MASARYKOVA UNIVERZITA Historie Zápasu Na Olympijských Hrách

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MASARYKOVA UNIVERZITA Historie Zápasu Na Olympijských Hrách MASARYKOVA UNIVERZITA Fakulta sportovních studií Katedra gymnastiky a úpolů Historie zápasu na olympijských hrách Diplomová práce Vedoucí bakalářské práce: Vypracoval: doc. PhDr. Bc. Zdenko Reguli, Ph.D. Bc. Petr Stojan Učitelství pro ZŠ a SŠ Brno 2012 „Prohlašuji, že jsem diplomovou práci na téma Historie zápasu na olympijských hrách zpracoval sám. Veškeré prameny a zdroje informací, které jsem použil k sepsání této práce, jsou citovány v poznámkách pod čarou a jsou uvedeny v seznamu použitých zdrojů.“ V Brně dne 25.11.2012 ………………………. Petr Stojan Poděkování Děkuji vedoucímu bakalářské práce doc. PhDr. Bc. Zdenko Reguli, Ph.D. za odbornou pomoc a konzultace při zpracování diplomové práce. Obsah ÚVOD ..................................................................................................................... 6 1 CÍL A METODIKA PRÁCE .......................................................................... 8 2 ÚPOLY ......................................................................................................... 10 2.1 Charakteristika úpolů ............................................................................. 10 2.2 Systematizace úpolů ............................................................................... 11 2.3 Úpolové sporty a jejich dělení ................................................................ 12 2.4 Významné úpolové sporty ...................................................................... 12 2.5 Historie úpolů ......................................................................................... 13 3 ZÁPAS .......................................................................................................... 19 3.1 Charakteristika a pravidla zápasu ........................................................... 19 3.2 Historie a vývoj zápasu .......................................................................... 20 3.3 Mezinárodní federace zápasu FILA ....................................................... 22 3.3.1 Řeckořímský zápas.......................................................................... 23 3.3.2 Zápas ve volném stylu ..................................................................... 24 3.3.3 Ženský zápas ................................................................................... 25 3.3.4 Plážový zápas .................................................................................. 26 3.3.5 Grappling ........................................................................................ 26 3.3.6 Pankration ....................................................................................... 27 3.3.7 Belt wrestling Alysh ........................................................................ 28 4 OLYMPIJSKÉ HRY ..................................................................................... 30 4.1 Antické olympijské hry .......................................................................... 31 4.2 Úpolové disciplíny na antických olympijských hrách ........................... 33 4.3 Novodobé olympijské hry ...................................................................... 36 4.4 Úpolové disciplíny na novodobých olympijských hrách ....................... 37 5 ZÁPAS NA OLYMPIJSKCÝH HRÁCH 1896-1912 .................................. 39 5.1 OH 1896 Atény, Řecko .......................................................................... 39 5.2 OH 1900 Paříž, Francie .......................................................................... 40 5.3 OH 1904 St. Louis, Spojené státy americké ........................................... 40 5.4 OH 1908 Londýn, Velká Británie .......................................................... 41 5.5 OH 1912 Stockholm, Švédsko ............................................................... 42 5.6 Zhodnocení období 1896-1912............................................................... 43 6 ZÁPAS NA OLYMPIJSKCÝH HRÁCH 1920-1936 .................................. 45 6.1 OH 1920 Antverpy, Belgie ..................................................................... 45 6.2 OH 1924 Paříž, Francie .......................................................................... 46 6.3 OH 1928 Amsterdam, Nizozemsko ........................................................ 48 6.4 OH 1932 Los Angeles, Spojené státy americké ..................................... 49 6.5 OH 1936 Berlín, Německo ..................................................................... 51 6.6 Zhodnocení období 1920-1936............................................................... 52 7 ZÁPAS NA OLYMPIJSKCÝH HRÁCH 1948-1988 .................................. 54 7.1 OH 1948 Londýn, Velká Británie .......................................................... 54 7.2 OH 1952 Helsinky, Finsko ..................................................................... 56 7.3 OH 1956 Melbourne, Austrálie .............................................................. 57 7.4 OH 1960 Řím, Itálie ............................................................................... 59 7.5 OH 1964 Tokio, Japonsko ...................................................................... 60 7.6 OH 1968 Mexico City, Mexico .............................................................. 62 7.7 OH 1972 Mnichov, Německo ................................................................ 63 7.8 OH 1976 Montreal, Kanada ................................................................... 65 7.9 OH 1980 Moskva, Sovětský svaz ........................................................... 67 7.10 OH 1984 Los Angeles, Spojené státy americké ..................................... 68 7.11 OH 1988 Soul, Jižní Korea ..................................................................... 70 7.12 Zhodnocení období 1948-1988............................................................... 72 8 ZÁPAS NA OLYMPIJSKCÝH HRÁCH 1992-2012 .................................. 74 8.1 OH 1992 Barcelona, Španělsko .............................................................. 74 8.2 OH 1996 Atlanta, Spojené státy americké ............................................. 76 8.3 OH 2000 Sydney, Austrálie .................................................................... 78 8.4 OH 2004 Atény, Řecko .......................................................................... 80 8.5 OH 2008 Peking, Čína ............................................................................ 81 8.6 OH 2012 Londýn, Velká Británie .......................................................... 83 8.7 Zhodnocení období 1992-2012............................................................... 85 9 ZHODNOCENÍ CELKOVÉ HISTRIE ZÁPASU NA OLYMPIJSKÝCH HRÁCH ................................................................................................................. 88 9.1 Český zápas na olympijských hrách ....................................................... 89 9.2 Nejúspěšnější sportovci .......................................................................... 91 10 ZÁVĚR ......................................................................................................... 93 SEZNAM POUŽITÝCH ZDROJŮ ...................................................................... 95 RESUMÉ .............................................................................................................. 99 SUMMARY .......................................................................................................... 99 ÚVOD Zápas je úpolová činnost s velmi bohatou historií, která se vyvíjela a měnila po tisíce let až do dnešní podoby a zároveň lze předpokládat, že ani jeho dnešní podoba není konečná. Dle archeologických nálezů by se mohlo usuzovat, že kořeny zápasu nalezneme ve většině starověkých civilizací, kde byl nedílnou součástí jejich kultury. Také to takto mnozí autoři popisují a jako dobu vzniku zápasu uvádějí starověk (3500 př. n. l. až 600 n. l.). Na problematiku původu zápasu existují odlišné názory, v této práci se chci pokusit více objasnit počátky a historii zápasu a uvést důvody a fakta, o které se tvrzení bude opírat. Dnes je zápas v různých formách rozšířen po celém světě. Na novodobé olympijské hry byl zápas zařazen již při prvních hrách v roce 1896 v Aténách. Od této doby je (s výjimkami) jejich pravidelnou součástí, což také dokazuje jeho dlouhodobou popularitu. Na novodobé olympijské hry byl zápas zařazen jako navázání tradice na soutěž v palé (starořeckém zápase), která byla součástí antických olympijských her. Ve své práci zpracovávám historii zápasu na olympijských hrách. Aby tato práce popsala co nejobšírněji toto téma, věnuji se v prvních kapitolách také charakteristice a historii zápasu. Pro úplnost zde uvádím i zařazení zápasu mezi úpoly a jejich stručnou charakteristiku a historii. V první kapitole uvádím cíl a metodiku práce. Ve druhé kapitole charakterizuji a rozděluji úpoly a sepisuji jejich historii, vypisuji zde také významné úpolové sporty. Ve třetí kapitole charakterizuji zápas jako sport, uvádím jeho stručnou historii a věnuji se jeho dnešním formám a trendům. Také se zde zabývám organizací FILA,1 která zastřešuje tento sport již od roku 19052. Ve tvrté kapitole se věnuji olympijským hrám od jejich počátků v antickém Řecku přes jejich obnovu až do současnosti. Stěžejní část mé práce v páté až deváté kapitole je zaměřena na historii zápasu na novodobých olympijských hrách (1896-2012). 1 Zkratka pro mezinárodní federaci zápasu. Pozn. autora. 2 Fila-origins and history. Fila wrestling. [online]. 2010 [cit. 2012-12-09] Dostupné na WWW: http://www.fila-wrestling.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=12&Itemid=27
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