Hardness Testing Instruments

Bulletin 300

Hardness Testing Instruments Product Line Overview HARDNESS Rockwell Superficial (HR scales) be lost at rebound of the impact HARDNESS TESTER SERIES OVERVIEW Hardness is the property of a Indenting the test material with a body. Applicable for a wide variety material enabling it to resist plastic diamond cone or hardened (tungsten) of components. Minimum test deformation, usually by penetration of steel ball indentor, depending on the requirements should be obeyed. another object. The term “hardness” scale preliminary set. The Superficial may also refer to stiffness, temper, Rockwell scales use lower force and Ultrasonic (UCI) or resistance to bending, scratching, shallower impressions on brittle and Portable hardness testing. A Vickers abrasion, or cutting. very thin materials. Applying a preload shaped diamond indentor fixed on a Scientists and journalists often of 3 kgf first and a main test force of vibrating rod that presses on the test Basic, load confuse stiffness with hardness and 15, 30, or 45 kgf. surface with a specific force and then cell based is demonstrated by, for example, the measures its hardness by applying Rockwell element Osmium, which is stiffer than Vickers (HV) ultrasonic vibrations and analyzing its tester diamond, but not as hard as diamond. Indenting the test material with a damping effect. Commonly used for In materials science there are three diamond indentor, in the form of an small, thin components that cannot be principal operational definitions of upside down perfect pyramid with tested by rebound hardness testers. hardness: a square base and an angle of 136 • Scratch hardness: Resistance to degrees between opposite faces, Shore (HS scales) FH-30 Series FH-1 Series FH-2 Series FH-3 Series FH-10 Series FH-11 Series FH-12 Series fracture or plastic (permanent) subjected to test forces of 1 to 120 Portable (rubber/plastics) hardness Rockwell Hardness Testers deformation due to friction from a kgf. A microscope or USB camera testing. The hardness value is sharp object is used to visualize and measure the determined by pressing the indentor • Indentation hardness: Resistance indentation. foot firmly onto the sample. The to plastic (permanent) deformation indentor is connected to a linear due to a constant load from a sharp Micro-Vickers (HV) measuring device and measures object Indenting the test material with a the indent depth, which is then • Rebound hardness: Height or speed diamond indentor, in the form of an converted through a mechanical or an of the bounce of an object dropped upside down perfect pyramid with electronical system to the Shore value. on the material, related to elasticity. a square base and an angle of 136 The deeper the indent, the softer the degrees between opposite faces, material. Measuring Hardness subjected to test forces usually not Hardness is not an intrinsic material exceeding 1 kgf. A precision micro IRHD property. There are no precise scope or high resolution USB camera Measures the indentation resistance definitions in terms of fundamental is used to visualize and measure the of elastomeric or rubber materials units of mass, length and time. A FH-1 Series FH-2 Series FH-4 Series FH-5 Series FH-9 Series FH-10 Series FH-11 Series FH-12 Series indentations, magnifications up to based on the depth of penetration hardness property value is the result of 600x are most common. However, of a ball indentor. An initial contact Vickers Hardness Testers a defined measurement procedure. magnifications up to 1000x are Hardness of materials has long force is applied to a 1, 2.5, or 5 mm becoming popular as well. been assessed by resistance to ball indentor and the penetration is scratching or cutting. An example set to zero. The force is increased to would be material B scratches material Knoop (HK) a specified total load and the depth C, but not material A. Alternatively, Indenting the test material with of the penetration is measured. The material A scratches material B slightly a “elongated” diamond pyramid, IRHD value is related to the depth of and scratches material C heavily. subjected to test forces usually not indentor penetration. The method is The usual method to obtain a exceeding 1 kgf. A precision micro commonly used for testing small parts hardness value is to measure the scope or high resolution USB camera and O-rings. depth or area of an indentation left by is used to visualize and measure the an indentor of a specific shape, with indentations, magnifications up to Webster a specific force applied for a specific 600x are most common. Portable hardness testing. The object time. There are several principal to be tested is placed between the standard test methods to express the Brinell (HB) anvil and the penetrator. Pressure relationship between hardness and the FH-1 Series FH-2 Series FH-3 Series FH-9 Series FH-10 Series FH-11 Series FH-12 Series Indenting the to be tested material is then applied to the handles until size of the impression or the rebound with a 1, 2.5, 5, or 10 mm diameter “bottom” is felt, at which time the dial velocity on specific materials. Vickers, Brinell Hardness Testers hardened steel or carbide ball Rockwell, Brinell and Leeb are the indicator is read. There are different subjected to a load/force ranging most common scales. For practical types of indentors and different force from 1 to 3000 kg. A microscope or and calibration reasons, each of these settings for different materials. USB camera is used to visualize and methods is divided into a range of measure the rather large indentations. scales, defined by a combination of Less Common Hardness applied load and indentor geometry or Scales Leeb (HL) (rebound method) in case of the rebound method, by the The following hardness methods are Portable hardness testing. An impact weight of the impact body. less frequently used or superseded by body that has a spherical tungsten other methods: carbide tip, is impelled onto the Most Common Hardness Tests • HM – Martens (formerly HU – test surface by spring force. The Rockwell (HR scales) universal hardness) impact creates a plastic deformation Indenting the test material with a • H – ball indentation hardness of the surface, an indentation, diamond cone (HRC) or hardened • HVT – modified Vickers method, due to which the impact body (tungsten) steel ball indentor (HRB etc.) depth measurement loses part of its original speed (or FH-1 Series FH-2 Series FH-10 Series FH-11 Series FH-12 Series applying a preload of 10 kgf first and • HBT – modified Brinell method, energy). Consequently, the softer a main test force of 60, 100, or 150 kgf. depth measurement Universal Hardness Testers the material is, the more speed will

2 3 HARDNESS Rockwell Superficial (HR scales) be lost at rebound of the impact HARDNESS TESTER SERIES OVERVIEW Hardness is the property of a Indenting the test material with a body. Applicable for a wide variety material enabling it to resist plastic diamond cone or hardened (tungsten) of components. Minimum test deformation, usually by penetration of steel ball indentor, depending on the requirements should be obeyed. another object. The term “hardness” scale preliminary set. The Superficial may also refer to stiffness, temper, Rockwell scales use lower force and Ultrasonic (UCI) or resistance to bending, scratching, shallower impressions on brittle and Portable hardness testing. A Vickers abrasion, or cutting. very thin materials. Applying a preload shaped diamond indentor fixed on a Scientists and journalists often of 3 kgf first and a main test force of vibrating rod that presses on the test Basic, load confuse stiffness with hardness and 15, 30, or 45 kgf. surface with a specific force and then cell based is demonstrated by, for example, the measures its hardness by applying Rockwell element Osmium, which is stiffer than Vickers (HV) ultrasonic vibrations and analyzing its tester diamond, but not as hard as diamond. Indenting the test material with a damping effect. Commonly used for In materials science there are three diamond indentor, in the form of an small, thin components that cannot be principal operational definitions of upside down perfect pyramid with tested by rebound hardness testers. hardness: a square base and an angle of 136 • Scratch hardness: Resistance to degrees between opposite faces, Shore (HS scales) FH-30 Series FH-1 Series FH-2 Series FH-3 Series FH-10 Series FH-11 Series FH-12 Series fracture or plastic (permanent) subjected to test forces of 1 to 120 Portable (rubber/plastics) hardness Rockwell Hardness Testers deformation due to friction from a kgf. A microscope or USB camera testing. The hardness value is sharp object is used to visualize and measure the determined by pressing the indentor • Indentation hardness: Resistance indentation. foot firmly onto the sample. The to plastic (permanent) deformation indentor is connected to a linear due to a constant load from a sharp Micro-Vickers (HV) measuring device and measures object Indenting the test material with a the indent depth, which is then • Rebound hardness: Height or speed diamond indentor, in the form of an converted through a mechanical or an of the bounce of an object dropped upside down perfect pyramid with electronical system to the Shore value. on the material, related to elasticity. a square base and an angle of 136 The deeper the indent, the softer the degrees between opposite faces, material. Measuring Hardness subjected to test forces usually not Hardness is not an intrinsic material exceeding 1 kgf. A precision micro IRHD property. There are no precise scope or high resolution USB camera Measures the indentation resistance definitions in terms of fundamental is used to visualize and measure the of elastomeric or rubber materials units of mass, length and time. A FH-1 Series FH-2 Series FH-4 Series FH-5 Series FH-9 Series FH-10 Series FH-11 Series FH-12 Series indentations, magnifications up to based on the depth of penetration hardness property value is the result of 600x are most common. However, of a ball indentor. An initial contact Vickers Hardness Testers a defined measurement procedure. magnifications up to 1000x are Hardness of materials has long force is applied to a 1, 2.5, or 5 mm becoming popular as well. been assessed by resistance to ball indentor and the penetration is scratching or cutting. An example set to zero. The force is increased to would be material B scratches material Knoop (HK) a specified total load and the depth C, but not material A. Alternatively, Indenting the test material with of the penetration is measured. The material A scratches material B slightly a “elongated” diamond pyramid, IRHD value is related to the depth of and scratches material C heavily. subjected to test forces usually not indentor penetration. The method is The usual method to obtain a exceeding 1 kgf. A precision micro commonly used for testing small parts hardness value is to measure the scope or high resolution USB camera and O-rings. depth or area of an indentation left by is used to visualize and measure the an indentor of a specific shape, with indentations, magnifications up to Webster a specific force applied for a specific 600x are most common. Portable hardness testing. The object time. There are several principal to be tested is placed between the standard test methods to express the Brinell (HB) anvil and the penetrator. Pressure relationship between hardness and the FH-1 Series FH-2 Series FH-3 Series FH-9 Series FH-10 Series FH-11 Series FH-12 Series Indenting the to be tested material is then applied to the handles until size of the impression or the rebound with a 1, 2.5, 5, or 10 mm diameter “bottom” is felt, at which time the dial velocity on specific materials. Vickers, Brinell Hardness Testers hardened steel or carbide ball Rockwell, Brinell and Leeb are the indicator is read. There are different subjected to a load/force ranging most common scales. For practical types of indentors and different force from 1 to 3000 kg. A microscope or and calibration reasons, each of these settings for different materials. USB camera is used to visualize and methods is divided into a range of measure the rather large indentations. scales, defined by a combination of Less Common Hardness applied load and indentor geometry or Scales Leeb (HL) (rebound method) in case of the rebound method, by the The following hardness methods are Portable hardness testing. An impact weight of the impact body. less frequently used or superseded by body that has a spherical tungsten other methods: carbide tip, is impelled onto the Most Common Hardness Tests • HM – Martens (formerly HU – test surface by spring force. The Rockwell (HR scales) universal hardness) impact creates a plastic deformation Indenting the test material with a • H – ball indentation hardness of the surface, an indentation, diamond cone (HRC) or hardened • HVT – modified Vickers method, due to which the impact body (tungsten) steel ball indentor (HRB etc.) depth measurement loses part of its original speed (or FH-1 Series FH-2 Series FH-10 Series FH-11 Series FH-12 Series applying a preload of 10 kgf first and • HBT – modified Brinell method, energy). Consequently, the softer a main test force of 60, 100, or 150 kgf. depth measurement Universal Hardness Testers the material is, the more speed will

2 3 FH-1 SERIES FH-2 SERIES ROCKWELL AND UNIVERSAL HARDNESS TESTERS ROCKWELL AND UNIVERSAL HARDNESS TESTERS

MODEL FH-1-0 Optional Accessories MODEL FH-2-0 Optional Accessories Rockwell for FH-1 Series Rockwell, Superficial Rockwell, for FH-2 Series • Load cell based, closed loop • Certified hardness test block HBT, HVT, and H ball indentation • Certified hardness test block operation ±450HV (FH-1-3) • Full color multi function touch ±450HV (FH-2-1) • Advanced user interface • Certified hardness test block screen controller • Certified hardness test block • Scales: ±200HB (FH-1-2/ FH-1-3) • Load cell based, closed loop ±200HB (FH-2-1) Basic Rockwell • Certified hardness test block operation • Certified hardness test block • Automatic testing procedure ±60HRC • Advanced user interface ±60HRC • Conversion to all other hardness • Certified hardness test block • Scales: • Certified hardness test block ±30HRC scales ±30HRC Rockwell - A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, K, • Certified hardness test block • Convex and concave testmodus • Certified hardness test block L, M, P, R, S, V, ±85HRB • Database for test programs ±85HRB Superficial Rockwell -15N, 30N, 45N, 15T, 30T, 45T, 15W, • Rockwell diamond cone 120° • Large workpiece accommodation • Motorised elevator spindle 30W, 45W, 15X, 30X, 45X, 15Y, • Vickers diamond cone 136° • On-line statistics • Rockwell diamond cone 120° 30Y, 45Y; (FH-2-1) • USB output • Vickers diamond cone 136° Brinell - HBT2.5/62.5, 187.5 kgf; • Rockwell ball indentor 1.6 mm (FH-1-3) HBT5/250 kgf; (1/16") • Rockwell ball indentor 1.6 mm MODEL FH-1-1 Vickers - HVT 50, 100 kgf • Brinell balls indentors 1 mm, Rockwell and Superficial Rockwell (1/16") • Motorised elevator spindle 2.5 mm, 5 mm, 10 mm • Brinell balls indentors 1 mm, (.04, .10, .20, .31") (FH-2-1) • Scales: (optional) 2.5 mm, 5 mm, 10 mm (.04, .10, • Knoop hardness testing scale Rockwell: A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, K, • Automatic testing procedure .20, .39") (FH-1-2/FH-1-3) (FH-2-1) L, M, P, R, S, V • Conversion to all other hardness • V-Anvil 60 mm (2.36") scales • V-Anvil hardened, 60 mm (2.36") Superficial Rockwell: 15N, 30N, • Long indentors • Convex and concave testmodus • Long indentors 45N, 15T, 30T, 45T, 15W, 30W, • Goose neck indentor holder • Database for test programs • Goose neck indentor holder 45W, 15X, 30X, 45X, 15Y, 30Y, 45Y • Large testing table 300 x 200 mm • Large workpiece accommodation • Large testing table 300 x 200 mm (11.81 x 7.87") with T-slot • On-line statistics (11.81 X 7.87") with T-slot MODEL FH-1-2 • Custom testing tables • USB output • Custom testing tables Rockwell, Superficial Rockwell, • Precision vices, V-blocks, and • Precision vices, V-blocks, and and Brinell special clamps MODEL FH-2-1 special clamps • LED Ringlight Same features as FH-1-1, but with Rockwell, Superficial Rockwell, additional Brinell scales Brinell, Vickers, Knoop, HBT, • Additional Scales: and HVT Brinell: HB1/1, 2.5, 5, 10, 30 kgf; Same features as FH-2-0 but with the HB2.5/6.25, 15.625, following additional features: 31.25, 62.5, 87.5 kgf; HB5/ 25, • CCD USB Video system, manual 62.5, 125, 250 kgf; and automatic measurement HB10/ 100, 250 kgf of Brinell and Vickers/Knoop • Brinell microscope with LED indentations, indent Video zoom ring light function Fig 1. Model FH-1-1 • Scales: Fig 3. Model FH-2-0 MODEL FH-1-3 Brinell - HB1/1, 2.5, 5, 10, 30 kgf; Rockwell, Superficial Rockwell, HB2.5/6.25, 15.625, 31.25, 62.5, 187.5 kgf; HB5/ 25, 62.5, 125, Brinell, Vickers, HBT, and HVT 250 kgf; HB10/ 100, 250 kgf; Same features as FH-1-2, but with HBT2.5/62.5, 187.5 kgf; additional Vickers scales HBT5/250 kgf • Scales: Vickers - HV 1, 2, 3, 5, 10, 20, 30, Brinell: HBT2.5/62.5, 187.5 kgf; 50, 100, 120 HBT5/250 kgf; Vickers: HV 1, 2, 3, • Built-on electronic digital 5, 10, 20, 30, 50, 100, 120; HVT 50, microscope for Brinell and Vickers 100 kgf indent measurement • Built-on electronic digital • Objectives 2.5x, 5x, 10x microscope for Brinell and Vickers magnification indent measurement • Adjustable LED illumination • Objectives 2.5x, 5x, 10x • Precision workpiece sliding table magnification • Adjustable LED illumination • LED Ringlight (optional) • Precision workpiece sliding table • Large workpiece accommodation Fig 2. Model FH-1-3 Fig 2A. Model FH-1-3 from Side Fig 4. Model FH-2-1 Fig. 4A. Model FH2-1 from Side

4 5 FH-1 SERIES FH-2 SERIES ROCKWELL AND UNIVERSAL HARDNESS TESTERS ROCKWELL AND UNIVERSAL HARDNESS TESTERS

4 5 FH-3 SERIES ROCKWELL HARDNESS EXPLAINED ROCKWELL HARDNESS TESTERS

MODEL FH-3-0 The Rockwell Hardness test is a Rockwell, Superficial Rockwell, hardness measurement based on the HVT, and HBT net increase in depth of impression when a load is applied. Hardness • Load cell, closed loop values are commonly given in the A, • Advanced user interface B, C, R, L, M, E and K scales. The • Scales: Rockwell: A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, K, higher the value in each of the scales, L, M, P, R, S, V the harder the material. • Automatic testing procedure Hardness has been variously • Conversion to all other hardness defined as resistance to local scales penetration, scratching, machining, • Convex and concave testmodus wear or abrasion. In the Rockwell • Database for test programs method of hardness testing, the • Large workpiece accommodation depth of penetration of an indentor • On-line statistics under certain arbitrary test conditions Fig 6. Rockwell Measurement • USB output is determined. The indentor may either be a steel (carbide) ball Supplied as of some specified diameter or a Operation Scales and Values Standard With spherical diamond-tipped cone of The determination of the Rockwell The most common used are 118° angle and 0.2 mm tip radius hardness of a material involves the the “C”, and “B” scales. Both • Data output RS-232C application of a minor load followed express hardness as an arbitrary • V-anvil ø40 mm (1.57") also called indentor. The type of • Testing table large ø150 mm (5.9") indentor and the test load determine by a major load, and then noting the dimensionless number. • Power cable the hardness scale (A, B, C, etc.). depth of penetration, converted to The B-scale is used for softer • Spare fuse A minor load of 3 kg or 10 kg a hardness value directly from a dial materials (such as aluminium, brass, • Adjustable feet (4 Pcs) is first applied, causing an initial or display, in which a harder material and softer steels). It employs a • Spindle protection cover penetration and holding the indentor gives a higher number. The major tungsten carbide ball as the indentor • Machine cover in place. Then, the dial is set to zero advantage of Rockwell hardness and a 100-kg weight to obtain a • Solid accessories case and the major load is applied. Upon is its ability to display hardness value expressed as “HRB”. • Certificate removal of the major load, the depth values directly, thus obviating The C-scale, for harder materials, • User and installation manual reading is taken while the minor load tedious calculations involved in uses a diamond cone and a 150-kg is still on. The hardness number may other hardness measurement weight to obtain a value expressed as Optional Accessories then be read directly from the scale. techniques. Also, the relatively simple “HRC”. There are several alternative • Built-in thermal printer The Rockwell scale characterizes and inexpensive set-up enables scales for other purposes. • Cerified Diamond Rockwell the indentation hardness of materials installation under various conditions. The superficial Rockwell scales indentor through the depth of penetration of Rockwell testers are typically use lower loads and shallower • Certified Rockwell ball indentor an indentor, loaded on a material used in engineering, metallurgy, impressions on brittle and very thin 1.58 mm (1/16") sample and compared to the and industrial environments. The materials. The 45N scale employs • Rockwell testing balls penetration in some reference commercial popularity arises from a 45-kg load on a diamond cone- • Certified hardness test blocks: material. It is one of several its speed, reliability, robustness, shaped Brale indentor, and can be ±60 HRC, ±40 HRC, ±85 HRB definitions of hardness in materials resolution, and small area of used on dense ceramics. The 15T science. Its hardness values are indentation. scale employs a 15-kg load on a noted by HR and ’X’ is the letter for 1/16-inch diameter hardened steel the scale used. Hardness relation to Good Practices ball, and can be used on sheet strength is that both are measures The following procedures are all metal. Readings below HRC 20 are of the pressure it takes to get plastic important: cleaning indentor and generally considered unreliable, as deformation to occur in materials. test-piece to be clear of dirt, grease, are readings much above HRB 100. The Rockwell hardness test was rust, or paint; measuring on a devised by metallurgist Stanley P. perpendicular, flat surface (round Typical Values Rockwell in Syracuse, NY, around work correction factors are invoked Very hard steel (e.g. a good knife 1919, in order to quickly determine to adjust for test-piece curvature); blade): HRC 55 - HRC 62; Axes, the effects of heat treatment on ensuring that the thickness of the chisels, etc.: HRC 40 - 45 steel bearing races. The Brinell test-piece is at least 10 times the Several other scales, including hardness test, invented in 1900 in depth of the indentation; maintaining the extensive A-scale, are used for Sweden, was slow, not useful on fully an adequate spacing between specialized applications. There are hardened steel, and left too large multiple indentations; and controlling special scales for measuring case- impressions to be considered non- the speed of indentation and hardened specimens. destructive. Rockwell collaborated assuring that the load duration (dwell) with an instrument manufacturer time is applied correctly. Fig 5. Model FH-3-0 to commercialize his invention and develop standardized testing machines.

6 7 FH-3 SERIES ROCKWELL HARDNESS EXPLAINED ROCKWELL HARDNESS TESTERS

6 7 FH-4 SERIES FH-5 SERIES MICRO-VICKERS HARDNESS TESTERS VICKERS HARDNESS TESTERS

MODEL FH-4-1 FH-5 SERIES MODEL FH-5-4 DIGITAL MICROSCOPE, Micro-Vickers, Vickers, Knoop, and Micro / Macro Vickers, Knoop 2 KGF TEST FORCE low force Brinell and Brinell Micro-Vickers and Knoop • Load cell, closed loop, force feed • Test loads of: As plus 6.25, • Motorized turret, 3 objectives back system 15.625, 31.25 kgf • Test loads 10 g -2 kgf • Motorised turret with 2 or 3 • Electronic microscope, digital value objectives MODEL FH-5-5 • Test loads 20 g - 31.25 kgf transfer Macro Vickers and Knoop • Conversion to other hardness • Large LCD display shows • Test loads of: 1, 2, 2.5, 3, 4, 5, 10, measured values, on-line statistics, scales including Tensile Strength 20, 30, 50 kgf memory overview, tester settings • Digital eyepiece and camera • Large workpiece accommodation adaptor • RS-232 output • Large LCD display shows MODEL FH-5-6 • Built-in printer measured values, on-line statistics, Vickers and Brinell memory overview, tester settings (low force with 1, 2, and 5 mm ball) Supplied as • Test loads of: 1, 2, 2.5, 3, 4, 5, Standard With MODEL FH-5-0 6.25, 10, 15.625, 20, 31.25, Vickers and Knoop • Manual X-Y stage 62.5 kgf • Objectives according to model • Test loads of: 1, 2, 2.5, 3, 4, 5, 10, (10x and 40x or 10x, 20x and 40x) 20, 30 kgf MODEL FH-5-7 • Digital Electronic microscope 15x Micro / Macro Vickers and Knoop • Built-in silent thermal printer MODEL FH-5-1 • Test loads of: 0.3, 0.5, 1, 2, 2.5, 3, • RS-232 data output Vickers and Brinell (low force with 4, 5, 10, 20, 30, 50 kgf Fig 9. Model FH-5-0 • Set of workpiece fixtures, vice, 1 and 2 mm ball) chuck, clamp • Level gauge • Test loads of: 1, 2, 2.5, 3, 4, 5, MODEL FH-5-8 • 4 adjustable feet 6.25, 10, 15.625, 20, 31.25 kgf Micro / Macro Vickers and Knoop • Spare halogen lamp Fig 7. Model FH-4-0 • Test loads of: 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.5, 1, Supplied as • Installation and user manual MODEL FH-5-2 2, 2.5, 3, 4, 5, 10, 20, 30, 50 kgf Standard With • Certificate Micro / Macro Vickers and Knoop • Manual X-Y stage • Test loads of: 0.3, 0.5, 1, 2, 2.5, 3, MODEL FH-5-9 • Flat anvil 60 mm Optional Accessories 4, 5, 10, 20, 30 kgf Micro / Macro Vickers, Knoop and • Objectives 5x, 10x, 20x or 10x, 20x, 40x • Selection of Objectives Brinell • Horizon - manual or automatic MODEL FH-5-3 • Electronic digital eyepiece 15x measuring and filing systems • Test loads of: As FH-5-8 plus • Set of workpiece fixtures, vice, Micro / Macro Vickers and Knoop • Motorised X-Y stage 6.25, 15.625, 31.25, 62.5 kgf chuck, clamp (small or large) • Test loads of: 0.02, 0.025, 0.05, • Built-in thermal printer • Motorised X-Y-Z stage (auto focus) 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.5, 1, 2, 2.5, 3, 4, 5, • RS-232 data output • Indentors and hardness test blocks 10, 20, 30 kgf • 4 adjustable feet • Certified indentors • Spare halogen lamp • Reference hardness blocks • Fuse • Solid tester table and storage • Installation and user manual cabinet • Certificate Optional Accessories • Objectives 5x, 40x, 60x • Horizon Vision measuring and filing systems Fig 8. Model FH-4, Shown with Optional Motorised X-Y Stage • Motorised X-Y stage (small or large) • Motorised X-Y-Z stage (auto focus) • Indentors and hardness test blocks • Certified indentors • Reference hardness blocks • Solid tester table and storage cabinet

Fig 10. Model FH-5-3 Shown with Small Motorised Table and Horizon Analogue Digital Motorised, small Motorised, large Vision Measuring and Filing System

8 9 FH-4 SERIES FH-5 SERIES MICRO-VICKERS HARDNESS TESTERS VICKERS HARDNESS TESTERS

Fig 10. Model FH-5-3 Shown with Small Motorised Table and Horizon Analogue Digital Motorised, small Motorised, large Vision Measuring and Filing System

8 9 FH-9 SERIES FH-10 SERIES BRINELL HARDNESS TESTERS UNIVERSAL HARDNESS TESTERS

MODEL FH-9-0 MODEL FH-9-19 MODEL FH-10-0 Brinell and Vickers Brinell Rockwell, Superficial Rockwell, • Load cell, closed loop system • As Model FH-9-18 but with extra Brinell, Vickers and HVT, HBT • Test loads 30 kgf – 3000 kgf large frame • Load cell, force feedback, closed • LCD display showing Brinell and • 450 mm workpiece height, 250 mm loop system Vickers value, statistics and tester throat depth • Test loads 1 kgf – 250 kgf settings • Complies to all applicable EN/ISO • Simultaneous conversion to MODEL FH-9-20 and ASTM standards Rockwell, Vickers, Brinell, and • Optical system high precision Brinell Leeb optical path, mat screen diameter • External microscope with analogue • As Model FH-9-19 but with 135 mm scale for indentation measurement motorised turret and auto focus — • Shape correction for curved or external ELECTRONIC digital hence fully automatic. surfaces microscope for automatic • High accuracy depth measuring indentation measurement Supplied as system (Rockwell, HBT, HVT) Standard With: • Large LCD display shows measured values, online statistics, MODEL FH-9-1 • Analogue measuring microscope memory overview, tester settings with 20x (analog UC series) Brinell • User-friendly, low training • V-anvil ø80 mm (3.1496") • As Model FH-9-0 but with extra requirements • Large flat anvil ø200 mm (7.87401") large frame • Direct printer and/or PC • Fuse 2A (3 pcs) • 450 mm workpiece height, 250 mm connections via RS-232 and • RS-232 data output throat depth USB-2 • Adjustable feet (4 pcs) • Large workpiece accommodation • Certificate (H=300mm) MODEL FH-9-17 • Installation and user manual Brinell • As Model FH-9-1 but with Optional Accessories Supplied as motorised spindle • Digital microscope with 10x, 25x Standard With: and 100x magnification (digital Fig 11. Model FH-9-1 • Objective for 70x magnification MODEL FH-9-2 series) for automatic measurement • Objective for 140x magnification • Clamping protection nose Brinell and Vickers • Ball indentors ø1 mm (0.03937"), ø2.5 mm (0.098425"), • Testing table ø80 mm (3.15") • As Model FH-9-1 but with digital ø5 mm (0.19685"), and ø10 mm • Power cable microscope and supplied with (0.3937") • Installation and user manual three objectives. • Certified hardness test block • Certificate 150-250 HBW 10/3000 MODEL FH-9-3 • Certified hardness test block Optional Accessories Brinell and Vickers 75-125 HBW 10/1000 • Diamond Rockwell indentor • As Model FH-9-2 but with extra • Certified hardness test block • Vickers indentor large frame. 150-250 HBW 2.5/187.5 • Brinell indentor 2.5 mm (0.098425") Fig 13. Model FH-10-0 • Motorised spindle for fully • 450 mm workpiece height, 250 mm • Certified hardness test block HRA automatic testing on XL models throat depth • Certified hardness test block HRC • Large testing table 350 mm x • Certified hardness test block HRB 250 mm (13.8" x 9.8") • Certified hardness test block HV30 MODEL FH-9-4 • FH-20 Video measuring and • Certified hardness test block Brinell and Vickers database system HB2.5/187.5 • As Model FH-9-3 but with • Extended height/width frame XL • Objectives for 10x, 20x, 44x motorized spindle. models magnification • Motorised X-Y stage • Testing table ø150 mm (5.9") MODEL FH-9-18 • Solid tester table and storage • Testing table ø235 mm (9.25") cabinet • V-Anvil ø80 mm (3.15") Brinell • Brinell video microscope system • V-Anvil ø120 mm (4.72") • As Model FH-9-0 but with CCD • Long Vickers indentor camera, 2 position manual turret • Other testing tables and XY-stages and Horizon software • Precision vices, V-blocks and • Requires a pc and touchscreen special clamps display • Software solutions for advanced application

Fig 14. Display on FH-10 Series

Fig 12. Model FH-9-20

10 11 FH-9 SERIES FH-10 SERIES BRINELL HARDNESS TESTERS UNIVERSAL HARDNESS TESTERS

Fig 14. Display on FH-10 Series

Fig 12. Model FH-9-20

10 11 FH-11 SERIES FH-12 SERIES UNIVERSAL HARDNESS TESTERS UNIVERSAL HARDNESS TESTERS

MODEL FH-11 MODEL FH-11-0 Optional Accessories MODEL FH-12 SERIES Supplied as Optional Accessories Rockwell, Superficial Rockwell, • Load range from 1 to 250 kgf • Diamond Rockwell indentor HEAVY DUTY Standard With • Diamond Rockwell indentor Vickers, Knoop, Brinell, Ball • Vickers indentor Brinell, Vickers, Rockwell, • Motorised turret with 6 positions • Vickers indentor indentation, HVT, and HBT scales MODEL FH-11-1 • Brinell indentor 2.5 mm (0.1") HVT and HBT • Objectives for 0.7x - 1000x • Brinell indentor 2.5 mm (0.1") • Certified hardness test block HRA • Certified hardness test block HRA • Superior range of test loads/force • Load range from 1 to 750 kgf FH-12 a universal hardness tester magnification • Certified hardness test block HRC • Built-in 3 axis support driver • Certified hardness test block HRC application ranging from 500 gf most suitable for heavy duty testing. • Certified hardness test block HRB • Toolset • Certified hardness test block HRB (1.1 lbf) to 3000 kgf (6614 lbf) (over Built for tough environments MODEL FH-11-2 • Certified hardness test block HV30 • Large testing table • Certified hardness test block HV30 3 models) and extra large workspace • Load range from 1 to 3,000 kgf • Certified hardness test block • Calibration certificate • Certified hardness test block • Fixed workpiece position (no accommodation. spindle) HB2.5/187.5 • Certificate HB2.5/187.5 Suitable for parts up to 500 kgf. • Descending test head with Supplied as • Built-in 5 axis support driver • Installation and user manual • Built-in 5 axis support driver The floor type frame reaches a height automatic workpiece detection Standard With • Testing table ø235 mm (9.3") • Testing table ø235 mm (9.3") • V-anvil ø80 mm (3.1") of 2 meters and offers a workspace • V-anvil ø80 mm (3.1") • Free definable, manual or • Motorised turret with 6 positions • V-anvil ø120 mm (4.7") of not less than 650 mm height and • V-anvil ø120 mm (4.7") motorized 6-position turret for • Objectives for 0.7x - 1000x • Long Vickers indentor a throat depth of 300 mm. Rockwell, • Long Vickers indentor objectives and indentors at choice magnification • Other testing tables and X-Y • Other testing tables and X-Y stages • High definition optical system • Built-in 3 axis support driver Vickers and Brinell, but also pure stages • Precision vices, V-blocks and for images of 0.7x to 1000x • Toolset depth test methods such as H, HVT • Precision vices, V-blocks and special clamps magnification • Large testing table and HBT are part of the standard test special clamps • Horizon hardness testing firmware • Calibration certificate procedures of the FH-12. 3 models and database file system • Certificate cover a range of test loads either up • Large, adjustable 15" (381 mm) • Installation and user manual to 250, 750 kgf, or 3,000 kgf. industrial touch screen or mouse The FH-12 has a motorised with normal 22" (559 mm) LCD elevator spindle and a descending screen at choice test head, allowing each test piece to • Automatic or manual focus, be tested on an ergonomic working manual, or fully automatic indent height. The test head is equipped measurement, standard with a 6 positions modular turret • Built-in hard disk offers nearly (indentors and objectives) and an endless file storing, standard optical zoom video system with 5 mp • LAN, WLAN, USB-2, RS-232, HD camera. Printer and DVI connectivity, High performance PC driven standard automatic and manual indent • On board built-in driver for measurement with automatic filing (optional) motorised X-Y stage, and storage functions. standard • Free definable test patterns case Refined algorithms for automatic depth, traverse, free style, etc., measurement on materials optional normally less suitable for automatic • Machine covers made of shock, measurement. damage, and fire proof recyclable materials MODEL FH-12-0 • Large range of optional • Load range from 1 to 250 kgf accessories • Large testpiece accommodation MODEL FH-12-1 H=300 mm (11.8"), D=220 mm • Load range from 1 to 750 kgf. (8.7"), can be upgraded to a taller frame of for instance H=450 mm (17.7"), D=220 mm (8.7"), or 300 MODEL FH-12-2 mm (11.8"); even years after • Load range from 1 to 3,000 kgf purchasing the tester

Fig 15. Model FH-11-1 Fig16. Model FH-12-0

12 13 FH-11 SERIES FH-12 SERIES UNIVERSAL HARDNESS TESTERS UNIVERSAL HARDNESS TESTERS

Fig 15. Model FH-11-1 Fig16. Model FH-12-0

12 13 Vickers Hardness and Brinell PORTABLE HARDNESS TESTERS Hardness Explained

VICKERS HARDNESS geometrically similar impressions, BRINELL HARDNESS TEST irrespective of size; the impression TEST should have well defined points The Vickers hardness test was The Brinell scale characterizes the of measurement; and the indentor developed in 1924 by Smith and indentation hardness of materials should have high resistance to self- Sandland at Vickers Ltd as an through the scale of penetration of deformation. A diamond in the form alternative to the Brinell method to an indentor, loaded on a material of a square-based pyramid satisfied measure the hardness of materials. test-piece. Proposed by Swedish these conditions. The Vickers test is often easier engineer Johan August Brinell in Fig 19. Model FH-26 It had been established that the to use than other hardness tests, 1900, it was the first widely used ideal size of a Brinell impression since the required calculations are and standardized hardness test in Fig 21. Model FH-21 was 3/8 of the ball diameter. As two MODEL FH-26 independent of the size of the indentor, engineering and metallurgy. tangents to the circle at the ends Ultrasonic Contact Impedance and the indentor can be used for all The typical tests use a 10, 5, 2.5 of a chord 3d/8 long intersect at system (Vickers) MODEL FH-21 materials irrespective of hardness. or 1 mm diameter steel ball as an 136°, it was decided to use this as • Ultrasonic Contact Impedance test Portable hardness tester The basic principle, as with all indentor with a test force starting at the included angle of the indentor. principle, fast, accurate, easy to common measures of hardness, is 1 kgf up to 3,000 kgf (29 kN) force. • This unit is also known as the The angle was varied experimentally use in confined spaces ‘’Impressor’’ to observe the questioned material’s For softer materials, a lower force is and it was found that the hardness • Suitable for hardness tests on Complies to ASTM B648-2000 ability to resist plastic deformation used; for harder materials, a tungsten Fig 22. Model FH-22 value obtained on a homogeneous metals, plastics, ceramics • Used to test the hardness of all from a standard source. carbide ball is substituted for the piece of material remained constant, • Direct reading in Vickers HV, and kinds of aluminium, from very soft steel ball. MODEL FH-25 irrespective of load. Accordingly, direct conversion to HRC, HRB, aluminium to very hard aluminium HB & UTS Brinell loads of various magnitudes are alloys • High reproducibility, tolerance applied to a flat surface, depending • High sensitivity • Permanence Impression can within ±1% on the hardness of the material to be • Featured with 100 segments scale be checked and • Extensive range of application at rechecked anytime measured. locations difficult to access The HV number is then deter • Accuracy Calibrated to 0.5 of • Large memory, statistics, and 1% of load; mined by the ratio F/A where F is multiple data outputs Can be used for the force applied to the diamond in • Optional dynamic rebound higher loads up to Fig 17. Vickers Measurement kilograms-force and A is the surface hardness impact devices available 3000 kg; area of the resulting indentation The Vickers test can be used for • Windows software for testing, Breaks through in square millimetres. A can be all metals and has one of the widest Fig 18. Brinell Measurement remote control, data processing, surface heat determined by the formula which scales among hardness tests. The After the impression is made, a and file storing treatment to get can be approximated by evaluating unit of hardness given by the test measurement of the diameter of the to the core of the the sine term to give where d is the is known as the Vickers pyramid resulting round impression (d) is taken. material average length of the diagonal left by Number (HV) or Diamond Pyramid It is measured to plus or minus • Versatility Can be used the indentor. Hardness (DPH). 0.05 mm using a low-magnification in virtually any Vickers hardness numbers The hardness number can be microscope. The hardness is calcu position; are reported as xxxHVyy, e.g. Fig 21. Model FH-22 right-side up, converted into units of Pascals, lated by dividing the load by the area 440HV30, or xxxHVyy/zz if duration upside down or but should not be confused with a of the curved surface of the indention, of force differs from 10s to 15s, e.g. MODEL FH-22 sideways pressure, which also has units of (the area of a hemispherical surface 440Hv30/20, where: Rockwell • Durability Some portable Pascals. The hardness number is is arrived at by multiplying the square 440 is the hardness number, Brinell testers have determined by the load over the of the diameter by 3.14159 and then Fig 20. Model FH-23 • Magnetic base hardness tester HV gives the hardness scale been working over surface area of the indentation and dividing by 2). designed according to the principle (Vickers), 60 years not the area normal to the force, and MODEL FH-23 of Rockwell hardness testing 30 indicates the load used in kg. is therefore not a pressure. Common Values Portable hardness tester • The test head can be fixed to 20 indicates the loading time if it the surface of iron and steel Includes: The hardness number is not really The standard format for specifying differs from 10s to 15s • The FH-23 hardness method components by magnetic force • Microscope with LED illumination a true property of the material and tests can be seen in the example Vickers values are generally inde is ideal for sheet metal, sheet • Support to the test piece is not • Testblock is an empirical value that should “HBW 10/3000”. “HBW” means pendent of the test force, they will aluminium, and other thin materials required as the 350 kg+ magnetic be seen in conjunction with the that a tungsten carbide (from the • Test is made by simply applying come out the same for 500 gf and base will hold the unit firmly in experimental methods and hardness chemical symbol for tungsten) ball pressure to the handles until 50 kgf, as long as the force is at least position scale used. indentor was used, as opposed to “bottom” is felt 200 gf. • The testing accuracy complies to When doing the hardness tests “HBS”, which means a hardened • Easy-to-read dial indicator with Examples of HV values for various ISO6508 or ASTM E18 the distance between indentations steel ball. The “10” is the ball 20 graduations, permits use of the materials must be more than 2.5 indentation diameter in millimetres. The “3000” is tester as “Go” and “No-Go” gauge Material Value diameters apart to avoid interaction the force in kilograms force. • Tests materials up to 13 mm in 316L stainless steel 140HV30 between the work-hardened regions. thickness 347L stainless steel 180HV30 Carbon steel 55–120HV5 Standards Implementation Iron 30–80HV5 • European and international An indentation left in case-hardened EN ISO 6506-1 steel after a Vickers hardness test. It • American ASTM E10-08 was decided that the indentor shape should be capable of producing

14 15 Vickers Hardness and Brinell PORTABLE HARDNESS TESTERS Hardness Explained

14 15 PORTABLE HARDNESS TESTERS

MODEL FH-20 Software Features Brinell Optical Scanning System • Measures the indentation automatically or by hand Portable video scanning system • Saves the image of the indentation to automatically measure Brinell in a dedicated format indentations and determine the and folder Brinell hardness value. Excellent • Test results can be imported into solution for quick and easy Excel measurement of Brinell hardness • Each measurement is filed with values with ball diameters 1, 2, 2.5, 5, information about the ball diameter, and 10 mm and for applied loads of applied load, load duration 1 to 3000 kg. • The 5 last measurements can be • Including (removable) magnetic shown on screen base for accurate and precise • Images taken can be copied measuring • Easy to use: Position the scanning system on the indentation made in a flat or curved surface, press the button to determine the relative hardness and diameter of the indentation • Accuracy of the measured diameter is up to 0.001µm • Possibility to set tolerance value Yes/No (upper and lower limits) • Possibility to show the last 5 hardness measurements taken • Automatic storage of images and accompanying measurement data files Fig 23. Model FH-20 • Storage of operator id, date/hour, hardness parameters, measured hardness values, location of stored image

Specifications for all models subject to change without notice.

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