultrasound surveillance be the standard of care? J Habscheid W, Wilhelm T (1988) Diagnostik der tiefen Beinvenen- Vasc Surg 41:1000–1006 thrombose durch Real-time-Sonographie. Dtsch Med Wochenschr Grogan JK, Shaalan WE, Cheng H (2005) B-mode ultrasonographic char- 113:586–591 acterization of carotid atherosclerotic plaques in symptomatic and Habscheid W, Becker W, Höhmann M (1989) Diagnostik der tiefen Bein- asymptomatic patients. J Vasc Surg 42:435–441 venenthrombose. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 114:837 Grøndal N, Bramsen MB, Thomsen MD, Rasmussen CB, Lindholdt JS Habscheid W, Höhmann M, Klein S (1990) Kompressionssonographie (2012) The cardiac cycle is a major contributor to variability in size als Verfahren zur Diagnose der akuten tiefen Beinvenenthrombose. measurements of abdominal aortic aneurysms by ultrasound. Eur J Med Klin 85:6–12 Vasc Endovasc Surg 43:30–33 Hach W (1981) Spezielle Diagnostik der primären Varikose. Demeter, Grønholdt ML, Nordestgaard BG, Nielsen TG, Sillesen H (1996) Echo- Gräfelfing lucent carotid artery plaques are associated with elevated levels Hach W, Hach-Wunderle V (1994) Die Rezirkulationskreise der primären of fasting and postprandial triglyceride-rich lipoproteins. Stroke Varikose. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg 27:2166–2172 Hach W, Hach-Wunderle V (1996) Phlebographie der Bein- und Becken- Gronholdt ML, Wiebe BM, Laursen H (1997) Lipid-rich carotid artery venen. Schnetztor, Konstanz, pp 89–120 plaques appear echolucent on ultrasound B-mode images and may Hach W, Hach-Wunderle V (1998) Diagnostik der tiefen Bein- und Beck- be associated with intraplaque haemorrhage. Eur J Vasc Endovasc enthrombosen durch Phlebographie und Duplex-Sonographie. Surg 14:439–445 Hämostaselogie 18:11–17 Grønholdt ML, Nordestgaard BG, Wiebe BM, Wilhjelm JE, Sillesen H Hach W, Girth E, Lechner W (1977) Einteilung der Stammvarikose der V. (1998) Echo-lucency of computerized ultrasound images of carotid saphena magna in 4 Stadien. Phlebol Proktol 6:116–123 atherosclerotic plaques are associated with increased levels of Hach-Wunderle V, Blätter W, Gerlach H, Konstantinides St, Noppenney triglyceride-­rich lipoproteins as well as increased plaque lipid con- T, Pillny M, Riess H, Schellong S, Stiegler H, Wildberger JE (2010) tent. Circulation 97:34–40 Diagnostik und Therapie der Venenthrombose und der Lungen- Grønholdt ML, Nordestgaard BG, Schroeder TV, Vorstrup S, Sillesen H embolie. Interdisziplinäre S2 Leitlinie. VASA (Suppl) S78/2010. (2001) Ultrasonic echolucent carotid plaques predict future strokes. www.­awmf.­org/uploads/tx_szleitlinien/065-­002_S2_Diagnos- Circulation 104:68–73 tik_und_Therapie_der Venenthrombose_und_der_Lungenembo- Gronholdt ML, Nordestgaard BG, Bentzon J (2002) Macrophages are lie_06_2010_2_pdf associated with lipid-rich carotid artery plaques, echolucency Haerten R (1998) Power-Doppler-Verfahren. In: Bogdahn U, Becker on B-mode imaging, and elevated plasma lipid levels. J Vasc Surg G, Schlachetzki F (eds) Echosignalverstärker und transkranielle 35:137–145 Farbduplex-­Sonographie. Blackwell Wissenschafts-Verlag, Berlin/ Gross CM, Kramer J, Weingartner O et al (2001) Determination of renal Wien, pp 93–99 arterial stenosis severity: comparison of pressure gradient and ves- Haerten R, Kim J (1993) Verfahren der Farbdoppler-Sonographie – Ein sel diameter. Radiology 220:751–756 Methodenvergleich. Ultraschall Med 14:225–230 Grosser S, Kreymann G, Guthoff A et al (1990) Farbkodierte Duplex- Haimov H, Giron F, Jacobsen JH (1979) The expanded polytetrafluoro- sonographie bei Phlebothrombosen. Dtsch Med Wochenschr ethylene graft. Three years` experience with 362 grafts. Arch Surg 115:1939–1944 114:673–677 Grosser S, Kreymann G, Kühns A (1991) Duplex-sonographisch quanti- Haire WD, Lynch TG, Lund GB, Lieberman RP, Edney JA (1991) Limitations fiziertes Shuntvolumen und dessen klinische Relevanz. Angio Arch of magnetic resonance imaging and ultrasound-directed (duplex) 22:74–77 scanning in the diagnosis of subclavian vein thrombosis. J Vasc Surg Gruss JD, Geissler C (1997) Aneurysms of the subclavian artery in tho- 13:391–397 racic outlet syndrome. Zentralbl Chir 122:730–734 Hallam MJ, Reid JM, Cooperberg PL (1989) Color-flow Doppler and con- Gubler FM, Laan R, van der Veen F (1996) The value of palpation, varico- ventional duplex scanning of the carotid bifurcation: prospective screen contact thermography and colour Doppler ultrasound in the double-blind correlative study. Am J Roentgenol 152:1101–1105 diagnosis of varicocele. Hum Reprod 11:1232–1235 Halliday A, Harrison M, Hayter E (2010) 10-year stroke prevention after Guo Z, Fenster A (1996) Three-dimensional power Doppler imaging: A successful carotid endarterectomy for asymptomatic stenosis phantom study to quantify vessel stenosis. Ultrasound Med Biol (ACST-1): a multicentre randomised trial. Lancet 376:1074–1084 22:1059–1069 Hamada T, Yamauchi M, Hashimoto Y, Nakai K, Suenaga K (2007) Pro- Haas SB, Tribus CB, Insall JN, Becker MW, Windsor RE (1992) The signifi- spective evaluation of contrast-enhanced ultrasonography with cance of calf thrombi after total knee arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg advanced dynamic flow for the diagnosis of intestinal ischemia. Br Br 74:799–802 J Radiol 80:603–608 Haaverstadt R, Fougner R, Myhre HO (1995) Venous haemodynamics Hamann H, Cyba-Altunbay S, Schäfer H, Vollmar JF (1986) Asymptom- and the occurrence of leg oedema in patients with popliteal aneu- atic carotid artery stenosis. Surgery versus medical treatment rysm. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 9:204–210 (Casanova Study). In: Maurer PC, Becker HM, Heidrich H, Hoffmann Haaverstadt R, Johnsen H, Saether OD, Myhre HO (1995) Lymph drain- G, Kriessmann A, Müller-Wiefel H (eds) What is new in angiology? age and the development of post-reconstructive leg oedema is Zuckschwerdt, München, p 305 not influenced by the type of inguinal incision. A prospective ran- Hamulyak K, Lensing AWA, van der Meer J, Smid WM, van Ooy A, Hoek domised study in patients undergoing femoropopliteal bypass sur- JA (1995) Subcutaneous low molecular-weight heparin or oral anti- gery. Euro Vasc Endovasc Surg 10:316–322 coagulants for the prevention of deep-vein thrombosis in elective Habscheid W (1988) Einsatz der Real-Time-Sonographie zur Diagnostik hip and knee replacement? Thromb Haemost 76:1428–1431 der tiefen Beinvenenthrombose auf einer internistischen Inten- Handa N, Matsumoto M, Maeda H, Hougaku H, Kamada T (1995) Isch- sivstation. Intensivmed Notfallmed 25:326 emic stroke events and carotid atherosclerosis. Results of the Osaka Habscheid W (1998) Stellenwert der Duplexsonographie in der Beinve- Follow-up Study for Ultrasonograhic Assessment of Carotid Athero- nendiagnostik. DMW 132:1185–1190 sclerois (the OSACA Study). Stroke 26:1781–1786 515 References

Hankey GJ, Warlow CP, Sellar RJ (1990) Cerebral angiographic risk in Berücksichtigung der Stenosegradbestimmung. Universität Würz- mild cerebrovascular disease. Stroke 21:209–222 burg, Med Diss Hansen LG, Boris P (1986) Aneurysma der Vena femoralis und poplitea. Hellings WE, Peeters W, Moll FL et al (2010) Composition of carotid ath- Radiologe 26:210 erosclerotic plaque is associated with cardiovascular outcome: a Hansen KJ, Tribble RW, Reavis SW (1990) Renal duplex sonography: prognostic study. Circulation 121:1941–1950 evaluation of clinical utility. J Vasc Surg 12:227–236 Henao EA, Hodge MD, Felkai DD et al (2006) Contrast-enhanced duplex Harbin WP, Robert NH, Ferrucci JT (1980) Diagnosis of cirrhosis based on surveillance after endovascular abdominal aortic aneurysm repair: regional changes in hepatic morphology. Radiology 135:273–283 improved efficacy using a continuous infusion technique. J Vasc Harloff A, Strecker C, Reinhard M et al (2006) Combined measurement Surg 43:259–264 of carotid stiffness and intima-media thickness improves prediction Henderson RD, Steinman DA, Eliasziw M, Barnett HJ (2000) Effect of of complex aortic plaques in patients with ischemic stroke. Stroke contralateral carotid artery stenosis on carotid ultrasound velocity 37:2708–2712 measurements. Stroke 31:2636–2640 Harnoss B-M, Keller F, Häring R, Distler A, Maurer PC (Hrsg) (1991) Der Hendrickx PH, Roth U, Brassel F et al (1990) Phantomuntersuchungen Dialyseshunt als chirurgische und nephrologische Aufgabe. Angio zur Wertigkeit der farbkodierten Doppler-Sonographie bei der Archiv 22 arteriellen Verschlußkrankheit der unteren Extremitäten. Fortschr Harns PL, de Cossart L, Moody P, Douglas H (1988) How can we detect Röntgenstr 152:1–5 and manage fibrous strictures within new grafts? Are these more Hendrickx PH, Roth U, von der Lieth H (1991) Wertigkeit der Angiodyno- problematical with reversed than in situ bypass? In: Greenhalgh RM graphie zur Verlaufskontrolle chirurgischer Gefäßprothesen. Ultra- (ed) Limb salvage and amputation for vascular disease. Saunder schall Med 12:188–192 WB, London, p 221 Hennerici M, Meairs S (2000) Imaging arterial wall disease. Cerebrovasc Harolds JA, Friedman MH (1977) Venous aneurysms. South Med J Dis 10(Suppl 5):9–20 70:719–721 Hennerici M, Neuerburg-Heusler D (1988) Gefäßdiagnostik mit Ultra- Harrer JU, Sasse A, Klötzsch C (2006) Intimal flap in a conmon carotid schall. Thieme, Stuttgart artery in a patient with Marfan’s syndrome. Ultraschall Med 27: Hennerici M, Steinke W, Rautenberg W (1989) High-resistance Dop- 487–488 pler flow pattern in extracranial carotid dissection. Arch Neurol 46: Harris E, Taylor L, Porter J (1989) Epithelioid hemangioendothelioma of 670–672 external iliac vein: a primary vascular tumor presenting as traumatic Henricksen JH, Moller S, Schifter S et al (1999) Increased arterial compli- venous obstruction. J Vasc Surg 10:697–699 ance in decompensated cirrhosis. J Hepatol 31:712–718 Hartshorne TC, CN MC, Earnshaw JJ, Morris J, Nasim A (2011) Ultra- Herbener TE, Seftel AD, Nehra A, Goldstein I (1994) Penile ultrasound. sound measurement of aortic diameter in a national screening pro- Semin Urol 12:320–332 gramme. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 42:195–199 Hermus L, Tielliu IF, Wallis de Vries BM, van den Dungen JJ, Zeebregts Hassen S, Barrellier MT, Seinturier C, Bosson JL, Genty C, Long A, Pernod CJ (2010) Imaging the vulnerable carotid artery plaque. Acta Chir G (2011) High percentage of non-diagnostic compression ultraso- Belg 110:159–164 nography results and the diagnosis of ipsilateral recurrent proximal Hermus L, van Dam GM, Zeebregts CJ (2010) Advanced carotid plaques deep vein thrombosis. J Thromb Haemost 9:414–416 imaging. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 39:125–133 Hata J, Kamada T, Haruma K, Kusunoki H (2005) Evaluation of bowel Herzog P, Anastasiu M, Wollbrink W, Herrmann W, Holtermüller K-H ischemia with contrast-enhanced US: initial experience. Radiology (1991) Real-time Sonographie bei tiefer Becken- und Beinvenen- 236:712–715 thrombose. Med Klinik 86:132–137 Hatle L, Angelson B (1985) Doppler ultrasound in cardiology. Lea & Hill SL, Donato AT (1994) Ability of the carotid duplex scan to predict Febiger, Philadelphia, pp 22–26 stenosis, symptoms and plaque structure. Surgery 116:914–920 Hatsukami TS, Prornozich JF, Zierler RE et al (1992) Color Doppler Hirsch AT, Haskal ZJ, Hertzer NR et al (2006) ACC/AHA 2005 practice imaging of infrainguinal arterial occlusive disease. J Vasc Surg 16: guidelines for the management of patients with peripheral arterial 527–533 disease (lower extremities, renal, mesenteric, and abdominal aor- Hauser M, Brunner U (1994) Neue pathophysiologische und funktio- tic): a collaborative report from the American Association for Vascu- nelle Gesichtspunkte zur Insuffizienz der Vena saphena parva. Vasa lar Surgery/Society for Vascular Surgery, Society for Cardiovascular 22:338–341 Angiography and Interventions, Society for Vascular Medicine and Hawkins PG, McKnoulty LM, Gordon RD (1989) Noninvasive renal Biology, Society of Interventional Radiology, and the ACC/AHA artery duplex ultrasound and computerized nuclear renography to Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Develop screen for and follow progress in renal artery stenosis. J Hypertens Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Peripheral Arterial 7(Suppl):184–185 Disease). Circulation 113:e463–e654 Heberer G, Van Dongen RJAM (eds) (1993) Gefäßchirurgie. Springer, Hirschl M, Bernt R (1990) Normalwerte, Reproduzierbarkeit und Aus- Berlin/Heidelberg/New York/Tokyo. Kirschnersche allgemeine und sagekraft duplexsonographischer Kriterien in der Venenfunktions- spezielle Operationslehre, Bd 11 diagnostik. Ultraschall. Klin Prax 5:81–84 Hecking C, Aschwanden M, Dickenmann M et al (2006) Efficient hae- Hoballah JJ, Nazzal MM, Ryan SM et al (1997) Is color duplex surveil- modialysis despite complete central venous thrombosis. Vasa lance of infrainguinal polyetrafluoroethylene grafts worthwhile? 35:243–244 Am J Surg 174:131–135 Hedblad B, Wikstrand J, Janzon L et al (2001) Low-dose metroprolol CR/ Hoffmann U, Edwards JM, Carter S et al (1991) Role of duplex scanning XL and fluvastatin slow progression of carotid intima-media thick- for the detection of atherosclerotic renal artery disease. Kidney Int ness: main results from the Beta-Blocker Cholesterol-Lowering 39:1232–1239 Asymptomatic Plaque Study (BCAPS). Circulation 103:1721–1726 Hofmann W, Forstner R, Sattlegger P, Ugurluoglu A, Magometschnigg Heilberger P et al (1997) Postoperative color flow duplex scanning in H (2001) Die bildgebende Diagnostik pedaler Anschlussgefäße, aortic endografting. J Endovasc Surg 4:262 Gefäßchirurgie. Springer, Originalarbeit 6:98–102 Heine GH, Gerhart MK, Girndt M et al (2006) Intrarenale Widerstandsin- Hofmann WJ, Walter J, Ugurluoglu A, Czerny M, Forstner R, Magom- dices und Subklinische Artherosklerose als Prognosemarker bei etschnigg H (2004) Preoperative high-frequency duplex scanning nierentransplantierten Menschen. Ultraschall Med 27:S62 of potential pedal target vessels. J Vasc Surg 39:169–175 Heinrich U (1993) In-vitro-Untersuchungen an Gefäßstenosen Hollenbeck M, Hilbert N, Meusel F, Grabensee B (1994) Increasing sen- mit der farbkodierten Duplexsonographie unter besonderer sitivity and specificity of Doppler sonographic detection of renal 516 References

transplant rejection with serial investigation technique. Clin Inves- Ihlberg L, Luther M, Tierala E, Lepäntalo M (1998) The utility of duplex tig 72:609–615 scanning in infrainguinal vein graft surveillance: results from a ran- Hollerweger A, Macheiner P, Rettenbacher T, Gritzmann N (2000) Sono­ domised controlled study. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 16:19–27 graphische Diagnose von Muskelvenenthrombosen des Unter- Ihnat DM, Mills JL, Dawson DL et al (1999) The correlation of early flow schenkels und deren Bedeutung als Emboliequelle. Ultraschall Med disturbances with the development of infrainguinal graft stenosis: 21:66–72 a 10-year study of 341 autogenous vein grafts. J Vasc Surg 30:8–15 Homma S, Ishii T, Tsugane S, Hirose N (1997) Different effects of hyperten- Ikeda M, Fujimori Y, Tankawa H, Iwata H (1984) Compression syndrome sion and hypercholesterolemia on the natural history of aortic ath- of the popliteal vein and artery caused by popliteal cyst. Angiology erosclerosis by the stage of intimal lesion. Atherosclerosis 125:85–95 35:245–251 Homma S, Hirose N, Inagaki T, Suzuki M, Wakida Y (1999) Lifestyle, Insua JA, Young JR, Humphries AW (1970) Popliteal artery entrapment familial history and social background of Japanese centenarians. In: syndrome. Arch Surg 101:771–775 Tauchi H, Sato T, Watanabe T (eds) Japanese centenarians – medical Irninger W (1963) Histologische Altersbestimmung von Thrombosen research for the final stages of human aging. Editorial and Publish- und Embolien. Virchows Archiv Path Anat 336:220–237 ing Office of Japanese Centenarians, Aichi, pp 20–35 Isaacson JA, Neumyer MM (1995) Direct and indirect renal arterial duplex Homma S, Hirose N, Ishida H, Ishii T, Araki G (2001) Carotid plaque and and Doppler colour flow evaluations. J Vasc Technol 193:309–316 intima-media thickness assessed by B-mode sonography in sub- Isaacson JA, Zierler RE, Spittell PC, Strandness DE (1995) Noninvasive jects ranging from young adults to centenarians. Stroke 32:830–835 screening for renal artery stenosis: comparison of renal artery and Honda O, Sugiyama S, Kugiyama K et al (2004) Echolucent carotid renal hilar duplex scanning. J Vasc Technol 19:105–110 plaques predict future coronary events in patients with coronary Ishikawa K (1987) Cystic adventitial disease of the popliteal artery and artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 43:1177–1184 of other stem vessels in the extremities. Jpn J Surg 17:221–229 Hong JS, Lee KB, Kim DK, Kim DI (2007) Cystic adventitial disease of the Iwai T, Sato S, Yamada T et al (1987) Popliteal vein entrapment caused by popliteal artery: report of a case. Surg Today 37:719–722 the third head of the gastrocnemius muscle. Br J Surg 74:1006–1008 Hood DB, Mattos MA, Mansour A et al (1996) Prospective evaluation of Jaakkola P, Hippeläinen M, Farin P, Rytkönen H, Kainulainen S, Paranen K new duplex criteria to identify 70% internal carotid artery stenosis. (1996) Interobserver variability in measuring the dimensions of the J Vasc Surg 23:254–261 abdominal aorta: comparison of ultrasound and computed tomog- Hoogi A, Adam D, Hoffman A (2011) Carotid plaque vulnerability: quan- raphy. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 12:230–237 tification of neovascularization on contrast-enhanced ultrasound Jaarsveld BC, Krijnen P, Pieterman H et al (2003) The effect of balloon with histopathologic correlation. AJR Am J Roentgenol 96:431–436 angioplasty on hypertension in atherosclerotic renal-artery steno- Horrow MM, Stassi J, Shurman A, Brody JD, Kirby CL, Rosenberg HK sis. N Engl J Med 342:1007–1014 (2000) The limitations of carotid sonography: interpretive and Jack CR, Sharma R, Vemuri RB (1984) Popliteal venous aneurysm as a technology-­related errors. Am J Roentgenol 174:189–194 source of pulmonary emboli in a male. Angiology 35:55–57 Hua HT, Hood DB, Jensen CC et al (2000) The use of color flow duplex Jacob A, Stock KW, Proske M, Steinbrich W (1996) Lower extremity angi- scanning to detect significant renal artery stenosis. Ann Vasc Surg ography: improved image quality and outflow vessel detection 14:118–124 with bilaterally antegrade selective digital subtraction angiogra- Huber TS, Ozaki CK, Flynn TC et al (2002) Prospective validation of an phy. A blinded prospective intraindividual comparison with aortic algorithm to maximize native arteriovenous fistulae for chronic flush digital subtraction angiography. Investig Radiol 31:184–193 hemodialysis access. J Vasc Surg 36:452–459 Jacobs NM, Grant EG, Schellinger D et al (1985) Duplex carotid sonog- Hull R, Hirsh J, Sackett D et al (1981) Clinical validity of a negative veno- raphy: criteria for stenosis, accuracy, and pitfalls. Radiology 154: gram in patients with clinically suspected venous thrombosis. Cir- 385–391 culation 64:622–625 Jäger K (1987) Apparative Untersuchungen zur Diagnose der tiefen Hull R, Raskop G, Leclerc J, Jay R, Hirsh J (1984) The diagnosis of clinically Venenthrombose. Internist 28:299–307 suspected venous thrombosis. Clin Chest Med 5:439–456 Jäger K (1989) Neuere diagnostische Methoden zur nichtinvasiven Hunink MG, Polak JF, Barlan MM, O’Leary DH (1993) Detection and Lokalisation und hämodynamischen Beurteilung arterieller quantification of carotid artery stenosis: efficacy of various Doppler Obstruktionen. Internist 30:397–405 velocity parameters. AJR Am J Roentgenol 160:619–625 Jäger K, Bollinger A (1986) Blood flow velocity and diameter of the pop- Hust MH, Schuler A (1992) Farb-Doppler-gesteuerte Kompressionsther- liteal vein. Phlebology 85:260–263 apie eines großen Aneurysma spurium der Arteria femoralis nach Jäger K, Martin PDL, HC RL, Roederer GO, Langlois YE, Strandness DE Linksherzkatheterisierung. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 117:1675–1678 (1985a) Noninvasive mapping of lower limb arterial lesions. Ultra- Hust MH, Schuler A, Claußnitzer R, Wild K, Metzler B (1993) Farbdoppler- sound Med Biol 11:515–521 gesteuerte Kompressionstherapie. Dtsch Ärztebl 90:B2536–B2541 Jäger K, Ricketts HJ, Strandness DE (1985b) Duplex scanning for the Huston J, James E, Brown RD Jr et al (2000) Redefined duplex ultraso- evaluation of lower limb arterial disease. In: Bernstein EF (ed) Non- nographic criteria for the diagnosis of carotid artery stenosis. Mayo invasive diagnostic techniques in vascular disease. Mosby, St. Louis Clin Proc 75:1133–1140 Jäger K, Bollinger A, Siegenthaler W (1986a) Duplex-Sonographie in der Iacob M, Ifrim S, Tanasescu C et al (2005) Duplex ultrasound evaluation Gefäßdiagnostik. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 111:1608–1613 of patients with carotid stenosis treated with stent implantation. Jäger K, Bollinger A, Valli C, Ammann R (1986b) Measurement of mesen- Ultraschall Med 26:S104 teric blood flow by duplex scanning. J Vasc Surg 3:462–469 Idu MM, Buth J, Hop WC, Cuypers P, van de Pavoordt ED, Tordoir JM Jäger K, Seifert H, Bollinger A (1989) M-mode echovenography. A new (1998) Vein graft surveillance: is graft revision without angiography technique for the evaluation of venous wall and venous valve justified and what criteria should be used? J Vasc Surg 27:399–411. motion. Cardiovasc Res 23:25–30 Discussion 412–413 Jäger K, Eichlisberger R, Frauchiger B (1993) Stellenwert der bildgeben- Idu MM, Buth J, Hop WC, Cuypers P, van dc Pavoordt ED, Tordoir JM den Sonographie für die Diagnostik der Venenthrombose. Haemo- (1999) Factors influencing the development of vein-graft stenosis staseologie 13:116–124 and their significance for clinical management. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Jahromi AS, Ciná CS, Liu Y, Clase CM (2005) Sensitivity and specificity of Surg 17:15–21 color duplex ultrasound measurement in the estimation of internal Iezzi R, Basilico R, Giancristofaro D, Pascali D, Cotroneo AR, Storto ML carotid artery stenosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J (2009) Contrast-enhanced ultrasound versus color duplex ultra- Vasc Surg 41:962–972 sound imaging in the follow-up of patients after endovascular Janzarik WG, Ringleb PA, Reinhard M et al (2007) Recurrent carotid abdominal aortic aneurysm repair. J Vasc Surg 49:552–560 artery vasospasms. Report of 2 cases. Stroke 37:2170–2173 517 References

Jennersjo CM, Fragerberg ICH, Karlander SG et al (2005) Normal D-dimer Kaps M, Seidel G (1999) Echokontrastverstärkung in der neurologischen concentration is a common finding in symptomatic outpatients Ultraschalldiagnostik. Dt Ärztebl 96:A 276–A 280 with distal vein thrombosis. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 16:517–523 Karacagil S, Almgren B, Bergström R, Bowald S, Eriksson I (1989) Postop- Jiang S, Stewart G, Barnes E et al (2013) Effect of vascular access surveil- erative predictive value of a new method of intraoperative angio- lance program on service provision and access thrombosis. Semin graphic runoff assessment in femoropopliteal bypass grafting. J Dial 26:361–365 Vasc Surg 10:400–407 Johnson BF, Manzo RA, Bergelin RO, Strandness DE (1995) Relationship Karacagil S, Löfberg AM, Almgren B et al (1994) Duplex ultrasound scan- between changes in the deep venous system and the development of ning for diagnosis of aortoiliac and femoropopliteal arterial disease. the postthrombotic syndrome after an acute episode of lower limb deep Vasa 23:325–329 vein thrombosis: a one- to six-year follow-up. J Vasc Surg 21:307–313 Karacagil S, Löfberg AM, Granbo A, Lörelius LE, Bergqvist D (1996) Value Johnson SA, Stevens SM, Woller SC et al (2010) Risk of deep vein thrombosis of duplex scanning in evaluation of crural and foot arteries in limbs following a single negative whole-leg compression ultrasonography. A with severe lower limb ischaemia – a prospective comparison with systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA 303:438–445 angiography. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 12:300–303 Johnston KW, Rutherford RB, Tilson MD et al (1991) Suggested stan- Karasch T, Rieser R, Grün B et al (1993) Bestimmung der Verschlusslänge dards for reporting on arterial aneurysms. Ad Hoc Committee on in Extremitätenarterien. Farbduplexsonographie versus Angiogra- Reporting Standards, Society for Vascular Surgery and North Ameri- phie. Ultraschall Med 14:247–254 can Chapter, International Society for Cardiovascular Surgery. J Vasc Karasch T, Strauss AL, Grün B et al (1993) Farbcodierte Duplexsono­ Surg 13:452–458 graphie in der Diagnostik von Nierenarterienstenosen. Dtsch Med Johnston DC, Chapman KM, Goldstein LB (2001) Low rate of complica- Wochenschr 118:1429–1436 tions of cerebral angiography in routine clinical practice. Neurology Karasch T, Strauss AL, Worringer M, Neuerburg-Heusler D, Roth FJ, Rieger 57:2012–2014 H (1993c) Vergleich der Farbduplexsonographie mit verschiedenen Jongbloets LM, Lensing AW, Koopman MM, Buller HR, Cate JW (1994) angiographischen Verfahren in der Diagnostik arteriosklerotischer Limitations of compression ultrasound for the detection of symp- Nierenarterienstenosen und -verschlüsse. Ultraschall Klin Prax 8:180 tomless postoperative deep vein thrombosis. Lancet 343:114–144 Karasch T, Neuerburg-Heusler D, Strauss A, Rieger H (1994) Farbduplex- Jorgensen JO, Hanel KC, Morgan AM, Hunt JM (1993) The incidence of sonographische Kriterien zur Diagnose arteriosklerotischer Nie­ deep venous thrombosis in patients with superficial thrombophle- renarterienstenosen und -verschlüsse. In: Keller E, Krumme B (Hrsg) bitis of the lower limbs. J Vasc Surg 18:70–73 Farbkodierte Duplexsonographie in der Nephrologie. Springer, Juenemann KP, Persson-Juenenemann C, Alken P (1990) Pathophysiol- Berlin/Heidelberg/New York/Tokyo ogy of erectile dysfunction. Semin Urol 8:80 Kardoulas DG, Kastamouris AN, Gallis PT (1996) Ultrasonographic Jung M (1990) Diagnosis of deep leg vein thrombosis: can we dispense and histologic characteristics of symptom-free and symptomatic with phlebography? Vasa 30(Suppl):30–33 carotid plaque. Cardiovasc Surg 4:580–590 Jung EM, Kubale R, Clevert DA et al (2007) B-flow and B-flow with 3D and Karthikesalingam A, Al-Jundi W, Jackson D et al (2012) Systematic review SRI postprocessing before intervention and monitoring after stenting and meta-analysis of duplex ultrasonography, contrast-­enhanced of the internal carotid artery. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 36:35–46 ultrasonography or computed tomography for surveillance after Jung EM, Kubale R, Ritter G et al (2007) Diagnostics and characterisa- endovascular aneurysm repair. Br J Surg 99:1514–1523 tion of preocclusive stenoses and occlusions of the internal carotid Kasai C, Namekawa K, Koyano R, Omoto R (1985) Real-time two-­ artery with B-flow. Eur Radiol 17:439–447 dimensional blood flow imaging using an autocorrelation tech- Justich E (1982) The compression syndrome of the left renal vein. Rofo nique. IEEE Trans Son Ultrason 32:458–463 136:404–412 Kathrein H (1991) Duplexsonographie von Dialyseshunts. Springer, Ber- Jutley RS, Cadle I, Cross KS (2001) Preoperative assessment of primary lin/Heidelberg/New York/Tokyo varicose veins: a duplex study of venous incompetence. Eur J Vasc Kathrein H, König P, Dittrich P, Judmeier G (1988) Nichtinvasisve Beur- Endovasc Surg 21:370–373 teilung von Cimino-Brescia-Fisteln und PTFE-Shunts mit der Kagawa R, Moritake K, Shima T, Okada Y (1996) Validity of B-mode Duplexsonographie. Vasa 26(Suppl):39–41 ultrasonographic findings in patients undergoing carotid endar- Katsamouris AN, Giannoukas AD, Tsetis D et al (2001) Can ultrasound terectomy in comparison with angiographic and clinicopatholgic replace arteriography in the management of chronic arterial occlu- features. Stroke 27:700–705 sive disease of the lower limp? Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 21:155–159 Kakkar VV (1972) The diagnosis of deep vein thrombosis using the Katz ML, Johnson M, Pomajzl MJ et al (1983) The sensitivity of real time 125I-fibrinogen test. Arch Surg 104:152–159 B-mode carotid imaging in detection of ulcerated plaque. Bruit Kakkar VV, Howe CT, Flanc C et al (1969) Natural history of postoperative 8:13–16 deep venous thrombosis. Lancet 2:230–232 Kawarada O, Yokoi Y, Takemoto K, Morioka N, Nakata S, Shiotani S (2006) Kakkos SK, Stevens JM, Nicolaides AN et al (2007) Texture analysis of The performance of renal duplex ultrasonography for the detection ultrasonic images of symptomatic carotid plaques can identify of hemodynamically significant renal artery stenosis. Catheter Car- those plaques associated with ipsilateral embolic brain infarction. diovasc Interv 68:311–318 Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 33:422–429 Kearon C, Julian JA, Newnan TE, Ginsberg JS (1998) Noninvasive diagno- Kallmayer M, Tsantilas P, Zieger C, Ahmed A, Söllner H, Zimmermann A, sis of deep vein thrombosis. McMaster Diagnostic Imaging Practice Eckstein H (2014) Ultrasound surveillance after CAS and CEA: What’s Guidelines Initiative. Ann Intern Med 128:663–677 the evidence? J Cardiovasc Surg 55:33–41 Keleinouridis V, Eckstein MR, Dembner AG, Waitman AG, Athanasoulis Kanazawa R, Ishihara S, Okawara M et al (2008) A successful treatment CA (1985) The normal leg venogram: significance in suspected vein with carotid artery stenting for a symptomatic internal carotid thrombosis. Int Angiol 4:369–371 artery severe stenosis with ipsilateral persistent primitive hypoglos- Keller F, Loewe HJ, Bauknecht KJ, Schwarz A, Offermann G (1988) Kumu- sal artery: case report and review of the literature. Minim Invasive lative Funktionsraten von orthotopen Dialysefisteln und Inter- Neurosurg 51:298–302 ponaten. Dtsch Med Wschr 113:332–336 Kanterman RY, Vesely TM, Pilgram TK et al (1995) Dialysis access graft: Keller F, Harnoss B-M, Czerlinsky H (1991) Umfrageergebnisse zur Tech- anatomic location of venous stenosis and result of angioplasty. nik der Ciminofistel. Angio. Archiv 22:7–9 Radiology 195:135–139 Keo HH, Baumgartner I, Schmidli J, Do DD (2007) Sustained remission Kanterman RY, Darcy MD, Middleton WD et al (1997) Doppler sonog- 11 years after percutaneous ultrasound guided aspiration for cystic raphy findings associated with transjugular intrahepatic portosys- adventitial degeneration in the popliteal artery. J Endovasc Ther temic shunt malfunction. Am J Roentgenol 168:467–472 14:364–365 518 References

Kerlan RK Jr, LaBerge JM, Gordon RL, Ring EJ (1995) Transjugular intra- Koelemay MJ, Legemate DA, van Gurp J, Ponson AE, Reekers JA, Jacobs hepatic portosystemic shunts: current status. Am J Roentgenol MJ (1997) Colour duplex scanning and pulse-generated run-off for 164:1059–1066 assessment of popliteal and cruropedal arteries before peripheral Kerr TM, Canley JJ, Johnson JR et al (1990) Analysis of 1084 consecutive bypass surgery. Br J Surg 84:1115–1119 lower extremities involved with acute venous thrombosis diag- Koelemay MJW, Legemate DA, van Gurp JA, de Vos H, Balm R, Jacobs nosed by dublex scanning. Surgery 108:520–527 MJHM (2001) Interobserver variation of colour duplex scanning of Kerr TM, Lutter KS, Moeller DM et al (1990) Upper extremity venous the popliteal, tibial and pedal arteries. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg thrombosis diagnosed by dublex scanning. Am J Surg 160:202–206 21:160–164 Kessler C, von Maravic M, Bruckmann H, Kompf D (1995) Ultrasound for Koelemay MJ, Lijmer JG, Stoker J, Legemate DA, Bossuyt PM (2001) the assessment of the embolic risk of carotid plaques. Acta Neurol ­Magnetic resonance angiography for the evaluation of lower Scand 92:231–234 extremity arterial disease: a meta-analysis. JAMA 285:1338–1345 Ketha SS, Pipitone N, Salvarani C (2014) Inflammatory abdominal aortic Koennecke HC, Fobbe F, Hamed MM, Wolf KJ (1989) Diagnostik arte- aneurysm: a case report and review of the literature. Vasc Endovasc rieller Gefäßerkrankungen der unteren Extremitäten mit der farb- Surg 48:65–69 kodierten Duplexsonographie. Fortschr Röntgenstr 151:42–46 Khan S, Khan M, Bradley B et al (2011) Utility of duplex ultrasound in Kohler TR (1990) Doppler evaluation of lower limb vessels. Clin Diagn detecting and grading de novo femoropopliteal lesions. J Vasc Surg Ultrasound 26:139–148 54:1067–1073 Kohler TR, Strandness DE Jr (1986) Noninvasive testing for the evalua- Khaw KT (1997) Does carotid duplex imaging render angiography tion of chronic venous disease. World J Surg 106:903–910 redundant before carotid endarterectomy? Br J Radiol 70:235–238 Kohler TR, Zierler RE, Martin RL (1986) Noninvasive diagnosis of renal Khoury M (2004) Failed angioplasty of a popliteal artery stenosis sec- artery stenosis by ultrasonic duplex scanning. J Vasc Surg 4: ondary to cystic adventitial disease. Vasc Endovasc Surg 38:277–280 450–456 Kiews P-W (1991) Color velocity imaging – Ein Vergleich der Verfahren Kohler TR, Nance DR, Cramer MM et al (1987) Duplex scanning for zur farbkodierten Sonographie. Roentgenstrahlen (Philips Medizin diagnosis of aortoiliac and femoropopliteal disease: a prospective Systeme) 65:1–6 study. Circulation 76:1074–1080 Kiews P-W (1993) Physik und Technik der farbkodierten Duplexsonogra- Koksoy C, Kuzu A, Kutlay J, Erden I, Ozcan H, Ergin K (1995) The diagnos- phie (FKDS). In: Wolf KJ, Fobbe F (eds) Farbkodierte Duplexsonogra- tic value of colour Doppler ultrasound in central venous catheter phie. Thieme, Stuttgart/New York, pp 248–295 related thrombosis. Clin Radiol 50:687 Killewich LA, Bedford GR, Beach KW, Strandness DE Jr (1989) Diagnosis Kono Y, Pinell SP, Sirlin CB (2004) Carotid arteries: contrast-enhanced of deep venous thrombosis. A prospective study comparing duplex US angiography – preliminary clinical experience. Radiology 230: scanning to contrast venography. Circulation 79:810–814 561–568 Killewich LA, Fisher C, Bartlett ST (1990) Surveillance of in situ infrain- Koopman MMW, Prandoni P, Piovella F et al (1996) Treatment of venous guinal bypass grafts: conventional vs color flow duplex ultrasonog- thrombosis with intravenous unfractionated heparin administered raphy. J Cardiovasc Surg 31:662 in the hospital as compared with subcutaneous low-molecular-­ Killewich LA, Nunnelee JD, Auer AI (1993) Value of lower extremity weight heparin administered at home. N Engl J Med 334:677–681 venous duplex examination in the diagnosis of pulmonary embo- Koppenhagen K, Fobbe F (1993) Diagnostik der tiefen Beinvenenthrom- lism. J Vasc Surg 17:934–1030 bose. Hamostaseologie 13(Suppl):12–14 Killewich LA, Bedford GR, Beach KW, Standness DE (1998) Spontaneous Korten E, Toonder IM, Schrama YC et al (2007) Dialysis fistulae patency lysis of deep venous thrombi: rate and outcome. J Vasc Surg 9:89–97 and preoperative diameter ultrasound measurement. Eur J Vasc Kim TS, Chung JW, Park JH (1998) Renal artery evaluation: comparison Endovasc Surg 33:467–471 of spiral CT angiography to intra-arterial DSA. J Vasc Interv Radiol Kougias P, Lau D, El Sayes HF et al (2007) Determinants of mortality and 9:553–559 treatment outcome following surgical interventions for acute mes- Kim ES, Sun Z, Kapadia S et al (2012) Characteristics of duplex sono- enteric ischemia. J Vasc Surg 46:467–474 graphic parameters over time after successful carotid artery stent- Krause U, Kock HJ, Kröger K, Albrecht K, Rudofsky G (1998) Prevention of ing. J Ultrasound Med 31:1169–1174 deep venous thrombosis associated with superficial thrombophle- Kimura K, Yasaka M, Moriyasu H, Tsuchiya T, Yamaguchi T (1994) Ultraso- bitis of the leg by early saphenous vein ligation. Vasa 27:34–38 nographic evaluation of vertebral artery to detect vertebrobasilar Kreitner KF, Kalden P, Neufang A et al (2000) Diabetes and peripheral axis occlusion. Stroke 25:1006–1009 arterial occlusive disease: prospective comparison of contrast Kinney EV, Bandyk DF, Mewissen MW et al (1991) Monitoring functional enhanced three-dimensional MR angiography with conventional patency of percutaneous transluminal angioplasty. Arch Surg digital subtraction angiography. Am J Roentgenol 174:171–179 126:743–747 Kremkau FW (1990) Doppler Ultrasound: Principles and Instruments. Kirsch JD, Wagner LR, James EM et al (1994) Carotid artery occlusion: Saunders, Philadelphia positive predictive value of duplex sonography compared with Kriessmann A, Bollinger A (Hrsg) (1978) Ultraschall-Doppler-Diagnostik angiography. J Vasc Surg 19:642–649 in der Angiologie. Thieme, Stuttgart Kitamura A, Iso H, Imano H et al (2004) Carotid intima-media thickness Kriessmann A, Bollinger A, Keller H (Hrsg) (1982) Praxis der Doppler-­ and plaque characteristics as a risk factor for stroke in Japanese Sonographie. Thieme, Stuttgart elderly men. Stroke 35:2788–2794 Krings W, Adolph J, Diederich S, Urhahne S, Vassallo P, Peters PE (1990) Klein-Weigel P, Fish J, Fraedrich G (2015) Strategien für die präinterven- Diagnostik der tiefen Becken- und Beinvenenthrombose mit tionelle Bildgebung bei peripherer arterieller Verschlusskrankheit. hochauflösender real-time und CW-Doppler-Sonographie. Radio- Gefässchirurgie 20:441–447 loge 30:525–531 Kliewer MA, Tupler RH, Hertzberg BS et al (1994) Doppler evaluation of Krinsky G, Rofsky N, Giangola G (1996) Gadolinium-enhanced three-­ renal artery stenosis: interobserver agreement in the interpretation dimensional MR angiography of acquired arch vessel disease. AJR of waveform morphology. Am J Roentgenol 162:1371–1376 Am J Roentgenol 167:981–987 Kliewer MA, Herzberg BS, Keogan MT et al (1997) Early systole in the Krishnabhakdi S, Espinola-Klein C, Kurz G, Neufang A, Schmidt W, Oelert healthy kidney: variability of Doppler US waveform parameters. H (2001) Sonographisches Venenmapping – Stellenwert in der dis- Radiology 205:109–113 talen Bypasschirurgie. Ultraschall Med 22(Suppl):60 Koelemay MJ, den Hartog D, Prins MH, Kromhout JG, Legemate DA, Kroegel C (2003) Advances in the diagnosis and treatment of pulmo- Jacobs MJ (1996) Diagnosis of arterial disease of the lower extremi- nary embolism. Pulmonary embolism – how can you mend a bro- ties with duplex ultrasonographie. Br J Surg 83:404–409 ken clot? Respiration 70:4–6 519 References

Kroegel C, Reissig A (2003) Principle mechanisms underlying venous Lang W (2002) Arterielle Gefäßdiagnostik beim diabetischen Fußsyn- thromboembolism: epidemiology, risk factors, pathophysiology drom. Gefässchirurgie 7:122–127 and pathogenesis. Respiration 70:7–30 Lange P, Houe T, Helgstrand UJV (2001) The efficacy of ultrasound-­ Krumme B, Lehnert T, Wollschläger H, Keller E (1995) Möglichkeiten guided compression of iatrogenic femoral pseudo-aneurysms. Eur und Grenzen der farbduplexgesteuerten Kompressionstherapie J Vasc Endovasc Surg 21:248–250 von punktionsbedingten Gefäßläsionen in der Leiste. Fortschr Lange SF, Trampisch HJ, Pittrow D et al. for the getABI Study Group ­Röntgenstr 163:158–162 (2007) Profound influence of different methods for determination Krumme B, Blum U, Schwertfeger E et al (1996) Diagnosis of renovas- of the ankle brachial index on the prevalence estimate of peripheral cular disease by intra- and extrarenal Doppler scanning. Kidney Int arterial disease. BMC Public Health 7:147 50:1288–1292 Langerstedt CL, Olsson CG, Fagher BO et al (1985) Need for long-term Krysiewicz S, Mellinger BC (1989) The role of imaging in the diagnostic anticoagulant treatment in symptomatic calf vein thrombosis. Lan- evaluation of impotence. Am J Roentgenol 153:1133–1139 cet 2:515–518 Kubale R (1987) Renovaskuläre Erkrankungen. In: Seitz K, Kubale Langholz JP (1997) Ultrasound contrast agents in peripheral vascular R. Duplex Sonographie der abdominellen und retroperitonealen disease. In: Nanda NC, Schlief R, Goldberg BB (eds) Advances in Gefäße. VCH, Weinheim echo imaging using contrast enhancement, 2nd edn. Kluwer, Dor- Kubale R (1993) Abdominelle Venen, portalvenöses System und Leber. drecht, pp 543–560 In: Wolf K-J, Fobbe F (Hrsg) Farbkodierte Duplexsonographie. Langholz J (1998) Investigation of peripheral arterial disease: the Thieme, Stuttgart, pp 158–184 expanding role of echo-enhanced color flow Doppler and duplex Kubale R (1994) Abdominelle und retroperitoneale Gefäße. In: Retten- sonography. Eur J Ultrasound 7(Suppl 3):53–61 maier G, Seitz KH (Hrsg) Sonographische Differentialdiagnostik. Langholz J, Heidrich H (1991) Sonographische Diagnose der tiefen Chapman & Hall, Weinheim, pp 865 Becken−/Beinvenenthrombose: Ist die farbkodierte Duplexsonog- Kudlicka J, Kavan J, Tuka V et al (2012) More precise diagnosis of access ste- raphie “überflüssig”? Ultraschall Med 12:176–181 nosis: ultrasonography versus angiography. J Vasc Access 13:310–314 Langholz J, Schlief R, Heidrich H (1992) Verbesserung der farbcodi- Kutzner H, Schneider-Stock R (2009) Vaskuläre Tumoren (Kap. 18). In: erten Duplexsonographie durch Kontrastmittelgabe bei schwer Klöppel G et al (eds) Pathologie, 3rd edn. Springer, Heidelberg/ untersuchbaren Regionen der peripher-arteriellen Becken-Bein-­ Berlin, p 543 Strombahn. Ultaschall Med 13:234–238 Kuzniec S, Kauffman P, Molnar LJ et al (1998) Diagnosis of limb and neck Langholz J, Maul R, Heidrich H (1994) Was ist eine “hypoplastische” A. arterial trauma using duplex ultrasonography. Cardiovasc Surg vertebralis? Überlegungen auf der Basis duplexsonographischer 6:358–366 Untersuchungen. Vasa 43(Suppl):50 (Abstr) Kwon BJ, Jung C, Sheen SH (2007) CT angiography of stented carotid Langholz J, Ladleif M, Blank B, Heidrich H, Behrendt C (1997) Colour arteries: comparison with Doppler ultrasonography. J Endovasc coded duplex sonography in ischemic finger artery disease - a com- Ther 14:489–497 parison with hand arteriography. Vasa 26:85–90 Labropoulos N, Volteas SK, Giannoukas AD, Toulpoupakis E, Delis K, Langsfeld M, Hershey FB, Thorpe L et al (1987) Duplex B-mode imag- Nicolaides AN (1996) Asymptomatic popliteal vein aneurysms. Vasc ing for the diagnosis of deep venous thrombosis. Arch Surg 122: Surg 6:453–458 587–591 Labropoulos N, Leon LR Jr, Gonzalez-Fajardo JA et al (2007) Nonathero- Langsfeld M, Gray-Weale AC, Lusby RJ (1989) The role of plaque mor- sclerotic pathology of the neck vessels: prevalence and flow pat- phology and diameter reduction in the development of new symp- terns. Vasc Endovasc Surg 41:417–427 toms in asymptomatic carotid arteries. J Vasc Surg 9:548–557 Labs K-H (1991) Die Aussagekraft der Dopplerspektralanalyse für die Länne T, Sandgren T, Mangell P, Sonesson B, Hansen F (1997) Improved praktische Diagnostik. Vasa 32(Suppl):72–84 reliability of ultrasonic surveillance of abdominal aortic aneurysms. Ladleif M, Langholz J, Heidrich H, Blank B (1998) Wertigkeit der farb- Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 13:149–153 kodierten Duplexsonographie bei der Diagnostik von Fingerarter- Länne T, Solvig J, Eriksson A, Olofsson PA, Marsal K, Hansen F (1997) ienverschlüssen. Vasa 52(Suppl):44 Time domain ultrasonography – a reliable method of percutane- Lafortune M, Marleau D, Breton G et al (1984) Portal venous system ous volume flow measurement in large arteries. Clin Physiol 17: measurements in portal hypertension. Radiology 151:27–30 371–382 Lafortune M, Patriquin H, Pomier G et al (1987) Hemodynamic changes Lanzer P, Yoganathan AP (1991) Vascular imaging by color Doppler and in portal circulation after portosystemic shunts: use of duplex magnetic resonance. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg/New York/Tokyo sonography in 43 patients. Am J Roentgenol 149:701–706 Larch E (1993) Farbcodierte Duplexsonographie zur Beurteilung der Lagerstedt CL, Olsson CC, Fagher BO, Öqvist BW, Albrechtsson U (1985) Unterschenkelarterien bei peripherer arterieller Verschlußkrankheit. Need for long-term anticoagulant treatment in symptomatic calf-­ Vasa 41(Suppl):14 vein thrombosis. Lancet 2:515–518 Larch E, Minar E, Ahmadi R et al (1997) Value of color duplex sonography Lal BK, Hobson RW, Goldstein J, Chakhtoura EY, Duran WN (2004) for evaluation of tibioperoneal arteries in patients with femoropop- Carotid artery stenting: is there a need to revise ultrasound velocity liteal obstruction: a prospective comparison with anterograde intra- criteria? J Vasc Surg 39:58–66 arterial digital subtraction angiography. J Vasc Surg 25:629–636 Lal BK, Hobson RW, Hameed M et al (2006) Noninvasive identification of Laub G (1999) Principles of contrast-enhanced MR angiography. the unstable carotid plaque. Ann Vasc Surg 20:167–174 Basic and clinical applications. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am 7: Lal BK, Hobson RW II, Tofighi B, Kapadia I, Cuadra S, Jamil Z (2008) 783–795 Duplex ultrasound velocity criteria for the stented carotid artery. J Lausen M, Jensen R, Wille-Jorgensen P et al (1995) Colour Doppler flow Vasc Surg 47:63–73 imaging ultrasonography versus venography as screening method Landry GJ, Moneta GL, Taylor LM et al (1999) Duplex scanning alone for asymptomatic postoperative deep venous thrombosis. Eur J is not sufficient imaging before secondary procedures after lower Radiol 20:200–204 extremity reversed vein bypass graft. J Vasc Surg 29:270–280 Lederle FA, Wilson SE, Johnson GR et al (1995) For the Abdominal Aortic Landwehr P, Lackner K (1990) Farbkodierte Duplexsonographie vor und Aneurysm Detection and Management Veterans Administration nach PTA der Arterien der unteren Extremität. Fortschr Röntgenstr Cooperativ Study Group. Variability in measure of abdominal aortic 152:35–41 aneurysms. J Vasc Surg 21:945–952 Landwehr P, Tschammler A, Höhmann M (1990) Gefäßdiagnostik mit Lee HM, Wang Y, Sostman HD et al (1998) Distal lower extremity arteries: der farbkodierten Duplexsonographie. Dtsch Med Wochenschr evaluation with two-dimensional MR digital subtraction angiogra- 115:343–351 phy. Radiology 207:505–512 520 References

Lee VS, Hertzberg BS, Workman MJ, Smith TP et al (2000) Variability Liewald F et al (2001) Influence of treatment of type II leaks on the aneu- of Doppler US measurements along the common carotid artery: rysm surface area. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 21:339–343 effects on estimates of internal carotid arterial stenoses in patients Ligush J, Reavis SW, Preisser JS, Hansen KJ (1998) Duplex ultrasound with angiographically proved disease. Radiology 214:387–392 scanning defines operative strategies for patients with limb-­ Legemate DA, Teeuwen C, Hoemeveld H, Ackerstaff RG, Eickelboom threatening ischemia. J Vasc Surg 28:482–491 BC (1991a) Spectral analysis criteria in duplex scanning of aor- Limberg B (1991) Duplexsonographische Diagnose der portalen Hyper- toiliac and femoropoliteal arterial disease. Ultrasound Med Biol 17: tension bei Leberzirrhose. Einfluss einer standardisierten Test- 769–776 mahlzeit auf die portale Hämodynamik. Dtsch Med Wochenschr Legemate DA, Teeuwen C, Hoeneveld H, Eikelboom BC (1991b) Value of 116:1384–1387 duplex scanning compared with angiography and pressure mea- Limet R, Sakalihassan N, Albert A (1991) Determination of the expansion surement in the assessment of aortoiliac arterial lesions. Br J Surg rate and incidence of rupture of abdominal aortic aneurysms. J Vasc 78:1003–1008 Surg 14:540–548 Leiner T, de Haan MW, Nelemans PJ et al (2005) Contemporary imag- Lindholt JS, Norman P (2008) Screening for abdominal aortic aneurysm ing techniques for the diagnosis of renal artery stenosis. Eur Radiol reduces overall mortality in men. A meta-analysis of the mid- and 15:2219–2229 long-term effects of screening for abdominal sortic aneurysms. Eur Lensing AWA, Prandoni P, Brandjes D et al (1989) Detection of deep vein J Vasc Endovasc Surg 36:167–171 thrombosis by real-time B-mode ultrasonography. New Engl J Med Lindholt JS, Vammen S, Juul S, Henneberg EW, Fasting H (1999) The 320:342–345 validity of ultrasonographic scanning as screening method for Lensing AWA, Prandoni P, Brandjes D et al (1989) Detection of deep-­vein abdominal aortic aneurysm. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 17:472–475 thrombosis by real-time B-mode ultrasonography. New Engl J Med Lindholt JS, Juul S, Fasting H, Henneberg EW (2005) Screening for 320:392–398 abdominal aortic aneurysm: single centre randomised controlled Lensing AWA, Doris CI, McGrath FP et al (1997) A comparison of com- trial. BMJ 330:750–753 pression ultrasound with color Doppler ultrasound for the diag- Lindholt JS, Sorensen J, Sogaard R, Henneberg EW (2010) Long-term nosis of symptomless postoperative deep vein thrombosis. Arch benefit and cost-effectivness analysis of screening for abdominal Intern Med 157:765–768 aortic aneurysms from a randomized controlled trial. Br J Surg Lepore T, Savran J, van de Water J, Harrower H, Yablonski M (1978) 97:826–834 Screening for lower extremity deep venous thrombosis. Am J Surg Lindholt JS, Søgaard R, Laustsen J (2012) Prognosis of ruptured abdomi- 135:529–534 nal aortic aneurysms in Demark form 1994-2008. Clin Epidemiol Lerner RM, Medorach RA, Hulbert WC, Rabinowitz R (1990) Color 4:111–113 Doppler US in the evaluation of acute scrotal disease. Radiology Lindquist R (1977) Ultrasound as a complementary diagnostic method 176:355–358 in deep vein thrombosis of the leg. Acta Med Scand 201:435 Leu HJ (1973) Histologische Altersbestimmung von arteriellen und Lippert H, Pabst R (1985) Arterial variations in man. Bergmann, Munich venösen Thromben und Embolie. Vasa 2:265–273 Lock G (2001) Acute intestinal ischemia. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroen- Leu HJ, Bollinger A, Pouliadis G, Brunner U, Soyka P (1977) Patholo- terol 15:83–88 gie, Klinik, Radiologie und Chirurgie der zystischen Adventitia-­ Lockhart ME, Robbin ML (2001) Hemodialysis access ultrasound. Ultra- Degeneration peripherer Blutgefäße. Vasa 6:94–99 sound Q 17:157–167 Leung A, Hampson SJ, Singh MP et al (1983) Ultrasonic diagnosis of Lockhart ME, Robbin MI, Allon M (2004) Preoperative sonographic radial bilateral congenital internal jugular venous aneurysms. Br J Radiol artery evaluation and correlation with subsequent radiocephalic 56:588–591 fistula outcome. J Ultrasound Med 23:161–168 Lev M, Saphir O (1952) Endophlebohypertrophy and phlebosclerosis: Lohr JM, Kerr TM, Lutter KS, Cranley RD (1991) Lower extremity calf II. The external and common iliac veins. Am J Pathol 28(3):401–411 thrombosis: to treat or not to treat? J Vasc Surg 14:618–623 Levien LJ, Benn CA (1998) Adventitial cystic disease: a unifying hypthe- London GM, Safar ME (1989) Abnormalities of intrarenal hemodynam- sis. J Vasc Surg 28:193–205 ics in essential and renovascular hypertension in man. Presse Med Levine M, Gent M, Hirsh J et al (1996) A comparison of low-molecular-­ 18:1459–1460 weight heparin administered primarily at home with unfraction- London GM, Safar ME (1989) Renal hemodynamics in patients with sus- ated heparin administered in the hospital for proximal deep vein tained essential hypertension and in patients with unilateral steno- thrombosis. N Engl J Med 334:677–681 sis of the renal artery. Am J Hypertens 2:244–252 Levy MM, Baum RA, Carpenter JP (1998) Endovascular surgery solely Londrey GL, Hodgson KJ, Spadone DP, Ramsey DE, Barkmeier LD, Sum- based on noninvasive preprocedural imaging. J Vasc Surg 28: mer DS (1990) Initial experience with colour-flow duplex scanning 995–1003 of infrainguinal bypass grafts. J Vasc Surg 12:284–290 Lewis SC, Wardlaw JM (2002) Which Doppler velocity is best for assess- Long A, Rouet L, Lindholdt JS, Allaire E (2012) Measuring the maximum ing suitability for carotid endarterectomy? Eur J Ultrasound 15:9–20 diameter of native abdominal aortic aneurysms: review and critical Lewis BD, James EM, Charboneau JW et al (1989) Current applications analysis. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 43:515–521 of color Doppler imaging in the abdomen and extremities. Radio- Longo JM, Bilbao JI, Rousseau HP et al (1992) Color Doppler guidance graphics 9:599–631 in transjugular placement of intrahepatic portosystemic shunts. Lewis BD, James EM, Welch TJ, Joyce JW, Hallett JW, Weaver AL (1994) Radiology 184:281–283 Diagnosis of acute deep venous thrombosis of the lower extremi- Lopez JA, Espeland MA, Jarow JP (1992) Interpretation and quantifica- ties: prospective evaluation of colour Doppler flow imaging versus tion of penile blood flow studies using duplex ultrasonography. J venography. Radiology 192:651–655 Urol 146:1271 Li R, Cai J, Tegeler C et al (1996) Reproducibility of extracranial carotid Lossef FV, Rajan S, Calcagno D, Jelinger E, Patt R, Barth KH (1992) Spon- atherosclerotic lesions assessed by B-mode ultrasound: the ARIC taneous rupture of an adventitial cyst of the popliteal artery: confir- Study. Ultrasound Med Biol 22:791–799 mation with MR imaging. J Vasc Interv Radiol 3:95–97 Liapis CD, Gugulakis A, Misiakos E, Verkokos C, Dousaitou B, Sechas M Lovelace TD, Moneta GL, Abou-Zamzam AM Jr et al (2001) Optimizing (1994) Surgical treatment of extracranial carotid aneurysms. Int duplex follow-up in patients with an asymptomatic internal carotid Angiol 13:290–295 artery stenosis of less than 60%. J Vasc Surg 33:56–61 Liapis CD, Kakisis JD, Kostakis AG (2001) Carotid stenosis: factors affect- Lovett JK, Gallagher PJ, Hands LJ, Walton J, Rothwell PM (2004) Histo- ing symptomatology. Stroke 32:2782–2786 logical correlates of carotid plaque surface morphology on lumen Libby P (2002) The fire within. Sci Am 286:46–55 contrast imaging. Circulation 110:2190–2197 521 References

Lovett JK, Redgrave JN, Rothwell PM (2005) A critical appraisal of the Manning BJ, O’Neill SM, Haider SN et al (2009b) Duplex ultrasound in performance, reporting and interpretation of studies comparing aneurysm surveillance following endovascular aneurysm repair: a carotid plaque imaging with histology. Stroke 36:1091–1097 comparison with computed tomography aortography. J Vasc Surg Lowery AJ, Hynes N, Manning BJ, Mahendran M, Tawfik S, Sultan S 49:60–65 (2007) A prospective feasibility study of duplex ultrasound arterial Manthey J, Munderloh KH, Mautner JP, Köhl M, Fröhlich G (1994) Popli- mapping, digital-subtraction angiography and magnetic resonance teal venous aneurysm with pulmonary and paradoxical emboliza- angiography in management of critical lower limb ischemia by tion. Vasa 23:264–267 endovascular revascularization. Ann Vasc Surg 21:443–451 Marin J, Gosselin J, Khayat A (1978) A propos d’un cas d’anévrisme Ludwig M (1991) Quantitative Flußmessungen an Venen. Ultraschall- de la veine poplitée avec embolie pulmonaire. Phlebologie 31: dreiländertreffen, Lausanne 433–438 Ludwig M, Stumpe KO (1994) Karotisultraschall in der Früherkennung Markel A, Manzo RA, Bergelin RO, Strandness DE (1992a) Valvular reflux der Atherosklerose. Dtsch Ärztebl 91:745–746 after deep vein thrombosis: incidence and time of occurrence. Ludwig D, Schwarting K, Korbel CM, Bruning A, Schiefer B, Stange EF J Vasc Surg 15:377–384 (1998) The postprandial portal flow is related to the severity of por- Markel A, Monzo R, Bergelin RO, Strandness DE (1992b) Pattern and tal hypertension and liver cirrhosis. J Hepatol 28:631–638 distribution of thrombi in acute venous thrombosis. Arch Surg Ludwig M, Mv P-K, Stumpe KO (2003) Intima media thickness of the 127:305–309 carotid arteries: early pointer to arteriosclerosis and therapeutic Marshall M (1990a) Die Duplex-Sonographie bei phlebologischen Fra- endpoint. Ultraschall Med 24:162–174 gestellungen in Praxis und Klinik. Ultraschall. Klin Prax 5:51–56 Lue TF (1991) Physiology of penile erection. In: Jonas U, Thon WF, Stief Marshall M (1990b) Sklerosierungsreaktion großer Varizen im CG (eds) Erectile dysfunction. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg/New hochauflösenden Ultraschallbild. Phlebol Proktol 19:205–214 York, pp 44–65 Martin RL, Nanra RS, Wlodarczyk J et al (1991) Renal hilar Doppler Lujan S, Criado E, Puras E, Izquierdo LM (2002) Duplex scanning or arte- analysis in the detection of renal artery stenosis. J Vasc Technol riography for preoperative planning of lower limb revascularisa- 15:173–180 tion. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 24:31–36 Mastracci TM, Cinà CS (2007) Screening for abdominal aortic aneurysm Lundell A, Lindblad B, Bergqvist D, Hansen F (1995) Femoropopliteal-­ in Canada: review and position statement of the Canadian Society crural graft patency is improved by an intensive surveillance pro- for Vascular Surgery. J Vasc Surg 45:1268–1276 gram: a prospective randomized study. J Vasc Surg 21:26–34 Mathiesen EB, Bonaa KH, Joakimsen O (2001) Echolucent plaques are Lundin P, Svensson A, Henriksen E et al (2000) Imaging of aortoiliac arte- associated with high risk of ischemic cerebrovascular events in rial disease. Duplex ultrasound and MR angiography versus digital carotid stenosis: the Tromso Study. Circulation 103:2171–2175 subtraction angiography. Acta Radiol 41:125–132 Mathis G (2009) Two silver standards in the imaging of pulmonary Lusby RJ (1993) Plaque characterisation: does it identify high risk embolism. Ultraschall Med 30:497–498 groups? In: Bernstein EF, Callow AD, Nicolaides AN, Shifrin EG (eds) Mathis G, Bitschnau R, Gehmacher O et al (1999) Chest ultrasound Cerebral revascularisation. Med-Orion, London/Los Angeles/Nico- in diagnosis of pulmonary embolism in comparison to helical sia, pp 93–107 CT. Ultraschall Med 20:54–59 Luska G, Risch U, Pellengahr M, von Boetticher H (1990) Farbcodierte Mathis G, Blank W, Reißig A et al (2005) Thoracic ultrasound for diagnos- dopplersonographische Untersuchungen zur Morphologie und ing pulmonary embolism. A prospective multicenter study of 352 Hämodynamik der Arterien des Beckens und der Beine bei gesun- patients. Chest 128:1531–1538 den Probanden. Fortschr Röntgenstr 153:246–251 Matsagas MI, Vasdekis SN, Gugulakis AG et al (2000) Computer-assisted Luther B (2006) Akute viszerale Ischämie. Gefässchirurgie 11:167–172 ultrasonographic analysis of carotid plaques in relation to cerebro- Luther B (Hrsg) (2014) Techniken der offenen Gefäßchirurgie. Springer vascular symptoms, cerebral infarction, and histology. Ann Vasc Verlag, Berlin/Heidelberg Surg 14:130–137 Lutter KS, Kerr TM, Roedersheimer LR, Lohr JM, Sampson MSG, Cranley Mattos MA, Londrey GL, Leutz DW et al (1992) Color-flow duplex scan- JJ (1991) Superficial thrombophlebitis diagnosed by duplex scan- ning for the surveillance and diagnosis of acute deep venous ning. Surgery 110:42–46 thrombosis. J Vasc Surg 15:366–376 MacMathuna P, Vlavianos P, Westaby D, Williams R (1992) Pathophysiol- Mattos MA, van Bemmelen PS, Barkmeier ID et al (1993) Routine surveil- ogy of portal hypertension. Dig Dis 10(Suppl 1):3–15 lance after carotid endarterectomy: does it affect clinical manage- Maged IM, Kron IL, Hagspiel KD (2009) Recurrent cystic adventitial dis- ment? J Vasc Surg 17:819–830 ease of the popliteal artery: Successful treatment with percutane- May R, Mignon G (1976) Spindelförmiges Aneurysma der Vena fibularis. ous transluminal angioplasty. J Vasc Endovasc Surg 43:399–402 Fortschr Röntgenstr 25:563–564 Magnusson MB, Nelzen O, Risberg B, Sivertsson R (2001) A colour dop- May R, Nissl R (1968) Aneurysma der Vena poplitea. Fortschr Röntgenstr pler ultrasound study of venous reflux in patients with chronic leg 108:402–403 ulcers. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 21:353–360 May R, Nissl R (1973) Die Phlebographie der unteren Extremität. Thieme, Makris SA, Karkos CD, Awad S, London NJ (2006) An “all-comers” venous Stuttgart/New York duplex scan policy for patients with lower limb varicose veins May AG, Deweese JA, CG ROB (1963) Hemodynamic effects of arterial attending a one-stop vascular clinic: is it justified? Eur J Vasc Endo- stenosis. Surgery 53:513–524 vasc Surg 32:718–724 Mazzariol F, Ascher E, Salles-Cunha S, Grade P, Hingorani A (1999) Val- Maleti O, Lugli M, Collura M (1997) Anévrysmes veineaux poplités: exp- ues and limitations of duplex ultrasonography as the sole imaging périence personelle. Phlebologie 50:53–59 method of preoperative evaluation for popliteal and infrapopliteal Mamode N, Pickford I, Leiberman P (1999) Failure to improve out- bypasses. Ann Vasc Surg 13:1–10 come in acute mesenteric ischemia: Seven-year review. Eur J Surg Mazzariol F, Hingorani A, Gunduz Y, Yorkovich W, Salles-Cunha S (2000) 165:203–208 Lower-extremity revascularisation without preoperative contrast Mannami T, Baba S, Ogata J (2000) Potential of carotid enlargement as a arteriography in 185 cases: lessons learned with duplex ultrasound useful indicator affected by high blood pressure in a large general arterial mapping. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 19:509–515 population of a Japanese city: the Suita study. Stroke 31:2958–2965 McDevitt DT, Lohr JM, Martin KD, Welling RE, Sampson MG (1993) Bilat- Manning BJ, Kristmundsson T, Sonesson B, Resch T (2009a) Abdominal eral popliteal vein aneurysms. Ann Vasc Surg 7:282–286 aortic aneurysm diameter: a comparison of ultrasound measure- McLachan MSF, Thomson JG, Taylor DW, Kelly ME, Sackett DL (1979) ments with those from standard and three-dimensional computed Observer variation in the interpretation of lower limb venograms. tomography reconstracions. J Vasc Surg 50:263–268 Am. J Radiol 132:227–229 522 References

McLafferty RB, McCrary BS, Mattos MA et al (2002) The use of color-flow Middleton WD, Siegel BA, Melson GL, Yates CK, Andriole GL (1990) Acute duplex scan for the detection of endoleaks. J Vasc Surg 36:100–104 scrotal disorders: prospective comparison of color Doppler US and McWilliams RG et al (2002) Detection of endoleak with enhanced ultra- testicular scintigraphy. Radiology 177:177–181 sound imaging: comparison with biphasic computed tomography. Miller N, Satin R, Tousignant L, Sheiner NM (1996) A prospective study J Endovasc Ther 9:170–179 comparing duplex scan and venography for diagnosis of lower-­ Meairs S, Hennerici M (1999) Four-dimensional ultrasonographic char- extremity deep vein thrombosis. Cardiovasc Surg 4:505–508 acterization of plaque surface motion in patients with symptomatic Millner R (Hrsg) (1987) Ultraschalltechnik. Physik, Weinheim, pp 41–46 and asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis. Stroke 30:1807–1813 Mills JL Sr (2001) Infrainguinal vein graft surveillance: how and when. Meerbaum S (1997) Microbubble fluid dynamics of echocontrast. In: Semin Vasc Surg 14:169–176 Nanda NC, Schlief R, Goldberg BB (eds) Advances in echo imaging Mills JL, Harris EJ, Taylor LM, Beckett WC (1990) The importance of rou- using contrast enhancement, 2nd edn. Kluwer, Dordrecht, pp 11–38 tine surveillance of distal bypass grafts with duplex scanning: a Mehta M, Paty PS, Roddy SP (2011) Treatment options for delayed AAA study of 379 reversed vein grafts. J Vasc Surg 12:379–386 rupture following endovascular repair. J Vasc Surg 53:14–20 Mills JL, Fujitani RM, Taylor SM (1993) The characteristics and anatomic Meissner MH, Caps MT, Zierler BK, Bergelin RO, Manzo RA, Strandness distribution of lesions that cause reversed vein graft failure: a five-­ DE (2000) Deep venous thrombosis and superficial venous reflux. J year prospective study. J Vasc Surg 17:195–206 Vasc Surg 32:48–56 Mills JL, Bandyk DF, Gathan V, Esses GE (1995) The origin of infrainguinal Melany ML, Grant EG, Farooki S et al (1999) Effect of US contrast agents vein graft stenosis: a prospective study based on duplex surveil- on spectral velocities: in vivo evaluation. Radiology 211:427–431 lance. J Vasc Surg 21:16–22 Meltzer RS, Tickner EG, Sahines TP, Popp RL (1980) The source of ultra- Mills JL Sr, Wixon CL, James DC, Devine J, Westerband A, Hughes JD sound contrast effect. J Clin Ultrasound 8:121–127 (2001) The natural history of intermediate and critical vein graft Mendes RR, Farber MA, Marston WA et al (2002) Prediction of wrist arte- ­stenosis: recommendations for continued surveillance or repair. riovenous fistula maturation with preoperative vein mapping with J Vasc Surg 33:273–278 ultrasonography. J Vasc Surg 36:460–463 Miralles M, Cairols M, Cotillas J et al (1996) Value of Doppler parameters Mercer KG, Scott DJA, Turton EPL, Berridge DC, Weston MJ (1999) Can in the diagnosis of renal artery stenosis. J Vasc Surg 23:428–435 intra-operative flow measurements identify grafts for intensive Mirza TA, Karthikesalingam A, Jackson D et al (2010) Duplex ultrasound duplex surveillance? St James University Hospital NHS Trust, Leeds and contrast-enhanced ultrasound versus computed tomography Merkus JW, Zeebregts CJ, Hoitsman AJ et al (1993) High incidence of for the detection of endoleak after EVAR: systematic review and arteriovenous fistula after biopsy of kidney allografts. Br J Surg bivariate meta-analysis. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 39:418–428 80:310–312 Missouris CG, Allen CM, Balen FG, Buckham T, Lees WR, MacGregor GA Merritt CRB, Bluth EI (1992) Ultrasound identification of plaque compo- (1996) Non-invasive screening for renal artery stenosis with ultra- sition. In: Labs KH et al (eds) Diagnostic vascular ultrasound. Arnold, sound contrast enhancement. J Hypertens 14:519–524 London, pp 213–223 Mitchell DG (1990) Color Doppler imaging: principles, limitations and Metz V, Braunsteiner A, Grabenwöger F et al (1988) Farbcodierte artifacts. Radiology 177:1–10 Doppler-­Sonographie der Becken-Bein-Arterien: Überprüfung der Mitchell EL, Chang EY, Landry GJ et al (2009) Duplex criteria for native Wertigkeit der Methode im Vergleich zur Angiographie. Fortschr superior mesenteric artery stenosis overestimate stenosis in Röntgenstr 149:314–316 stented superior mesenteric arteries. J Vasc Surg 50:335–340 Metz V, Dock W, Grabenwöger F et al (1992) Wertigkeit unterschiedli- Mödder U (1992) Farbcodierte Duplexsonographie (Angiodynogra- cher klinischer und bildgebender Verfahren für die postoperative phie). Fortschr Röntgenstr 157:204–209 Verlaufskontrolle extraanatomischer Bypasses. Fortschr Röntgenstr Mofidi R, Kelman J, Berrry O, Bennett S, Murie JA, Dawson AR (2007) Sig- 154:172–175 nificance of the early postoperative duplex result in infrainguinal Mewissen MW, Kinney EV, Bandyk DF et al (1992) The role of duplex vein bypass surveillance. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 34:327–332 scanning versus angiography in predicting outcome after balloon Mofidi R, Pandanaboyana S, Flett MM, Nagy J, Griffiths GD, Stonebridge angioplasty in the femoropopliteal artery. J Vasc Surg 15:860–864 PA; East of Scotland Vascular Network (2009) The value of vein graft Meyer P, Strobel M (2008) Intima-Media-Dicke-Messung. Medizinische surveillance in bypasses performed with small-diameter vein grafts. Verlagsgesellschaft, Berlin, pp 9–21 Ann Vasc Surg 23:17–23 Meyer P, Rudofsky G, Nobbe N (1986) Das Histogramm des Okklusions- Mohan CR, Hoballah JJ, Schueppert MT et al (1995) Should all in situ materials – ein neuer Prognoseparameter der thrombolytischen saphenous vein bypasses undergo permanent duplex surveillance? Therapie bei tiefer Beinvenenthrombose. In: Hansmann M, Kois- Arch Surg 130:483–487 chwitz D, Lutz H, Trier HG (eds) Ultraschalldiagnostik 86. Springer, Mohan IV, Laheij RJF, Harris PL (2001) Risk factors for endoleak and the Berlin/Heidelberg/New York/Tokyo, p 138 evidence for stent-graft oversizing in patients undergoing endo- Meyer JL, Khalil RM, Obuchowski NA, Baus LK (1997) Common carotid vascular aneurysm repair. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 21:344–349 artery: variability of Doppler US velocity measurements. Radiology Moll R, Habscheid W, Landwehr P (1991) Häufigkeit des Aneurysma 204:339–341 spurium der Arteria femoralis nach Herzkatheteruntersuchung und Michaels JA, Galland RB (1993) Management of asymptomatic popliteal PTA. Fortschr Röntgenstr 154:23–27 aneurysms: the use of a Markovic decision tree to determine the Moll FL, Powell JT, Fraedrich G et al (2011) Management of abdominal criteria for a conservative approach. Eur J Vasc Surg 7:136–143 aortic aneurysms. Clinical practice guidelines of the European Soci- Mickley V (2006) Central vein obstruction in vascular access. Eur J Vasc ety of Vascular Surgery. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 41:51–58 Endovasc Surg 32:439–444 Moneta GL, Taylor DC, Helton WS, Mulholland MW, Strandness DE Middleton WD, Melson GL (1989) Testicular ischemia: color Dop- (1988) Duplex ultrasound measurement of postprandial intesti- pler sonographic findings in five patients. AJR Am J Roentgenol nal blood flow: effect of meal composition. Gastroenterology 95: 152:1237–1239 1294–1301 Middleton WD, Foley WD, Lawson TL (1988) Color flow Doppler imaging Moneta GL, Yeager RA, Dalman R et al (1991) Duplex ultrasound criteria of carotid artery abnormalities. Am J Roentgenol 150:419–425 for the diagnosis of splanchnic artery stenosis or occlusion. J Vasc Middleton WD, Kellman GM, Melson GL, Madrazo BL (1989a) Postbiopsy Surg 14:511–520 renal transplant arteriovenous fistulas: color Doppler US character- Moneta GL, Yeager RA, Antonovic R et al (1992) Accuracy of lower istics. Radiology 171:253–257 extremity arterial duplex mapping. J Vasc Surg 15:275–284 Middleton WD, Thorne DA, Melson GL (1989b) Color Doppler ultrasound Moneta GL, Yeager RA, Antonovic R et al (1992) Accuracy of lower of the normal testis. AJR Am J Roentgenol 152:293–297 extremity arterial duplex mapping. J Vasc Surg 17:511–520 523 References

Moneta GL, Edwards JM, Chitwood RW et al (1993) Correlation of North Munda R, First MR, Alexander JW, Linnemann CC, Fidler JP, Kittur D American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial (NASCET): (1983) Polytetrafluoroethylene graft survival in hemodialysis. J Am Angiographic definition of 70% to 99% internal carotid artery ste- Med Assoc 249:219–222 nosis with duplex scanning. J Vasc Surg 17:152–157. Discussion Murphy TP, Cronan JJ (1990) Evolution of deep venous thrombosis: a 157–159 prospective evaluation with US. Radiology 177:543–548 Moneta GL, Lee RW, Yeager RA et al (1993) Mesenteric duplex scanning: Murphy TP, Beechman RP, Kim HM et al (1998) Long-term follow-up after a blinded prospective study. J Vasc Surg 17:79–86 TIPS: use of Doppler velocity criteria for detecting elevation of por- Moneta GL, Yeager RA, Lee RW, Porter JM (1993c) Noninvasive tosystemic gradient. J Vasc Interv Radiol 9:275–281 ­localisation of arterial occlusive disease: a comparison of segmen- Muster BR, Williams DM, Prince MR (1998) In vitro model of arterial ste- tal Doppler pressures and arterial duplex mapping. J Vasc Surg nosis: correlation of MR signal dephasing and trans-stenotic pres- 17:578–582 sure gradients. Magn Reson Imaging 16:301–310 Moneta GL, Edwards JM, Papanicolaou G et al (1995) Screening for Naidich JB, Feinberg AW, Karp-Harmann H, Ka Tyma CG, Stein HL (1988) asymptomatic internal carotid artery stenosis: duplex criteria for Contrast venography. Reassessment of its role. Radiology 168:97 discriminating 60% to 99% stenosis. J Vasc Surg 21:989–994 Naidich JB, Torre JR, Pellerito JS et al (1996) Suspected deep venous Monreal M, Montserrat E, Salvador R et al (1989) Real-time ultrasound thrombosis: is US of both legs necessary? Radiology 200:429–431 for diagnosis of symptomatic venous thrombosis and for screening Naim C, Douziech M, Therasse E et al (2014) Vulnerable atherosclerotic of patients at risk. Correlation with ascending conventional venog- carotid plaque evaluation by ultrasound, computed tomography raphy. Angiology 39:527 angiography, and magnetic resonance imaging: an overview. Can Montefusco von Kleist CM, Bakal C, Sprayregen S, Rhodes BA, Veith FJ Assoc Radiol J 65:275–286 (1993) Comparison of duplex ultrasonography and ascending con- Nanto M, Takado M, Mohbuchi H et al (2012) Rare variant of a persis- trast venography in the diagnosis of venous thrombosis. Angiology tent primitive hypoglossal artery arising from the external carotid 44:169–175 artery. Neurol Med Chir 52:513–515 Monzer MAY, Wiese JA, Shamma AR (1987) The to-and-fro-sign: duplex Napoli V, Pinto S, Bargellini I, Vignali C, Cioni R, Petruzzi P (2002) Duplex Doppler evidence of femoral artery pseudoaneurysm. Am J Roent- ultrasonographic study of the renal arteries before and after renal genol 150:632–634 artery stenting. Eur Radiol 12:796–803 Moore WS (2003) For severe carotid stenosis found on ultrasound, fur- Narang AT, Rathlev NK (2007) Non-aneurysmal infectious aortitis: a case ther arterial evaluation is unnecessary. Stroke 34:1816–1817 report. J Emerg Med 32:359–563 Moreau P, Albat B, Thévenet A (1994) Surgical treatment of extracranial NASCET – North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial internal carotid artery aneurysm. Ann Vasc Surg 8:409–416 Collaborators (1991) Beneficial effect of carotid endarterectomy in Morin C, Lafortune M, Pomier G et al (1992) Patent paraumbilical vein: symptomatic patients with high-grade carotid stenosis. N Engl J anatomic and hemodynamic variants and their clinical importance. Med 325:445–453 Radiology 185:253–256 National Kidney Foundation (2006) KDOQI Clinical Practice Guidelines Moriyasu F, Nishida O, Ban N et al (1986) “Congestion index” of the por- and Clinical Practice Recommendations for 2006 Updates: Hemodi- tal vein. Am J Roentgenol 146:735–739 alysis Adequacy, Peritoneal Dialysis Adequacy and Vascular Access. Moriyasu F, Ban N, Nishida O et al (1986) Clinical application of an Am J Kidney Dis 48(suppl 1):S1–S322 ­ultrasonic duplex system in the quantitative measurement of portal Nazarian GK, Gerral H, Castaňeda-Zúňiga WR et al (1994) Development blood flow. J Clin Ultrasound 14:579–588 of stenoses in transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts. Radi- Moriyasu F, Ban N, Nishida O et al (1986) Portal hemodynamics in ology 192:231–234 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Radiology 161:707–711 Nazzal MM, Hoballah JJ, Miller EV et al (1997) Renal hilar Doppler analy- Moser KM, LeMoine JR (1981) Is embolic risk conditioned by location of sis is of value in the management of patients with renovascular deep venous thrombosis? Ann Intern Med 94:439–444 disease. Am J Surg 174:164–168 Mosso M, Jung HH, Baumgartner RW (2007) Recurrent spontaneous Nchimi A, Biquet JF, Brisbois D et al (2003) Duplex ultrasound as vasospasm of cervical carotid ophthalmic and retinal arteries first-­line screening test for patients suspected of renal artery ste- causing repeated retinal infarcts: a case report. Cerebrovasc Dis nosis: prospective evaluation in high-risk group. Eur Radiol 13: 24:381–384 1413–1419 Motew SJ, Cherr GS, Craven TE (2000) Renal duplex sonography: main Neale ML, Chambers JL, Kelly AT et al (1994) Reappraisal of duplex cri- renal artery versus hilar anaylsis. J Vasc Surg 32:462–471 teria to assess significant carotid stenosis with special reference to Moucka J, Jäger K (1990) Rationelle Abklärung bei peripherer arterieller reports from the North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarter- Verschlußkrankheit. Schweiz Rundsch Med Prax 79:1553–1559 ectomy Trial and the European Carotid Surgery Trial. J Vasc Surg Mueller SC, Lue TF (1988) Evaluation of vasculogenic impotence. Urol 20:642–649 Clin North Am 15:65–76 Nederkoorn PJ, Brown MM (2009) Optimal cut-off criteria for duplex Muhm M, Polterauer P, Gstottner W, Temmel A et al (1997) Diagnostic ultrasound for the diagnosis of restenosis in stented carotid arter- and therapeutic approaches to carotid body tumors: review of 24 ies: review and protocol for a diagnostic study. BMC Neurol 22:36 patients. Arch Surg 132:279–284 Neglen P, Raju S (1992) A comparison between descending phlebogra- Müller-Schwefe CH, von Klinggräf G, Riepe G, Schröder A (1991) Das phy and duplex Doppler investigation in the evaluation of reflux in inflammatorische Bauchaortenaneurysma. Ultraschall Med 12: chronic venous insufficiency: a challenge to phlebography as the 158–163 gold standard. J Vasc Surg 16:687–693 Müller-Wiefel H (1974) Untersuchungen zur Hämodynamik in den Nelemans PJ, Leiner T, de Vet HC, van Engelshoven JM (2000) Peripheral Venen der unteren Extremität. In: Physiologische, phathophysiolo- arterial disease: meta-analysis of the diagnostic performance of MR gische und klinische Aspekte. Schattauer, Stuttgart angiography. Radiology 217:105–114 Mulligan SA, Matsuda T, Tanzer P et al (1991) Peripheral arterial occlu- Neuerburg J, Vorwerk D, Günther RW, Keulers P (1991) Intravascular sive disease: prospective comparison of MR angiography and color ultrasound for support in percutaneous interventional treatment. duplex US with conventional angiography. Radiology 178:695–700 Vasa 33(Suppl):298–299 Multicentre Aneurysm Screening Study Group (2002) Multicentre aneu- Neuerburg-Heusler D (1984) Dopplersonographische Diagnostik der rysm screening study (MASS): cost effectiveness analysis of screen- extrakraniellen Verschlußkrankheit. Vasa 12(Suppl):59–70 ing for abdominal aortic aneurysms based on four year results Neuerburg-Heusler D, Hennerici M (1995) Gefäßdiagnostik mit Ultra- from randomised controlled trial. BMJ 325:1135. and Lancet 360: schall. In: Doppler und farbcodierte Duplexsonographie. Thieme, 1531–1539 Stuttgart 524 References

Neuerburg-Heusler D, Karasch TH (1991) Farbkodierte Duplex-­ Olojugba DH, McCarthy MJ, Naylor AR, Bell PR, London NJ (1998) At Sonographie – Erweiterung der gefäßdiagnostischen Möglich- what peak velocity ratio should duplex detected infrainguinal vein keiten? In: Maurer PC, Dörrler J, von Sommogy ST (Hrsg) graft stenoses be revised? Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 15:258–260 Gefäßchirurgie im Fortschritt. Thieme, Stuttgart Omoloja AA, Racadio JM, McEnery PT (2002) Post-biopsy renal arterio- Neville RF, Abularrage CJ, White PW et al (2004) Venous hypertension venous fistula. Pediatr Transplant 6:82–85 associated with arteriovenous hemodialysis access. Semin Vasc Orlic P, Vukas D, Drescik I et al (2003) Vascular complications after Surg 17:50–56 725 kidney transplantations during 3 decades. Transplant Proc Nevitt MP, Ballard DJ, Hallett JW Jr (1989) Prognosis of abdominal aortic 35:1381–1384 aneuryms. A population-based study. N Engl J Med 321:1009–1014 Ortiz MW, Lopera JE, Gimenez CR et al (2006) Bilateral cystic adventitial Nichols WN, O’Rourke MF (eds) (1990) McDonald’s blood flow in arteries. disease of the popliteal artery: A case report. Cardiovasc Intervent Theoretical, experimental and clinical principles, 3rd edn. Edward Radiol 29:306–310 Arnold, London, pp 54–76 Ortmann J, Widmer MK, Gretener S et al (2009) Cystic adventitial Nicolaides AN (1995) Asymptomatic carotid stenosis and risk of stroke: degeneration: ectopic ganglia from adjacent joint capsules. Vasa identification of a high risk group (ACSRS): a natural history study. 38:374–377 Int Angiol 14:21–23 Osman Y, Shokeir A, Ali-El-Dein B et al (2003) Vascular complications Nielsen TG, von Jessen F, Sillesen H (1993) Doppler spectral characteris- after live donor renal transplantation: study of risk factors and tics of infrainguinal vein bypasses. Eur J Vasc Surg 7:610–615 effects on graft and patient survival. J Urol 169:859–862 Nielsen TG, Sillesn H, Schroeder TV (1995) Simple hyperaemia test as a Ota H, Takase K, Rikimaru H et al (2005) Quantitative vascular measure- screening method in a postoperative surveillance of infrainguinal ments in arterial occlusive disease. Radiographics 25:1141–1158 in situ vein bypasses. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 10:298–303 Owen WJ, Mc Coll I (1980) Venous aneurysm of the axilla simulating a Nolan BW, Schermerhorn ML, Powell RJ, Rowell E (2005) Restenosis in soft tissue tumour. Br J Surg 67:577–578 gold-coated renal artery stents. J Vasc Surg 42:40–46 Owen RS, Carpenter JP, Baum RA, Perloff U, Cope C (1992) Magnetic Noon GP, Jose LZ, Graig M et al (1984) Popliteal vein pseudoaneurysm: a resonance imaging of angiographically occult runoff vessels in case report. Surgery 96:942–945 peripheral arterial occlusive disease. N Engl J Med 326:1577–1581 Noppeney T, Noppeney J, Winkler M (2007) Das venöse Poplitealaneu- Pages S et al (2001) Comparison of color duplex ultrasound and com- rysma. Gefässchirurgie 12:187–190 puted tomography scan for surveillance after aortic endografting. Norgren L, Hiatt WR, Dormandy JA, Nehler MR, Harris KA, Fowkes FGR Ann Vasc Surg 15:155–162 (2007) Inter-Society Consensus for the Management of Peripheral Painter TA, Hertzer NR, Beven EG, O’Hara PJ (1985) Extracranial carotid Arterial Disease (TASC II). Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 33:S1–S75 aneurysms: report of six cases and review of the literature. J Vasc Norman PE, Jamrozik K, Lawrence-Brown MM, Le MT, Spencer CA, Tuohy Surg 2:312–318 RJ et al (2004) Population based randomised controlled trial on Palareti G, Cosmi B, Lessiani G et al (2010) Evolution of untreated calf impact of screening on mortality from abdominal aortic aneurysm. deep-vein thrombosis in high risk symptomatic outpatients: the BMJ 329:1259–1264 blind, prospective CALTHRO study. Thromb Haemost 104:1063–1070 Norris CS, Greenfield LJ, Hermann JB (1985) Free-floating iliofemoral Pan LG, Forster HV, Ohtake PJ, Lowry TF, Korducki MJ, Forster AL (1985) thrombus. Arch Surg 120:806–808 Effect of carotid chemoreceptor denervation on breathing dur- Numata K, Tanaka K, Kiba T et al (1999) Hepatic artery resistance after ing ventrolateral medullary cooling in goats. J Appl Physiol 79: mixed-meal ingestion in healthy subjects and patients with chronic 1120–1128 liver disease. J Clin Ultrasound 27:239–248 Pan XM, Saloner D, Reilly LM et al (1995) Assessment of carotid artery O’Donnell TF Jr, Erdoes L, Mackey WC et al (1985) Correlation of B-mode stenosis by ultrasonography, conventional angiography, and mag- ultrasound imaging and arteriography with the pathologic findings netic resonance angiography: correlation with ex vivo measure- of carotid endarterectomy. Arch Surg 120:443–449 ment of plaque stenosis. J Vasc Surg 21:82–88 O’Leary DH, Holen J, Ricotta JJ et al (1987) Carotid bifurcation dis- Papanicolaou G, Beach KW, Zierler RE, Strandness DE (1995) The rela- ease: prediction of ulceration with B-mode ultrasound. Radiology tionship between arm-ankle pressure difference and peak systolic 162:523–525 velocity in patients with stenotic lower extremity vein grafts. Ann O’Leary D, Glagov S, Zarins C, Giddens D (1991) Carotid artery disease. Vasc Surg 9:554–560 In: Rifkin MD, Charboneau JW, Laing FC (eds) Ultrasound 1991: Spe- Parent FN et al (2002) The incidence and natural history of type I and II cial Course Syllabus, 77th Scientific Assembly and Annual Meeting. endoleak: a 5-year follow-up assessment with color duplex ultra- RSNA, Oak Park, pp 189–200 sound scan. J Vasc Surg 35:595–597 O’Leary DH, Polak JF, Kronmal RA, Manolio TA, Burke GL, Wolfson SK Jr Parent NF, Meier GH, Godxiachvili V et al (2002) The incidence and nat­ (1999) Carotid-artery intima and media thickness as a risk factor ural history of type I and II endoleak. A 5 year follow-up assessment for myocardial infaction and stroke in older adults. Cardiovascular with color duplex ultrasound scan. J Vasc Surg 35:474–481 Health Study Collaborative Research Group. N Engl J Med 340:14–22 Park AE, McCarthy WJ, Pearce WH, Matsumura JS, Yao JST (1998) Carotid Oates CP, Pickard RS, Powell PH, Murthy LNS, Whittingham TAW (1995) plaque morphology correlates with presenting symptomatology. J The use of duplex ultrasound in the assessment of arterial supply to Vasc Surg 27:872–879 the penis in vasculogenic impotence. J Urol 153:354–357 Park SH, Chung JW, Lee JW, Han MH, Park JH (2001) Carotid artery Ohta M, Hashizume M, Tomikawa M et al (1994) Analysis of hepatic vein involvement in Takayasu’s ateritis: evaluation of the activity by waveform by Doppler ultrasonography in 100 patients with portal ultrasonography. J Ultrasound Med 20:371–378 hypertension. AJG 89:170–175 Parks A (1961) Intraneural ganglion of the lateral popliteal nerve. J Bone Olbricht CJ, Wanke B, Haubitz M, Koch KM (1991) Captopril spürt Ste- Joint Surg 43B:784 nosen der Nierenarterien auf. Med Trib 16:27 Parmar J, Aslam M, Standfield N (2007) Pre-operative radial arterial Older RA, Gizienski TA, Wilkowski MJ et al (1998) Hemodialysis access diameter predicts early failure of arteriovenous fistula (AVF) for stenosis: early detection with color Doppler US. Radiology 207: haemodialysis. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 33:113–115 161–164 Parry DJ et al (2002) Type II endoleaks: predictable, preventable, and Olin JW (2002) Atherosclerotic renal artery disease. Cardiol Clin 20: sometimes treatable? J Vasc Surg 36:105–110 547–562 Partsch H (1976) “A-sounds” or “S-sounds” for Doppler ultrasonic evalua- Olin JW, Piedmonte MR, Young JR (1995) The utility of duplex ultrasound tion of pelvic vein thrombosis. Vasa 5:16–19 scanning of renal arteries for diagnosing significant renal artery ste- Partsch H (1996) Diagnose und Therapie der tiefen Beinvenenthrom- nosis. Ann Intern Med 122:833–838 bose. Vasa 46(Suppl):5–53 525 References

Partsch H, Lofferer O (1972) Die Doppler-Detektoruntersuchung als Perrier A, Desmarais S, Miron MJ et al (1999) Noninvasive diagnosis of Suchtest und Verlaufskontrolle von Bein-Beckenvenenthrombosen. venous thromboembolism in outpatients. Lancet 353:190–195 Wien Klin Wochenschr 84:760–763 Persson BG, Donner M, Peterson B, Eklof B, Wintzell K (1980) Aneurysm Partsch H, Mostbeck A (1979) Die Früherkennung der tiefen Unter- of the popliteal vein as a cause of pulmonary embolism. Acta Med schenkelvenenthrombophlebitis. Vasa 8:237–246 Scand 208:407–410 Partsch H, Oburger K, Mostbeck A et al (1992) Frequency of pulmonary Persson AV, Jones C, Zide R, Er J (1989) Use of the triplex scanner in diag- embolism in ambulant patients with pelvic vein thrombosis: a nosis of deep venous thrombosis. Arch Surg 124:593 ­prospective study. J Vasc Surg 16:715–722 Peterson BG, Longo M, Kibbe MR, Matsumura JS, Blackburn D, Astleford Pascarella L, Al-Tuwaijri M, Bergan JJ, Mekenas LM (2005) Lower extrem- P, Eskandari MK (2005) Duplex ultrasound remains a reliable test ity superficial venous aneurysms. Ann Vasc Surg 19:69–73 even after carotid stenting. Ann Vasc Surg 19:793–797 Passman MA, Moneta GL, Nehler MR, Taylor LM et al (1995) Do normal Petrick J (1996) Spektralanalyse von Ultraschall-Doppler-Signalen mit early color-flow duplex surveillance examination results of infrain- und ohne Ultraschallkontrastmittel an Modellen von Blutgefäßen. guinal vein grafts preclude the need for late graft revision? J Vasc PhD Thesis, Berlin 1995. Köster, Berlin Surg 22:476–484 Petrick J, Schlief R, Zomack M, Langholz J, Urbank A (1992) Pulsatiles Patel KR, Semel L, Oauss RH (1988) Extended reconstruction rate for Strömungsmodell mit elastischen Gefäßen für duplexsonogra- limb salvage with intraoperative prereconstruction angiography. J phische Untersuchungen. Ultraschall Med 13:277–282 Vasc Surg 7:531–537 Petros JA, Andriole GL, Middleton WD, Picus DA (1991) Correlation of Patel MR, Kuntz KM, Klufsa RA (1995) Preoperative assessment of the testicular color Doppler ultrasonography, physical examination and carotid bifurcation. Can magnetic resonance angiography and venography in the detection of left varicoceles in men with infertil- duplex ultrasonography replace contrast arteriography? Stroke ity. J Urol 145:785–788 26:1753–1758 Pezzullo JA, Perkins AB, Cronan JJ (1996) Symptomatic deep vein Patel SG, Colli DA, Wardlaw JM (2002) Outcome, observer reliability and thrombosis: diagnosis with limited compression US. Radiology 198: patient preferences if CTA, MRA or Doppler ultrasound were used, 67–70 individually or together, instead of digital subtraction angiogra- Pfeil W, Jacksch R, Kotzerke M, Störk T, Selbach J. Behandlung von Pseu- phy before carotid endarterectomy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry doaneurysmen der Femoralarterie mit Thrombininjektion – Das 73:21–28 deutsche Multicenter-Register. Cardioangiologisches Centrum Patel U, Khaw KK, Hughes NC (2003) Doppler ultrasound for detection Bethanien, Frankfurt/M (DE); St. Vincenzkrankenhaus Essen (DE); of renal transplant artery stenosis – threshold peak systolic veloc- Hegau Klinikum; Singen (DE); Karl Olga Krankenhaus; Stuttgart (DE); ity needs to be higher in a low-risk or surveillance population. Clin Caritas Krankenhaus; Bad Mergentheim (DE) Radiol 58:772–777 Pfister K et al (2009) Detection and characterization of endoleaks fol- Patriquin H, LaFortune M, Burns PN, Dauzat M (1987) Duplex Doppler lowing endovascular treatment of abdominal aortic aneurysms examination in portal hypertension: technique and anatomy. Am J using Contrast Harmonic Imaging (CHI) with quantitative perfusion Roentgenol 149:71–76 analysis (TCI) compared to CT angiography (CTA). Ultraschall Med. Patriquin HB, LaFortune M, Jéquier J-C et al (1992) Stenosis of the renal in press artery: assessment of slowed systole in the downstream circulation Pfister K, Krammer S, Janotta M et al (2010) Welche Nachkontrolle ist bei with Doppler sonography. Radiology 184:470–485 endovaskulärer Versorgung von abdominellen Aortenaneurysmen Paty PS, Kaufman JL, Koslow AR, Chang BB, Leather RP, Shah DM (1992) empfehlenswert? Zentralbl Chir 135:409–415 Adventitial cystic disease of the femoral vein: a case report and Pietura R, Janczarek M, Zaluska W et al (2005) Colour Doppler ultra- review of the literature. J Vasc Surg 15:214–217 sound assessment of well-functioning mature arteriovenous fistu- Paulson WD, Moist L, Lok CE (2013) Vascular access surveillance: Case las for haemodialysis access. Eur J Radiol 55:113–119 study of a false paradigm. Semin Dial 26:281–286 Piovella F, Crippa L, Barone M, Viganò D'Angelo S, Serafini S, Galli L, Pavela J, Ahanchi S, Steerman SN, Higgins JA, Panneton JM (2014) Beltrametti C, D'Angelo A (2002) Normalization rates of compres- Grayscale median analysis of primary stenosis and restenosis after sion ultrasonography in patients with a first episode of deep vein carotid endarterectomy. J Vasc Surg 59:978–982 thrombosis of the lower limbs: association with recurrence and new Pedersen OM, Aslaksen A, Vik-Mo H, Bassoe AM (1991) Compression thrombosis. Haematologica 87:515–522 ultrasonography in hospitalized patients with suspected deep Planken RN, Keuter XH, Kessels AG et al (2006) Forearm cephalic vein venous thrombosis. Arch Intern Med 151:2217–2220 cross-sectional area changes at incremental congestion pressures: Pedro LM, Pedro MM, Gonçalves I et al (2000) Computer-assisted carotid towards a standardized and reproducible vein mapping protocol. plaque analysis: characteristics of plaques associated with cerebro- J Vasc Surg 44:353–358 vascular symptoms and cerebral infarction. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Pleumeekers HJ, Hoes AW, Mulder PG et al (1998) Differences in observer Surg 19:118–123 variability of ultrasound measurements of the proximal and distal Pedro LM, Fernandes e Fernandes J, Pedro MM (2002) Ultrasonographic abdominal aorta. J Med Screen 5:104–108 risk score of carotid plaques. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 24:492–498 Ploenes C, Strauss A (1999) Die Wertigkeit der Farbduplexsonographie Pennestri F, Loperfido SMP et al (1984) Assessment of tricuspid regur- in der Diagnose von Nierenarterienstenosen und -verschlüssen. gitation by pulsed Doppler ultrasonography of the hepatic veins. Vasa 55:47 J Cardiol 54:363–368 Podhaisky H, Hänsgen K, Seifert H, Taute BM (1996) Parameter und Ein- Perkins JM, Galland RB, Simmons MJ, Magee TR (2000) Carotid duplex flußfaktoren der sonographischen Untersuchung des peripheren imaging: variation and validation. Br J Surg 87:320–322 arteriellen Gefäßsystems. Herz/Kreisl 28:129–133 Perko MJ (2001) Duplex ultrasound for assessment of superior mesen- Polak JF (1992) Peripheral vascular sonography: a practical guide. Wil- teric artery blood flow. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 21:106–117 liams & Wilkins, Baltimore Perko MJ, Just S, Schroeder TV (1997) Importance of diastolic velocities Polak JF, Cutter SS, O’Leary DH (1988) Doppler color flow imaging of the in the detection of celiac and mesenteric artery diesease by duplex calf veins. Description of method and preliminary results. Radiology ultrasound. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 26:288–293 169(Suppl):318 (Abstr) Perlin SJ (1992) Pulmonary embolism during compression US of the Polak JF, Culter S, O’Leary D (1989) Deep veins of the calf: assessment lower extremity. Radiology 184:165–166 with color Doppler flow imaging. Radiology 171:481–485 Perrier A, Bounameaux H (2001) Cost-effective diagnosis of deep Polak JF, Dobkin GR, O’Leary DH, Wang A-M, Cutler SS (1989) Internal vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. Thromb Haemost 86: carotid artery stenosis: accuracy and reproducibility of color-­ 475–487 Doppler-­assisted duplex imaging. Radiology 173:793–798 526 References

Polak JF, Donaldson MC, Dobkin GR et al (1990) Early detection of Pross C, Shortsleeve CM, Baker JD et al (2001) Carotid endarterectomy saphenous vein arterial bypass graft stenosis by color-assisted with normal findings from a completion study: is there need for duplex sonography: a prospective study. AJR 154:857–861 early duplex scan? J Vasc Surg 33:963–967 Polak JF, Karmel MI, Mannick JA, O’Leary DH, Donaldson MC, Whitte- Prountjos P, Bastounis E, Hadjinikolaou L, Felekuras E, Balas P (1991) more AD (1990) Determination of the extent of lower-extremity Superficial venous thrombosis of the lower extremities co-existing peripheral arterial disease with color-assistend duplex sonography: with deep venous thrombosis. A phlebographic study on 57 cases. comparison with angiography. AJR 155:1085–1089 Int Angiol 10:63–65 Polak JF, Magruder CD, Whittemore AD et al (1990) Pulsatile masses Pursell R, Torrie P, Gibson M, Galland B (2004) Spontaneous and perma- surrounding vascular prostheses: real-time US color flow imaging. nent resolution of cystic adventitial disease of the popliteal artery. Radiology 170:363–366 J R Soc Med 97:77–78 Polak JF, Mitchell MI, Mannick JA, O’Leary DH, Donaldson MC, Whitte­ Quam JP, King BF, James EM et al (1989) Duplex and color Doppler more AD (1990) Determination of the extent of lower-extremity sonog­raphic evaluation of vasculogenic impotence. AJR Am J peripheral arterial disease with color-assisted duplex sonography. Roentgenol 153:1141–1147 Am J Roentgenol 155:1085–1089 Quandalle P, Sandement A, Chambon JP, Wurtz A (1989) L’anévrisme des Polak KF, Karmel MI, Meyerowitz JA (1991) Accuracy of color Dop- veines profondes des membres inférieurs. J Chir 126:586–590 pler flow mapping for evaluation of the severity of femoropop- Quéré I, Leizorovicz A, Galanaud JP et al (2012) Superficial venous liteal arterial disease, a prospective study. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2: thrombosis and compression ultrasound imaging. J Vasc Surg 471–476 56:1032–1038 Polak JF, Bajakian RL, O’Leary DH, Anderson MR, Donaldson MC, Jolesz Radermacher J, Chavan A, Bleck J et al (2000) Use of Doppler ultraso- FA (1992) Detection of internal carotid artery stenosis: comparison nography to predict the outcome of therapy for renal-artery steno- of MR angiography, color Doppler sonography, and arteriography. sis. N Engl J Med 334:410–417 Radiology 182:35–40 Radermacher J, Chavan A, Schäffer J et al (2000) Detection of significant Polak JF, O’Leary DH, Kronmal RA et al (1993) Sonographic evaluation renal artery stenosis with color Doppler sonography: combining of carotid artery atherosclerosis in elderly: relationship of disease extrarenal and intrarenal approaches to minimize technical failure. severity to stroke and TIA. Radiology 188:363–370 Clin Nephrol 53:333–343 Polak JF, Shemanski L, O’Leary DH, Lefkowitz D et al (1998) Hypoechoic Radermacher J, Mengel M, Ellis S et al (2003) The renal arterial resistance plaque at US of the carotid artery: an independent risk factor for index and renal allograft survival. N Engl J Med 349:115–124 incident stroke in adults aged 65 years or older. Radiology 208: Ragavendra BN, St H, Hilton S, Subramanyam BR, Rosen RJ, Lam SL 649–654 (1986) Deep venous thrombosis: detection by probe compression Poli A, Tremoli E, Colombo A et al (1988) Ultrasonographic measure- of veins. J Ultrasound Med 5:89–95 ment of the common carotid arterial wall thickness in hypercholes- Raghavendra BN, Rosen J, Lam S, Riles T, Horii SC (1984) Deep venous terolemic patients. Atherosclerosis 70:253–261 thrombosis. Detection by high-resolution real-time ultrasonogra- Pomposelli FB Jr, Marcaccio EJ, Gibbons GW et al (1995) Dorsalis pedis phy. Radiology 152:789 arterial bypass: durable limb salvage for foot ischemia in patients Rai S, Davies RS, Vohra RK (2008) Failure of endovascular stenting for with diabetes mellitus. J Vasc Surg 21:375–384 popliteal cystic disease. Ann Vasc Surg 23:410.el–5 Porst H (1987) Erektile Impotenz. Enke, Stuttgart, pp S73–S77 Rajfer J, Rosciszweski A, Mehringer M (1988) Prevalence of corporeal Porter TR (1998) Transient response imaging. In: Bogdahn U, Becker venous leakage in impotent men. J Urol 140:69 G, Schlachetzki F (eds) Echosignalverstärker und transkranielle Ralls PW, Jensen MC, Lee KP, Mayekawa DS, Johnson MB, Halls JM (1990) Farbduplex-­Sonographie. Blackwell, Berlin Wien, pp 192–203 Color Doppler sonography in acute epididymitis and orchitis. J Clin Postman CT, Bijlstra PJ, Rosenbusch G, Thien T (1996) Pattern recogni- Ultrasound 18:383–386 tion of loss of early systolic peak by Doppler ultrasound has a low Ranke C, Trappe JH (1997) Blood flow velocity measurements for carotid sensitivity for the detection of renal artery stenosis. J Hum Hyper- stenosis estimation: interobserver variation and interequipment tens 10:181–184 variability. Vasa 26:210–214 Prabhakaran S, Rundek T, Ramas R et al (2006) Carotid plaque surface Ranke C, Hendrickx PH, Brasel F et al (1990) Duplexsonographie: irregularity predicts ischemic stroke: the Northern Manhattan Genauigkeit, Reproduzierbarkeit und Fehlermöglichkeiten. Dtsch Study. Stroke 37:2696–2701 Med Wochenschr 115:528–533 Prandoni P (1993) Symptomatic deep vein thrombosis and the inci- Ranke C, Creutzig A, Alexander K (1992) Duplex scanning of the periph- dence of postthrombotic syndrome. Int Union of Angiology, eral arteries: correlation of the peak velocity ratio with angiographic Beaune, Oct. 6 diameter reduction. Ultrasound Med Biol 18:433–440 Prandoni P, Kahn SR (2009) Post-thrombotic syndrome: prevalence, Ranke C, Rieder M, Creutzig A, Alexander K (1995) A nomogram of prognostication and need for progress. Br J Haematol 145:286–295 duplex ultrasound quantification of peripheral arterial stenoses. Prandoni P, Cogo A, Bernardi E, Villalta S et al (1993) A simple ultrasound Studies of the cardiovascular model and in angiography patients. approach for detection of recurrent proximal vein thrombosis. Cir- Med Klin(Munich) 90:72–77 culation 88:1730–1735 Ranke C, Creutzig A, Becker H, Trappe HJ (1999) Standardization of Prandoni P, Polistena P, Bernardi E et al (1997) Upper-extremity deep carotid ultrasound: a hemodynamic method to normalize for inter- vein thrombosis: risk factors, diagnosis and complications. Arch individual and interequipment variability. Stroke 30:402–406 Intern Med 157:357–362 Rao AB, Koeller KK, Adair CF (1999) Paragangliomas of the head Prandoni P, Lensing AW, Prins MH et al (2002b) Residual venous throm- and neck: Radiologic-pathologic correlation. Radiographics 19: bosis as a predictive factor for recurrent venous thromboembolism. 1605–1632 Ann Intern Med 137:955–960 Ratiff DA, Gallagher PJ, Hames TK et al (1985) Characterization of carotid Prandoni P, Lensing AW, Bernardi E, Villalta S, Bagatella P, Girolami A artery disease: comparison of duplex scanning with histology. (2002a) The diagnostic value of compression ultrasonography in Ultrasound Med Biol 11:835–840 patients with suspected recurrent deep vein thrombosis. Thromb Redekop G, Marotta T, Weill A (2001) Treatment of traumatic aneurysms Haemost 88:402–406 and arteriovenous fistulas of the skull base by using endovascular Prandoni P, Prins MH, Lensing AW et al. AESOPUS Investigators (2009) stents. J Neurosurg 95:412–419 Residual thrombosis on ultrasonography to guide the duration of Redgrave JN, Gallagher P, Lovett JK (2008) Critical cap thickness and anticoagulation in patients with deep venous thrombosis: a ran- rupture in symptomatic carotid plaques; the Oxford Plaque Study. domized trial. Ann Intern Med 150:577–585 Stroke 39:1722–1729 527 References

Reid JA, Wolsley C, Lau LL et al (2005) The effect of pravastatin on intima Rocha-Singh K, Jaff MR, Lynne Kelly E (2008) RENAISSANCE Trial Inves- media thickness of the carotid artery in patients with nomal choles- tigators. Renal artery stenting with noninvasive duplex ultrasound terol. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 30:464–468 follow-up: 3-year results from the RENAISSANCE renal stent trial. Reilly LM (1990) Carotid intraplaque hemorrhage: noninvasive detec- Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 72:853–862 tion and clinical significance. In: Bernstein EF (ed) Noninvasive diag- Rofsky NM, Adelman MA (2000) MR angiography in the evaluation of nostic techniques in vascular disease. Mosby, St Louis, pp 99–107 atherosclerotic peripheral vascular disease. Radiology 214:325–338 Reilly LM (1993) Importance of carotid plaque morphology. In: Bern- Rollins DL, Semrow CM, Friedell ML, Buchbinder D (1987) Use of ultra- stein EF (ed) Vascular diagnosis, 4th edn. Mosby Year Book, St. Louis, sonic venography in the evaluation of venous valve function. Am J pp 333–340 Surg 154:189–191 Reilly LM, Lusby RJ, Hughes L et al (1983) Carotid plaque histology using Roobottom CA, Dubbins PA (1995) Significant disease of the celiac and real-time ultrasonography: clinical and therapeutic implications. superior mesenteric arteries in asymptomatic patients: predictive Am J Surg 146:188–193 value of Doppler sonography. AJR 161:985–988 Reiter M, Horvat R, Puchner S et al (2007) Plaque imaging of the internal Roobottorn CA, Hunter JD, Weston MJ, Dubbins PA (1995) Hepatic carotid artery – correlation of B-flow imaging with histopathology. venous Doppler waveforms: changes in pregnancies. J Clin Ultra- AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 28:122–126 sound 23:477–482 Reiter M, Effenberg I, Sabeti S (2008) Increasing carotid plaque echolu­ Rooijens PP, TordoirJH ST et al (2004) Radiocephalic wrist arteriovenous cency is predictive of cardiovascular events in high-risk patients. fistula for hemodialysis: meta-analysis indicates a high primary fail- Radiology 248:1050–1055 ure rate. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 28:583–589 Reix T, Sevestre H, Sevestre-Petri M et al (1998) Primary malignant Rose SC, Zwiebel WJ, Nelson BD et al (1990) Symptomatic lower extrem- tumors of the venous system in the lower extremities. Ann Vasc ity deep venous thrombosis: accuracy, limitations and role of color Surg 12:589–596 duplex flow imaging in diagnosis. Radiology 175:639–644 Reuther GR, Wanjura D, Bauer H (1989) Acute renal vein thrombosis Rose SC, Zwiebel WJ, Miller FJ (1994) Distribution of acute lower extrem- in renal allografts: detection with duplex Doppler US. Radiology ity deep venous thrombosis in symptomatic and asymptomatic 170:557–558 patients: imaging implications. J Ultrasound Med 13:243–250 Rich NM (1982) Popliteal entrapment and adventitial cystic disease. Rosen MP, Sheiman RG, Weintraub J, McArdle C (1996) Compression Surg Clin North Am 62:449–465 sonography in patients with indeterminate or low-probability lung Rich NM, Hughes CW (1967) Popliteal artery and vein entrapment. Am scans: lack of usefulness in the absence of both symptoms of deep J Surg 113:696–698 vein thrombosis and thromboembolic risk factor. AJR 166:285–289 Rich NM, Collins GJ, Mc Donald PT, Kozloff L, Clagett GP, Collins JT (1979) Rosfors S, Eriksson M, Hoglund N, Johansson G (1993) Duplex ultra- Popliteal vascular entrapment. Arch Surg 114:1377–1384 sound in patients with suspected aorto-iliac occlusive disease. Eur Richter G, Böhm S, Görg DH, Schwerk WB (1992) Verlaufsbeobachtun- J Vasc Surg 7:513–517 gen zur Echogenität venöser Gerinnungsthromben. Ultraschall Klin Rosner NM, Doris PE (1988) Diagnosis of femoropopliteal venous throm- Prax 7:69–73 bosis: comparison of duplex sonography and plethysmography. Richtlinien für die Durchführung Doppler- und duplexsonographischer Am J Roentgenol 150:623–627 Untersuchungen peripherer Arterien und Venen, extrakranieller Ross B, Sherriff L, Walton L (1984) Diagnosis of deep-vein thrombosis: hirnversorgender Halsarterien und intrakranieller Arterien des comparison of clinical evaluation, ultrasound, plathysmography, Arbeitskreises Gefäßdiagnostik der DEGUM (1991) Mitteil Angiol and venoscan with X-ray venogram. Lancet 2:716–719 1:10–17 Ross GJ, Violi L, Barber LW et al (1988) Popliteal venous aneurysm. Radi- Ricotta JJ (1990) Plaque characterization by B-mode scan. Surg Clin ology 168:721–722 North Am 70:191–199 Rosvall M, Janzon L, Berglund G, Engstrom G, Hedblad B (2005) Incident Rieger H (1985) Durchblutungsstörungen. Adam Pharma Verlag GmbH, coronary events and case fatality in relation to common carotid Essen intima-media thickness. J Intern Med 257:430–437 Rieger H, Schoop W (eds) (1998) Klinische Angiologie. Springer, Berlin/ Roth SM, Back MR, Bandyk DF et al (1999) A rational algorithm for Heidelberg/New York, pp 627–666 duplex scan surveillance after carotid endarterectomy. J Vasc Surg Riehl J, Clasen W, Schmidt H, Kierdorf H, Sieberth HG (1989) Altersab- 31:838–839 hängige Veränderungen der renalen Hämodynamik: Untersuchun- Rothwell PM (2003) For severe carotid stenosis found on ultrasound, gen mittels Duplex-Sonographie. Ultraschall Klin Prax 1(Suppl):129 further arterial evaluation prior to carotid endarterectomy is unnec- Righini M, Paris S, Le Gal G, Laroche JP, Perrier A, Bounameaux H (2006) essary: the argument against. Stroke 34:1817–1819 Clinical relevance of distal deep vein thrombosis. Review of litera- Rothwell PM, Warlow CP (1999) Prediction of benefit from carotid ture data. Thromb Haemost 95:56–64 endarterectomy in individual patients: a risk-modelling study. Rigsby C, Burns PN, Weltin GG, Chen B, Bia M, Taylor KJW (1987) Dop- European Carotid Surgery Trialists’ Collaborative Group. Lancet pler signal quantitation in renal allografts: comparison in normal 353:2105–2110 and rejecting transplants with pathologic correlation. Radiology Rothwell PM, Gibson RJ, Slattery J et al (1994) Equivalence of measure- 162:39–42 ments of carotid stenosis: a comparison of three methods on 1001 Ripolles T, Aliaga R, Morote V et al (2001) Utility of intrarenal Doppler angiograms. Stroke 25:2435–2439 ultrasound in the diagnosis of renal artery stenosis. Eur J Radiol Rothwell PM, Gibson R, Warlow CP (2000) Interrelation between plaque 40:54–63 surface morphology and degree of stenosis on carotid angiograms Riviere J, Soury P, Poli P, Peillon C, Watelet J, Testart J (1994) Importance and the risk of ischemic stroke in patients with symptomatic carotid of complementary peroperative examinations in the treatment of stenosis. On behalf of the European Carotid Surgery Trialists Col- adventitial cystic degeneration of the popliteal artery. J Mal Vasc laborative Group. Stroke 31:615–621 19:251–252 Rothwell PM, Warlow CP, on behalf of the European Carotid surgery Robbin ML, Oser RF, Allon M et al (1998) Hemodialysis access graft ste- Trialists’ Collaborative Group (2000) Low risk of ischemic stroke in nosis: US detection. Radiology 208:655–661 patients with reduced internal carotid artery lumen diameter distal Robbin ML, Chamberlain NE, Lockhart ME et al (2002) Hemodialysis to severe symptomatic carotid stenosis: cerebral protection due to arteriovenous fistula maturity: US evaluation. Radiology 225:59–64 low poststenotic flow? Stroke 31:622–630 Robinson WP, Belkin M (2009) Acute limb ischemia due to popliteal Rotter W (1981) Gefäßveränderungen bei frischer und älterer Throm- artery aneurysm: a continuing surgical challenge. Semin Vasc Surg bose. In: Vinazzer H (ed) Thrombose und Embolie. Anästhesie Inten- 22:17–24 sivmed 134: 171–177 528 References

Rountas C, Vlychou M, Vassiou K (2007) Imaging modalities for renal Schäberle W (2014) Technische Diagnostik. In: Nüllen et al. Venöse artery stenosis in suspected renovascular hypertension: prospec- Thrombembolien. Springer Verlag, Heidelberg tive intraindividual comparison of color Doppler US, CT angiog- Schäberle W, Eisele R (1990) Duplexsonographische Kriterien eines dis- raphy, GD-enhanced MR angiography and digital subtraction talen Mesenterialarterienverschlusses. Ultraschall Klin Prax Suppl angiography. Ren Fall 29:295–302 5:197 Roy-Chaudhury P, Kelly BS, Miller MA et al (2001) Venous neointimal Schäberle W, Eisele R (1991) Das sonographische Bild einer zystischen hyperplasia in polytetraflouroethylene dialysis grafts. Kidney Int Adventitiadegeneration. Vasa 33:207–208 59:2325–2334 Schäberle W, Eisele R (1991) Duplexsonographie versus Phlebographie Rubin JM, Bude RO, Carson PL et al (1994) Power Doppler US: a in der Diagnostik der tiefen Beinvenenthrombose. Phlebologie 5:45 ­potentially useful alternative to mean frequency-based color Dop- Schäberle W, Eisele R (1992) Duplexsonographische Diagnostik der pler US. Radiology 190:853–856 Fossa poplitea zur Differenzierung seltener arterieller und venöser Rubin BG, Beak BI, Reilly JM (1995) Fusiform aneurysms of the popliteal Gefäßerkrankungen. Ultraschall. Klin Prax 7:148 vein. In: The American venous forum 7th annual meeting, 1995 Feb. Schäberle W, Eisele R (1996) Die sonographische Diagnostik, Verlaufs- 23–25, Fort Lauderdale. Abstract Book p 39 form und Therapie der cystischen Adventitiadegeneration. Ultra- Rutherford RB, Flanigan DP, Gupta SK, Johnston KW, Karmody A, Whitte- schall Med 17:131–137 more AD (1986) Suggested standards for reports dealing with lower Schäberle W, Eisele R (1996) Ultrasound diagnosis, follow-up and extremity ischemia. J Vasc Surg 4:80–94 ­therapy of cystic degeneration of the adventitia. 2 case reports and Rutherford RB, Baker D, Ernst C et al (1997) Recommended standards review of the literature. Ultraschall Med 17:131–137 for reports dealing with lower extremity ischaemia: revised version. Schäberle W, Eisele R (2001) Das venöse Aneurysma tiefer Beinvenen – J Vasc Surg 26:517–538 Wertigkeit der Duplexsonographie in Operationsindikation und Saal JG, Dürk H (1994) Rationale Labordiagnostik in klinischer Immu- Therapieplanung. Ultraschall Med 22(Suppl):60–61 nologie und Rheumatologie. Internist 35:633–639 Schäberle W, Leyerer L (2013) Sonographischer Stenosegrad ist Saba L, Caddeo G, Sanfilippo R (2007) CT and ultrasound in the study of nicht gleich sonographischer Stenosegrad ist nicht gleich angi- ulcerated carotid plaque compared with surgical results: potenti- ographischer Stenosegrad. Messmethodische Aspekte und alities and advantages of multidetector row CT angiography. AJNR Fehlerquelle der hämodynamischen und der morphologischen Am J Neuroradiol 28:1061–1066 Graduierung femoropoplitealer Stenosen. Gefässchirurgie 18: Sabba C, Ferraioli G, Genecin P et al (1991) Evaluation of postprandial 292–297 hyperemia in superior mesenteric artery and portal vein in healthy Schäberle W, Leyerer L (2013) Venenaneurysma – Therapieentscheid- and cirrhotic humans: an operator-blind echo-Doppler study. Hep- ung duch sonographische Diagnostik der Hämodynamik. Gefäss- atology 13:114–118 chirurgie 18:659–664 Sacks D, Robinson ML, Marinelli DL, Perlmutter GS (1990) Evaluation Schäberle W, Leyerer L (2014) Structured, time-efficient and therapy-­ of the peripheral arteries with duplex after angioplasty. Radiology oriented ultrasonography diagnostics for dialysis shunt problems. 176:39–44 Gefässchirurgie 19:471–480 Safian RD, Textor SC (2001) Renal-artery stenosis. N Engl J Med 344: Schäberle W, Neuerburg Heusler D (1989) Wertigkeit der Duplexsono­ 431–442 graphie in der Diagnostik der Nierenarterienstenose. Klin Wochen- Sakaguchi M, Kitagawa K, Nagai Y et al (2003) Equivalence of plaque schr 67(Suppl XVI):177 score and intima-media thickness of carotid ultrasonography for Schäberle W, Seitz K (1988) Meßmethodische Probleme der Durchmesser- predicting severe coronary artery lesion. Ultrasound Med Biol und Querschnittsbestimmung für die duplexsonographische 29:367–371 Stromzeitvolumenmesseung. Ultraschall Klin Prax Suppl 1:68 Sandler DA, Duncan JS, Ward P et al (1984) Diagnosis of deep vein-­ Schäberle W, Seitz K (1991) Duplexsonographische Blutflußmessung in thrombosis. Comparison of clinical evaluation, ultrasound, plethys- der Arteria mesenterica superior. Ultraschall Med 12:277–282 mography and venoscan with x-ray venogram. Lancet 2:716 Schäberle W, Bärlin E, Seitz K (1988) Meßmethodische Probleme zur Sandok BA (1983) Fibromuscular dysplasia of the internal carotid artery. Durchmesser- bzw. Querschnittsbestimmung für die duplexsonog- Neurol Clin 1:17–26 raphische Stromzeitvolumenmessung. Ultraschall Klin Prax Suppl 1: Sanford RM, Bown MJ, Fishwick G et al (2006) Duplex ultrasound scan- 68 (Abstr) ning is reliable in the detection of endoleak following endovascular Schäberle W, Schock D, Eisele R (1992) Der isolierte Poplitealarterienver- aneurysm repair. Eur J Vasc Encovasc Surg 32:537–541 schluß: Wertigkeit der Duplexsonographie in Differential-­diagnose Sarap MD, Wheeler WE (1988) Venous aneurysms. J Vasc Surg 8:182–183 und Therapieplanung. Vasa 35(Suppl):69–70 Sarkar R, Ro KM, Obrand DI, Ahn SS (1998) Lower extremity vascular Schäberle W, Strauss A, Neuerburg-Heusler D, Roth FJ (1992) Wertigkeit reconstruction and endovascular surgery without preoperative der Duplexsonographie in der Diagnostik der Nierenarterienste- angiography. Am J Surg 176:203–207 nose und ihre Eignung in der Verlaufskontrolle nach Angioplastie Sarlon G, Lapierre F, Sarlon E, Bartoli MA, Magnan PE, Branchereau A (PTA). Ultraschall Med 13:271–276 (2009) Endovascular aneurysm repair follow-up by unenhanced Schäberle W, Ulrich C, Meyer H, Eisele R (1995) Großes Aneurysma and contrast-enhanced duplex ultrasound. J Mal Vasc 34:121–132 spurium in der A. poplitea nach arthroskopischer Meniskektomie. Sato DT et al (1998) Endoleak after aortic stent graft repair: diagnosis by Arthroskopie 8:41–43 color duplex ultrasound scan versus computed tomography scan. Schäberle W, Leyerer L, Pfister K (2012) Sportabitur trotz Gefäßver- J Vasc Surg 28:657–663 schluss. Gefässchirurgie 17:775–778 Scali ST, Chang CK, Raghinaru D et al (2013) Prediction of graft patency Schäberle W, Leyerer L, Kabiri R, Richter P (2013) Zystische Adventitia- and mortality after distal revascularization and interval ligation for degeneration. Sonographische Diagnostik und Therapieoptionen. hemodialysis access-related hand ischemia. J Vasc Surg 57:451–458 Gefässchirurgie 18:572–577 Scarpato R, Gembarowicz R, Farber S et al (1981) Intraoperative prere- Schäberle W, Rupp-Heim G, Leyerer L et al (2013) Thrombuszapfen construction arteriography. Arch Surg 116:1053–1055 oder Venenwandtumor. Differenzialdiagnose in der Bildgebung Schäberle W (1992) Diagnosis of venous aneurysm by ultrasound examina- und ­Literaturübersicht epitheloides Hämangioendotheliom. tion. In: Eurodop 92. Br Med Ultrasound Soc, London, p 157 (Abstr) Gefässchirurgie 18:216–221 Schäberle W (1993) Ultraschall in der Venendiagnostik. Springer, Heidel- Schäberle W, Rupp-Heim G, Leyerer L (2013) Duplexsonographische berg Diagnostik von Beckenarterienstenosen Stenosegraduierung und Schäberle W (2011) Ultrasonography in Vascular Diagnosis. Springer zeiteffizientes Vorgehen durch Spektralanalyse. Gefässchirurgie Verlag, Heidelberg 18:44–51 529 References

Schäberle W, Rupp-Heim G, Leyerer L (2013) Persistierende primitive Schmitt HE (1974) Möglichkeiten und Grenzen der antegraden Phle- Hypoglossusarterie (PPHA). Gut kollateralisierter A.-carotis-interna-­ bographie. Vasa 3:440–445 Verschluss. Gefässchirurgie 18:131–138 Schmitt HE (1977) Aszendierende Phlebographie bei tiefer Beinvenen- Schäberle W, Rupp-Heim G, Leyerer L (2013) Sonographische Verlaufs­ thrombose. Huber, Bern kontrolle nach Karotisstentimplantation (CAS): Graduierung von Schneider PA, Ogawa DY (1998) Is routine preoperative aortoiliac arte- Rezidivstenosen und Stentdislokation. Gefässchirurgie 18:394–399 riography necessary in the treatment of lower extremity ischemia? Schäberle W, Leyerer L, Giebeler C et al (2014) Color duplex sonog­ J Vasc Surg 28:28–36 raphy in chronic and acute ischemia of the mesenteric artery. Is Schneider JR, Walsh DB, McDaniel MD, Zwolak RM, Besso SR, Cronen- color duplex sonography relevant for diagnostics? Gefässchirurgie wett JL (1993) Pedal bypass versus tibial bypass with autogenous 19:247–256 vein: a comparison of outcome and hemodynamic results. J Vasc Schäberle W, Rupp-Heim G, Leyerer L (2014) Is color duplex ultraso­ Surg 17:1029–1038 nography still important compared to contrast-enhanced sonogra- Schneider PA, Ogawa DY, Rush MP (1999) Lower extremity revasculariza- phy in endoleak diagnostics after EVAR. Gefässchirurgie 19:147–152 tion without contrast arteriography: a prospective study of opera- Schäberle W, Leyerer L, Schierling W, Pfister K (2015) Ultrasound diag- tion based upon duplex mapping. Cardiovasc Surg 7:699–703 nostics of the abdominal aorta. Gefässchirurgie 20:22–27 Schöllhorn J (1985) Cystic adventitial degeneration as a cause of Schäberle W, Leyerer L, Schierling W, Pfister K (2015) Ultrasound diag- dynamic stenosis of the popliteal artery: a case report. Angiology nostic of renal artery stenosis. Stenosis criteria, CEUS and recurrent 36:809–814 in-stent stenosis. Gefässchirurgie 20:102–111 Scholz H (1998) Der adäquate Gefäßzugang für die Hämodialyse. Bard, Scharnke W, Claußnitzer R, Wild K, Schuler A (1995) Aneurysma der Impra, München V. poplitea als Ursache von Lungenembolien. Diagnose mittels Schönhofer B, Bechthold H, Renner R, Bundschu HD (1991) Asymptoma- FDS. Ultraschall Med 16:114 tische Lungenembolie bei Varikophlebitis der V. saphena magna: Schatz IJ, Fine G (1962) Venous aneurysms. N Engl J Med 266:1310–1312 Sonographische Dokumentation von Wachstum und Ablösung Schellong S (1993) Vaskulitiden. In: Alexander K (Hrsg) Gefäßkrankheiten. eines Appositionsthrombus. Phlebologie 20:48 Urban & Schwarzenberg, München/Wien/Baltimore Schönhofer B, Bechthold H, Renner R et al (1992) Sonographische Schellong MS, Schwarz T, Halbritter K et al (2003) Complete compres- Befunde bei Varikophlebitis der Vena saphena magna. Dtsch Med sion ultrasonography of the leg veins as a single test for the diagno- Wochenschr 117:51–55 sis of deep vein thrombosis. Thromb Haemost 89:228–234 Schönhofer B, Bundschu HD, Wolf K, Grehn S (1992) Farbkodierte Schenk EA, Bond MG, Aretz TH et al (1988) Multicenter validation study Duplexsonographie im Vergleich zur Phlebographie bei tiefer Bein­ of real-time ultrasonography, arteriography, and pathology: patho- und Beckenvenenthrombose. Med Klin 87:172–178 logic evaluation of carotid endarterectomy specimens. Stroke Schoop W (1988) Praktische Angiologie. Thieme, Stuttgart/New York, 19:289–296 p 127 Schiff MJ, Feinberg W, Naidisch JB (1987) Noninvasive venous examina- Schopohl J, Haen E, Ullrich T, Gärtner R (2000) Sildenafil (Viagra). Dt Ärz- tions as a screening test for pulmonary embolism. Arch Intern Med tebl 97: A-311–A-315 147:505 Schraverus P, Dulieu J, Milleux P, Coulier B (1997) Cystic adventitial dis- Schild H, Berg S, Weber W, Schmied W, Steegmuller KW (1992) The ease of the popliteal vein: report of a case. Acta Chir Belg 97:90–92 venous aneurysm. Aktuelle Radiol 2:75–80 Schröder JO, Euler HH (1993) Systemischer Lupus erythematodes. Inter- Schindler JM, Kaiser M, Gerber A, Vuilliomenet A, Popovic A, Bertel O nist 34:351–361 (1990) Colour coded duplex sonography in suspected deep vein Schröder A, Peters A, Riepe G et al (2001) Vascular tumors simulating thrombosis of the leg. BMJ 301:1369–1370 occlusive disease. Vasa 30:62–66 Schlager O, Francesconi M, Haumer M et al (2007) Duplex sonography Schroeder WB, Bealer JF (1992) Venous duplex ultrasonography caus- versus angiography for assessment of femoropopliteal arterial ing acute pulmonary embolism: a brief report. J Vasc Surg 15: ­disease in a “real-world” setting. J Endovasc Ther 14:452–459 1082–1083 Schmidberger H, Hackl A, Ludwig G (1979) Aneurysma der Vena pop- Schuler A, Wild K, Hofstätter F, Claussnitzer R, Blank W, Braun B (1993) litea. Fortschr Röntgenstr 131:553–554 Seltene Aneurysmalokalisationen – Farbdopplersonographische Schmidt WA (2006) Takayasu and temporal arteritis. Front Neurol Neu- (FDS) Diagnostik. Ultraschall. Klin Prax 8:201 rosci 21:96–104 Schuler A, Claußnitzer R, Dinkelacker S, Blank B, Braun B (1995) Farb- Schmidt WA, Blockmans D (2005) Use of ultrasonography and positron dopplersonographie bei ascendierenden Thrombophlebitiden der emission tomography in the diagnosis and assessment of large-­ unteren Extremität. Ultraschall Med 16:76 vessel vasculitis. Curr Opin Rheumatol 17:9–15 Schulte-Altedorneburg G, Droste DW, Haas N et al (2000) Preoperative Schmidt WA, Gromnica-Ihle E (2002) Incidence of temporal arteritis in B-mode ultrasound plaque appearance compared with carotid end- patients with polymyalgia rheumatica: a prospective study using arterectomy specimen histology. Acta Neurol Scand 101:188–194 color Doppler ultrasonography of the temporal arteries. Rheuma- Schürmann R, Balzer TH, Schlief R (1992) Diagnostisches Potenzial von tology (Oxford) 41:46–52 Ultraschall-Kontrastmitteln in der Gefäßdiagnostik. Ultraschall Med Schmidt JA, Bierbrauer A, Wichert P (1993) Vaskulitiden großer Arterien. 13:234–238 Internist 34:615–621 Schwartz RA, Kerns DB, Mitchell DG (1991) Color Doppler ultrasound Schmidt WA, Kraft HE, Vorpahl K, Völker L, Gromnica-Ihle EJ (1997) Color imaging in iatrogenic arterial injuries. Am J Surg 162:4–8 duplex ultrasonography in the diagnosis of temporal arteritis. Schwarz A, Gwinner W, Hiss M et al (2005) Safety and adequacy of renal N Engl J Med 337:1336–1342 transplant protocol biopsies. Am J Transplant 5:1992–1996 Schmidt W, Seifert A, Gromnica-Ihle E, Krause A, Natusch A (2008) Ultra- Schweizer J, Oehmichen F, Brandt HG, Altman E (1993) Farbkodierte sound of proximal upper extremity arteries to increase the diagnos- Duplexsonographie und kontrastmittelverstärkte Duplexsonogra- tic yield in large-vessel giant cell arteritis. Rheumatology 47:96–101 phie bei tiefer Beinvenenthrombose. Vasa 22:22–25 Schmieder GC, Stout CL, Stokes GK, Parent FN, Panneton JM (2009) Schwerk WB, Restrepo IK, Stellwaag M et al (1994) Renal artery stenosis: Endoleak after endovascular aneurysm repair: duplex ultrasound grading with image-directed Doppler US. Evaluation of renal resis- imaging is better than computed tomography at determining the tive index. Radiology 190:785–790 need for intervention. J Vasc Surg 50:1012–1018 Scoble JE (1996) The epidemiology and clinical manifestations of Schminke U, Motsch L, Hilker L, Kessler C (2000) Three-dimensional atherosclerotic renal disease. In: Novick A, Scoble J, Hamilton G ultrasound observation of carotid artery plaque ulceration. Stroke (eds) Renal vascular disease. WB Saunders, London/Philadelphia/ 31:1651–1655 Toronto, pp 303–314 530 References

Scott RA, Wilson NM, Ashton HA, Kay DN (1995) Influence of screening Shrikhande GV, Graham AR, Aparajita R et al (2011) Determining criteria on the incidence of ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm: 5-year for predicting stenosis with ultrasound duplex after endovascular results of a randomized controlled study. Br J Surg 82:1066–1070 intervention in infrainguinal lesions. Ann Vasc Surg 25:454–460 Sebatai MM, Tegos TJ, Nicolaides AN (2000) Hemispheric symptoms and Sidhu PS, Allan PL, Cattin F et al (2006) Diagnostic efficacy of SonoVue, carotid plaque echomorphology. J Vasc Surg 31:39–49 a second generation contrast agent, in the assessment of extracra- Sebenik M, Ricci A, DiPasquale B et al (2005) Undifferentiated intimal nial carotid or peripheral arteries using colour and spectral Doppler sarcoma of large systemic blood vessels. Am J Surg Pathol 29: ultrasound: a multicentre study. Br J Radiol 79:44–51 1184–1192 Sieunarine K, Lawrence-Brown MM, Kelsey P (1991) Adventitial cystic Seidel G, Cangür H, Meyer-Wiethe K et al (2006) On the ability of ultra- disease of the popliteal artery: early recurrence after CT guided per- sound parametric perfusion imaging to predict the area of infarc- cutaneous aspiration. J Cardiovasc Surg 32:702–704 tion in acute ischemic stroke. Ultraschall Med 27:543–548 Silva MB Jr, Hobson RW, Pappas PJ et al (1998) A strategy for increasing Seidl H, Tuerck J, Schepp W, Schneider R (2010) Splanchnic arterial use of autogenous hemodialysis access procedures: impact of pre- blood flow is significantly influenced by breathing – assessment by operative noninvasive evaluation. J Vasc Surg 27:302–307 duplex-Doppler ultrasound. Ultrasound in Med. Biol 36:1677–1681 Silverstein MD, Heit JA, Mohr DN, Petterson TM, O’Fallon WM, Melton LJ Seino Y, Fujimori H, Shimai S et al (1994) Popliteal venous aneurysm (1998) Trends in the incidence of deep vein thrombosis and pulmo- with pulmonary embolism. Intern Med 33:779–782 nary embolism. Arch Intern Med 158:585–593 Seitz K, Kubale R (1988) Duplexsonographie der abdominellen und ret- Silvestri M, Villain P, Boursier JL, Elias A (1987) L’anévrisme veineux roperitonealen Gefäße. Weinheim, VCH poplité: une cause rare d’embolie pulmonaire. Presse Méd 16:2127 Sensier Y, Hartshorne T, Thrush A et al (1996) The effect of adjacent seg- Singh K, Jacobsen BK, Solberg S, Kumar S, Arnesen E (2004) The dif- ment disease on the accuracy of colour duplex scanning for the ference between ultrasound and computed tomography (CT) diagnosis of lower limb arterial disease. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg measurements of aortic diameter increases with aortic diameter: 12:238–242 analysis of axial images of abdominal aortic and common iliac Sensier Y, Bell PR, London NJ (1998) The ability of qualitative assessment artery diameter in normal and aneurismal aortas. The Tromsø Study, of the common femoral Doppler waveform to screen for significant 1994-1995. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 28:158–167 aortoiliac disease. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 15:357–364 Siragusa S, Malato A, Anastasio R et al (2008) Residual vein thrombo- Sensier Y, Fishwick G, Owen R, Pemberton M, Bell PR, London NJ (1998) sis to establish duration of anticoagulation after a first episode of A comparison between color duplex ultrasonography and arteriog- deep vein thrombosis: the Duration of Anticoagulation based on raphy for imaging infrapopliteal lesions. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg Compression Ultrasonography (DACUS) study. Blood 112:511–515 15:44–50 Siragusa S, Malato A, Saccullo G, Iorio A, Di Ianni M, Caracciolo C, Coco Sensier Y, Thrust A, Loftus I et al (2000) A comparison of colour duplex LL, Raso S, Santoro M, Guarneri FP, Tuttolomondo A, Pinto A, Pepe I, ultrasonography, papaverin testing and common femoral Doppler Casuccio A, Abbadessa V, Licata G, Battista Rini G, Mariani G, Di Fede waveform analysis for assessment of the aortoiliac arteries. Eur J G (2011) Residual vein thrombosis for assessing duration of anti- Vasc Endovasc Surg 20:29–35 coagulation after unprovoked deep vein trhombosis of the lower Sessa C, Nicolini P, Perrin M et al (2000) Management of symptomatic and limbs: the extended DACUS study. Am J Hematol 86:914–917 asymptomatic popliteal venous aneurysm: a retrospective analysis of Siringo S, Bolondi L, Gaiani S et al (1994) The relationship of endoscopy, 25 patients and review of the literature. J Vasc Surg 32:902–912 portal Doppler US flowmetry, and clinical and biochemical tests in Setacci F, Sirignano P, de Donato G, Chisci E, Palasciano G, Setacci C cirrhosis. J Hepatol 20:11 (2008) Adventitial cystic disease of the popliteal artery: experience Sitzer M, Müller W, Rademacher J (1990) Color-flow Doppler-assisted of a single vascular and endovascular center. J Cardiovasc Surg duplex imaging fails to detect ulceration in high-grade internal 49:235–239 carotid artery stenosis. J Vasc Surg 23:461–465 Sevestre MA, Labarere J, Casez P et al (2009) Accuracy of complete com- Sitzer M, Fürst G, Fischer H, Siebler M et al (1993) Between-method corre- pression ultrasound in ruling out suspected deep venous thrombo- lation in quantifying internal carotid stenosis. Stroke 24:1513–1518 sis in the ambulatory setting. A prospective cohort study. Thromb Sitzer M, Muller W, Siebler M, Hort W et al (1995) Plaque ulceration and Haemost 102:166–172 lumen thrombus are the main sources of cerebral microemboli in Shaalan WE, French-Sherry E, Castilla M, Lozanski L, Bassiouny HS (2003) high-grade internal carotid stenosis. Stroke 26:1231–1233 Reliability of common femoral artery hemodynamics in assessing Sitzer M, Wolfram M, Jörg R et al (1996) Color flow Doppler-assisted the severity of aortoiliac inflow disease. J Vasc Surg 37:960–969 duplex imaging fails to detect ulceration in high-grade internal Shah F, Balan P, Weinberg M et al (2007) Contrast-enhanced ultrasound carotid artery Stenosis. J Vasc Surg 24:461–465 imaging of atherosclerotic carotid plaque neovascularization: a Skillman JJ, Kent KC, Porter DH, Kim D (1990) Simultaneous occurrence new surrogate marker of atherosclerosis? Vasc Med 12:291–297 of superficial and deep thrombophlebitis in the lower extremity. Shalhoub J, Monaco C, Owen DR (2011) Late-phase contrast-enhanced J Vasc Surg 11:818–824 ultrasound reflects biological features of instability in human Smets D, Debing E, De Raeve H, Van den Brande P (1997) Venous aneu- carotid atherosclerosis. Stroke 42:3634–3636 rysm four years after greater saphenous vein stripping. Acta Chir Shawn H, Fleming MD, Ross P et al (2010) Accuracy of duplex sonogra- Belg 97:194–195 phy scans after renal artery stenting. J Vasc Surg 52:953–958 Smith JC, Watkins GE, Smith D et al (2012) Accuracy of digital subtrac- Sheiman RG, McArdle CR (1995) Bilateral lower extremity US in the tion angiography, computed tomography angiography, and mag- patient with unilateral symptoms of deep venous thrombosis: netic resonance angiography in grading of carotid artery stenosis assessment of need. Radiology 194:171–173 in comparison with actual measurement in an in vitro model. Ann Sheiman RG, McArdle CR (1999) Clinically suspected pulmonary embo- Vasc Surg 26:338–343 lism: use of bilateral lower extremity US as the initial examination – Solar M, Zizka J, Krajina A et al (2011) Comparison of duplex ultraso- a prospective study. Radiology 212:75–78 nography and magnetic resonance imaging in the detection of Sheiman RG, Weintraub JL, McArdle CR (1995) Bilateral lower extremity significant renal artery stenosis. Acta Med (Hradec Kralove) 54:9–12 US in the patient with bilateral symptoms of deep venous thrombo- Soulez G, Therasse E, Robillard P et al (1999) The value of internal carotid sis: assessment of need. Radiology 196:379–381 systolic velocity ratio for assessing carotid artery stenosis with Dop- Shetty AN, Bis KG, Kirsch M (2000) Contrast-enhanced breath-hold pler sonography. Am J Roentgenol 172:207–212 three-dimensional magnetic resonance angiography in the evalua- Souza de Oliveira IR, Widmann A, Molnar LJ et al (2002) Colour Doppler tion of renal arteries: optimization of technique and pitfalls. J Magn ultrasound: a new index improves the diagnosis of renal artery ste- Reson Imaging 12:912–923 nosis. Ultrasound Med Biol 36:41–47 531 References

Sperschneider H, Stein G (1996) Update Nephrologie – Teil III. Nierenar- approach with selective intervention is safe and cost-effective. terienstenose Rationelle Diagnostik. Med Klin 91:517–520 J Vasc Surg 39:306–313 Spies KP, Fobbe F, El-Bedewi M, Wolf KJ, Distler A, Schulte KL (1995) Steinweder C, Schutzenberger W, Fellner F (2009) 64-Detector CT angi- Color-coded duplex sonography for noninvasive diagnosis and ography in renal artery stent evaluation: prospective comparison grading of renal artery stenosis. Am J Hypertens 8:1222–1231 with selective catheter angiography. Radiology 252:299–305 Spronk S, den Hoed PT, de Jonge LC et al (2005) Value of the duplex Sterling KM, Darcy MD (1997) Stenosis of transjugular intrahepatic waveform at the common femoral artery for diagnosing obstructive portosystemic shunts: presentation and management. Am J Roent- aortoiliac disease. J Vasc Surg 42:236–242 genol 168:239–244 Sprouse LR, Meier GH, Lesar CJ, DeMasi RJ, Parent FN, Gayle RG (2003) Sterpetti AV, Schultz RD, Feldhaus RJ et al (1988) Ultrasonographic fea- A comparison of abdominal aortic aneurysm diameter measure- tures of carotid plaque and the risk of subsequent neurologic defi- ments obtained by ultrasound and computerized tomography: is cits. Surgery 104:652–660 there a difference? J Vasc Surg 38:466–471 Sterpetti AV, Hunter WJ, Schultz RD (1991) Importance of ulceration Sprouse LR, Meier GH, Parent FN, DeMasi RJ, Glickman MH, Barber GA of carotid plaque in determining symptoms of cerebral ischemia. (2004) Is ultrasound more accurate than axial computed tomog- J Cardiovasc Surg 32:154–158 raphy for determination of maximal abdominal aortic aneurysm Stevens SM, Elliott CG, Chan KJ, Egger MJ, Ahmed KM (2004) Withhold- diameter? Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 28:28–35 ing anticoagulation after negative result on duplex ultrasonog- Stammler F, Ysermann M, Mohr W, Kuhn C, Goethe S (2000) Value of raphy for suspected symptomatic deep venous thrombosis. Ann color-coded duplex ultrasound in patients with polymyalgia rheu- Intern Med 140:985–991 matica without signs of temporal arteritis. Dtsch Med Wochenschr Stevenson SM, Woller SC, Graves KK et al (2013) Withholding anticoagu- 125:1250–1256 lation following a single negative whole-leg ultrasound in patients Stanziale SF, Wholey MH, Boules TN, Selzer F, Makaroun MS (2005) at high pretest probability for deep vein thrombosis. Clin Appl Determining in-stent stenosis of carotid arteries by duplex ultra- Thromb Hemost 19:79–85 sound criteria. J Endovasc Ther 12:346–353 Stewart MT, Moritz MW, Smith RB (1986) The natural history of carotid Staub D (2015) Atherosclerotic plaque neovascularization and inflam- dysplasia. J Vasc Surg 3:305–310 mation – is there a link? Vasa 44:163–165 Stief CG, Wetterauer U (1988) Erectile responses to intracavernous Staub D, Canevascini R, Huegli R et al (2007) Best duplex-sonographic papaverine and phentolamine: comparison of single and combined criteria for the assessment of renal artery stenosis – correlation with delivery. J Urol 140:1415–1416 intra-arterial pressure gradient. Ultraschall Med 28:45–51 Stief CG, Bähren W, Gall H, Scherb W (1988) Functional evaluation of Staub D, Schinkel AF, Coll B (2010) Contrast-enhanced ultrasound imag- penile hemodynamics. J Urol 139:734–737 ing of the vasa vasorum: from early atherosclerosis to the identifica- Stief CG, Truss MC, Becker AJ, Kuczyk M, Jonas U (2000) Pharmakolo- tion of unstable plaques. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 3:761–771 gische Therapiemöglichkeiten der Erektionsstörung. Dt Ärztebl Staub D, Partovi S, Schinkel AFL et al (2011) Correlation of carotid artery 97:A-457–A-460 atherosclerotic lesion echogenicity and severity at standard US Stiegler H, Weichhain B, Chatzopulos D, Mathies R, Standl R, Mehnert H with intraplaque neovascularization detected at contrast-enhanced (1991) Untersuchungen zur Häufigkeit und Symptomatologie der US. Radiology 258:618–626 Lungenembolie in Abhängigkeit von der Lokalisation der tiefen Staub D, Partovi S, Imfeld S et al (2013) Novel applications of contrast-­ Beinvenenthrombose. Vasa 20:119–124 enhanced ultrasound imaging in vascular medicine. Vasa 42:17–31 Stiegler H, Rotter G, Standl R et al (1993) Wertigkeit der Duplexsonogra- Stavropoulos SW, Charagundla SR (2007) Imaging techniques for detec- phie in der Diagnose insuffizienter Vv. perforantes (Abstract). Vasa tion and management of endoleaks after endovascular aortic aneu- 41(suppl):15 rysm repair. Radiology 243:641–655 Stiegler H, Rotter G, Standel R et al (1994) Wertigkeit der Farbduplex- Stavros T, Harshfield D (1994) Renal Doppler, renal artery stenosis, and sonographie in der Diagnose insuffizienter Vv. perforantes. Vasa renovascular hypertension: direct and indirect duplex sonographic 23:109–114 abnormalities in patients with renal artery stenosis. Ultrasound Q Stierli P, Aeberhard P, Livers M (1992) The role of colour flow 12:217–263 duplex screening in infrainguinal vein grafts. Eur J Vasc Surg 6: Stavros AT, Parker SH, Yakes WF et al (1992) Segmental stenosis of the 293–298 renal artery: pattern recognition of tardus and parvus abnormali- Stock KF (2009) Ultraschalldiagnostik der Nierengefäße und der Trans- ties with duplex sonography. Radiology 184:487–492 plantatniere. Radiologe 49:1040–1047 Steckmeier B, Spengel FA, Küffer G et al (1989) Richtlinien zur Diagnos- Strandness DE (1977) Thrombosis detection by ultrasound, plethys- tik und Therapie des Kompressionssyndroms der A. poplitea. Angio mography, and phlebography. Semin Nucl Med 7:213–218 11:105–113 Strandness DE (1990) Duplex scanning in diagnosis of renovascular Steffens JC, Link J, Graessnerr J (1997) Contrast-enhanced, K-space-­ hypertension. Surg Clin North Am 70:109–117 centered, breath-hold MR angiography of renal arteries and the Strauch BS, O’Conell RS, Geoly KL et al (1992) Forecasting thrombosis abdominal aorta. J Magn Reson Imaging 7:617–622 of vascular access with Doppler color flow imaging. Am J Kidney Stein PD, Hull RD, Saltzman HA, Pineo G (1993) Strategy for diagnosis Dis 19:554–557 of patients with suspected acute pulmonary embolism. Chest Strauss AL (2001) Farbduplexsonographie der Arterien und Venen. 103:1553–1559 Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg/New York Steinke W, Kloetzsch C, Hennerici M (1990) Carotid artery disease Strauss A (2002) Duplexsonographie der Arterien und Venen. Radiologe assessed by color Doppler flow imaging: correlation with standard 42:235–248 Doppler sonography and angiography. Am J Roentgenol 154:1061– Strauss AL, Beller KD (1996) Duplexsonographie mit Echokontrastmittel. 1068 Ultraschall Med 17:260–265 Steinke W, Els T, Hennerici M (1992) Comparison of flow disturbances in Strauss AL, Beller KD (1997) Arterial parameters under echo contrast small carotid atheroma using a multi-gate pulsed Doppler system enhancement. Eur J Ultrasound 5:31–38 and Doppler color flow imaging. Ultrasound Med Biol 18:11–18 Strauss AL, Schäberle W, Rieger H, Neuerburg-Heusler D, Roth F-J, Steinke W, Hennerici M, Rautenberg W, Mohr JP (1992) Symptomatic Schoop W (1989) Duplexsonographische Untersuchungen der A. and asymptomatic high-grade carotid stenoses in Doppler color-­ profunda femoris. Z Kardiol 78:567–572 flow imaging. Neurology 42:131–138 Strauss AL, Scheffler A, Rieger H (1990) Dopplersonographische Bestim- Steinmetz E, Rubin BG, Sanchez LA et al (2004) Type II endoleak after mung des Druckabfalls über peripheren Modell-arterienstenosen. endovascular abdominal aortic aneurysm repair: a conservative Vasa 19:207–211 532 References

Strauss AL, Schäberle W, Rieger H, Roth FJ (1991) Use of duplex scan Talbot SR (1982) Use of real-time imaging in identifying deep venous in the diagnosis of arteria profunda femoris stenosis. J Vasc Surg obstruction: a preliminary report. Bruit 6:41–42 13:698–704 Tamura M, Iriguchi H, Miyamoto T et al (1993) Postoperative results of Strauss AL, Roth FJ, Rieger H (1991) Duplexsonographische Bestim- ligation of crura penis for impotence with corporal venoocclusive mung des Druckabfalls über Iliakaarterienstenosen. Med Klin insufficiency. Nippon Hinokika Gakkai Zasshi 84:473–478 86:498–502 Tamura M, Iriguchi H, Miyamoto T et al (1993) Transition of diagnosis Strauss AL, Roth F-J, Rieger H (1993) Noninvasive assessment of pressure­ and treatment for impotence. Nippon Hinyokika Gakkai Zasshi gradients across iliac artery stenoses: duplex and catheter correla- 84:1397–1403 tive study. J Ultrasound Med 12:17–22 Tan M, Velthuis SI, Westerbeek RE, van Rooden CJ, van der Meer FJM, Strauss AL, Weber G, Karasch T et al (1995) Quantifizierung hämodyna- Huisman MV (2010) High percentage of non-diagnostic com- misch wirksamer Arterienstenosen mit Farbduplexsonographie. In: pression ultrasonography results and the diagnosis of ipsilateral Ludwig M et al (eds) Doppler−/Duplex-Sonographie in der Inten- recurrent proximal deep vein thrombosis. J Thromb Haemost 8: sivmedizin. Bonn, Kagerer Kommunikation, p 18 848–850 Strauss AL, Ludwig M, Stein HJ et al. für den Arbeitskreis Gefäßdiag- Tan M, Mol GC, van Rooden CJ, Klok FA, Westerbeek RE, Iglesias Del nostik der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Ultraschall in der Medizin Sol A, van de Ree MA, de Roos A, Huisman MV (2014) Magnetic (DEGUM), Sektion Ultraschall der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Angi- resonance direct thrombus imaging differentiates acute recurrent ologie (DGA) und Kassenärztliche Vereinigung Koblenz (1999) Emp- ispilateral deep vein thrombosis from residual thrombosis. Blood fehlungen zur Qualitätssicherung in der Ultraschalldiagnostik der 124:623–627 Gefäße (1996) Vasa 28:135–139 Taniguchi N, Itoh K, Honda M et al (1997) Comparative ultrasonographic Streifler JY, Benavente OR, Fox AJ, for the NASCET Group (1991) The and angiographic study of carotid arterial lesions in Takayasu’s arte- accuracy of angiographic detection of carotid plaque ulceration. ritis. Angiology 48:9–20 Results from the NASCET. Stroke 22:149 Tartarini G, Bertoli D, Baglini R, Balbarini A, Mariani M (1988) Diagnosis Stritecky-Kähler T (1994) Chirurgie der Krampfadern/Tomas Stritecky-­ of aortic dissection by color-coded Doppler. J Nucl Med 32:127–130 Kähler. Thieme, Stuttgart/New York Taylor DC, Kettler MD, Moneta GL et al (1988) Duplex ultrasound in the Strotham G, Blebea J, Fowl RJ, Rosenthal GR (1995) Contralateral duplex diagnosis of renal artery stenosis: a prospective evaluation. J Vasc scanning for deep venous thrombosis is unnecessary in patients Surg 7:363–369 with symptoms. J Vasc Surg 22:543–547 Taylor PR, Wolfe JHN, Tyrrell MR, Mansfield AO, Nicolaides AN, Houston Sturzenegger M, Mattle HP, Rivoir A, Baumgartner RW (1995) Ultra- RE (1990) Graft stenosis: justification for 1-year surveillance. Br J sound findings in carotid artery dissection: analysis of 43 patients. Surg 77:1125–1128 Neurology 45:691–698 Taylor PR, Tyrell MR, Crofton M et al (1992) Colour flow imaging in Subramaniam RM, Heath R, Chou T, Cox K, Davis G, Swarbrick M (2005) the detection of femoro-distal graft and native artery stenosis: Deep venous thrombosis: withholding anticoagulation therapy after improved criteria. Eur J Vasc Surg 6:232–236 negative complete lower limb US findings. Radiology 237:348–352 Taylor KJW, Burns PN, Wells PNT (1995) Clinical applications of Doppler Subramanyam BR, Balthazar EJ, Madamba MR et al (1983) Sonography ultrasound. Raven, New York, pp 1–33 of porto-systemic collaterals in portal hypertension. Radiology Tegos TJ, Sabetai MM, Nicolaides AN, Pare G, Elatrozy TS, Dhanjil S 146:161–166 (2000a) Comparability of the ultrasonic tissue characteristics of Sullivan DE, Peter DJ, Cranley JJ (1984) Real-time B-mode venous ultra- carotid plaques. J Ultrasound Med 14:399–407 sound. J Vasc Surg 1:465 Tegos TJ, Sohail M, Sabetai MM et al (2000b) Echomorphologic and his- Sumner OS, Lamberth A (1979) Reliability of Doppler ultrasound in the topathologic characteristics of unstable carotid plaques. AJNR Am J diagnosis of acute venous thrombosis both above and below the Neuroradiol 21:1937–1944 knee. Am J Surg 138:205 Tegos TJ, Stavropulos P, Sabetai MM (2001) Determinants of carotic Sun Z (2006) Diagnostic value of color duplex ultrasonography in the plaque instability: echoicity versus heterogenity. Eur J Vasc Endo- follow-up of endovascular repair of abdominal aortic aneurysm. vasc Surg 22:22–30 J Vasc Interv Radiol 17:759–764 Teichgräber U, Gebel M, Benter T, Manns MP (1997) Duplex-­ Sun Y, Cheng-Huai L, Chien-Jung L et al (2002) Carotid atherosclerosis, sonographische Charakterisierung des Lebervenenflusses bei intima media thickness and risk factors – an analysis of 1781 asymp- Gesunden. Ultraschall Med 18:267–271 tomatic subjects in Taiwan. Atherosclerosis 164:89–94 Tellis VA, Kohlberg WI, Bhat DJ, Driscoll B, Veith FJ (1979) Expanded Sutton-Tyrrell K, Wolfson SK, Thompson T, Kelsoey SF (1992) Measure- polytetrafluoroethylene graft fistula for chronic hemodialysis. Ann ment variability in duplex scan assessment of carotid atherosclero- Surg 189:101–105 sis. Stroke 23:215–220 Telman G, Kouperberg E, Sprecher E et al (2006) Duplex ultrasound Svensjö S, Björck M, Gürtelschmid M, Gidlund K, Hellberg A, Wanhainen verified by angiography in patients with primary and restenosis of A (2011) Low prevalence of abdominal aortic aneurysm among internal carotid artery. Ann Vasc Surg 20:478–481 65-year-old Swedish men indicates a change in the epidemiology Ten Cate-Hoek AJ, Ten Cate H, Tordoir J et al (2010) Individually tailored of the disease. Circulation 124:1118–1123 duration of elastic compression therapy in relation to incidence of Sys J, Michielsen J, Bleyn J (1997) Adventitial disease of the popliteal the postthrombotic syndrome. J Vasc Surg 52:132–138 artery in a triathlete: A case report. Am J Sports Med 25:854–857 Ten Kate GL, Sijbrands EJ et al (2010) Noninvasive imaging of the Vulner- Sztajzel R (2005) Ultrasonographic assessment of the morphological able Atherosclerotic Plaque. Curr Probl Cardiol 25:556–591 characteristics of the carotid plaque. Swiss Med Wkly 135:635–643 Tessler FN, Gehring BJ, Gomes AS et al (1991) Diagnosis of portal vein Sztajzel R, Momjian-Mayor I, Comelli M et al (2006) Correlation of cere- thrombosis: value of color Doppler imaging. Am J Roentgenol brovascular symptoms and microembolic signals with the strati- 157:293–296 fied gray-scale median analysis and color mapping of the carotid Textor SC (1994) Renovascular hypertension. Endocrinol Metab Clin N plaque. Stroke 37:824–829 Am 23:235–253 Takayasu K, Moriyama N, Shima Y et al (1984) Sonographic detection of Thalhammer C, Aschwander M, Mayr M et al (2006) Duplex sonography large spontaneous spleno-renal shunts and its clinical significance. after living donor kidney transplantation: new insights in the early Br J Radiol 57:565–570 postoperativ phase. Ultraschall Med 27:141–145 Takiuchi S, Rakugi H, Honda K (2000) Quantitativ ultrasonic tissue Thanos J, Rebeira M, Shragge BW, Urbach D (2008) Vascular ultrasound characterization can identify high-risk atherosclerotic alteration in screening for asymptomatic abdominal arotic aneurysm. Health human carotid arteries. Circulation 102:766–770 Policy 4:75–83 533 References

Theodotou BC, Whaley R, Mahaley MS (1987) Complications following Treiman GS, Lawrence PF, Bhirangi K, Gazak CE (1999) Effect of out- transfemoral cerebral angiography for cerebral ischemia: report flow level and maximum graft diameter on velocity parameters of of 159 angiograms and correlation with surgical risk. Surg Neurol reversed vein grafts. J Vasc Surg 30:16–25 28:90–92 Trickett JP, Scott RA, Tilney HS (2002) Screening and management of Thetter O (1987) Das Kompressionssyndrom des Arcus tendineus M. asymptomatic popliteal aneurysms. J Med Screen 9:92–93 solei. In: Heberer G, Van Dongen RJAM (Hrsg) Gefäßchirurgie. Trum JW, Gubler FM, Laan R, van der Veen F (1996) The value of palpa- Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg/New York, pp 600–602, Kirschnersche tion, varicoscreen contact thermography and color Doppler ultra- allgemeine und spezielle Operationslehre, Bd 11 sound in the diagnosis of varicocele. Hum Reprod 11:1232–1235 Thiele BL, Strandness DE Jr (1983) Accuracy of angiographic quantifica- Tsang WY, Chan JK (1993) The family of epithelioid vascular tumors. His- tion of peripheral atherosclerosis. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 26:223–236 tol Histopathol 8:187–212 Thiele BL, Bandyk DF, Zierler RE, Strandness DE Jr (1983) A systematic Tsilimparis N, Hanack U, Yousefi S, Alevizakos P, Rückert RI (2007) Cys- approach to the assessment of aortoiliacal disease. Arch Surg tic adventitial disease of the popliteal artery: an argument of the 118:477–481 developmental theory. J Vasc Surg 45:1249–1252 Thomas ML, Mc Donald LM (1978) Complications of ascending phlebog- Tsolakis IA, Walvatne CS, Caldwell MD (1998) Cystic adventitial dis- raphy of the leg. Br Med J 2:317 ease of the popliteal artery: diagnosis and treatment. EJVES 13: Thomas CHR, Röder H-U, Möser GH (1989) Diagnostische Wertigkeit der 188–194 Angiodynographie bei pulsierenden Raumforderungen. Fortschr Tucker RM, Lebbarthe DR (1977) Frequency of surgical treatment for Röntgenstr 150:454–457 hypertension in adults in the Mayo Clinic from 1973–1975. Mayo Thomas PR, Shaw JC, Asthon HA, Kay DN, Scott RA (1994) Accuracy of Clin Proc 52:542–555 ultrasound in a screening programme for abdominal aortic aneu- Tucker RM, Strog CG, Brennan LA, Sheps SG (1978) Renovascular hyper- rysms. J Med Screen 1:3–6 tension: relationship of surgical curability to renin-angiotensin Thompson MM, Boyle JR, Hartshorn T et al (1998) Comparison of activity. Mayo Clin Proc 53:373–377 computed tomography and duplex imaging in assessing aortic Turmel-Rodrigues L, Pengloan J, Baudin S et al (2000) Treatment of ste- morphology following endovascular aneurysm repair. Br J Surg nosis and thrombosis in haemodialysis fistulas and grafts by inter- 85:346–350 ventional radiology. Nephrol Dial Transplant 15:2029–2036 Tian J, Hu S, Sun Y et al (2013) Vasa vasorum and plaque progression, Turmel-Rodrigues L, Mouton A, Birmele B et al (2001) Salvage of imma- and responses to atorvastatin in a rabbit model of artheriosclerosis: ture forearm fistulas for haemodialysis by interventional radiology. contrast-enhanced ultrasound imaging and intravascular ultra- Nephrol Dial Transplant 16:2365–2371 sound study. Tian. Heart 99:48–54 Turton EP, Scott DJ, Richards SP et al (1999) Duplex-derived evidence of Tinder TN, Bandyk DF (2009) Detection of imminent vein graft occlu- reflux after varicose vein surgery: neoreflux or neovascularisation? sion: what is the optimal surveillance program? Semin Vasc Surg Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 17:230–233 22:252–260 Twomey A, Twomey EM, Wilinks RA (1984) Unrecognized aneurysm dis- Tinder CN, Chavanpun JP, Bandyk DF et al (2008) Efficacy of duplex ease in male hypertensive patients. Br J Surg 71:307–308 ultrasound surveillance after infrainguinal vein bypass may be Ubbink DT, Legemate DA, Llull JB (2002) Color-flow duplex scanning of enhanced by identification of characteristics predictive of graft ste- the leg arteries by use of a new echo-enhancing agent. J Vasc Surg nosis development. J Vasc Surg 48:623–628 35:392–396 Tonelli M, James M, Wiebe N et al (2008) Ultrasound monitoring to Uematsu M, Okada M (1999) Primary venous aneurysms: case reports. detect access stenosis in hemodialysis patients: a systematic review. Angiology 50:239–244 Am J Kidney Dis 61:630–640 UK Small Aneurysm Trial Participants (1998) Mortality results for ran- Tordoir JHM, De Bruin HG, Hoeneveld H, Eikelboom BC, Kitslaar PJ (1989) domised controlled trial of early elective surgery or ultrasono- Duplex ultrasound scanning in the assessment of arteriovenous graphic surveillance for small abdominal aortic aneurysms. Lancet fistulas created for hemodialysis access: comparison with digital 352:1649–1660 subtraction angiography. J Vasc Surg 10:122–128 Umemura A, Yamada K (2000) B-mode flow imaging of the carotid Tordoir J, Canaud B, Haage P et al (2007) EBPG on vascular access. artery. Stroke 32:2055–2057 Nephrol Dial Transplant 22:ii88–ii117 Umscheid T et al (2001) Nachuntersuchungen bei Patienten nach endo- Toursarkissian B, Allen BT, Petrinec D (1997) Spontaneous closure of vaskulärer Aortenprothesen-Durchführung, Anforderungen und selected iatrogenic pseudoaneurysms and arteriovenous fistulae. Probleme. Gefässchirurgie 6:185–193 J Vasc Surg 25:803–808 Urbancic A, Buturović-Ponikvar J (2001) Emergency intra- and perioper- Tranquet T, Bescos JM, Reparaz B (1989) Noninvasive methods in the ative doppler after kidney transplantation – a guide for immediate diagnosis of isolated superior mesenteric vein thrombosis: US and surgical intervention. Transplant Proc 33:3320–3321 CT. Gastrointest Radiol 14:321–325 Uthoff H, Staub D, Meyerhans A et al (2008) Intima media thickness Tratting S, Hübsch P, Schuster H, Pötzleitner D (1990) Color-coded Dop- and carotid resistive index: progression over 6 years and predictive pler imaging of normal vertebral arteries. Stroke 21:1222–1225 value for cardiovascular events. Ultraschall Med 29:604–610 Tratting S, Hübsch P, Schwaighofer B, Karnel F, Eilenberger M (1991) Uthoff H, Schwob A, Staub D et al (2010) Thrombophlebitis – what else? Vaskuläre Raumforderungen der Arteria carotis – Nachweis mit der Ultraschall Med 31:335–338 farbkodierten Dopplersonographie. Ultraschall Med 12:70–73 Vachharajani TJ (2012) Diagnosis of arteriovenous fistula dysfunction. Tratting S, Schwaighofer B, Hübsch P, Schwarz M, Kainberger F (1991) Semin Dial 25:445–450 Color-coded Doppler sonography of vertebral arteries. J Ultrasound Valentine RJ (2003) Asymptomatic internal carotid artery aneurysm. Med 10:221–226 J Vasc Surg 37:210 Tratting S, Hübsch P, Frühwald F (1992) Farbkodierte Dopplersonogra- Valji K, Bookstein JJ (1993) Diagnosis of arteriogenic impotence: effi- phie der Vertebralarterien. In: Frühwald F, Blackwell DE (Hrsg) Atlas cacy of duplex sonography as a screening tool. Am J Roentgenol der farbkodierten Doppersonographie. Gefäße und Weichteile des 160:65–69 Halses und der oberen Extremität. Springer, Wien/New York, p 138 Valois de JC, van Schaik CC, Verzijlbergen F et al (1990) Contrast venog- Tratting S, Plötzleitner D, Hübsch P, Kaha K, Matula CH, Magometschnigg raphy: from gold standard to “golden backup” in clinically suspected H (1992) Nicht-invasive Verlaufskontrolle mittels farbkodierter deep vein thrombosis. Eur J Radiol 11:131–137 Doppler-Sonographie nach operativen Eingriffen an den extrakra- Van Bemmelen PS, Bedford G, Beach K, Strandness DE (1989) Quanti- niellen hirnversorgenden Arterien. Fortschr Röntgenstr 156: tative segmental evaluation of venous valvular reflux with duplex 224–227 ultrasound scanning. J Vasc Surg 10:425–431 534 References

Van Bockel JH, van Schilfgaarde R, Van Brummelen P, Terpsta JL (1989) bypass grafting surgery: costs and clinical outcomes compared Renovascular hypertension. Surg Gynecol Obstet 169:467–478 with other surveillance programs. J Vasc Surg 33:123–130 Van Damme H, Demoulin JC, Zicot M, Creemers E, Trotteur G, Limet R Vitovec J (1976) Aneurysma venae poplitae. Cesk Radiol 30:328–340 (1992) Pathological aspects of carotid plaques. J Cardiovasc Surg Vogel P, Laing FD, jr JRB, Wing VW (1987) Deep venous thrombosis of the 33:46–53 lower extremity: US evaluation. Radiology 163:747–751 Van Damme H, Sakalihasan N, Limet R (1999) Fibromuscular dysplasia of Voiculescu A, Hollenbeck M, Müller B et al (2005) Reversed diastolic flow the internal carotid artery: personal experience with 13 cases and after renal transplantation. A sign for a poor prognosis. Ultraschall literature review. Acta Chir Belg 99:163–168 Med 26:S73 Van der Hulst VP, van Baalen J, Kool LS et al (1996) Renal artery stenosis: Vollmar J (1982) Rekonstruktive Chirurgie der Arterien. Thieme, Stutt- endovascular flow wire study for validation of Doppler US. Radiol- gart, pp 137–202 ogy 200:165–168 Von Behren P (1998) Harmonic imaging. In: Bogdahn U, Becker G, Schla- Van der Velde EF, Toll DB, Ten Cate-Hoek AJ et al (2011) Comparing the chetzki F (eds) Echosignalverstärker und transkranielle Farbduplex-­ diagnostic performance of 2 clinical decision rules to rule out deep Sonographie. Blackwell Wiss.-Verlag, Berlin/Wien, pp 183–191 vein thrombosis in primary care patients. Ann Fam Med 9:31–36 Vosshenrich R, Kopka L, Castillo E, Bottcher U, Graessner J, Grabbe E Van der Zaag ES, Legemate DA, Nguyen T, Balm R, Jacobs MJ (1998) (1998) Electrocardiograph-triggered two-dimensional time-of-flight­ Aortoiliac reconstructive surgery based upon the results of duplex versus optimized contrast-enhanced three-dimensional MR angiog- scanning. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 16:383–389 raphy of the peripheral arteries. Magn Reson Imaging 16:887–892 Van Gemmeren D, Fobbe F, Ruhnke-Trautmann M (1991) Diagnostik Wagner G, Kaplan HS (1993) The new injection treatment for impotence. tiefer Beinvenenthrombosen mit der farbkodierten Duplexsono-­ Brunner/Mazel, New York, pp 85–93 graphie und sonographische Altersbestimmung der Thrombose. Z Waibel P, Fahrländer J, Ludin H (1966) Die chirurgische Behandlung der Kardiol 80:523–528 Angina abdominalis. Bedeutung der Diagnose in der Prophylaxe Van Jaarsveld BC, Pieterman H, van Dijk LC et al (1999) Inter-observer des arteriellen Mesenterialinfarktes. Schweiz med Wschr 96:10 variability in the angiographic assessment of renal artery stenosis. Wain RA, Berdejo GL, Delvalle WN et al (1999) Can duplex scan arterial DRASTIC study group. Dutch Renal Artery Stenosis Intervention mapping replace contrast arteriography as the test of choice before Cooperative. J Hypertens 17(12 Pt 1):1731–1736 infrainguinal revascularization? J Vasc Surg 29:100–107 Van Petersen AS, Meerwaldt R, Kolkman JJ et al (2013) The influence Wallner B, Kratzsch G, Friedrich JM, Roth J (1989) Die intraarterielle DSA of respiration on criteria for transabdominal duplex examination of der Handarterien in der Diagnostik entzündlicher Bindegewebser- the splanchnic arteries in patients with suspected chronic splanch- krankungen. RöFo 151:565–568 nic ischemia. J Vasc Surg 57:1603–1611 Walter P, Lindemann W, Koch P, Feifel G (1992) Der akute Mesenterialin- Van Ramshorst B, Legemate DA, Verzijlbergen JF et al (1991) Duplex farkt. Klinikarzt 21:457–463 scanning in the diagnosis of acute deep vein thrombosis of the Walter P, Kubale R, Gross G, Beraneck E (1999) Das Kompressionssyn- lower extremity. Eur J Vasc Surg 5:255–260 drom des Truncus coeliacus. Gefässchirurgie 4:28–33 Van Ramshorst B, van Bemmelen PS, Hoeneveld H, Eikelboom BC Wang H, Spinner RJ, Amrami KK (2007) Adventitial cyst of the radial (1994) The development of valvular incompetence after deep vein artery with a wrist joint connection. J Hand Surg 32:126–130 thrombosis: a follow-up study with duplex scanning. J Vasc Surg Wanhainen A, Berqvist D, Björck M (2002) Measuring the abdominal 20:1059–1066 aorta with ultrasonography and computed tomography – differ- Vandendriessche M, Thiery L (1986) Aneurisma van de vena poplitea. ence and variability. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 24:428–434 Acta Chir Belg 86:37–40 Wanhainen A, Lundkvist J, Bergqvist D, Björck M (2005) Cost-­ Vasbinder GB, Nelemans PJ, Kessels AG (2001) Diagnostic tests for renal effectiveness of different screening strategies for abdominal aortic artery stenosis in patients suspected of having renovascular hyper- aneurysm. J Vasc Surg 41:741–751 tension: a meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med 135:401–411 Ward B, Baker AC, Humphrey VF (1997) Nonlinear propagation applied Vasbinder GB, Nelemans PJ, Kessels AG (2004) Renal Artery Diagnostic to the improvement of resolution in diagnostic medical ultrasound. Imaging Study in Hypertension (RADISH) Study Group. Accuracy J Acoust Soc Am 101:143–154 of computed tomographic angiography and magnetic resonance Wardlaw JM, Chappell FM, Best JJK, Wartolowska K, Berry E, on behalf angiography for diagnosing renal artery stenosis. Ann Intern Med of the NHS Research and Development Health Technology Assess- 141:674–682 ment Carotid Stenosis Imaging Group (2006) Non-invasive imaging Vascular Access 2006 Work Group (2006) Clinical practice guidelines for compared with intra-arterial angiography in the diagnosis of symp- vascular access. Am J Kidney Dis 48:S176–S247 tomatic carotid stenosis: a meta-analysis. Lancet 367:1503–1512 Vasdekis SN, Clarke GH, Hobbs JT, Nicolaides AN (1989) Evaluation of Watanabe F, Yoshida T, Akizuki M, Mukai M (1993) Development of mul- non-invasive and invasive methods in the assessment of short tiple subcutaneous nodules in a patient with rheumatic arthritis saphenous termination. Br J Surg 76:929–932 during methotrexate therapy. Ryumachi 33:74–79 Vasdekis SN, Clarke GH, Nikolaides A (1989) Quantification of venous Waugh J, Sacharias N (1992) Arteriographic complications in the DSA reflux by means of duplex scanning. J Vasc Surg 10:670–677 era. Radiology 182:243–246 Vasovic L, Milenkovic Z, Jovanovic I et al (2008) Hypoglossal artery: A review Webber GW, Jang J, Gustavson S (2007) Contemporary management of of normal and pathological features. Neurosurg Rev 31:385–396 postcatheterization pseudoaneurysms. Circulation 115:2666–2674 Vavuranakis M, Sigala F, Vrachatis DA et al (2013) Quantitativ analysis of Weber J, May R (1990) Funktionelle Phlebologie. Thieme, Stuttgart carotid plaque vasa vasorum by CEUS and correlation with histol- Weber G, Strauss AL, Rieger H, Scheffler A, Eisenhoffer J (1992) Valida- ogy after endarterectomy. Vasa 42:184–195 tion of Doppler measurement of pressure gradients across periph- Vermeulen EGJ, Umans U, Rijbroek A, Rauwerda JA (2000) Percutaneous eral model arterial stenosis. J Vasc Surg 16:10–16 duplex-guided thrombin injection for treatment of iatrogenic fem- Wein AJ, van Arsdalen K, Hanno PM, Levin RM (1991) Anatomy of male oral artery pseudoaneurysms. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 20:302–304 sexual function. In: Jonas U, Thon WF, Stief CG (eds) Erectile dys- Vicente DC, Kazmers A (1999) Acute mesenteric ischemia. Curr Opin function. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg/New York, pp 3–15 Cardiol 14:453–458 Weingarten MS, Branas CC, Czeredarzuk M, Schmidt JD, Wolferth CC Vidakovic R, Feringa HH, Kuiper RJ et al (2007) Comparison with com- (1993) Distribution and quantification of venous reflux in lower puted tomography of two ultrasound devices for diagnosis of extremity chronic venous stasis disease with duplex scanning. J abdominal aortic aneurysm. Am J Cardiol 100:1786–1791 Vasc Surg 18:753–759 Visser K, Idu MM, Buth J, Engel GL, Hunink MG (2001) Duplex scan sur- Weinmann S, Sandbichler P, Flora G (1986) Aneurysma der Vena poplitea veillance during the first year after infrainguinal autologous vein als Quelle der Lungenembolie. Langenbecks Arch Chir 367:107–112 535 References

Weinmann EE, Chayen D, Kobzantzev ZV, Zaretsky M, Bass A (2002) Stenosierungsgraden an der A. carotis interna. Ultraschall Med Treatment of postcatheterisation false aneurysms: ultrasound-­ 7:70–75 guided compression vs ultrasound-guided thrombin injection. Eur Widder B, Berger G, Bressmer H et al (1988) Reproduzierbarkeit sono­ J Vasc Endovasc Surg 23:68–72 graphischer Kriterien zur morphologischen Beurteilung von Weiss S, Enzinger F (1982) Epitheloid hemangioendothelioma: A vascu- ­Karotisstenosen. Ultraschall Klin Prax 5(Suppl 1) lar tumor often mistaken for a carcinoma. Cancer 50:970–981 Widder B, Arnolds B, Drews S (1990) Terminologie der Ultraschallgefäß- Welch HJ, Young CM, Semegran AB, Iafrati MD, Mackey WC, O’Donnell diagnostik. Ultraschall Med 11:214–218 TF (1996) Duplex assessment of venous reflux and chronic venous Widder B, Berger G, Hackspacher J et al (1990) Reproduzierbarkeit insufficiency: The significance of deep venous reflux. J Vasc Surg sonographischer Kriterien zur Charakterisierung von Karotisste- 24:755–762 nosen. Ultraschall Med 11:56–61 Welger D, Müller JH (1988) Assoziierte thrombotische Prozesse des ober- Widder B, Paulat K, Hackspacher J et al (1990) Morphological charac- flächlichen, perforierenden und intramuskulären Venensystems bei terization of carotid artery stenosis by ultrasound duplex scanning. Patienten mit akuter Phlebothrombose der unteren Extremitäten. Ultrasound Med Biol 16:349–354 Z Ges Inn Med Grenzgeb 43:15–18 Widder B, Kleiser B, Hackspacher J, Reuchlin G, Dürr A (1992) Sonomor- Wells DH (1992) Physical and technical aspects of colour flow ultra- phological prediction of progressive carotid artery stenoses. In: Oka sound. In: Labs KH et al (eds) Diagnostic vascular ultrasound. M et al (eds) Recent advances in neurosonology. Elsevier, Amster- Arnold, London, pp 145–152 dam, pp 425–429 Wells PS, Lensing AWA, Davidson BL, Prins MH, Hirsh J (1995) Accu- Widmann MD, Sumpio BE (1992) Persistent hypoglossal artery: an racy of ultrasound for the diagnosis of deep venous thrombosis in anomaly leading to false-positive carotid duplex sonography. Ann asymptomatic patients after orthopedic surgery. Ann Intern Med Vasc Surg 6:176–178 122:47–53 Wijeyaratne SM, Jarvis S, Stead LA et al (2003) A new method for char- Wells PS, Hirsh J, Anderson DR, Lensing AW, Foster G et al (1995) acterizing carotid plaque: multiple cross-sectional view echomor- Accuracy of clinical assessment of deep vein thrombosis. Lancet phology. J Vasc Surg 37:778–784 345:1326–1330 Wilbur AC, Spigos DG (1986) Adventitial cyst of the popliteal artery: Wells PS, Anderson DR, Bormanis J et al (1997) Value of assessment of CT-­guided percutaneous aspiration. J Comput Assist Tomogr 10: pretest probability of deep-vein thrombosis in clinical manage- 161–163 ment. Lancet 350:1795–1798 Wilkinson R (1996) Epidemiology and clinical manifestation. In: Novick Wells PS, Anderson DR, Rodger M et al (2003) Evaluation of D-dimer A, Scoble J, Hamilton G (eds) Renal vascular disease. Saunders, Lon- in the diagnosis of suspect deep-vein thrombosis. N Engl J Med don/Philadelphia/Toronto, pp 171–184 349:1227–1235 Willoteaux S, Faivre-Pierret M, Moranne O (2006) Fibromuscular dys- Wermke W, Gassmann B (1998) Tumordiagnostik der Leber mit Echosig- plasia of the main renal arteries: comparison of contrast-enhanced nalverstärker. Springer MR angiography with digital subtraction angiography. Radiology Weskot H, Özden N, Von Leitner E (2005) Stellenwert der kontrastver- 241:922–929 stärkten Sonograpie der ambulanten Diagnostik: Zuverlässigkeit Wilson YG, Davies AH, Currie IC, Morgan M, McGrath C, Baird RN (1996) und Ökonomie. Ultraschall Med 26:S73 Vein graft stenosis: incidence and intervention. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Wesley S, Moore MD (2003) For severe carotid stenosis found on ultra- Surg 11:164–169 sound, further arterial evaluation is unnecessary. Stroke 34:1816– Wittenberg G, Schindler T, Tschammler A, Kenn W, Hahn D (1998) Wertigkeit 1817 der farbkodierten Duplexsonographie bei der Beurteilung von Armge- Westerband A, Mils JK, Kistler S, Berman SS, Hunter GC, Marek JM (1997) fäßen -Arterien und Hämodialyseshunt. Ultraschall Med 19:22–27 Prospective validation of threshold criteria for intervention in Wittenberg G, Kenn W, Tschammler A (1999) Spiral CT angiography. Eur infrainguinal vein undergoing duplex surveillance. Ann Vasc Surg Radiol 9:546–551 11:44–48 Wixon CL, Mills JL, Westerband A, Hughes JD, Ihnat DM (2000) An eco- Westerbeek RE, Van Rooden CJ, Tan M, Van Gils AP, Kok S, De Bats MJ, De nomic appraisal of lower extremity bypass graft maintenance. J Roos A, Huisman MV (2008) Magnetic resonance direct thrombus Vasc Surg 32:1–12 imaging of the evolution of acute deep vein thrombosis of the leg. Wolf KJ, Fobbe F (1993) Farbkodierte Duplexsonographie. Thieme, J Thromb Haemost 6:1087–1092 Stuttgart Wheeler AHB (1985) Diagnosis of deep vein thrombosis. Am J Surg Wolf Y et al (2000) Duplex ultrasound scanning versus computed tomo- 150:7–14 graphic angiography for postoperative evaluation of endovascular Whelan TJ (1984) Popliteal artery entrapment. In: Rutherford RB (ed) abdominal aortic aneurysm repair. J Vasc Surg 32:1142–1148 Vascular surgery. Saunders, Philadelphia Wölfle KD, Neudert S, Mayer B, Storm G, Bruijnen H, Loeprecht H (1992) White RH (2012) Identifying risk factors for venous thromboembolism. Duplexsonographische Überwachung von infrainguinalen arter- Circulation 125:2051–2053 iellen Rekonstruktionen: Kann dadurch ein drohender Bypassver- White GH et al (2000) How should endotension be defined? History of schluss erkannt werden? Zentrbl Chir 117:540–546 a concept and evolution of a new term. J Endovasc Ther 7:435–438 WölfIe KD, Bruijnen H, Mayer B, Loeprecht H (1994) Verlaufskontrolle Whitehead ED, Klyde BJ, Zussman S, Salkin P (1990) Diagnostic evalua- infrainguinaler Bypassoperationen: Bedeutung von systolischer tion of impotence. Postgrad Med 88:123–26, 129–136 Spitzengeschwindigkeit und Arm-Knöchel-Index für die Bewertung Whyman MR, Hoskins PR, Leng GC et al (1993) Accuracy and reproduc- femorodistaler Rekonstruktionen. Vasa 23:349–356 ibility of duplex ultrasound imaging in a phantom model of femoral Wölfle KD, Bruijnen H, Limmer S, Loeprecht H (1999) Autologe Distal-­ artery stenosis. J Vasc Surg 17:524–530 origin-­Bypasses zur Überbrückung infrapoplitealer Verschlussproz- Whyman MR, Ruckley CV, Fowkes FG (1993) A prospective study of the esse bei Diabetikern mit kritischer Fußischämie. Gefässchirurgie natural history of femoropopliteal artery stenosis using duplex 4:220–228 ultrasound. Eur J Vasc Surg 7:444–447 Wolverson MK, Bashiti HM, Peterson GJ (1983) Ultrasonic tissue char- Widder B (1999) Doppler- und Duplexsonographie der hirnversorgen- acterization of atheromatous plaques using a high resolution real den Arterien. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg/New York/Tokyo time scanner. Ultrasound Med Biol 6:669–709 Widder B, Görtler M (2004) Doppler- und Duplexsonographie der hin- Wong JK, Duncan JL, Nichols DM (2003) Whole-leg duplex mapping versorgenden Arterien. Springer, Heidelberg for varicose veins: observations on patterns of reflux in recurrent Widder B, von Reutern GM, Neuerburg-Heusler D (1986) Morpholo- and primary legs, with clinical correlation. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg gische und dopplersonographische Kriterien zur Bestimmung von 25:267–275 536 References

Wong TH, Tay KH, Sebastian MG, Tan SG (2013) Duplex ultrasonography Zannetti S, De Rango P, Parente B et al (2000) Role of duplex scan in arteriography as first-line investigation for peripheral vascular dis- endoleak detection after endoluminal abdominal aortic aneurysm ease. Singap Med J 54:271–274 repair. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 19:531–535 Woodcock JP, Fitzgerald DE, Labs KH et al (1992) Consensus on prob- Zanow J, Petzold K, Petzold M et al (2006) Flow reduction in high-flow lem areas in diagnostic vascular ultrasound. In: Labs KH et al (eds) arteriovenous access using intraoperative flow monitoring. J Vasc ­Diagnostic vascular ultrasound. Arnold, London, pp 321–325 Surg 44:1273–1278 Woods VL, Zvaifler NJ (1985) Pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythema- Zarins CK, Giddens DP, Bharadvaj BK (1983) Carotid bifurcation tosus. In: Kelly WN, Harris ED, Ruddy SR, Siedge CB (eds) Textbook ­atherosclerosis; quantitative correlation of plaque localization with of rheumatology, 3rd edn. Saunders, Philadelphia/London/Toronto, flow velocity profiles and wall shear stress. Circ Res 53:502–514 pp 1077–1100 Zeller T, Frank U, Späth M (2001) Farbduplexsonographische Darstell- Wuppermann T (1986) Varizen, Ulcus cruris und Thrombose. Springer, barkeit von Nierenarterien und Erkennung hämodynamisch rel- Berlin/Heidelberg/New York/Tokyo evanter Nierenarterienstenosen. Ultraschall Med 22:116–121 Wuppermann T, Exler U, Mellmann J, Kestilä M (1981) Noninvasive Zeller T, Frank U, Müller C et al (2003) Predictors of improved renal ­quantitative measurement of regurgitation insufficiency of the function after percutaneous stent-supported angioplasty of superior saphenous vein by Doppler-ultrasound: a comparison severe atherosclerotic ostial renal artery stenosis. Circulation 108: with clinical examination and phlebography. Vasa 10:24–27 2244–2249 Wuppermann T, Knospe E, Reiss HD, Mellmann J (1981) Diagnostik Zhang Z, Berg M, Ikonen A (2005) Carotid stenosis degree in CT angiog- ­insuffizienter Venae perforantes: Trefferquoten verschiedener raphy: assessment based on luminal area versus luminal diameter Untersuchungsmethoden bei der primären Varikosis. In: May R, measurements. Eur Radiol 15:2359–2365 Partsch H, Staubesand J (eds) Venae perforantes. Urban & Schwar- Zhang WW, Harris LM, Dryjski ML (2006) Should conventional angiog- zenberg, Munich raphy be the gold standard for carotid stenosis? J Endovasc Ther Xiong L, Deng YB, Zhu Y (2009) Correlation of carotid plaque neovas- 13:723–728 cularization detected by using contrast-enhanced US with clinical Zhou W, Felkai DD, Evans M, McCoy SA, Lin PH, Kougias P et al (2008) symptoms. Radiology 251:583–589 Ultrasound criteria for severe in-stent restenosis following carotid Yan F, Li X, Jin Q (2012) Ultrasonic imaging of endothelial CD81 expres- artery stenting. J Vasc Surg 47:74–80 sion using CD81-targeted contrast agents in in vitro and in vivo Zierler RE (1999) Vascular surgery without arteriography: use of duplex studies. Ultrasound Med Biol 38:670–680 ultrasound. Cardiovasc Surg 7:74–82 Yao JST, Van Bellen B, Flinn WR, Bergan JJ (1982) Aneurysms of the Zierler RE (2001) Is duplex scanning the best screening test for renal venous system. In: Bergan JJ, Yao JST (eds) Aneurysms, diagnosis artery stenosis? Semin Vasc Surg 14:177–185 and treatment. Grune & Stratton, New York, pp 515–529 Zöllner N, Zoller WG, Spengel FA, Weigold B, Schewe CK (1991) The Yao JST, Flinn WR, McCarty WJ, Bergan JJ (1986) The role of noninvasive spontaneous course of small abdominal aortic aneurysms. Aneu- testing in the evaluation of chronic venous problems. World J Surg rysmal growth rates and life expectancy. Klin Wochenschr 69: 10:911–918 633–639 Yeh H-C, Stancato-Pasik A, Ramos R, Rabinowitz JG (1996) Paraumbilical Zuber M, Koch B, Gause A, Pfreundschuh M (1996) Diagnose- und Klas- venous collateral circulations: colour Doppler ultrasound features. sifikationskriterien in der Rheumatologie: Kollagenosen. Dtsch Med J Clin Ultrasound 24:359–366 Wochenschr 121:913–919 Yilmaz E, Ilgit E, Taner D (1995) Primitive persistent carotid-basilar and Zwiebel WJ (1987) Spectrum analysis in carotid Doppler sonography. carotid vertebral anastomosis. A report of seven cases and a review Ultrasound Med Biol 13:625–636 of the literature. Cin Anat 8:36–43 Zwiebel WJ (1997) Doppler parameters for carotid stenosis. Semin Ultra- Yuasa H, Mitake S, Oguri T et al (2005) A case of transient blindness due sound CT MR 18:66 to severe stenosis of the internal carotid artery with persistent prim- Zwiebel WJ (2000) Vascular disorders of the liver. In: Zwiebel WJ (ed) itive hypoglossal artery (PPHA). Rinsho Shinkeigaku 45:579–582 Introduction to vascular ultrasonography. Saunders, Philadelphia/ Yurcel EK, Fisher JS, Egglin TK, Geller SC, Waltman AC (1991) Isolated London/Toronto, pp 431–454 calf venous thrombosis: diagnosis with compression ultrasound. Zwolak RM (1999) Can duplex ultrasound replace arteriography in Radiology 179:443–446 screening for mesenteric ischemia. Semin Vasc Surg 12:252–260 Yurdakul M, Tola M, Cumhur T (2006) B-flow imaging for assessment Zwolak RM (2000) Arterial duplex scanning. In: Rutherford RB (ed) Vas- of 70% to 99% internal carotid artery stenosis based on residual cular surgery, 5th edn. Saunders, Philadelphia/London/Sydney, lumen diameter. J Ultrasound Med 25:211–215 pp 192–214 Zachrisson BE, Norback B (1974) Phlebographic diagnosis of a soleus Zwolak RM, Fillinger MF, Walsh DB et al (1998) Mesenteric and celiac vein aneurysm. Vasa 3:308 duplex scanning: a validity study. J Vasc Surg 27:1078–1108 537 A

Subject Index

–– abdominal aorta (AAA) 423–425, 463 (see also Anterior tibial artery 53–54, 59–60, 64–66, 83, A Aorta, aneurysm) 86, 88, 111 – carotid aneurysm 328, 350–351, 373 – anatomy 53–54 AAA see Aorta, aneurysm (AAA) – – – internal carotid artery 350, 373 – occlusion 66, 88 ABI see Ankle-brachial index – – – hemodialysis access 275, 284 – normal findings 64–65 Abdominal angina 402, 415, 417, 455, 457 – – – indication for surgery 89–90 – stenosis 83, 86, 111 Abdominal aorta see Aorta – – – inflammatory aneurysm 350, 399, 423, 434 – ultrasound examination 59–60 Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) see Aorta, – – – leg veins 210–213, 249–251 Anticoagulation treatment 91–92, 107, 143, aneurysm (AAA) – – contrast-enhanced ultrasound 180–181, 189, 191–194, 200, 219, 259, 483 Abduction in external rotation test – (CEUS) 211, 212 – compression vs. thrombin injection of (90° AER) 120 – – fusiform venous aneurysm 210 pseudoaneurysm 91–92 Abscess 180, 253, 265 – –– saccular (spindle-shaped) venous –– isolated calf vein thrombosis 193 –– subfascial 253 aneurysm 210, 249, 251 – low-flow bypass 107, 143 Absorption 6 – – thrombus 250 – benefit of prolonged anticoagulation 107 Acceleration index 47, 65, 408 – – – treatment options 212, 213 Antiplatelet therapy 305, 337, 355 Acceleration time 47, 68–69, 129, 268, 397, – – mycotic aneurysm 350, 422, 434 Aorta 40–41, 53, 55, 64, 391–393, 395, 397, 406, 408, 496 – –– popliteal artery 89–90, 150, 151 399–401, 422–435, 451, 463, 465–468, 471, –– erectile dysfunction 496 –– poststenotic aneurysm 118 472, 475–481 –– pelvic artery stenosis 68–69 –– pseudoaneurysm (false aneurysm) 88–93, –– anatomy 53, 391 –– renal artery stenosis 397, 406, 408 103, 146–148, 152, 275 –– aneurysm (AAA) 392–393, 399–400, 423–432, –– workup of hemodialysis access problems 268 – complication of PTA 89, 103 434–435, 463, 465–467, 471, 479 Acidosis 401 – – femoral artery 146 – (color) duplex ultrasound 399–400, 423, 465 Acoustic enhancement 11–12 – – – hemodialysis access 275 – contained perforation 466 Acoustic shadowing 11, 26, 32, 55, 137 – – –– iatrogenic (arthroscopy) 93, 152 –– dissecting aneurysm 400, 426–427 –– calcification 55 – with multiple perforation 147 – endovascular repair (EVAR) 392–393, Acquired fistula 264, 266 – – –– pelvic/leg arteries 89, 152 427–432, 467 (see also Endovascular –– types 264 – suture aneurysm (see Suture aneurysm) aneurysm repair; Endoleak) See also Arteriovenous fistula – – to-and-fro flow 89, 91 – examination 392, 466 Acral perfusion 98 – – – ultrasound-guided treatment 89–92, 146–148 – inflammatory 423, 434–435 Acute deep vein thrombosis (DVT) 184–192 – – (see also Ultrasound-guided treatment) – measurement of AAA diameter 423–425 See also Thrombosis – – puncture aneurysm, hemodialysis access 265, – multiplanar reconstruction 424 Acute scrotum 495–498 – – 275, 284, 290 –– risk of rupture 400, 426 –– ultrasound examination 495–496 –– risk of embolism 88, 90 –– screening 426 –– findings 497–498 – shape 66, 89 – specific aspects of the ultrasound Acute intestinal ischemia 419–420 – – – thrombosis 88, 90–91 (see also Embolism) examination 423–425 See also Intestinal ischemia; Mesenteric ischemia – – indication for surgery 90 – suture aneurysm 427–428, 479 Adaptive regulation 41–42 – – – partial thrombosis, risk of embolism 88, 90 – ultrasound vs. CT 426, 471 Adductor canal 53, 58, 71, 136, 171–173 – – – partial thrombosis, pitfall for – arteritis 400 Adson test 120, 163 – – ­angiography 90 – atherosclerosis 400 Adventitial cystic disease 93–95, 153, 154, – – therapeutically induced 91 – bifurcation 55, 395 213–214, 255 – – –– true aneurysm 89–90, 152, 162, 210–213, 373 –– compliance (windkessel effect) 40–41, 64 –– popliteal artery 93, 94, 153 –– internal carotid artery 373 –– contrast-enhanced ultrasound –– ultrasound-guided aspiration of cyst – mural thrombus 89 (CEUS) 392–393, 433, 472 fluid 94–95, 154 – –– pelvic/leg arteries 89–90, 152 –– diameter measurement (aorta, –– popliteal vein 213–214, 255 – subclavian artery 162 ­aneurysm) 423–425 Aliasing 27–29, 45, 48, 56, 82, 136 – –– venous aneurysm 210–213 (see also –– dissection (see Dissection, abdominal aorta) –– color change 27, 29 Venous aneurysm) –– duplex ultrasound 399 –– aliasing vs. true flow reversal 29 –– visceral arteries 415, 422, 458 –– flow profile 451 –– Doppler waveform 27 Angiography 61–63, 75–77, 79–81, 112–114, –– normal findings 397, 451 –– identification of stenosis (jet) 45, 56, 82, 136 329, 353–354 –– occlusion 423 –– remedies 48 – carotid stenosis 329, 353–354 – perforation 478 A-mode (amplitude mode) 7 – – – stenosis grading 75–77, 79–81 – stenosis (role of ultrasound) 423 Anastomotic stenosis 104, 107, 111, 145, 268, 270, – – – peripheral arterial occlusive disease – thrombus 423, 480–481 271, 284, 285, 289, 290, 377, 402, 412, 413, 427 – – (PAOD) 61–63, 112–114 –– wall thickening 434 –– bypass graft surveillance 104, 107 –– treatment planning 61–63 Aortitis 423, 433–434 –– complication of open surgical aneurysm – role vs. ultrasound and other Apron grip test 223 repair 427 – ­modalities 112–114 Arm arteries 116–119 –– crural bypass 111 Angioplasty see Percutaneous transluminal –– anatomy 116–117 –– hemodialysis access 268, 270, 271, 284, angioplasty (PTA) – normal ultrasound findings 119 285, 289 – Angle see Doppler angle –– ultrasound examination 117–118 –– transplant kidney 402, 412, 413 Ankle-brachial index (ABI) 59, 61, 62, 68, 70, 78, – vascular compression syndromes 118–119 Aneurysm 88–93, 103, 118, 146–148, 150–152, – 112, 129 Arm swelling 223, 276–278 210–213, 265, 275, 284, 328, 349–351, 373, – GetABI trial 61 – hemodialysis access 276–278 399, 415, 422–425, 434, 458, 463 – – 538 Subject Index

Arm veins 221–223, 259 Beam steering 18, 31, 32 –– failing bypass 105–106, 108, 111, 143 –– anatomy 221 Bernoulli equation 39, 42–43, 70–71 –– function 105, 109 –– normal findings 222 –– simplified 70–71 –– high-flow 107 –– thrombosis 222, 223, 259 B-flow mode (brightness flow) 24–25, 315–316, –– imminent occlusion 105 –– axillary vein 259 331, 342, 381 –– infection 142 –– etiology 222 Blood flow –– long-term patency 106 –– pulmonary embolism 223 –– adaptive regulation 41–42 –– low-flow 107, 110, 143, 144 –– significance of duplex ultrasound 223 –– autoregulation 41–42 –– occlusion 104 Arterial stenosis see Stenosis –– cardiac pulsatility 172, 176, 222–223, 245, –– pedal target artery 85 Arteriovenous (AV) fistula 100, 145, 148, 241, 257, 259, 262, 437, 441, 443, 445, 447, 481 –– preoperative vein mapping 110 264–268, 271, 280, 351 –– loss/reduction 222–223, 260, –– predicting factors 106 –– acquired 264 441, 445, 447 –– prognosis 106 –– carotid territory 351 –– hemodynamic principles 37–40 –– revision 110–111 –– congenital 264, 265 –– measurement 17–20, 42–43, 269–270, 446 –– stenosis 105–107, 111 –– hemodialysis access 264–265, 267, 271 –– hemodialysis access 269–270 –– anastomotic 107, 111 (see also Hemodialysis fistula) –– stenosis grading 42–43 –– criteria 105–107 –– iatrogenic 280 –– veins, challenges 446 –– surgery 85, 104 –– in situ vein graft 145 –– patterns 40–41 –– identification of target artery 85 –– spontaneous 280 –– high-resistance flow 40–41 –– ultrasound follow-up 104 –– therapeutic 264–265 –– low-resistance flow 40–41 –– surveillance of lower extremity –– ultrasound examination 100, 266–268 –– mixed 41 bypass 104–111 –– perivascular tissue vibration 100 –– transitions 41 –– controversy about routine duplex Arthroscopy 95 –– pulsatility 40 surveillance 107–110 –– diagnostic/therapeutic 95 –– respiratory phasicity 172, 175, 187, –– factors causing occlusion 104 –– iatrogenic popliteal artery 195–197, 227 –– indications for duplex ultrasound 111 ­pseudoaneurysm 152 –– loss/reduction 172, 187, 196, 197, 227 –– recommended approach 111 Artifact 11–13, 26 –– volume calculation in hemodialysis –– stenosis criteria 105 See also Ultrasound, artifact ­fistula 270, 282 –– synthetic vs. autologous vein graft 108 Asymptomatic Carotid Atherosclerosis Study See also Augmented blood flow; Flow –– time-efficient strategy 106 (ACAS) 293, 304, 305, 307 Blood pressure effects 41–43, 77, 81, 272, 329, –– synthetic 104–105, 108, 110 Atheromatous plaque 305, 316, 366 358, 399 –– ultrasound appearance 104 Atlas loop 295, 299, 300, 382 Blooming effect 18, 21, 26, 31, 33, 80, 269 –– target segment below the knee 63, 83–85, Attenuation 5–6, 55, 58 B-mode (brightness) 7 110, 113, 115, 138, 139 –– coefficient 5 Borderzone infarction 306, 333 Augmented blood flow 42, 59, 184, 195, 196, Bowel gas 26, 55, 68, 171, 219, 395, 396, 407, 198–199, 202, 211–213, 218 438, 441, 460 –– diagnostic 198–199, 202, 211–213 Boyd’s vein 171, 177, 205, 207, 208 C –– induced, to improve vessel conspicuity 59, Brachial artery 117–120, 123, 162, 265, 268–270, Calcified plaque 26, 55, 63, 75, 80, 115, 137, 254, 184, 195, 196 274, 281, 282 286, 297, 312, 328, 334, 363 –– physiologic 42 –– hemodialysis access 265, 268–270, Calf arteries, ultrasound examination 83–85 –– recanalization 218 274, 281, 282 Calf vein thrombosis 184, 187, 189, 192, 230 See also Blood flow –– occlusion 162 –– compression ultrasound 187 Autocorrelation technique 22–23 –– poststenotic flow 123 –– diagnostic algorithms 189 Autologous venous bypass graft 104–105, 108, –– ultrasound examination 117 –– isolated 192 110, 144, 215 –– vascular compression syndrome 118–120 –– supplementary examinations 189 Autoregulation 41–42 Brachial plexus 116, 118 –– (duplex) ultrasound, uncertainty in calf Axial resolution 4, 8 –– vascular compression syndrome 118 veins 184, 189 Axillary arteries 116–117, 160 Brachial veins 221–222 Carotid aneurysm see Aneurysm –– anatomy 116–117 –– ultrasound examination 221–222 Carotid arteries –– stenosis 160 Brachiocephalic trunk 116, 119, 293–294, –– normal anatomy and variants 293–294 Axillary veins 221, 257, 259 370, 371 –– role of duplex ultrasound 302 –– anatomy 221 –– normal anatomy and variants 293–294 See also Common carotid artery; External –– thrombosis 259 –– occlusion 370 carotid artery; Internal carotid artery –– ultrasound examination 221 –– stenosis 371 Carotid artery stenting (CAS) 305, 315, 317, 337, –– normal findings 257 Brachiocephalic vein 221 339–343, 379–381 Brain death 302, 346 –– follow-up, early and late Brain stem infarction 344, 382 complications 339–340 Brescia-Cimino fistula 265, 267, 270, 273, 276, –– in-stent restenosis 337, 340–342, 379, 381 B 277, 281, 284, 286, 288 –– duplex ultrasound criteria 340 Baker’s cyst 93, 95, 150, 155, 180, 194–195, Budd-Chiari syndrome 440, 444, 448 –– grading 342 217–218, 252, 255 Buerger’s disease 98, 122 –– stent dislocation 342–343, 380 –– perforated 180 Bull’s eye sign 420, 457 –– therapeutic decision making 315, 317 –– ruptured 194, 218, 252 Bypass (graft) 63, 83–85, 104–111, 138–139, Carotid bifurcation 294–297, 299, 302, 322, 333, –– ultrasound-guided aspiration 252 142–145, 215 339, 349, 352, 358 –– vein compression 155, 255 –– autologous vein 104–105, 108, 110, 144, 215 –– sonoanatomy 358 Basilar artery 293, 344 –– AV fistula as a complication of in situ vein –– stenosis 299, 302 –– occlusion 344 graft 104–105, 109, 145 –– ultrasound technique 295–297 Beam focusing 9 –– complications 108, 142 Carotid body tumor 352, 387 –– multiple zone focusing 9 –– crural 105–106, 111 –– after embolization 387 539 A–C Subject Index

Carotid dissection 328, 346–348 Cleopatra’s eye 176, 254 –– involvement in deep vein Carotid endarterectomy (CEA) 293, 305, Cockett perforators 171, 175, 177, 205, 207, 246 thrombosis 178–179, 184 307–309, 314, 329, 334, 336–339, 353, 372, Coiling 294, 297–298, 304, 330, 353, 359 –– recurrent thrombosis 201 376, 377 Collateral 67, 78–79, 130, 132, 136, 140, 180, 229, –– sonoanatomy 172 –– complications 336–337, 339, 372 325, 341, 371, 438, 442–445 –– ultrasound examination technique 172 –– recurrent stenosis 336–337, 377 –– circulation 67, 130, 132, 180, 229, 325, 341, 371 –– venous adventitial disease 214 –– indication 307–309, 314, 329, 353 –– in common femoral artery occlusion 132 Common hepatic artery 391, 394, 415, 458 –– plaque morphology 307–309, 314 –– in iliac artery stenosis/occlusion 130 –– aneurysm 415, 458 –– role of ultrasound 307–309, 314, 329, 353 –– in internal carotid artery occlusion 325, –– sonoanatomy and variants 394 –– postoperative follow-up 334, 336–338, 376 341, 371 Common iliac artery 53, 55, 67, 69, 104, 109, –– techniques 336 –– in leg vein thrombosis 180 129–131, 465 Carotid stenosis 302, 304–305, 352–355 –– in pelvic artery occlusion 67 –– anatomy 53 –– role of duplex ultrasound 302, 304–305, –– in pelvic vein thrombosis 180, 229 –– aneurysm 131, 465 352–355 –– portal hypertension 438, 442–445 –– occlusion 67, 130 Carotid stenosis index 324, 326, 328–329 –– coronary vein (left gastric vein) 442–443 –– stenosis 69, 104, 109, 129, 130 Carotid territory 296–300, 322–333, 350–351 –– portal vein collaterals 438 –– pitfalls in stenosis grading 69 –– aneurysm 350–351 –– portocaval collaterals 445 –– ultrasound examination 55 –– occlusion 332 –– resistance 78–79 Common iliac vein 178 –– stenosis grading 322–333 Collateralization 44, 68, 70–71, 77–79, 82–83, Common penile artery 492 –– ultrasound examination 296–300 112–114, 129, 143 Compartment syndrome, chronic Carotidynia, idiopathic 351–352 –– hemodynamic effects to be considered in recurrent 100–101 CAS see Carotid artery stenting stenosis grading 44, 68, 70–71, 77–79 Compliance 38, 40–41, 64, 337, 399, 405 Catheter-based digital subtraction angiography Color duplex ultrasound (CDUS) 22–25 29, –– loss of arterial wall compliance after (DSA) 113 32–33, 35, 39, 45, 56, 70–71, 80, 84, 89, 100, stenting 337 Cavernosography 497 119, 136, 195, 198, 205, 406, 422 –– reduction 399, 405 Cavernosometry 497 –– aliasing 45 –– atherosclerosis 405 Cavernous transformation 443, 485 –– aneurysm 89 –– medial sclerosis 399, 405 Cavitation 36 –– arteriovenous fistula, perivascular tissue –– windkessel effect 38, 40, 41 CDUS see Color duplex ultrasound vibration 100 Compression-and-release test 174–177, 202, CEA see Carotid endarterectomy –– basic physics 22–25 206–208 Celiac trunk 391, 393, 394, 397–398, 402, –– color blooming 33, 80, 84 Compression syndrome see Vascular 414–417, 419, 452, 454 –– mosaic of colors, turbulent flow 39 ­compression syndrome –– anatomy 391 –– physical limitations 32 Compression treatment 90–92, 194 –– collateral pathways in occlusion 417 –– pitfalls 29 –– pseudoaneurysm, ultrasound-guided 90–92 –– duplex ultrasound 402 –– role 119, 422 –– pulmonary embolism 194 –– median arcuate ligament (MAL) –– in atherosclerosis of arm arteries 119 Compression ultrasound 171–174, 184–186, syndrome 402, 414–415, 454 –– in renal infarction 422 192–195, 221, 226 –– normal findings 397–398 –– stenosis 45, 56, 70–71, 82, 136 –– calf veins 173–174 –– occlusion 414, 419, 454 –– identification (stenosis jet) 45, 56, 82, 136 –– extent of examination in suspected –– sonoanatomy 394 –– grading 70–71 DVT 192–194 –– stenosis 402, 414, 416 –– ultrasound contrast agents 35 –– leg veins 171–174, 184–186, 194–195 –– ultrasound examination 393 Color spillover 32, 46, 80, 319, 377 –– two-point strategy 192–193 –– findings 417, 452 Color velocity imaging 23 –– pelvic veins 226 Central venous catheter 221–223, 258, 276, 351 Common carotid artery (CCA) 293–297, 301, 326, –– uncertainty in below-knee thrombosis 184 –– obstruction 276 332, 343, 346–351, 360, 367–370 –– upper extremity veins 221 –– thrombogenic effect 222 –– anatomy 293–294 Computed tomography (CT) angiography in Cephalic vein 221, 264, 265, 270–271, 286 –– AV fistula 351 carotid stenosis 354, 355 –– anatomy 221 –– dissection 346 Confetti sign 75, 324, 326, 328 –– hemodialysis access 221, 264, 265, 270–271, 286 –– externalization 326, 347, 367 Congestion index 446, 484 –– terminal stenosis 286 –– measurement of intima-media thickness Continuity equation 38–39, 42, 340–441 Cerebral infarction 293, 305–307, 346, 351 (IMT) 360 Continuous wave (CW) Doppler –– types 306 –– normal findings 301 ultrasound 15 Cervical rib syndrome 118–120, 122, 161, 223 –– occlusion 368, 369 Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) 33–37, CEUS see Contrast-enhanced ultrasound –– stenosis 332, 343, 370 84–85, 116, 140, 211–212, 293, 318–319, 342, Child A cirrhosis 448, 482 –– grading in native/stented CCA 343 349, 354, 392–393, 409, 420–421, 428–429, CHIVA technique 208 –– ultrasound examination 295–297 431–433, 471, 472 Chronic intestinal ischemia 417 –– vasculitis 348–350 –– arteries below the knee 84–85, 116 See also Intestinal ischemia; Mesenteric Common femoral artery 53, 55–56, 63–65, 132 –– arteritis 349 ischemia –– anatomy 53 –– carotid plaque characterization 293, Chronic venous insufficiency 174, 178, 181, –– occlusion 132 318–319, 354 200–205, 219, 242 –– stenosis 63, 132 –– neovascularization 293, 354 –– development 205 –– ultrasound examination with waveform –– carotid stenosis 293, 342 –– duplex ultrasound criteria 200–204 analysis 55–56, 64–65 –– contrast agents (microbubbles) 33–34, –– pathophysiology 181, 205 –– documentation 64 36–37 –– role of ultrasound vs. other modalities 219 –– normal findings 65 –– administration 33 –– ultrasound examination 174 Common femoral vein 169–170, 172, 178–179, –– contraindications 34 Churg-Strauss syndrome 99, 348 184, 201, 214 –– mechanisms of action 34 Cigarette smoke sign 210–211 –– anatomy 169–170 –– contrast harmonic imaging (CHI) 35, 433 540 Subject Index

–– endoleak detection after endovascular –– guideline-based diagnostic algorithm in Doppler effect 13–14 aneurysm repair (EVAR) 392–393, 428–429, suspected deep vein thrombosis (DVT) 216 Doppler equation 13–14, 19 431–433, 471, 472 –– stepwise management of peripheral arterial Doppler shift 13–14 –– mechanical index (MI) 35, 84, 140 occlusive disease (PAOD) 59, 61–62 Doppler ultrasound, basic physics 13–15 –– mesenteric ischemia 420–421 –– suspected internal carotid artery (ICA) Doppler waveform 17, 19, 27, 31, 35, 38, 40, 41, –– neovascularization 349 stenosis 308 44–47, 64–68, 74–75, 78–80, 172, 175, 178, –– renal arteries 409 –– suspected renal artery stenosis (RAS) 412 187, 195–198, 227, 269, 319–320, 333, 345, –– safety 36–37 Diagnostic strategy 106–111, 192–194, 268 347, 378, 437, 441, 443, 445, 447, 481, 498 –– venous aneurysm 211–212 –– 3-point strategy for workup of hemodialysis –– aliasing 27 Convex array transducer 10, 55 access problems 268 –– arteriovenous fistula 269 Corkscrew channels 98–99, 120, 122, 249 –– time-efficient bypass graft surveillance –– cardiac pulsatility 172, 176, 222–223, 245, –– thromboangiitis obliterans 98–99, 122 strategy 106–111 257, 259, 262, 437, 441, 443, 445, 447, 481 Coronary vein 442–443 –– 2-point strategy in suspected deep vein –– loss/reduction 222–223, 260, 441, 445, 447 –– collateral in portal hypertension 442–443 thrombosis (DVT) 192–194 –– carotid dissection 347 Corpora cavernosa 492, 495, 502 Dialysis access see Hemodialysis fistula –– carotid stenosis/occlusion 333 –– venous insufficiency 495, 502 Dialysis access steal syndrome (DASS) 274, 278, 282 –– comprehensive hemodynamic information 79 Costoclavicular compression syndrome Diameter reduction 112, 331 –– effect of collateralization 67, 78–79 119, 120, 223, 260, 261 –– carotid stenosis 331 –– effect of plaque shape 80 Costoclavicular/hyperabduction test 120 –– peripheral stenosis 112 –– effect of stenosis 44–47 Crossectomy 208, 249 Diffraction 6 –– effect of systemic factors 77, 326, 358, 405 Cross-sectional area reduction 79–80, 112 Digital subtraction angiography (DSA) 72, 113 –– effect of ultrasound contrast agent 35 –– in arterial stenosis 112 Dissecting aneurysm 400, 426–427 –– externalization 326, 347, 367 Cruveilhier-Baumgarten syndrome 438, 440, Dissection, 100–101, 157, 299–300, 302, 346–348, –– grading of carotid stenosis 319–323 444, 446 374, 416, 426–428, 475, 477 –– internalization 299, 326, 334, 358, 371 Curved array transducer 10, 18 –– abdominal aorta 100, 346, 400, 416, 426–428, –– knocking waveform 79, 86, 89, 121, 127, 139, CW Doppler 15 475–477 165, 347, 371, 387, 498 –– De Bakey 400 –– normal/abnormal valve closure 175 –– dissection membrane, waveform 428 –– pelvic/leg arteries, normal findings 64 D –– Stanford type 346, 400 –– respiratory phasicity 172, 175, 187, 195–197, 227 d-dimer test 184, 189–192, 195, 200, 216 –– true and false lumen, waveforms 101, 428 –– loss/reduction 172, 187, 196, 197, 227 Damping factor 47 –– carotid arteries 346–348, 374 –– stenosis quantification 74 Dead-water zone 86, 210, 212, 315 –– causes 346 –– stented carotid artery 378 Deep crural fascia 59–60 –– dissection membrane 347 –– subclavian steal syndrome 345 Deep femoral vein 169–170, 172, 218, 230, 235 –– extension of aortic dissection 348, 374 –– thrombosis of leg/pelvic veins 178, 197, 198, 227 –– anatomy 169–170 –– intimal flap 347 –– waveform analysis 44, 56, 68, 83 –– compression ultrasound 172 –– true/false lumen 347 –– calf arteries 83 –– sonoanatomy 172 –– types 347 –– monophasic/triphasic 44 –– thrombosis 218, 230, 235 –– ultrasound findings 347–348 –– stenosis localization 56, 83 Deep penile artery 492, 500 –– iatrogenic 100–101 –– time-efficient examination in PAOD 68 Deep penile vein 492 –– peripheral arteries 100–101 Dorsalis pedis artery 53–54, 59, 66, 85, 113, 126, 141 Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) 171–174, 177–178, –– popliteal artery 157 DRIL see Distal revascularization and interval 183, 192–194, 216–219 –– sonographic diagnosis 100, 101 ligation –– controversy about ultrasound strategy in –– vertebral artery 299–300, 302 Dunbar’s syndrome 414 suspected DVT 192–194 Distal revascularization and interval ligation Duplex ultrasound 15–16, 20–26, 55–56, 61, –– diagnostic role of ultrasound 183, 216–219 (DRIL) 274–275 63–66, 71, 75–77, 102, 112–116, 265, 277, –– determination of extent of Documentation of findings 64, 119, 177, 222, 302, 352–355, 406 ­incompetence 183 270, 301, 399, 440, 495 –– basic physics 15–16 –– ultrasound examination 171–174, 177–178 –– arm arteries 119 –– color duplex ultrasound 20–25 –– documentation of findings 177–178 –– arm veins 222 –– indications 61, 66, 265, 302 –– technique and protocol 171–174 –– carotid territory 301 –– extracranial cerebral arteries 302 See also Thrombosis –– hemodialysis access 270 –– fistula/hemodialysis access 265 Detorsion 498 –– leg arteries 64 –– peripheral arteries 61, 66 Detumescence 493, 495, 500 –– leg veins 177 –– normal findings, pelvic/leg arteries 64–65 Diabetes mellitus 63, 71, 83–85, 88, 113, 135, 408 –– penile/scrotal vessels 495 –– pitfalls 26 –– acoustic shadowing 88, 113 –– renal arteries 399 –– protocol and technique, pelvic/leg –– diagnostic angiography 63 –– visceral arteries 399 ­arteries 55–60 –– macroangiopathy/microangiopathy 63 –– visceral/retroperitoneal veins 440 –– role 63, 71, 75–77, 102, 112–116, 277, 302, –– medial sclerosis 83–85, 88 Dodd perforators 171, 175, 177, 205–207, 247 352–355, 406 –– nephropathy 408 –– incompetence 247 –– carotid territory 302, 352–355 –– stenosis of profunda femoris origin 135 Doppler angle 13–15, 18–19, 31–32, 43, 45, 48, –– extremity arteries 112–116 Diagnostic algorithm 59, 61–62, 190–191, 216, 56, 256, 296–298, 320–321, 416 –– fistula/hemodialysis access 277 308, 338, 412, 428–429, 497 –– angle-corrected blood flow velocity 18, 256, –– follow-up after vascular repair 102 –– algorithms proposed for suspected deep vein 301, 320 –– renal artery stenosis (RAS) 406 thrombosis (DVT) 190–191 –– angle correction cursor 19 –– stenosis 71 –– erectile dysfunction 497 –– carotid territory 296–298, 320–321 –– stenosis evaluation compared with –– follow-up after carotid endarterectomy (CEA) 338 –– correction 32, 56–57, 296–298, 320–321, 416 angiography 75–77 –– follow-up after surgical and endovascular –– error in estimating Doppler angle 19 –– treatment planning in PAOD 63 aneurysm repair (EVAR) 428–429 –– superior mesenteric artery 416 –– vascular ultrasound, some useful rules 56 541 C–F Subject Index

Duplication of veins 110, 138, 170, 175, 179, 192, –– comparison of different velocity –– venous leakage 501 195, 218, 232, 233, 416, 435–436, 440 ­parameters 329 –– ultrasound 493, 496–497 –– frequency, superficial femoral and popliteal –– EDV at site of maximum stenosis 324, 326 –– criteria 493 veins 170 –– secondary criteria 326 –– diagnostic algorithm 497 –– problem for venography 195, 218, 232, 233 –– demand-adjusted blood flow in femoral –– examination 493 –– renal veins 436 bifurcation 127 –– findings in arterial/venous –– role in isolated superficial vein –– dependence on heart rate 326, 395 dysfunction 496 ­thrombosis 179, 192 –– effect of collateralization 133 –– role 495 –– selection of bypass graft 110, 138 –– fistula identification 280 Erection 493–494 –– ultrasound diagnosis of thrombosis 232 –– hemodynamic effect of peripheral –– Doppler waveform 493 –– valve function test in duplicated popliteal ­stenosis 63, 76 –– examination of erectile function 493–494 vein 175 –– change in EDV vs. PSV 63, 76 –– papaverine injection 494 –– vena cava 435–436, 440 See also Peak systolic velocity (PSV) Error in flow velocity measurement 297–298 DVT see Deep vein thrombosis; Thrombosis Endoleak 392–393, 427–433, 467, 468, 471, 472 European Carotid Surgery Trial (ECST) 305 Dynamic focusing 9 –– abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) 392–393, EVAR see Endovascular aneurysm repair 427–433, 467, 472 Eversion CEA 334 –– complications of endovascular aneurysm External carotid artery (ECA) 293–294, 296–302, repair (EVAR) 427–428 332–333, 358, 371 E –– follow-up after EVAR 392–393, 427–433, –– anatomy 293–294 Echogenicity 46, 89–90, 92–93, 98–99, 311, 318, 467, 472 –– collateral in ICA occlusion 299, 332–333 353–354, 363 –– contrast-enhanced ultrasound –– internalization 299, 326, 334, 358, 371 –– carotid plaque 46, 311, 314–318, 353–354, 363 (CEUS) 428–429, 431–433, 471, 472 –– normal findings 301 –– relationship to plaque makeup 316–318 –– color duplex ultrasound (CDUS) 428–429, –– sonographic differentiation of external/ –– prognostic criterion 317 432–433, 471, 472 internal carotid 299–300, 332–333, 358 –– scientific evidence 353–354 –– vs. CEUS and CTA 428–429, 432–433, –– criteria 299 –– standardized measurement 315, 317, 363 471, 472 –– in ICA occlusion 332–333 –– stenosis grading 46 –– diagnostic algorithm for follow-up after –– temporal tap 300, 358 –– hemangioma in the liver 318 EVAR 428–429, 472 –– stenosis 332 –– hypoechoic lesions in popliteal fossa 93 –– hemodynamic parameters 429–431, 468 –– ultrasound examination 296–300, 302, 332 –– inflammatory thickening of the –– risk of rupture 430 –– clinical role 302 vessel wall 99 –– to-and-fro flow 429–431, 468 External iliac artery 65, 67, 70, 101, 103, –– mural thrombi in aneurysm 89–90 –– paradoxical (exoleak) 429, 430 109, 130 –– needle in thrombin instillation 92 –– pulsation of residual aneurysm sac 432 –– dissection 101 –– occluded lumen 98–99 –– stepwise diagnostic workup 428–429, 472 –– normal findings 65 ECST criteria 305–307 –– treatment planning 429 –– occlusion 67, 109, 130 –– confusion about carotid stenosis grading –– types I-IV 428–431, 468–472 –– stenosis 70 (ECST vs. NASCET) 305–307 Endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) 392–393, –– in-stent restenosis 103 Ectasia 180, 210, 251, 284, 334, 373, 483 426–433, 467, 471, 472 Extrahepatic portocaval shunt 443 Edge effect 12 –– contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) Embolic occlusion 88–90, 118, 149, 277, 395, 428–429, 431–433, 471, 472 423, 456, 481 –– follow-up after EVAR 392–393, 427–433, Embolism 63–64, 88–90, 95, 98, 149–151, 293, 467, 472 F 306, 311–319, 466 –– complications 427–428 (see also Endoleak) False aneurysm see Aneurysm, –– abdominal aortic aneurysm 466 –– protocol for ultrasound follow-up 392–393, pseudoaneurysm –– aneurysm with mural thrombi 95 427–429, 472 False lumen 73, 93, 100–101, 157, 304, 344, –– arterial 88, 149 –– ultrasound vs. other modalities 432 346–348 –– arterioarterial 88, 98, 306 –– risk of rupture after EVAR 430 –– thrombosed 93, 157, 304, 344 –– causing territorial infarction 306 –– screening for abdominal aortic aneurysm See also Dissection –– deep vein thrombosis 150 (AAA) 426 Fast Fourier transform (FFT) 16 –– ischemic infarction 293 Energy, kinetic vs. static 39, 42–43 Femoral arteries –– risk 63–64, 89–90, 311–319 Enteritis 442, 456 –– anatomy 53–54 –– aneurysm features 89–90 Entrapment constellation 95, 156 –– occlusion 136 –– carotid plaque features 311–319 Entrapment syndrome 92–93, 95–98, 155, 156, See also Common femoral artery; Profunda –– plaque morphology, leg arteries 63–64 213, 256 femoris artery; Superficial femoral artery –– sources of arterioarterial embolism 88–90, –– complications 97 Femoral bifurcation 53, 58, 61–62, 71, 127 98, 151 –– functional test 97 –– anatomy 53, 58 –– cardiac 88 –– popliteal artery 95–98, 155, 156 –– normal blood flow 127 –– partially thrombosed aneurysm 88–90 –– classification according to Insua 95–96 –– occlusion 71 –– popliteal artery aneurysm 151 –– popliteal vein 213, 256 –– steno-occlusive disease 61–62 –– vessel wall infiltration by tumor 98 Epididymitis 495, 498 Femoral veins 169–170, 192–194, 219–220, See also Pulmonary embolism Epigastric veins 170, 171, 207, 229, 248, 445 230, 233 Endarterectomy 63, 102, 113, 337 Erectile bodies 492, 502 –– anatomy 169–170 –– semiclosed 337 –– venous insufficiency 502 –– blood flow measurement 219–220 See also Carotid endarterectomy­ (CEA) Erectile dysfunction 493, 495–497, 501, 502 –– duplicated 233 End-diastolic velocity (EDV) 18–21, 63, 76, 127, –– pathophysiology 495 –– isolated femoral vein thrombosis 192 133, 280, 324, 326, 329, 395 –– arterial insufficiency 501 –– neoplastic thrombus 194 –– criteria for grading carotid stenosis 324, 326, 329 –– venous insufficiency 502 –– duplex ultrasound parameters 219–220 542 Subject Index

–– proximal thrombus progression 192–193 Gastric artery 391 –– thrombin injection vs. compression treatment See also Common femoral vein; Deep femoral Gastrocnemius muscle 93, 95–97, 155, 156 of pseudoanyeursm 92, 147 vein; Superficial femoral vein –– entrapment constellation 95, 156 –– venous compression 213 Femorocrural bypass 109, 111, 115–116, 138, –– malformation 93, 155 Hemodialysis access see Hemodialysis fistula 143, 264 –– popliteal artery entrapment syndrome 95–97 Hemodialysis fistula Femoropopliteal arteries 53, 58, 62, 71, 75, 114–116 –– functional test 96–97 –– abnormal ultrasound findings 267, 277 –– hemodynamic vs. morphologic imaging –– therapeutic management 97 –– aneurysm 265, 271, 273, 275, 284, 290 modalities 114–116 –– types according to Insua 95–96 –– Brescia-Cimino fistula 265, 267, 270, 273, –– occlusion 53, 58, 71 Gastrocnemius veins 170–171, 177, 179–180, 276–277, 281, 284, 286, 288 –– stepwise diagnostic management in PAOD 62 189, 193, 236, 242, 250 –– cephalic vein 221, 264, 265, 270–271, 286 –– ultrasound 75 –– dilation 242, 250 –– color duplex ultrasound, indications 265, 266 –– vs. angiography 75 –– role in development of DVT thrombosis –– complications 265, 267, 271, 273–278, 282 –– direct/indirect stenosis criteria 75 179–180, 189, 193, 236 –– central venous obstruction 276 Femoropopliteal vein 170–171, 183, 206, 238 –– ascending thrombus 236 –– dialysis access steal syndrome (DASS) 274, –– anatomy 170–171 Gastroduodenal artery 391, 414, 415, 417, 278, 282 Fibromuscular dysplasia 67, 331, 347, 350, 399, 456, 457 –– high-output cardiac failure 275 402–403, 405–407, 414, 460 Gastropancreaticoduodenal artery 457 –– inadequate/excessive fistula flow 275–277 –– duplex ultrasound findings 350 Geometric distortion 13 –– peripheral ischemia 273–274 –– renal arteries 399, 402–403, 405–407 Giacomini anastomosis 171, 183, 206 –– puncture aneurysm 265, 273 –– indications for ultrasound 402 –– incomplete truncal varicosis 206 –– swelling of hand/arm 277 –– renal hypertension 402 Giant cell arteritis 99, 122, 348, 349, 400, 423, –– treatment 267, 274 –– stenosis (RAS) 399, 402, 405–407, 414, 460 434, 435 –– course of AV fistula 268 –– stenosis in other vascular territories 67, 331, –– contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) 349 –– creation 264–265 347, 350, 402 Glomerulonephritis 408, 413, 439, 441 –– distal revascularization and interval ligation Fibrous plaque 305, 309, 318, 353, 365 Gray-scale analysis 317–318 (DRIL) 274–275 Fibular artery 53–54, 58, 60 Gray-scale median (GSM) 315, 317, 353, 363 –– documentation for serial examinations 270 –– anatomy 53–54 Great saphenous vein 110, 144, 169–171, 176, –– flow 264, 267, 269, 270, 274–277 –– sonoanatomy 58 182–183, 204–205, 207–208, 237, 245, 248 –– adequate flow for hemodialysis 264, 275 –– ultrasound examination 60 –– autologous bypass graft 110, 144 –– inadequate/excessive 275–277 Fibular veins 170, 173, 178 –– anatomy 169–171 –– measurement 269, 270 Finger artery occlusion 98 –– thrombophlebitis 237 –– remedies to restore adequate Fistula see Arteriovenous (AV) fistula; –– ultrasound examination 171, 176 flow 267, 274 Hemodialysis fistula –– compression ultrasound in suspected –– flow volume calculation 269–270, 281–282 Fixed occlusion 122 thrombosis 171 –– comparison of different methods 269–270, Fixed stenosis 402, 414, 415, 441 –– valve function test in suspected chronic 281–282 Flow 37–40, 43 venous insufficiency 171, 176 –– high-flow fistula 282 –– continuous flow 37 –– varicosis 182–183, 204–205, 207–208, 245, 248 –– indication for treatment 267 –– hemodynamic principles 37 –– grades according to Hach 182, 205 –– infection 271, 275, 276 –– in vitro flow model measurement 43 –– proximal and distal points of insuffi- –– maturation 269 –– laminar flow 37 ciency 183, 204 –– patency rate 265 –– turbulent flow 38–40 –– treatment options 183, 207–208, 248 –– revision 265, 267 See also Blood flow –– truncal varicosis 182, 245 –– stenosis 265, 267–268, 271–273, 285 Flow profile of pelvic/leg arteries 65–66 –– access vein 265 Flow separation 39–40 –– anastomosis 265, 268, 273 Flow velocity 37, 176, 226, 272, 322 –– draining vein 267 –– carotid territory 322 H –– feeding artery 267, 273, 285 –– hemodialysis access 272 Hagen-Poiseuille law 37, 41, 299, 329 –– grading 268, 272 –– intra-abdominal pressure 176 Harmonic frequency 34 –– synthetic 264–265, 288, 290 –– respiratory modulation in veins 226 Helicine arteries 492 –– ultrasound examination 267–269 See also Peak systolic velocity (PSV); Hemangioendothelioma 213–214 –– surveillance 267 End-diastolic velocity (EDV) Hemangioma 93, 100, 119, 213, 264, 318 –– three-point strategy for workup of access Follow-up after vascular reconstruction 102 –– benign tumor of the vein wall 213 problems 268 4D ultrasound 26 –– differential diagnosis 93 –– waveform changes characteristic of AV Frame rate 30 –– incidental finding 119 fistula 269 Free-floating thrombus see Thrombus –– Servelle-Martorell syndrome 264 –– venous problems Frequency (sound wave) 4 Hematocrit 37–38 –– branch vein 269, 271, 276, 284, 287 Friction 37–38 Hematoma 39, 64, 89, 91–93, 103–104, 146, 147, –– dilatation 267, 272, 274–275, 284 –– internal/external 37 152, 194, 213, 252, 265, 268, 271, 276, 339, –– diversion of blood flow 269, 271 Functional tests 174–177 348, 409–410, 427, 478 –– outflow obstruction 270, 271, 275, 277 –– compression-and-release test 175–177 –– carotid dissection 348 –– thrombosis 268, 271, 275–277 –– Valsalva maneuver 174 –– complication 103–104, 265, 268, 271, 276, –– workup of hemodialysis access problems 268 –– valve function test 177 339, 427 Hemodynamic vs. morphologic imaging –– aneurysm repair 427 modalities 114–116 –– bypass graft 103–104 Hemodynamic principles 37–40 –– carotid endarterectomy (CEA) 339 Hemodynamic stenosis grading 42–46, 70, 272 G –– hemodialysis access 265, 268, 271, 276 Heparin treatment see Anticoagulation Gain 30–32, 48 –– PTA and stenting 103 treatment Gas-filled microbubbles see Contrast-enhanced –– differential diagnosis 89, 93, 146, 252, 478 Hepatic artery 391–395, 397, 402, 415, 416, 422, ultrasound (CEUS) –– renal hematoma 409–410 446, 452, 453, 458 543 F–I Subject Index

–– aneurysm 402, 415, 422, 458 –– normal findings 226 Interleave technique 23 –– liver cirrhosis 446, 452 –– thrombosis 227 Intermittent claudication 68, 93–96, 108 –– normal anatomy and variants 391–392, Iliofemoral thrombosis 178 Internal carotid artery (ICA) 293–302, 304–307, 394–395, 415, 416, 453 Image resolution 8 309–328, 330–337, 343, 346, 349–355, –– normal findings 397 Impedance 4–6 358–367, 371–375 –– ultrasound examination 393, 395, 453 Impedance mismatch 5, 12–13, 253 –– anatomy 293–294 Hepatic veins 444, 482 Inadequate dialysis flow 271, 276 –– aneurysm 350–351, 372, 373 –– liver cirrhosis 482 Index –– coiling 294, 297, 330 –– portal hypertension 444 –– acceleration index 47, 65, 408 –– diagnostic role of duplex ultrasound 302, Hepatoduodenal ligament 391, 393, 394, 415, –– ankle-brachial index (ABI) 59, 61, 62, 68, 70, 352–355 436, 438, 483 78, 112, 129 –– in comparison with other modalities Hepatorenal syndrome 406, 445 –– carotid stenosis index 324, 326, 328–329 353–355 High-pass filter (HPF) 23, 30, 48, 220 –– congestion index 446, 484 –– dissection 346, 374, 375 High-resistance flow 40–41 –– mechanical index (MI) 35, 84, 140, 211, 393 –– Doppler angle 297, 298, 319–321 Hodgkin lymphoma 258 –– Pourcelot index 19, 21, 302, 398–399, –– duplex ultrasound 324, 352–354 Horseshoe kidney 460, 475 405–406, 408, 418, 421–422, 455 –– fibromuscular dysplasia 350 Horton’s disease 160, 348–350 –– pulsatility index (PI) 21, 65, 68 –– follow-up after vascular reconstruction Hunter’s canal 53 –– resistive index (RI) 47, 302, 329, 395–397, 334–337 Hyperabduction syndrome 119 405–406, 409, 412–413, 421 –– idiopathic carotidynia 351 Hyperabduction test 120–121, 161, 163, Indication for carotid surgery 302, 304, 353 –– kinking 294, 304, 330, 336, 343, 359 222–223, 261 See also Carotid endarterectomy (CEA) –– normal findings 301 Hyperemia 55, 65, 98, 122, 301, 345, 395, 397, Inferior mesenteric artery 391, 395, 397–398, –– occlusion 332–334, 367, 371 473, 481, 498 402, 429, 434, 453, 468 –– peak systolic velocity (PSV) 322 –– exercise-induced 55 –– anatomy 391 –– plaque features 296, 309–318, 360, 363–366 –– induced hyperemia in sublcavian steal –– differential diagnosis of retroperitoneal (see also Plaque) syndrome 301, 345 processes 434 –– pseudo-occlusion 318, 328, 332, 334, 367 –– inflammatory 473 –– duplex ultrasound 402 –– recanalization 332, 334, 367 –– reperfusion hyperemia in Raynaud’s –– endoleak 429, 468 –– sonographic differentiation of internal/ disease 98, 122 –– normal findings 397–398, 453 external carotid artery 299, 300, –– visceral arteries 395, 397 –– ultrasound examination 395 332–333, 358 Hyperlipidemia 360 Inflammatory vascular disease 56, 99–100, –– in ICA occlusion 332–333 Hyperlipoproteinemia 307 122, 158, 159, 164, 239, 348–350, 375, –– temporal tap 300, 358 Hyperplasia, 102, 104, 107, 109, 271, 276, 336, 403 399–401, 423 –– stenosis 299, 302, 311–321, 330–331, –– intimal hyperplasia after PTA and stenting­ 102 –– aneurysm 350, 399, 423 336–337, 355, 361, 362 Hypersensitivity vasculitis 100, 348 –– carotid territory 348–350, 375 –– bifurcation 299, 302 Hypertension 34, 43, 294, 307 –– extremity arteries 56, 99–100, 122, 158, 159, 164 –– comparison of different ultrasound –– contraindication to ultrasound contrast –– wall thickening 56, 99–100, 239 parameters 330–331 agent 34 –– inflammatory vs. atherosclerotic 56 –– methodological considerations 319–321 –– effect on velocity thresholds for stenosis 43 –– reactive inflammatory wall thickening in –– at origin 361, 362 –– elongation of internal carotid artery 294 thrombosis 239 –– recurrent 336–337 –– plaque development 307 –– ultrasound appearance 99–100 –– risk of embolism, sonographic plaque See also Portal hypertension; Renovascular Inflow artery 107, 145, 266, 269–270, 277 features 311–319 hypertension Infraclavicular fossa 117, 121, 160, 163, 221, 223, –– role of duplex ultrasound 302, 330, 355 Hypogastric plexus 415 260, 276, 277 –– stenosis grading 305–307, 319–328 Hypoperfusion of hand, hemodialysis Innominate artery 116, 293 –– local (ECST) vs. distal (NASCET) access 273, 274 See also Brachiocephalic trunk method 305–307 Hypoplasia 53, 295, 302, 343–344, 382–384, 443 In situ bypass 110, 144, 145 –– pitfalls 324, 328, 371 –– arteries below the knee 53 Insonation angle see Doppler angle –– primary/secondary criteria 322–328 –– portal vein 443 In-stent restenosis 102–104, 338–343, 378–379, –– ultrasound technique and protocol 295–297 –– vertebral artery 295, 302, 343–344, 382–384 381, 409–411, 418–419 Internal iliac artery 53, 55, 67, 148 Hypotension 276, 421 –– carotid territory 338–343, 378, 379, 381 –– anatomy 53 Hypothenar (hammer) syndrome 119–120, 164 –– B-flow imaging 381 –– collateral function 67 –– criteria in stented vs. unstented –– pseudoaneurysm 148 carotid 338–339, 343 –– ultrasound examination 55 –– early/late (intimal hyperplasia/ Internal iliac vein 219 I atherosclerosis) 338–339 –– thrombus as source of embolism 219 Iatrogenic arteriovenous fistula 280 –– grading 379 Internal jugular vein 221, 294, 351, 352 Idiopathic carotidynia 351–352 –– neointimal proliferation 378 –– compression by tumor 352 Ileocolic artery 391, 420, 421, 455 –– stent ends 340 Internal pudendal artery 492 Iliac arteries 53, 55, 58, 131, 253 –– intimal hyperplasia vs. progression of Interosseous membrane 170 –– anatomy 53, 58 atherosclerosis 102 Intestinal ischemia 417, 419–421 –– aneurysm 131 –– PSV (ratio) in native/stented arteries 103–104, –– postprandial pain 417 –– challenges for ultrasound 55 409–411, 418–419 –– role of ultrasound 419–421 –– tumor in iliac bifurcation 253 –– renal arteries 409–411 See also Mesenteric ischemia See also Common iliac artery; External iliac Interdigital artery occlusion 119–120, 160, 165 Intimal flap see Dissection artery; Internal iliac artery Interference 6 Intimal hyperplasia, cause of restenosis after Iliac veins 169–170, 172, 180, 226, 227 –– constructive 6 PTA 102 –– anatomy 169–170 –– destructive 6 Intima-media complex 26, 296, 301 544 Subject Index

Intima-media thickness (IMT) 296, 298, 302, 307, –– normal findings 176–177 –– acute occlusion 401–402, 418–419, 455, 456 309, 311, 360 –– thrombosis 171–174, 177–178, 184–192, 194, –– acute/chronic occlusion 417, 456, 457 –– measurement 296, 298, 307, 311, 360 195, 197, 207, 216, 218–219 –– (color) duplex ultrasound 401–402, 416–419 Intra-abdominal pressure 176 –– color duplex ultrasound 195 –– preprandial/postprandial flow 397–398, 452 Intra-arterial digital subtraction angiography –– diagnostic algorithms 189–192 –– stenosis 417, 455 (DSA) 354 –– diagnostic algorithm, guideline-based 216 –– color duplex ultrasound 417 –– carotid stenosis 354 –– documentation of findings 177–178 –– ultrasound examination 393, 395 Intracranial occlusion 344 –– Doppler waveform criteria 197 See also Inferior mesenteric artery; Superior Intracranial pressure, effect on extracranial blood –– examination of the asymptomatic leg 194 mesenteric artery flow 302, 319, 346 –– perforating veins 207 Mesenteric ischemia 401–402, 417–419, 456 Intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) 25–26, 318 –– role of duplex ultrasound 178–181 –– acute 401–402, 456 –– virtual histology 318 –– ultrasound criteria 184–192 –– stages 401–402 Iodine fibrin test 178 –– ultrasound examination in suspected –– chronic 417, 456 Ischemia 273–274, 289, 401, 417 DVT 171–174 –– nonocclusive mesenteric ischemia –– mesenteric 401, 417 –– ultrasound follow-up 218–219 (NOMI) 401, 418–419 –– peripheral 273–274, 289 Leriche’s syndrome 401, 423 Mesenteric veins 422, 438, 442, 483 –– hemodialysis access complication Leukocytosis 99, 401, 442, 483 –– thrombosis 422, 438, 442, 483 273–274, 289 Line spacing 7 See also Superior mesenteric vein Isolated thrombosis 68, 178–179, 187, 193 Linear array 10 Microbubble contrast agent 33–36, 84–85 –– calf vein 178–179 Linear array transducer 18, 31, 32, 56 See also Contrast-enhanced ultrasound –– paired fibular vein 187 Lipedema (legs) 182, 214, 215, 254 Microscopic polyangiitis 99 –– pelvic 68 Liver 406, 436–437, 439, 443–446, 448, 452, 482 Microstreaming 36 –– superficial femoral vein 193 –– cirrhosis 406, 439, 444–446, 452, 482 Mirror artifact 26–27, 65, 161, 253, 301, 429, 469, –– biopsy 439 471, 478 –– duplex ultrasound 349, 445, 452 M-mode (motion mode) 7–8, 36 J –– portal hypertension 444–446 Modulation of venous flow 176, 226 –– cyst 443 –– cardiac 176, 226 Jet velocity 43 –– veins 436, 437, 448, 482 –– respiratory 176, 226 Jejunal artery 391, 420, 456 –– anatomy 436 MRA see Magnetic resonance angiography –– occlusion 420 –– flow variation during the cardiac cycle 448 Multigate pulsed Doppler 22 Jugular vein 221, 223, 257, 258 –– ultrasound examination 437 Multilevel obstruction 85, 106 –– anatomy 221 –– waveform flattening in cirrhosis 448, 482 Multilevel occlusive disease 61–63, 88 –– aneurysm 257 Longitudinal plane 56 Multiple reflection artifact 12 –– central venous catheter 223, 258 Low-flow bypass 107, 110, 143, 144 Multiple-vessel disease 304–306, 309, 328, 332 –– thrombosis 221, 258 Low-resistance flow 40–41 Mural thrombosis 89–90, 92, 162, 203, 218, Lumbar arteries 391, 393, 427–431 236, 250, 373, 400, 415, 465, 466 –– endoleak after endovascular aneurysm repair See also Embolism K (EVAR) 393, 427–431 Muscle pump 175, 177, 181, 203, 205, 239 Kaplan-Meier analysis 108 Lymphangiosclerosis 215 Muscle veins 170–171, 174, 178–180, 189, 193, Kawasaki’s disease 99, 348 Lymph node metastasis 254, 352 195, 216, 231, 236 Kinetic energy 3, 39, 40, 42 Lymphedema 182, 214, 215, 254 –– dilated 242 Kinking 90, 108, 267, 294, 297–298, 304, Lymphogenic edema 254 –– thrombosis 178–180, 189, 193, 195, 216, 330–331, 343, 359 Lymphoma 213, 217, 229, 254, 258, 387, 426, 231, 236 –– internal carotid artery 294, 297–298, 304, 434, 439, 440, 482 Mycotic aneurysm 350, 422, 434 330–331, 343, 359 Mycotic aortic perforation 478 –– popliteal artery 90 Myeloproliferative disease 439, 444 –– with stenosis 267, 330, 359 M –– venous bypass graft 108 Macaroni sign 99–100, 159, 304, 348, 350 Kirchhoff’s second law 299 Machine settings 47–49 N Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome 264 Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) 61, Narrow costoclavicular space 222, 271 113–115, 355, 411–412, 434 NASCET criteria 305–307 –– carotid stenosis 354, 355 –– confusion about carotid stenosis grading L –– distal leg arteries 61, 113 (NASCET vs. ECST) 305–307 Laminar flow 15, 22, 31, 37–39 –– suspected renal artery stenosis (RAS) 412 Neointima 103, 104, 109, 110, 271, 337, 339, 371, Lateral resolution 4, 8 Major vein insufficiency, duplex 376–378, 381 Leading-edge-to-leading-edge method (vessel ultrasound 204–205 Neoreflux 206, 208 diameter measurement) 21, 270, 282, 298, Malrotation 438, 442 Neovascularization 33, 36, 206, 208, 249, 293, 424, 425 Manual fistula compression (hemodialysis access 308, 316, 319, 349, 354, 363 Leg arteries 53–54, 56, 58, 62, 64, 66, 126 evaluation) 268, 270, 274, 275, 282, 285, 289 Nephrectomy 439, 441 –– anatomy 53–54, 126 Marfan’s syndrome 346 Nephrotic syndrome 439, 441 –– duplex ultrasound 64, 66 May perforator 171, 177, 209 Nerve conduction velocity 120, 154 –– criteria 64 Mechanical index (MI) 35, 84, 140, 211, 393 –– adventitial cystic disease 154 –– indications 66 Medial sclerosis 63, 64 –– thoracic outlet syndrome 120 –– sonoanatomy 58 –– diabetes mellitus 63, 64 Newtonian fluid 37, 38 –– ultrasound examination 56, 62 –– effect on flow profile 64 Nonatherosclerotic vascular disease 57, 61, 67, –– stepwise diagnostic management 56, 62 Median arcuate ligament (MAL) syndrome 402, 71, 92, 97–98, 298, 346, 353, 467 Leg veins 169–174, 176–178, 184–192, 194, 195, 414, 415, 454 Nonocclusive mesenteric ischemia (NOMI) 401, 197, 207, 216, 218–219 Mesenteric arteries 393, 395, 397–398, 401–402, 418–419 –– anatomy 169–171 416–419, 452–457 See also Mesenteric ischemia 545 I–P Subject Index

North American Symptomatic Carotid Peak systolic velocity ratio (PSV ratio) 43–46, Persistent primitive hypoglossal artery Endarterectomy Trial (NASCET) 305 70, 76–78, 272–273, 326–329, 340–342, (PPHA) 328, 332–335, 369 Nutcracker syndrome 488, 496 344, 397, 407 Peyronie’s disease 495, 496 Nyquist limit 27–28 –– carotid territory 326–329, 340–342 Phased array (transducer) 10, 11 –– ICA/CCA PSV ratio (carotid stenosis –– annular 11 index) 326 Phlebectasia 210, 264 O –– intrastenotic to prestenotic/postste- Phlebitis 98 notic 326 Phlegmasia coerulea dolens 157 Obstructed venous drainage 175, 214, 228, 229, –– hemodialysis access 272–273 Piezoelectric crystal 4 269, 271, 275, 276 –– renal-aortic ratio (RAR) 397 Piezoelectric effect 4 Occlusion 85–86, 98, 149 –– vertebral artery, intrastenotic to postste- Planimetric stenosis grading 32, 46, 80, –– arterial (diagnosis) 85–86 notic 344 319, 322 –– embolic 149 Peak velocity ratio (PVR) 81, 105 Plaque 131, 137, 293, 304–305, 308–320, 328, –– finger arteries 98 Pectoralis minor syndrome 120, 122, 163 331, 353–354, 360, 363, 365, 366 Occlusive disease, atherosclerotic 61–62, 65–67 Pelvic arteries 53, 55–56, 61, 63–64, 67–68, 126, 129 –– calcified plaque with acoustic shadowing 137 –– indication for diagnostic workup 65–67 –– anatomy 53, 126 –– carotid plaque echogenicity 311, 314–318, –– localization of occlusive disease 66 –– collateralization 61, 63, 67–68, 129 353–354, 363 –– stepwise diagnostic workup 61–62, 66 –– obstruction with good collateralization 61 –– gray-scale median 315, 317, 363 Occlusive thrombosis 172, 196, 199, 201, 202, –– duplex ultrasound 56, 61, 64 –– prognostic criterion 317 241, 242 –– isolated stenosis 68 –– relationship to plaque makeup 316–318 Ohm’s law 37 –– ultrasound examination 55 –– scientific evidence 353–354 Ophthalmic artery 294, 332, 349, 367 Pelvic kidney 453, 461 –– concentric 311–312, 331 Orchitis 498 Pelvic veins 169, 171, 226–229, 235 –– contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) 293, Ormond’s disease 335, 374, 400, 434 –– anatomy 169 318–319, 363 Outflow obstruction 106, 143, 144, 157, 213, –– compression 229 –– carotid plaque characterization 293, 215, 217, 221–223, 229, 270, 271, 277, 278, –– thrombosis 171, 227–229, 235 318–319, 363 285, 288, 498 –– ultrasound examination 171, 226, 227 –– neovascularization 293, 319, 363 Ovarian vein 488 –– normal findings 226 –– eccentric 312–313, 320, 328, 331 –– varicosis in nutcracker syndrome 488 Penetration depth 4–8 –– embolizing 131, 137 Overmodulation 26, 30, 31, 48, 286 Penile circumflex veins 492 –– fibrous 305, 309, 318, 353, 365 Penile vessels 492, 494 –– floating 131 –– anatomy 492 –– intima-media thickness 360 P –– normal findings 494 –– neovascularization 319 Pacemaker implantation 221, 223, 262 Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty –– risk 305, 314, 353 Palmar arch 117–118, 164, 165, 269, 274, 288 (PTA) 102–103, 337, 405, 461 –– embolism 314, 353 Pampiniform plexus 493–496, 498, 502 –– stenting 103 –– rupture 314 Panangiitis 98 –– carotid artery stenting (CAS) 337 –– stroke 305 Pancreatic pseudocyst 394, 453 (see also Carotid artery stenting) –– sonomorphologic types 312–313 Pancreaticoduodenal artery 391, 402, 417, –– follow-up 102–103 –– stable vs. unstable 316 456, 457 –– in-stent restenosis 103 –– thickness 314 Pancreatitis 415, 439, 443, 445, 453, 483 –– renal artery stenosis 405, 461 –– ulceration 304–305, 308–310, 314–316, 366 PAOD see Peripheral arterial occlusive disease Perforated aneurysm 147, 474 –– virtual histology 318 Papaverine 494 Perforated Baker’s cyst 180 –– vulnerability 308–309, 316–319, 353, 366 Paraneoplasia 194, 222, 223, 401, 443 Perforating veins 105, 108–110, 169–171, 177, Plaque configuration 79–80, 112, 306, 328, 331 Paraneoplastic disturbance of acral 181, 183, 205–207, 209, 221, 239, 246, 247 –– hemodynamic stenosis severity 112, 331 perfusion 98 –– anatomy 169–171, 177 –– role in stenosis grading 79–80, 112, 306, Paraneoplastic syndrome 442 –– incompetence 177, 181, 183, 205–207, 209, 328, 331 Paraneoplastic thrombophlebitis 209 221, 239, 246, 247 Plaque development 40, 307–309 Paraneoplastic thrombosis 178, 222 –– valve function test 177 –– stages 309 Paresthesia 95 Perfusion regulation 40, 42 Platelet aggregation inhibitors 336 Parkes Weber syndrome 264 Perfusion disturbance, paraneoplastic 98 Plethysmography 178, 216 Patch angioplasty 336, 337, 372, 376, 427 Peripheral arterial occlusive disease (PAOD) Plug flow 38–39, 42 Patent foramen ovale 150 61–62, 71, 92–93 Polyarteritis nodosa 99–100, 158, 159, 348 Patent umbilical vein 444, 446 –– differential diagnosis 71, 92–93 Polyneuropathy 154 Peak systolic velocity (PSV) 70, 77, 319–323, 329, –– stepwise diagnostic management 61–62 Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) graft 104, 340–343, 397 Peripheral dilatation 46, 155, 157, 165, 418 106, 265 –– carotid stenosis 319–323, 329, 340–343 Peripheral ischemia 71, 78, 165, 265, 273–274, Popliteal artery 53–54, 84, 89–90, 92–97, 136, –– factors affecting intrastenotic PSV 322 278, 282, 286–289, 433 149–151, 153–155, 157 –– focal increase, intrastenotic/prestenotic 77 Peripheral lymphatic obstruction 215 –– adventitial cystic disease 93–94, 153–155 –– identification of PSV cutoffs for stenosis Peripheral resistance 37, 40–41 –– anatomy 53–54 (see Receiver-operating curve (ROC) analysis) Peritonitis 401, 421, 483 –– aneurysm 89–90, 150, 151 –– ratio of intrastenotic to prestenotic PSV (PSV Perivascular pathology 64, 89, 195, 213, 434 –– dissection 157 ratio) 70, 77, 397 –– abscess 64 –– entrapment syndrome 95–97, 155 –– absolute PSV vs. PSV ratio 77 –– Baker’s cyst 195 –– functional test 96–97 –– absolute PSV vs. renal-aortic ratio –– hematoma 64, 89, 213 –– therapeutic management 97 (RAR) 397 –– retroperitoneal 434 –– types according to Insua 95–96 –– ratio of intrastenotic to poststenotic PSV, –– tumor 195, 213 –– occlusion 84, 92–93, 149, 155 vertebral arteries 344 Perivascular tissue vibration, identification of IV –– isolated 92, 155 See also End-diastolic velocity (EDV) fistula 100, 104, 266, 269, 280, 351, 414 –– stenosis 136 546 Subject Index

Popliteal fossa 93, 95, 152, 156, 157 Prehepatic obstruction 444 –– profunda femoris artery 82 –– blunt trauma 157 Pressure drop across stenosis 42–43, 70–71 –– renal artery stenosis 406 –– iatrogenic vascular damage 152 Profunda femoris artery 53–54, 58, 63, 65, 70, 77, Recirculation pathways 181–184, 205, 208, 221 –– tumor 93 81–83, 133, 135 Recirculation zone 40 –– ultrasound findings 93, 95, 156 –– anatomy 53–54, 135 Recurrent stenosis 336–337, 405 –– entrapment constellation 95, 156 –– sonoanatomy 58 –– carotid territory 336–337 Popliteal vein 169–170, 173, 210–211, 213–214, –– stenosis 63, 70, 77, 81–83, 133 –– renal artery 405 249–251 –– at origin 82, 133 See also In-stent restenosis; Restenosis –– adventitial cystic disease 213–214 –– role of collateralization 77 Recurrent thrombosis 178, 182, 191–192, –– anatomy 169–170 –– ultrasound examination 58 198–200, 217, 219–220, 231, 259 –– aneurysm 210–211, 249–251 –– normal findings 65 Recurrent varicosis 183, 207–209, 249 –– entrapment syndrome 213 Profundaplasty 102, 133 Reflection 4 –– ultrasound examination 173 Proper hepatic artery 391, 393, 415, 436, 458 Reflex vasoconstriction 441 Porta hepatis 436 Prostaglandin injection 494, 500 Reflux 38, 40, 73, 171, 174–175, 203, 205 Portal hypertension 438, 443–447, 484 –– diagnosis of erectile dysfunction 494, 500 –– duration, normal vs. abnormal 205 –– collateral pathways 443–446 Provocative tests (vascular compression –– high peripheral resistance 38, 40, 73 –– ultrasound findings 438, 445 syndromes) 98, 120–121, 156 –– patterns 203 Portal vein 436, 438–440, 443–446, 448, 482–485 Pseudoaneurysm see Aneurysm –– postthrombotic valve damage 203 –– anatomy 436 Pseudocyst 394, 402, 415, 422, 443, 453 –– reflux velocity as semiquantitative –– aneurysm 484 –– of the pancreas 394, 402, 415, 443, 453 measure 203 –– cavernous transformation 443, 485 Pseudo-occlusion 35, 318, 328, 332, 334, 367 –– incomplete postthrombotic valve –– Doppler waveform 448, 482 PSV see Peak systolic velocity closure 175 –– flow velocity 439–440 PTA see Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty –– physiologic 40, 73 –– hepatofugal flow 447, 448 Pulmonary embolism 178–180, 192, 194–195, –– valve function test 171, 174–175 –– hypoplasia 443 201, 208–210, 212, 216, 218–219, 223, 228, Refraction 4–5 –– thrombosis 443, 483, 485 247, 250, 251, 436, 441 Region of interest (ROI) 22, 25 –– tumor compression 485 –– deep vein thrombosis of the legs 178–180 Renal-aortic ratio (RAR) 397, 403–404, –– ultrasound 438–440, 482 See also Embolism 407–409 –– normal findings 439–440, 482 Pulsatility 37, 41, 44, 65, 75–76, 346, 378, 387 Renal arteries 392, 395–399, 402–403, 405–413, –– portal hypertension 438, 443–446, 484 Pulsatility index (PI) 21, 65, 68 459–463 Portocaval collateral circulation 445–446 –– peripheral arterial occlusive disease –– anatomy 392, 459, 460 Posterior fibular vein 173 (PAOD) 65, 68 –– sonoanatomy 459, 460 Posterior tibial artery 53–54, 56–60, 66, 83, 85, Pulsating neck mass 350 –– atherosclerotic stenosis 403 99, 113, 139, 143, 152 Pulse-echo technique 6 –– concentric stenosis 407 –– anatomy and variants 53–54 Pulsed wave (PW) Doppler ultrasound 15–16 –– contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) –– aneurysm 152 Pulseless disease 348 409–410 –– occlusion 99, 139 Pulse repetition frequency (PRF) 16, 26–27 –– course of renal arteries 459 –– ultrasound examination 56–60, 66, 83, 113 Puncture aneurysm 265, 275, 284, 290 –– diagnosis of stenosis 396 –– comparison with other methods 113 PW Doppler 15–16 –– eccentric stenosis 407 –– search for stenosis 83 Pyelonephritis 408, 413 –– fibromuscular stenosis 403, 407 –– segmental examination of the leg 66 –– indications for ultrasound examination 402 Posterior tibial vein 173, 230 –– normal findings 398–399, 460 –– examination technique 173 –– occlusion 412 –– thrombosis 230 R –– parenchymal damage 405 Postocclusive flow 66, 67, 79, 84, 86, 88, 108, Radial artery 117, 165 –– role of duplex ultrasound 403, 406–409 128, 130, 133, 157, 267, 322, 333, 335, 368, –– anatomy 117 –– compared with other imaging modali- 384, 387, 412, 417, 423, 453, 462, 475, –– occlusion 165 ties 403 496, 501 Radiofrequency ablation 207, 248 –– stenosis (RAS) 397, 402–403, 405–413, Postocclusive perfusion pressure 78 RAS see Renal arteries, stenosis 461–463 Poststenotic arterial aneurysm 118 Raynaud’s disease 98, 119, 122, 165 –– accuracy of ultrasound criteria 406 Postthrombophlebitic veins 110 Recanalization 98–99, 120, 122, 149, 181, 184, –– criteria (direct/indirect) 397, 406–408, Postthrombotic residues 191, 243 186, 195–200, 218–219, 221, 223, 249, 462, 463 Postthrombotic syndrome 178–181, 200–203, 328, 334 –– criteria (stented/unstented) 409–411 219–220, 240–241, 243 –– carotid occlusion 328, 334 –– diabetes mellitus 463 –– recanalization 241 –– corkscrew 98–99, 120, 122, 249 –– diagnostic algorithm 411–412 –– residual lesions 200, 202, 243 –– heparin-induced 149, 195, 218 –– digital subtraction angiography –– role of ultrasound vs. other modalities –– incomplete 149, 184 (DSA) 403, 413 219–220 –– spontaneous 149, 195, 218 –– duplex ultrasound vs. other imaging –– ultrasound criteria 202 –– thrombosis 181, 195–200, 218–219, 221, 223 modalities 403 –– Valsalva test 200–202, 240 –– upper extremity 221, 223 –– fibromuscular dysplasiavs. atherosclero- –– valve incompetence 203 Receive gain 30–31 sis 403 –– venous reflux 203, 240 Receiver-operating curve (ROC) analysis 70, 77, –– indication for treatment 402, 408 Pourcelot index 19, 21, 302, 398–399, 405–406, 82, 103, 330, 379, 406 –– percutaneous transluminal angioplasty 408, 418, 421–422, 455 –– identification of velocity cutoffs for stenosis (PTA) 461 –– mesenteric artery occlusion 455 grading 70, 77, 82, 330, 379, 406 –– renovascular hypertension 402–403, 405, Power Doppler (angio) mode 23 –– carotid stenosis 330, 379 408–409, 413 Power spectrum 17–18 –– in-stent restenosis 379 –– resistive index (RI) 405 PPHA see Persistent primitive hypoglossal artery –– peripheral stenosis 70, 77 –– therapy-oriented grading 408–409 547 P–S Subject Index

–– ultrasound examination 395–397, Spontaneous dissection 100 409–411, 459 S Spontaneous pseudoaneurysm 148 –– follow-up after stenting 409–411 Saccular aneurysm 210–213, 249, 372, 373, 400, Spontaneous recanalization 149, 195, 262 –– transplant kidney 397, 402, 405, 412–413 423, 434, 466 Spontaneous resolution of adventitial cyst 95 –– transplant renal artery stenosis Sample volume 15–16, 22, 32 Spontaneous thrombolysis 179 (TRAS) 412–413 Saphenous eye 176, 254 Spontaneous thrombosis 180, 299 Renal veins 413, 436–439, 441–442, 460, 462, Saphenous vein bypass graft 110, 144 Statin therapy 296 482, 487, 496 Sarcoma 253, 440, 464 Steal phenomenon 264, 269, 274, 345, 385, 402 –– anatomy 436, 439, 460, 462, 482, 496 Scalene triangle 116, 118–120, 221 Steal syndrome 264, 274, 345, 385 –– retroaortic renal vein 436, 439, 460, 462, Scalenus anterior syndrome 119–120, 122 –– arterial steal (syndrome) 264 482, 496 Scalenus minimus syndrome 120 –– dialysis access steal syndrome (DASS) 274 –– role of duplex ultrasound 439 Scanning depth 23, 25, 28, 55, 266, 392 –– subclavian steal syndrome 345, 385 –– ultrasound examination 437–438 Scattering 5–6, 26 Steam engine sound 92, 146, 351, 427 –– abnormal findings 441–442 Schistosomiasis 439, 444 Steno-occlusive disease 43, 53, 61–63, 67–71, 75, –– normal findings 439, 482 Schoenlein-Henoch pupura 99 77–79, 82, 85, 100, 102, 122, 278, 299, 350, –– thrombosis 413, 441, 487 Schwannoma 253 397, 398, 408, 418, 421 –– transplant kidney 413 Scintigraphy 216, 247 Stenosing arterial disease, nonatherosclerotic 92 –– tumor thrombus 441, 487 Scleroderma 98 Stenosis 43–47, 56, 63–64, 66, 68–72, 75, 79–81, –– venous tumor extension 441 Sclerotherapy 184, 207–208 85, 102–103, 105, 106, 112, 114, 116, 130, Renin-angiotensin system 408 Scrotal vessels 493, 494 305–307, 319–329, 331–332, 336–339, 343, Renovascular hypertension 402–403, 405, Seagull’s cry 75 383, 402, 414, 416, 461, 481 408–409, 413 Secretin 398 –– accuracy of ultrasound, scientific data 72 Residual aneurysm (sac) 393, 429–432, 470, Sector scanner 10, 11 –– celiac trunk 402, 414, 416 471, 473 Seldinger technique 25 –– fixed (inspiration expiration) 402 –– endoleak 393, 432 Semiclosed endarterectomy 337 –– types and underlying pathologies 414 –– pulsation 432 Separation zone 39–40 –– concentric 43, 71, 112 Residual flow 88–89 Sepsis 195, 422, 439, 441–443 –– criteria, pelvic/leg arteries 68–69, 75 Residual patent lumen 46, 64 Sequential stenosis 66, 85, 114 –– direct 68–69, 75 Residual stenosis 66, 102–103, 336, 461, 481 Sequential steno-occlusive lesions 114 –– (color) duplex 75 Residual thrombus burden 196, 198–200 Seroma 89, 91, 93, 104, 146 –– indirect 68–69, 75 Resistance, peripheral 37, 40–41 – diagnostic evaluation 47, 56, 116 –– aortofemoral bypass anastomosis 146 – Resistive index (RI) 47, 302, 329, 395–397, Servelle-Martorell syndrome 264 –– sonographic techniques 56, 116 405–406, 409, 412–413, 421 Shear stress 38–40, 89–90, 210, 271, 302, 306, –– poststenotic parameters 47 –– carotid arteries 302 311–314, 321, 331, 341, 363 –– eccentric 71, 112 –– dependence on heart rate 395 Sherman vein 171, 177 –– grading 43–46, 56, 63–64, 70, 79–80, 105–106, –– renal artery stenosis 396–397, 405–406, 409, Side lobe artifact 11–13 305–307, 319–329, 331–332, 337–339 412–413 Signal-to-noise ratio 23 –– bypass graft 105–106 –– transplant (TRAS) 412–413 Situs inversus 293, 481 –– carotid territory 305–307, 319–328 Resolution 4, 8 Small saphenous vein 110, 138, 169–170, 176, –– carotid territory, angiography vs. ultra- –– axial 4, 8 183, 204, 206–207, 238, 246 sound 331–332 – lateral 4, 8 – carotid territory, distal vs. local (NASCET/ – –– anatomy 169–170 – Respiratory phasicity, loss 223, 228 ECST) 305–307 –– autologous vein graft 110 Restenosis 102, 338–339 – carotid territory, pitfalls 324, 328 –– assessment of suitability by ultrasound 138 – – after carotid endarterectomy 338–339 – Doppler angle 319–320 – –– incompetence 204, 207 – – early/late (intimal hyperplasia/­ – duplex ultrasound 45 – –– duplex ultrasound 207 – atherosclerosis) 338–339 – effect of systemic factors 329 –– extent 183, 204 – – extremity arteries 102 – effect of plaque configuration 79–80 – –– valve function test 176 – – complication of PTA 102 – hemodynamic 63–64 – –– pretherapeutic ultrasound 207 – – intimal hyperplasia vs. progression of – scientific data 337–339 – –– thrombophlebitis 238 – atherosclerosis 102 – peak systolic velocity (PSV) (see Receiver-­ –– varicosis 182, 206, 246 – – ultrasound follow-up after surgical/ operating curve (ROC) analysis) – –– (incomplete) truncal 206, 246 interventional treatment 102 Soleus vein 170, 173, 180, 187 –– residual 66, 102–103, 336, 461, 481 Retroaortic renal vein 436, 439, 460, 462, – sequential stenosis 66, 85, 114 –– isolated thrombosis 187 – 482, 496 Sonomorphology of carotid plaque 312 –– tandem 328 Retroperitoneal fibrosis 400, 426, 433–435, 473, Sound velocity 3 –– underestimation 78–81, 85, 114, 130, 324, 416 474, 478 Sound wave 3 –– vertebral artery origin 343, 383 Retroperitoneal lymphoma 434, 439 Spermatic vein 496, 498 See also Anastomotic stenosis; In-stent-restenosis Retroperitoneal veins 435 Splenic artery 391, 393–394, 398, 402, 415, 458 Stenosis signal 156, 213, 256, 261 Reverberation artifact 12–13 Stent complications 342–343, 380, 400, 428, –– aneurysm 402, 415, 458 Reverse rotation effect 27 433, 467 –– normal findings 398 Reynolds number 39, 40, 43, 326 – dislocation 342–343, 380 –– ultrasound examination 393 – Rheumatoid arthritis 99, 434 Splenic infarction 422 –– fracture 428, 433 Riolan anastomosis 402, 417, 455 Splenic vein 436, 443 –– migration 400, 433, 467 Rise time 47 See also Endoleak, In-stent restenosis –– anatomy 436 ROC see Receiver-operating curve (ROC) Stent follow-up 400, 427–429 –– thrombosis 443 analysis Spontaneous arteriovenous (AV) fistula 100, Stepwise diagnostic management of PAOD 62 Rotating wheel transducer 11 264, 280 Sternocleidomastoid muscle 295, 296, 315, 363 Round trip time 4, 7, 9, 15, 23, 28–29 Spontaneous contrast 146, 210 Stimulated acoustic emission imaging 35 548 Subject Index

Streptokinase 181, 239, 259, 260 Swept gain 7 Thrombosed aneurysm 88–90, 118, 120, 131, 146 String-of-beads sign 350 Synechia 198, 204, 243 –– partially thrombosed aneurysm as source of Stroke risk 303, 305, 313–314, 317, 319, 322, 337, 353 Synthetic bypass graft 104, 108, 110 embolism 88 –– role of plaque morphology in risk –– routine duplex surveillance 104, 108, 110 –– therapeutically induced thrombosis 146 ­stratification 317, 319, 353 –– ultrasound appearance 104 Thrombosis Subclavian artery 116–118, 159, 161–162, 164, Synthetic hemodialysis access 264–265, 288, 290 –– age determination 195–196, 198–200, 229, 230 221, 262, 293, 301–302, 309, 345, 385, 386 Synthetic patch (angioplasty) 336–337, 372, 376 –– acute vs. older thrombosis 196 –– anatomy 116–117, 293 Syphilis 350, 399 –– presence of collateral pathways 195 –– aneurysm 162 Systolic rise time 47, 138 –– ascending 178–180, 189, 192, 217 –– compression by cervical rib 161 Systolic velocity 64–65 –– asymptomatic 178–180, 234 –– narrow space 118 Systolic velocity ratio (SVR) 43 –– descending 179 –– occlusion 164, 302, 309, 345 –– diagnostic algorithms 190–191, 216 –– stenosis 117–118, 159 –– diagnosis 171–172, 178, 216–218, 221 –– steal syndrome 118, 301, 309, 345, 385, 386 –– arm veins 221 –– vertebrovertebral crossover 301, 345 T –– leg veins 178 –– ultrasound examination 117 Tachycardia 21, 319, 421 –– leg veins, examination technique 172 Subclavian vein 221, 262 Takayasu’s arteritis 99, 122, 159, 164, 302, –– leg veins, patient positioning 171 –– anatomy 221 348–349, 375 –– role of ultrasound (vs. other methods) –– thrombosis 262 –– subclavian artery occlusion 164 216–218 –– ultrasound examination 221 Tandem stenosis 328 –– differential diagnosis 180, 182, 195, 252 Subfascial abscess 253 Target vessel for bypass procedure 57, 59, 63, 84, –– extent of ultrasound examination 192–194 Subintimal intraplaque hemorrhage 316 85, 110, 138 –– false lumen in dissection 93, 100, 157, 344, Superficial dorsal penile vein 493 –– below knee 63, 83, 85 346–347, 374, 476, 477 Superficial epigastric veins 170, 207 –– crural artery 57, 59, 84 –– guideline-based diagnostic algorithm in Superficial femoral artery 29, 53, 63, 65, 87 –– pedal artery 84, 85 suspected DVT 216 –– anatomy 53 –– role of ultrasound in bypass planning 110, –– mural 89–90, 92, 162, 203, 218, 236, 250, 373, –– normal findings 65 138 400, 415, 465, 466 –– occlusion 87 Temporal arteritis 348, 350, 375 –– muscle veins 174, 178–180, 195 –– pitfalls of color duplex ultrasound 29 Temporal artery 294, 296, 299–300, 348–350 –– older 187, 195, 198, 229, 230 –– stenosis 63 –– Horton’s disease 349–450 –– organization 180–181 Superficial femoral vein 169, 172–173 –– temporal (artery) tap (maneuver) 296, –– paraneoplastic 178 –– anatomy 169 299–300 –– recanalization 181 –– examination technique 172–173, 178–179 Testicular artery 493 –– recurrent 178, 182, 191–192, 196, 198–200, –– thrombosis 178–179 Testicular torsion 495–498 217, 219–220, 231, 259 Superficial venous drainage system 169, 171 –– complete/incomplete 496–498 –– vs. residual thrombus burden 196, 198–200 Superior mesenteric artery 391–393, 397, –– ultrasound findings 495–496 –– thrombogenic effect of intravenous 401–402, 416–418, 452, 455, 456 Testicular vein 493 devices 222–223, 258, 262 –– anatomy 391–392 Thermal effects of diagnostic ultrasound 36 See Deep vein thrombosis (DVT); Isolated –– duplex ultrasound 402, 417 Thermography 178, 216 thrombosis –– hemodynamics 416 Thoracic aorta 400 Thrombus 179–181, 194–196, 198–201, 214, –– ischemia 402, 417 Thoracic outlet obstruction 257 217–220, 229, 233, 234, 439, 441–442, 487 –– normal findings 397, 452 Thoracic outlet syndrome 118–122, 163 –– age 198–200, 218–219, 229 –– occlusion 401–402, 417, 455, 456 3D ultrasound 26 –– criteria for estimating thrombus age 200, 229 –– preprandial/postprandial flow 397 –– vascular anatomy 381 –– appositional growth 179, 181, 218, 220 –– PSV ratio 417, 418 Threshold velocity (hemodynamically relevant –– extension 179 –– stenosis 416, 455 stenosis) 43, 45, 70, 81, 105–106, 110, 272, –– free-floating 194–196, 200–201, 214, 217, 233 –– ultrasound examination 393 329–330, 337–339, 398, 405–406, 416, 418 –– organization 180–181 Superior mesenteric vein 436, 438, 442, 483 Thrombectomy 142, 181, 195, 218–219, 264, –– residual thrombus burden 196, 198–200 –– abnormal findings 442 277, 413 –– tumor thrombus 439, 441–442, 487 –– anatomy 436, 438 Thrombin injection see Ultrasound-guided –– valve pocket 234 –– thrombosis 438, 442, 483 treatment Thump pattern 75, 79, 86, 138, 151, 332, 347, Superior thyroid artery 294–295, 297, 300, 332, 368 Thromboangiitis obliterans 98–99, 122, 249 421, 455, 456, 483 Suprarenal aortic aneurysm 463 Thromboembolic complications 92, 131, 189, Thyrocervical trunk 116, 295, 300, 345, 382, 383 –– with renal artery stenosis 463 192–194, 210, 212, 218, 439 Tibial arteries 53–54, 139 Supratrochlear artery 294, 325, 328, 332, 333, 367 Thromboembolic disease 118 –– anatomy and variants 53–54 Surveillance programs for patients with Thromboembolic obstruction 157 –– occlusion 139 hemodialysis access 278 Thromboembolic occlusion 149, 277, 332 See also Anterior tibial artery; Posterior tibial Suture aneurysm 89, 104, 105, 146, 147, 275, Thromboembolism 189, 191, 192, 194, 210, 247 artery 284, 336–337, 339, 351, 372, 427, 428, 479 Thromboendarterectomy (TEA) 63, 102, 113 Tibiofibular trunk 53, 58–61, 83, 90, 94, 109, –– abdominal aorta 427, 428, 479 See also Carotid endarterectomy 113, 155 –– complication of carotid endarterectomy Thrombogenic effect of intravenous Time-domain technique 23 (CEA) 336–337, 339, 351, 372 devices 222–223, 258, 262 Time gain compensation 6–7 –– differential diagnosis 104 Thrombolytic treatment 92, 102, 181, 198, Time-intensity curve (TIC) 430, 433 –– flow pattern 337 218–219, 223, 239, 259, 481 Time-motion (TM) mode 7, 8 –– hemodialysis access 275, 284 Thrombophlebitic veins 110, 138, 237, 247 TIPSS see Transjugular intrahepatic portosys- –– peripheral bypass 146 Thrombophlebitis 122, 174, 183–184, 192, 195, temic stent shunt –– steam engine sound 351 208–209, 218, 221, 223, 234, 237–239, 247, Tissue vibration, perivascular 100, 104, 266, –– thrombin injection 147 248, 254, 262 269, 280, 351, 414 549 S–V Subject Index

To-and-fro flow 67, 75, 79, 89, 143, 146–147, 152, –– transducer positioning 55, 58, 60, 172–173, 240, 242, 245, 268, 275, 277, 285, 289, 332, U 295, 297, 424–425 339, 345–348, 385, 410, 427, 429–432, 438, Ulcerated plaque 305, 309, 316 –– adductor canal 172 443, 445 Ultrasound –– abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) – arterial steal, hemodialysis access 285 424–425 – –– artifact 11–13, 26–27, 32, 55, 65, 104, 137, –– dissection 347–348 146, 148, 159, 161, 253, 266–269, 272, 301, –– calf arteries 60 –– endoleak 429–432 412, 429, 469, 471, 478 –– calf veins 173 – iatrogenic renal injury 410 – carotid territory 295, 297 – –– acoustic enhancement 11–12 – – occlusion 332 – leg arteries 58 – –– acoustic shadowing 11, 26, 32, 55, 137 – – outflow obstruction in bypass graft 143 – pelvic arteries 55 – –– edge effect 12 – – portal hypertension 438, 443, 445 – vascular ultrasound, some useful rules 56 – –– geometric distortion 13 – – pseudoaneurysm 89, 146–147, 275, 277, Ultrasound-guided aspiration 142, 213–215, 253 – –– mirror artifact 26–27, 65, 161, 253, 301, 339, 427 429, 469, 471, 478 Ultrasound-guided biopsy 180, 213–214, 427, – suture aneurysm 339, 427 464, 473, 482 – –– multiple reflection artifact 12 – subclavian steal syndrome 345, 385 Ultrasound-guided puncture 217 – –– reverberation artifact 12–13 Torn muscle 252 Ultrasound-guided treatment 90–95, 146–148, –– side lobe artifact 11–13 Tortuosity 98–99, 299–330, 359 154, 275, 284, 410 –– vibration artifact 104, 146, 148, 159, 161, Transcranial ultrasonography 354 266–269, 272, 412 –– aspiration of cyst fluid 93–95, 154, 252 Transesophageal echocardiography – adventitial cystic disease 93–95, 154 –– reverberation artifact 12–13 – (TEE) 401, 427 – Baker’s cyst 252 –– contrast agents 33–35, 84, 140, 433 – Transient ischemic attack (TIA) 302–304, 309, 336 – hemodialysis access, thrombin –– administration 33 – Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic stent ­injection 275, 284 –– contrast harmonic imaging (CHI) 35, 433 shunt (TIPSS) 447 – iatrogenic renal injury 410 –– contraindications 34 – Transmission 4–5 – pseudoaneurysm 90–92, 146–148 –– mechanical index (MI) 35, 84, 140 – Transmit frequency 4–5, 8–9, 14, 25, 28–29 – compression treatment 90–91 –– mechanisms of action 34 – Transplant kidney 397, 405, 412–414, 464, 465 – thrombin injection 91–92, 146, 148 –– microbubbles 33–34 – – AV fistula 413–414, 465 – compression treatment vs. thrombin – –– ultrasound techniques using contrast – –– color duplex ultrasound 405 agents 35 injection 91–92, 147 – graft failure 412 Umbrella, vena cava 489 – –– landmarks 59–60, 88, 173, 189, 202, 223, 231, –– normal findings 464 262, 392, 395, 436, 438, 442 Ureteral compression 434 – rejection 413 Urinary tract obstruction 408 – –– aorta 436, 438 – resistive index (RI) 413 – –– accompanying artery 202, 223, 262 – transplant renal artery stenosis (TRAS) 412–413 – –– accompanying artery below the knee 173, –– transplant renal vein thrombosis 413 189, 231 V –– ultrasound examination 397 –– accompanying vein 88 Valsalva maneuver 172, 174, 176–177, 196, 198, Transverse plane 56, 57 –– deep crural fascia 59–60 202, 234, 239 TRAS see Transplant kidney –– interosseous membrane 59, 173 Valve function test 174–177 Traumatic aneurysm 152 –– mesenteric artery 442 Valve incompetence 138, 174–175, 181–184, Traumatic intimal dissection 93, 302 –– renal vein 395 195, 202–208, 219, 238, 240, 242, 244, 245, Trendelenburg private circulation 184, 203, 205 –– tibia and fibula 59 247, 251, 496 Tricolor sign 122 –– vena cava 392 Varicocele 496, 498, 502 Tricuspid insufficiency 245, 441 –– machine settings 47–49 –– sonographic examination 498 Triphasic waveform 55, 70 –– modes 7–8, 20, 23–25, 36, 315–316, 331, –– ultrasound criteria 498 –– stenosis grading 55, 70 342, 381 –– ultrasound findings 502 See also Doppler waveform –– A-mode (amplitude mode) 7 Varicophlebitis 208–209 Triplex ultrasound 22–23, 48 –– B-mode (brightness) 7 Varicosis 174, 182–184, 204–208, 221, True lumen 101, 346–348, 374, 375, 428, –– B-flow mode (brightness flow) 24–25, 246–249, 488 475–477, see also Dissection 315–316, 331, 342, 381 –– diagnositic evaluation 184 Truncal varicosis 174, 182–184, 205–206, –– M-mode (motion mode) 7–8, 36 –– components of a complete duplex 245–247 –– power Doppler (angio) mode 23 examination 184 –– complete 183 –– time-motion (TM) mode 7, 8 –– duplex ultrasound 183, 204–205, –– evaluation of extent 183 –– velocity mode 20 207–208, 221 –– great saphenous vein 174, 182–183, 205, 206, –– safety and risks 36–37 –– diagnostic criteria 204–205 245–247 –– signs 75, 99–100, 122, 159, 210–211, 304, 324, –– extent 183 –– grades according to Hach 182 326, 328, 348, 350, 420, 457 –– role in diagnostic management before and –– incomplete 183–184, 206, 246, 247 –– bull’s eye sign 420, 457 after treatment 207–208, 221 –– small saphenous vein 206, 246 –– cigarette smoke sign 210, 211 –– grades according to Hach 182 See also Varicosis –– confetti sign 75, 324, 326, 328 –– incomplete 183, 206, 246 Tuberculosis 350 –– macaroni sign 99–100, 159, 304, 348, 350 –– lateral branch type 183, 206 Tumescent anesthesia 207, 248 –– string-of-beads sign 350 –– ovarian vein, nutcracker syndrome 488 Tumor compression 93, 98, 222, 352, 415, 440, 485 –– tricolor sign 122 –– perforator type 206, 207, 247 Tumor thrombus 439, 441–442, 487 –– transducer types 9–11, 18, 31–32, 55–56 –– primary 182 Tunica albuginea 492–494, 496, 497 –– convex array transducer 10, 55 –– recurrent 207–208, 249 Turbulent flow 38–40, 42–45, 103–104, 135, 179, –– curved array transducer 10, 18 –– secondary 182–183 210, 212, 265, 266, 269, 272, 280, 282, 302, –– linear array transducer 18, 31, 32, 56 –– superficial veins 174, 205 308, 319–320, 326, 328, 330, 334, 336, 343, –– phased array transducer (annular) 10, 11 –– treatment (options) 183, 207–208, 248 355, 361, 377, 400, 409, 410, 423, 475 –– rotating wheel transducer 11 See also Truncal varicosis 550 Subject Index

Vascular compression syndrome 97–98, –– deep vein thrombosis (DVT) 187–189, 194, –– adventitial cysts 93 118–120, 223, 260, 261 195, 216–218, 231 –– tumor 464 –– arm arteries 118–119 –– fibular vein thrombosis 180, 195, 232 Vessel cross section 57 –– costoclavicular 223, 260, 261 Venous aneurysm 210–213, 249–251 Vessel wall tumor 92, 213 –– popliteal entrapment 97 –– risk of embolism 212 Vibration artifact 104, 146, 148, 159, 161, –– provocative tests 120 –– fusiform (spindle-shaped)/saccular 210, 211 266–269, 272, 412 Vascular disease 65, 92–101, 119–122 –– management 213 Visceral arteries 391–395, 402, 415–416, 453 –– arm arteries 119–122 –– pathophysiology 210 –– anatomy 391–392, 394, 453 –– atherosclerotic 119 –– prevalence 210, 212 –– variants 391–392, 394, 453 –– compression 120–122 –– ultrasound examination 210–212 –– aneurysm 402, 415 –– inflammatory 122 –– role of contrast-enhanced ultrasound –– duplex ultrasound 402 –– atherosclerotic 65 (CEUS) 211–212 –– dissection 416 –– nonatherosclerotic disease of leg Venous bypass graft 104, 107–110, 143 –– ultrasound examination 393, 395 arteries 92–101 –– duplex bypass graft surveillance 104, Visceral veins 440 Vascular mapping prior to AV fistula 107–110 –– ultrasound evaluation 440 ­creation 270–271 –– low-flow bypass 143 Viscosity 37–40 Vascular reconstruction 102 –– stenosis 110 VNUS method 207, 248 –– follow-up 102 Venous ectasia 251 Volume flow rate 18, 37, 269–270, 281–282 Vasculitis 99–100, 122, 158, 160, 311, 348–350, Venous leakage underlying erectile dysfunction –– calculation in hemodialysis access 269–270, 434, 435 496, 497, 501 281–282 Vasculogenic erectile dysfunction 495 Venous system 169–170 –– pitfalls of ultrasound 18 Vasoactive substances 398 –– deep (subfascial) 169–170 Vasoconstriction 42, 406, 441 –– superficial (epifascial) 169–170 –– liver cirrhosis 406 –– perforating (transfascial) 169–170 –– reflex 441 Venous reflux 174–175, 177, 182, 202, 204, W Vasodilation 42 238–240, 242 Wagon-wheel effect 27 Vasospasm 98, 122, 165, 352 See also Reflux Wall elasticity 40, 42, 43, 64, 77, 81 –– Raynaud’s disease 98, 122, 165 Venous wall tumor 213, 256 Wall filter 30, 48 –– carotid territory 352 Vertebral arteries 295, 299–302, 309, 343–345, Wall sclerosis, postthrombotic 243 Vein Graft Surveillance Randomised Trial 382–385 Wall thickening 56, 99–100, 239 (VGST) 108 –– anatomy 295, 382 Warren shunt 447 Vein stripping 206, 208, 209, 220, 234, 249 –– variants 295, 382 Waveform see Doppler waveform Velocity mode 20 –– dissection 299–300, 344 Wavelength 4 Velocity vectors 14 –– Doppler waveforms 344 Wegener’s granulomatosis 99, 348 Vena cava 435–437, 439–441, 481, 486, 489 –– hypoplasia (unilateral) 295, 300, 302, Whipping sound 56, 68, 268 –– anatomy 435 343–344, 382 Wilson’s disease 439, 444 –– variants/anomalies 435–437, 440, 481 –– intrastenotic-to-poststenotic PSV ratio 344 Windkessel effect 38, 40, 41 –– blood flow velocity 481 –– normal findings 302 See also Compliance –– compression 440 –– occlusion 344, 384 Wobbler transducer 11 –– membranous obstruction/stenosis 441 –– stenosis 343, 344, 383, 384 Wrap around 27–28, 55 –– thrombosis 440, 486 –– grading 344, 383 –– ultrasound examination 436–437, 439–441 –– at origin 343, 383 –– abnormal findings 440–441 –– subclavian steal 301, 345, 385 –– normal findings 439 –– to-and-fro flow 345, 385 X –– umbrella 489 –– waveform changes 345 X-ray densitometry 81, 406, 407, 411, 461 Venacavography 441 –– ultrasound examination 299–300, 309, 382 Venography 180, 182, 187–189, 194, 195, Vertebrobasilar insufficiency 309 216–218, 223, 231, 232 Vertebrovertebral crossover 301, 345, 386 –– arm vein thrombosis 223 Vessel compression by perivascular Z –– calf vein thrombosis 180, 231 ­structures 93, 464 Zero flow velocity line 17