Carles “Tocho” Gardeta Jazzitis Web Serie De 10 Capítulos Publicados Originalmente En © Carles “Tocho” Gardeta, 2017 La Mujer En El Jazz

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Carles “Tocho” Gardeta Jazzitis Web Serie De 10 Capítulos Publicados Originalmente En © Carles “Tocho” Gardeta, 2017 La Mujer En El Jazz LA MUJER EN EL JAZZ Carles “Tocho” Gardeta Jazzitis Web Serie de 10 capítulos publicados originalmente en www.jazzitis.com © Carles “Tocho” Gardeta, 2017 La mujer en el jazz La mujer en el jazz: intro 1 La mujer en el jazz: años 20 8 La mujer en el jazz: años 30 18 La mujer en el jazz: años 40 26 La mujer en el jazz: años 50 39 La mujer en el jazz: años 60 48 La mujer en el jazz: años 70 57 La mujer en el jazz: años 80 69 La mujer en el jazz: años 90 83 La mujer en el jazz: Siglo XXI 96 Dedicado a la memoria de Dorothy Lucille Tipton. Tineke Postma, saxofonista contemporánea. LA MUJER EN EL JAZZ: INTRO Primer capítulo de “La mujer en el jazz” de la serie que se irá publicando en Jazzitis. Aquí se describe, a modo de introducción, los precedentes de carácter sociológico que definieron, desde su propio origen a principios del siglo XX, las más que difíciles condiciones de la mujer para poder desarrollar la práctica de la música de jazz. Esta serie de capítulos del artículo titulado genérica- mente “La mujer en el jazz” que se irá publicando en Jazzitis, intenta ser la crónica de la superación a lo largo de unos cien años de los enormes prejuicios con los que ha tenido que pelear la mujer música en el ámbito del jazz para conseguir ser considerada por la sociedad en un plano de igualdad al hombre. El autor tiene el convencimiento de que la mujer ha sido ninguneada en general por los historiadores del jazz que por norma le han dado al tema un sesgo indiscutiblemente masculino, por no decir machista. Sólo a partir de los años 70 se empezó a generar algún interés impulsado por los movimientos femi- nistas de la época, por fin en los 80 se publicó el Portada del libro “American Women clásico “American Women in Jazz” de Sally Plac- in Jazz” de Sally Placksin, publicado por Wideview Books en 1982. ksin (principal fuente consultada para los primeros La mujer en el jazz: Introducción | 1 capítulos de este artículo), aunque en el mundo editorial de lengua española continúa existiendo un vacío importante. Desde hace aproximadamente un siglo la mujer ha remado a contracorriente en esto de la práctica del jazz. El relato de esta perseverancia que publica Jazzi- tis llegará, década a década, hasta la actualidad, cuando parece que se está resolviendo lentamente la tendencia secular de la discriminación sexista. Y no sólo han sufrido el rechazo de su entorno social aquellas mujeres afro- descendientes que se dedicaron a hacer algo más en la música popular que no fuera cantar, sino también la mujer blanca, que a pesar de disfrutar de la ventaja en EEUU de pertenecer a la clase históricamente dominante sin sufrir los salvajes efectos de la discriminación racial, ha tenido que enfrentarse a un doble estigma: el de ser mujer en el ambiente machista del jazz y el rechazo de la sociedad dominante al practicar una música indiscutiblemente impregnada de tradición afroamericana, es decir, negra. Durante demasiados años la opción de la mujer de dedicarse al jazz ha sido despreciada desde el punto de vista de la racista y machista sociedad norteamericana imperante el siglo pasado. De todo eso, y de algunos nombres propios de mujeres que optaron por dedi- carse al duro oficio del jazz, tratará este capítulo y los siguientes de “La mujer en el jazz” que próximamente se publicarán en Jazzitis. LA MUJER Y LA MÚSICA EN LA ESCLAVITUD Es conveniente comentar previamente la situación de la mujer afrodescendiente desde la esclavitud de la época colonial hasta la explosión de las cantantes de blues clásico, para pasar en el próximo capítulo a las mujeres instrumentistas, blancas y negras, de los años 20 y de aspectos más específicos del marco del jazz. Vamos allá. Lejos queda aquel 1619, cuando llegaba al asentamiento colonial en Jamestown, Virginia, la primera mujer esclava secuestrada en África, a la que se le puso el nombre de Isabelle. Con ella, y en el transcurso de un par de siglos, con las cientos de miles de mujeres y hombres víctimas de este vergonzoso comercio, desembarcaría en América del Norte una rica y variada tradición musical que, después de un complejo proceso intercultural (o de aculturación, como más propiamente diría un antropólogo), cristalizaría en la música genui- namente norteamericana, lo que hoy conocemos como gospel, blues y jazz. 2 | La mujer en el jazz: Introducción Durante los siglos de esclavitud la tradicional orga- nización matriarcal, que en cierta manera era la tendencia en las familias en su origen africano, se fue disolviendo en aquel contexto de sometimiento impuesto a la fuerza por la sociedad blanca, aun- que la mujer en su rol de madre continuaba siendo la correa de transmisión intergeneracional de la música, música que naturalmente se transmitía oralmente en esa época en la que la partitura aún era una herramienta solo utilizada por músicos des- cendientes de europeos. Se cantaba en cualquier ocasión cotidiana, hombres y mujeres lo hacían en el trabajo, en las reuniones religiosas y en los ratos de esparcimiento. Louis Southworth fue un esclavo en En las colonias los tambores estaban prohibidos a la década de 1850 que trabajó en las minas de oro y tocaba el violín en las los esclavos. A las mujeres la prohibición se exten- escuelas de baile para recaudar el día a cualquier otro tipo de instrumento, pero a dinero con el que compró su libertad. los hombres se les permitía tocar instrumentos de cuerda que se fabricaban ellos mismos con materia- les muy rudimentarios. Algunos amos le facilitaban un violín al esclavo de la plantación que mostrara aptitud musical, y le cayera en gracia, con el fin de amenizar las fiestas que organizaba para impresionar a sus invitados, y este esclavo disfrutaba de un estatus privilegiado. Esta actividad a algunos esclavos varones les permi- tía comprar su libertad. Esta situación de desigualdad entre esclavos varo- nes y mujeres fue uno de los aspectos causantes del carácter discriminatorio para el acceso de la mujer a la música con instrumento, perpetuado a lo largo de los siglos. Los prejuicios con la mujer instrumen- Esclava amamantando al hijo de tista no sólo se explican por esta cuestión funcional sus amos blancos. Estas mujeres que se produjo desde los primeros años de la escla- tenían prohibido amamantar a sus hijos negros con uno de los pechos, vitud, sino que hay que buscarla en los principios de que debían reservar para los hijos una sociedad altamente machista que le tenía reser- del blanco bajo la amenaza de ser castigada con unos cuantos latigazos vado a la mujer un rol social secundario y que no si no lo hacían. La mujer en el jazz: Introducción | 3 concebía que la mujer esclava se dedicara a otra cosa que a la de la obligación de trabajar en el campo junto a los hombres, o emplearla para tareas de la casa y, en algunos casos, para el cuidado de los hijos de los amos. Sin embargo su papel de transmisora de la tradición musical por vía oral era fundamental, era ella la que les cantaba a sus hijos las canciones que había aprendido de sus padres, y lo que casi es más relevante para nuestra historia: este papel de cantante sí era aceptado por la sociedad blanca. De manera que la práctica musical de la mujer se limitaba a cantar. Esta especialización dificultó enormemente el acceso de la mujer al instrumento. A lo largo de los años a estos prejuicios discriminatorios de género se sumaron otros con diferentes argumentos esgrimidos desde una intelectualidad dominada por valores netamente machistas, cómo por ejemplo que la mujer no estaba dotada para tocar ciertos instrumentos, estableciendo una división entre los ins- trumentos que podían tocar y los que no. Esta situación dominante causó un efecto perverso, pues los prejuicios los compartía toda la sociedad, es decir, ellos y ellas. DESPUÉS DE LA ABOLICIÓN DE LA ESCLAVITUD En los últimos tiempos de la esclavitud la socie- dad blanca ya había aprendido a apreciar las manifestaciones voca- les de los esclavos. Por ejemplo en los barcos turísticos de vapor no era extraño que se con- vocara al personal de servicio negro, mascu- lino y femenino, para En la imagen el grupo vocal Fisk Jubilee Singers, formado amenizar el viaje con por mujeres y hombres en una de las primeras universidades actuaciones corales. A afroamericanas después de la Guerra Civil y que actuaron por todo el país, incluso viajaron en Europa, cantando a capela canciones partir de la finalización espirituales. de la Guerra de Sece- sión y la abolición de la esclavitud se formaron grupos vocales mixtos, mujeres y hombres, de cantos religiosos que al abrigo de las primeras instituciones universitarias afroamerica- 4 | La mujer en el jazz: Introducción nas actuaban para el público blanco y alcanzaron cierta fama. Alguno de estos grupos, con un alto grado de profesionalización, efectuaba giras por Europa. A finales del siglo XIX las compañías itinerantes de minstrels, que fue donde germinó la música popular norteamericana (ver el artículo sobre los minstrels), empezaron a abrir sus puertas a la mujer, y esto permitió la incorporación de la mujer instrumentista al mundo de la música profesional, como sería el caso de Edythe Turnham, que empezó tocando el piano en una compañía de minstrels, y en los años 1920, con su marido, formó una de las orquesta pioneras del jazz ganándose el respeto de la profesión. En el show business, hasta finales del siglo XIX, a la mujer negra se le tenía reservado el papel de cantante.
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