Topics Index

A Anthropogenic impacts, 392 Absolute minimum temperature, 12, 14, 27, Appropriate scale, 504, 542 28, 33, 40 Aquatic , 81 Accidental species, 367, 371, 373, 417 Aridification, 58, 87, 260 Accuracy (measurement, sampling), 504 Arid subtype (climate), 23, 26, 29, 30 Acidophilous grassland, 350, 351 Assembly rules, 56, 66, 414 Actual vegetation, 243, 249, 250 Association, 80, 113, 185–186, 190–198, 202– Adaptation analysis, xxii, xxvii, 325–327 205, 246, 261–263, 270, 274, 279–282, Adaptive specialization, 56 287, 293, 294, 299, 309, 335, 351, 352, Aerenchyma, 326 357–361, 364, 365, 368, 371, 374, 376– Afforestation, 495 382, 409–412, 414–417, 419, 462–468 African Plants Database, 318 Atlantic , 475–495, 534, 536 Agricultural land, 500 Austral climate, 23 Agroforestry, 78, 500 Autecology, xxviii, xxx, xxxiii Alga, 390 Auto-succession, 216, 218–220 Algorithm, 334, 380, 409, 415 Average continent (vegetation), 10 Alien species, 448, 476 Alliance, 106, 261, 269, 280, 287, 309, 325, 332, 350, 352, 357, 360, 364, 365, 368, 374, 376, 377, 379, 380, 466–468 B Allometry, allometric equation, 502–506, 511, Bailey system (climatic), 179 512 Bamboo, 196, 450, 456 Allopatric speciation, 325 Bare land, 502, 504–506, 509, 511, 512 Allophytes, 533 Bark, 106, 107, 111, 196, 258 Alpine belt, 35, 37, 46, 316, 458 Basal belt (altitudinal), 133 Altitudinal belt, 35, 37, 185, 186, 196, 199, 229 Basophilous species, 337 Amphibious vegetation, 315–328 forest, 246, 261, 373, 391, 419, 494, 539 Analysis of variance, 480 Below-ground (strategies, traits), 58 Anglo-Saxon world, 407, 409, 411 Belt (altitudinal), 35, 37, 185, 186, 196, 199, Anmoor, 359, 383, 386 229 Annual plants, 326, 542 Belt (bioclimatic), 35, 36, 261, 316 Annual turf, 323 Bioclimate, 38, 170, 287 Anomaly (climatic), 20, 29 Bioclimatic analysis, xxii, xxv, 260–262 Anthropocene, 534 Bioclimatic zonation, 3–46 Anthropogenic grassland, 332 Biocoenosis, 132, 413

© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016 549 E.O. Box (ed.), Vegetation Structure and Function at Multiple Spatial, Temporal and Conceptual Scales, Geobotany Studies, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-21452-8 550 Topics Index

Biodiversity, 83, 85, 124, 125, 156, 241–255, Carbon, 23, 59, 63, 81, 326, 500–504, 506–513, 286, 332, 394, 397, 495, 521, 525, 526 530–535, 538, 539 sequestration, 500 management, xxxv, 78 stock, 499–513 Biogeochemical cycles, 413 Carboniferous, 530, 537 Biogeographical delimitation, 287 Cardamom, 170, 172, 183, 200 Biogeography, 309, 413, 420, 518 Cardinality (fuzzy sets), 334 Bioindicator, 62, 72, 83–86 Cardinal temperatures, 12, 38 Biological type, 414 Carex bog, 318, 321, 323 Biomass, 57, 59, 60, 351, 395, 396, 400, 415, Caribbean elements, 103 500, 502–506, 509, 511 Carolina Vegetation Survey, 427 Biosphere, 413, 419, 534, 536 Carpet-like scrub, 196, 380 Biotemperature, 8 Catena (of communities), 411, 412, 414 Bioturbation, 316 Cation exchange capacity (CEC), 428, 429, Birch woods, 31 435, 436, 439, 441, 442 Bocage, 258 Cauliflory, 106, 116, 121, 123, 125, 170, 199 Bog formation, 222 Cavitation, 259 Boreal, 10–13, 15, 16, 18–20, 22–26, 28–31, Chamaephytes, 60, 68, 414 33–40, 45, 69, 287, 325, 386, 411, 530 Changing world, 408, 420 Boreal climate (type), 13, 18, 19, 23–25, 29, Chaos, 418 30, 34 Chaparral, 25, 26, 39, 43, 285–310 Brackish springs, 249 Character(istic) species, 376, 417 Braun-Blanquet method, 113, 410 Chinese-Himalayan elements, 111 Braun-Blanquet scale, 216, 290, 333, Chinese zonation system, 131 379, 409 Chronosequence, 476, 541 Bray-Curtis (ordination), 184 Circulational climate, 24 Bray-Curtis dissimilarity, 379, 393 Classification (of vegetation), xxvi, 53, 54, 59, Break (in gradient), 14, 34 62, 126, 132, 244, 293–295 Broad-leaved , 22, 27, 28, 101–126, Clay (content, ), 359, 377, 428–432, 439, 129–145, 150, 151, 154, 162–164 442 Broom (), 262, 269, 280 Cliff vegetation, 543 Brown season, 17 Climate type, 4, 5, 7, 9–11, 15–20, 23–25, 31, Bryophyte 33, 37–40, 46 epigeic bryophyte, 376, 386, 397 Climatic climax, 203, 287 epilithic bryophyte, 376 Climatic data, 183 Buttress , 116 Climatic diagram, 290 Climatic differentiation, 20 Climatic envelope, xxiv, 15 Climatic water balance, 8 C Climatic zonation, 12, 29, 37 Calcareous detritus, 363 Climax, 102, 132, 161, 162, 164, 203, 222, 287, Calcareous soil/substrate, 259, 279 298, 302, 411, 414, 418–419, 476, 519 Calcium, 428, 429, 435, 436, 439–442, 531 theory, 476 Cambrian, 179, 530 Climbers Cane, 196 climber, 171, 199 Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA), woody climber, 200 292, 294 Cloud belt, 35, 36, 102, 111 Canopy (forest overstorey), 77, 393 Cluster analysis, xxvi, 172, 186, 210, 292 Canopy breakdown, 220, 221 Clustering, 293, 352, 415 Canopy collapse, 220 Coastline orientation, 20, 30 Canopy dominant (species), 209 Coeno-association, 412, 414 Canopy specialist, 400 Cohort senescence, 219 Canopy , 163, 164, 193, 196, 218, 226, 536 Cold current (ocean), 21, 125 Topics Index 551

Cold-hardening, 11 D Cold month, 179, 207 Dark respiration rate, 62, 63 Coldness index (Kira), 104, 107, 113, 130, 134, Diameter at breast height (DBH), 133, 141, 141, 143 142, 183, 216, 220, 499, 502, 504, 505, Coldness limit, 136 509, 511, 512 Cold tolerance, 144 De-trended correspondence analysis (DCA), Collective group, 105–116, 118–123 292–295 Colline-submontane meadow, 351 Debris vegetation, 363–374 Community chaparral, 26 forest, 500–502, 509, 511–513 Deciduous (broad-leaved) forest, 129–145, 162 structure, 58, 62, 133, 156, 161 Deciduousness, 11 Companion species, 465 Deciduous trees, 13, 23, 26, 104, 105, 111, 130, Comparative , xxv, 65, 75, 433, 532 132, 133, 136, 138, 141, 144, 149–165 Competition Deep soil layers, 13, 180, 181, 195 inter-specific competition, 413, 416 Deforestation, 463, 464, 518, 534, 536, 539, 544 intra-specific competition, 82, 83, 87, 542 Degraded , 476 Competitor (strategy), 56, 60 Dehesa, 258, 259 Complex (of associations), 411 Delayed foliation, 260 Compound leaves, 170 Description (vegetation), xxvi, xxvii, 476 Coniferous forest, 16, 131, 154, 206, 458, 462 Desert, 15, 16, 18, 19, 21, 22, 24, 26, 29, 32, 39, Coniferous trees, 111 40, 42, 44, 46, 101, 154, 246, 287, 400, Connectivity, 242, 253, 520, 523, 524 458–460, 462 Connectivity (landscape), 253 grassland, 26 Conover test, 335 Desertification, 477 Conservation Destructive sampling, 505 biology, 420 Determinism, 417, 418 planning, 81 Deterministic science, 416 policy, 476 De-trended correspondence analysis (DCA), strategy, xxxv, 253 292–295 target, 253 Detritus (rock), 365 Conservative science, 408 Devonian, 530, 532 Constancy table, 318 Diagnostic species, 106, 108, 111, 116–119, Continental climate, 24, 30 121–123, 125, 126, 246, 298, 302, 322, Continentality, 10, 20, 260, 261, 269, 281, 294, 302 332, 335, 336, 338, 339, 350, 351 index, 288, 292, 294, 295, 299, 309 Diameter at breast height (DBH), 133, 141, Continental subtype (climate), 19–21, 125 142, 183, 186, 208, 216, 220, 502, 504, Continuum concept/paradigm, 409, 413 505, 509, 511, 512 Control plot, 395 Diameter growth, 490, 493 Controverse subtype (climate), 19, 46 Dieback, displacement, 222 Cool-maritime temperate climate, 21–22 Dieback, replacement, 219 Cool-temperate Differential species, 348, 350–352, 387 deciduous forest, 33 Diffuse-porous wood, 11 laurel forest, 25 Dipterocarp, 76, 170, 171, 196, 205, 206 Coppice, 154, 155 Disclimax, 132 CORINE, 249 Discontinuous range, 150 Correlation analysis, 482 Disjunct populations, 150 Correspondence analysis, 203, 409 Dispersal, 62, 154, 155, 164, 325, 326, 414, Corticular , 74 416, 418, 420, 426, 520–522 Cover (by a species), 334, 335, 379 Dispersal-assembled (community), 416–418 Crassulacean Acid Metabolism (CAM), 326 Dispersal limitation, 416 Cretaceous, 162, 210 Dissimilarity level, 190 Cryoturbation, 315–328 Distribution (geographic, cf range), 293, 295, 350 Cryptogams, 326 , 21, 56, 58–60, 70, 80, 85, 132, CSR strategy/theory, 60, 61, 414 150, 170, 200, 244, 316, 412, 418, 419, Cultural ecology, xxxiii, 518 426, 476, 493, 500, 521, 523 552 Topics Index

Divaricating shrubs, 519, 524 Emergent group, 55, 409 Diversity, 4, 54, 55, 57, 59, 71, 72, 74, 80, 81, Emergent layer (forest), 138 202, 205, 239, 242, 250, 253, 254, 286, Emergent properties, 414 288, 293–295, 309, 390, 392, 394, 395, Empirical approach/classification (climate), 397, 401, 415, 418, 424–443, 478, 500, 53, 58, 352 531, 535, 536, 539, 543 Empirical science, 420 Doline, 359, 376–378, 380, 382–384, 386, 387 Endangered species, 151, 519, 536 , 17, 34, 59, 60, 106, 109–111, 114, Endemic biota, 518, 526 116, 119–123, 126, 130, 132, 133, 136, Endemic species, 106, 107, 126, 162, 184 138, 144, 148, 157, 160, 161, 186, 188, Endemic taxa, 309 190, 201, 203, 205, 207, 208, 226, 232, Endemism, 279, 526, 536 269, 379, 380, 387, 426, 518, 519 Energy flux, 413 Dominance type, 106, 109–111, 114, 116, Entropy (clustering), 334 119–121, 123, 126 Envelope modeling, 15 Dominant (species), 102, 104, 105, 108, 109, Environmental analysis, xxv, 65, 83, 88, 244 111, 113, 114, 125, 126, 136, 138, 141, Environmental context, 59, 62, 87 162, 163, 184, 202, 292, 380 Environmental gradient, 54, 61, 66, 83, 400, 415 Driver (species), 398 Environmental heterogeneity, 242, 246 Drought tolerance, 79, 106 Environmental planning, 242 Dry-equatorial climate (type), 29, 30 Environmental unit, 84, 243, 244 Dryland farm, 502, 504–506, 508–512 Eocene, 531, 535 Dry season, 7–11, 14–18, 20, 24, 25, 29–31, 36, Ephemeral ponds, 316 37, 40, 201 Epigeic, 376, 386, 393, 397 Dry warm-temperate climate, 19, 21 Epiphyllous, 390, 398, 401 Dry weight (biomass), 502, 503, 505 Epiphyte, 36, 54, 75, 106, 118, 121, 122, 200, Dunn coefficient, 334, 336 208, 209, 400, 412, 535 Duration approach (climate classification), 10 Equatorial climate, 17, 24, 29 Dynamics (stand), 141 Equatorward boundary, 13 Dynamics analysis, xxvii, 254 Ericaceous shrub, 42 Erosion control, 476 Ethnobotany, xxxiii, 448–449, 453 Euclimatope, 16 E EUNIS habitat classification, 332 East -Eastern N American disjunct Euro-Siberian elements, 260 elements, 102–104 Euro-Siberian region, 280, 478 Echelle double (climate), 9 Eutrophic beech forest, 478, 480, 481, 485, Ecological analysis, xxix, 56, 88, 541–543 486, 489, 492–495 Ecological groups (species), 411 Evaporation, 7, 26 Ecological strategy, 59, 414 Evapotranspiration, 8, 40, 55, 69, 72–74, 125, Ecology, 54, 55, 61, 64, 74, 81, 83, 87, 134, 136, 259 149–165, 221, 228, 242, 244, 286, Evergreen broad-leaved forest, 22, 27, 325, 398, 408, 411–414, 416, 418, 101–126, 130–133, 136, 141–144, 151, 420, 456, 475, 518, 541, 542 154, 162–164 Ecoregion, 78, 242, 243, 254 Evergreen-deciduous broad-leaved forest ecotone Eco-sanctuary, 521 (EDF ecotone), 130–136, 138–146 Ecosystem, 54, 55, 59, 73, 74, 79, 81–84, 215, Evergreen-deciduous forest ecotone, 129–145 222, 224, 228, 399, 411–416, 418–420, Evergreen forest, 15, 41, 78, 170–172, 176, 475–477, 519–521, 523, 530–534, 538, 179, 183, 185, 194, 196–210, 458 539, 541, 543, 544 Evergreenness, 11, 30, 199 Ecosystem services, xxxvi, 480, 534 Evergreen forest, 114, 115 Ecotone, 129–145, 170, 368 Evergreen trees, 102, 130, 136, 138, 141, 144, Edaphic variation, 426 162 Edible plant, 449, 451, 454, 456 Evolutionary diversity, 530 Effect group, 55 Evolutionary history, 57, 64, 419 Emergent (), 524, 535 Exotic species, 523 Topics Index 553

Experiment, 63, 79, 80, 83, 398, 475–495 Functional niche, 73 Expositional vegetation, 230 Functional type, 54, 60, 62, 64, 81–86 Extinction, 150, 419, 526, 530, 533–537, 540 Functional variability, 82 Extinction of experience, 526 , 253, 376, 390 Fuzzy C-medians, 334

F Facies, 332, 337–353 G Facilitation, 58, 80, 397, 477 Gap-formation dieback, 222 Fasciation, 193 Gap-repairing species, 165 Fast-growing species, 258 Gap replacement, 200 Feather-grass steppe, 235, 236 Garrigue, 26, 32, 43, 248 Feed-forward effect, 57 Generalization, xxiii, 14 Fertilised meadow, 348 General systems theory, 411 Fidelity (of species), 350, 351 Genetic approach/classification (climate), 7, 9, Filler species, 163 10, 15 Fisher test, 335, 336 Genetic resources, 10 Flat-bottom valleys, 231 Geobotany, xxxvi, 287, 408, 413, 540, 542, 543 Flora Europaea, 333 Geocarpy, 317, 326 Floristic composition, 33, 102–104, 113, 124, Geodiversity, 532 125, 156, 161, 163, 170, 190, 194, 195, Geographic bias (data), 8 201–205, 209, 260, 293, 306, 309, 317, Geographic Information Systems (GIS) 350, 352 analysis, xxxv, 501, 505 Floristic province, 531, 534 Geographic position, 14, 18, 22, 24, 27, 37 Floristic region, 63, 426, 534 Geographic race, 417 Floristic richness, 170 Geosigmetum, 244, 246–248 Fog, 19, 21, 29, 35, 42, 288, 309 head of (vegetation) series, 246 Foothill belt, 357 Geosynphytosociology, 411 Forb steppe, 231–235, 238, 239 , 138, 398 Forest Gilgai , 324 beech forest, 246, 261, 373, 391, 419, 494, Glaciation, 124, 150, 162, 518 539 Global atmospheric circulation, 4, 7, 8, 24 classification, 203 Global classification (climate), 7, 10, 14, 55 decline, 219 Globalization, 533, 538 mixed forest, 22, 33, 36, 138–141, 150, 156, Global problems, 538–540 162, 170, 201, 207, 260, 539 Global Strategy of Plant Conservation (GSPC), oak forest, 76, 78, 114, 115, 261, 478, 250, 251, 253 480–484, 489–491, 494, 495 Global warming, 14, 23, 38, 500, 539, 540 Forest-based land use, 500 Global zonation (climatic), 4, 28, 38 Forest-steppe, 33, 229–232, 234, 237, 239 Goldilocks zone, 521 Fourth-corner statistic, 134, 135 Gondwanan elements, 210, 518 Fragmentation (forest), 150, 216, 223–225, Gradient (environmental), 54, 61, 64, 66, 83, 258, 286, 401, 531, 540 400, 415 Free oxygen, 530 Gradient analysis, xxxii, 409 Frost, 5, 9, 12, 13, 16, 18, 21–23, 32, 34, 36, 37, Gradient management, 525 259, 260, 316, 324–326 Graminoids, 262, 269, 320, 333, 335, 339, 349, Frost-heaving, 324–326 351, 395, 396 Function, 54, 59, 74, 81, 87, 199, 415, 443, 476, Grassland 511, 524 grazed, 395, 465 Functional , 530–533 mown, 448, 465, 468 Functional groups, 54, 59, 73, 81, 333, 335, Grassland vegetation, 364, 377, 448, 465 349, 494 Grass sward, 521 554 Topics Index

Grazing, 61, 62, 79, 235, 259, 332, 351, 352, Hydrotherophyte, 317 396, 465, 518, 523 Hygrophilous community, 380, 415 Greenhouse effect, 539 Hygrophilous grassland, 376, 415 Greenhouse gas(es), 500 Hygrophilous plants, 415 Green season, 17 Hyperoceanic chaparral, 296 Green-stem photosynthesis, 65, 66, 74 Hypsophyllary buds, 103 Growing season, 8, 12–14, 23–27, 33, 37 Hyrcanian forests, 44 Growth form, 54, 62, 326 Global Strategy of Plant Conservation (GSPC), 250, 253 Guild, 54, 55, 62, 335, 351, 521, 522, 524 I functional guild, 54 Ideal Continent (climate), 15, 17, 28, 29, 37 Gulf Stream, 29, 30 Imperata grassland, 468, 469, 500 Importance value (IV), 133, 137, 201 Important Plant Area (IPA), 251–253 Indian Ocean monsoon, 111, 125 H Indice d’aridite´,7 Habitat Indice pluviometrique,7 degradation, 475 Indice xe´rothermique,9 destruction, 539 Indigenous species, 520, 521, 523, 533 filtering, 57, 58, 64, 87 Indirect ordination, 379 heterogeneity, 58 Individuals of association, 409, 410 Habitats Directive, 254 Individuals of geosynassociation, 411 Halophyte, halophyte vegetation, 42 Individuals of synassociation, 411 Hawaiian rainforest, 215–228 Indo-Malaysian elements, 106, 119 Heath (landscape), 269, 412, 414, 418 Industrialization, 538 shrub heath, 269 Integrated synusial phytosociology (ISP), 412, Heath (plant), 269, 280 413 Heathland, 269, 412, 414, 418 Integrity (ecological), xxxv, 476, 518, 524, 525 Heavy-metal accumulation, 286 Integrity analysis, 476, 518–520, 524, 525 Height growth, 490, 493, 494 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Heliophilic zone, 400 (IPCC), 540 Hemicryptophyte, 60, 68, 414 Interior mediterranean climate, 17, 19, 21 Hierarchy theory, 411, 414 Intermediate-disturbance hypothesis, 80 Highlands, 9, 179, 317 International Code (Phytosoc. Nomenclature), High-stress environments, 400 295, 409 Hill (foothill, colline) belt, 34–36, 43, 155, 162, International Society for Serpentine Ecology 207, 209, 288, 292–294, 304, 309, 332, (ISES), 286 348, 357, 365, 368, 373 Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITC), 7, 16, Hillslope (upper/lower), 134, 136, 137, 145 17, 20, 29, 535 Hilltop Evergreen Forest, 202 Intra-cellular ice, 11 Histosol, 221 Inundation, 317 Holdridge life zones, 8 Invasion, 221, 222, 419, 495, 526 Home garden, 500 biology/ecology, xxxiii, 417, 419 Homeostasis, 414 Invasive species, 448, 523 Hornwort, 390, 391 Inventory, xxvii, 19, 38, 84, 387, 409 “Horseshoe effect”, 379 Important Plant Area (IPA), 251–253 Hotspot (biodiversity), 286, 534 Iron, 222, 428–430, 432–437, 439, 440, 442, Human activity, 11, 151, 533, 536, 539 443 Humidity (air), 7, 8, 309 Island biogeography, 413, 521 Hummock (Bult), 380, 383, 386 Island rainforest, 34, 102, 535–537 Hybridization, 257 Island warm-temperate climate, 19–21, 23, 544 Hydrological cycle, 539 Isotherms, 5, 6, 18, 27, 35, 124, 136, 143, 170 Hydromorphic soil, 359, 377 Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITC), 16, 17, Hydrophilous species, 121 20, 29 Topics Index 555

J Leaf size, 56, 65, 66, 68, 73, 83, 170, 185 Jurassic, 364, 533 Leaf thickness, 170 Leaf trait (leaf character), 57, 58, 62, 63, 136 Leaf-trait allometry, 63 Leaf weight, 60 K LEDA trait base, 333, 415 Kaplan-Meier method, 482 Legend (map), 69, 134, 246 Karst, 375–387 Legumes, 333, 339, 349, 351 Keystone species, 419 Liana (liane), 68, 113, 122, 199, 208, 209 Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, 480 Lichen, 25, 216, 218, 253, 326, 376, 394 Lichenicolous fungus, 54 Lichenized fungus, 54 Life form, 55, 56, 59, 64–66, 68, 82, 87, 208, L 215, 317, 389, 408 Lacustrine clay, 377 Life-form model (Raunkiaer), 59, 66, 87 Land classification, 242, 244 Life zone, 8, 196, 203 Land conversion, 536 Light intensity, 494 Land cover, land-cover type, 248, 249, Limestone, 76, 120, 132, 156, 259, 364 500–502, 505–507, 510–512 Limitation (environmental), 60, 61, 79, 416 Land mammals, 518 Limiting factor, 104, 259 Land management, 477 Litter, 56, 63, 67, 138, 383, 392, 399, 459, 500, Landsat, 509, 511 503, 504, 509 Landscape ecology, 242, 411, 414, 418, 420 Liverworts, 390, 391, 394, 395 Landscape legibility, 524 Leaf mass per area (LMA), 62–65 Landscape optimization, 521 Local community, 418, 512, 522 Landslide debris, 365 Local name, 448–450, 455–456 Landslide slopes, 465 Longleaf-pine community, 426, 427, 429–436, Land use, 61, 63, 67, 68, 71, 80, 85, 242, 438, 442, 443 249–250, 254, 351, 477, 500–502, 509, Long-term studies, 542 511, 518, 538 Lowland rainforest, 170, 206, 391, 535 Land-use system, type, 500, 502, 509, 511 Late freeze, 360 Latitudinal climate, 24 Laurel forest, 21, 25, 32, 34, 36, 39, 171 M Laurisilva, 78 Macaronesian elements, 102, 103 Laurophyll (leaf), 13, 32, 37, 42, 43 Macroclimatic region, 246, 281 Lava colonization, 216 Macrolichen, 391, 392, 395 Leaf dry-matter content (LDMC), 60, 61, 134 Macrophyll, 68, 77, 121 Leaf afterlife, 63 Macroscopic plants, 530 Leaf area, 61, 134, 137 Mainstream evolution, 518, 526 Leaf biomass, 511 Maintenance activity, 482 Leaf dry-matter content (LDMC), 60, 61, 134, 137 Management (land), 477 Leaf Economics Spectrum (LES) strategy, 56, Manganese, 427–429, 433–443 62–64 Mantel test, 394, 397, 401 Leaf-Height- Size (LHS) model, 57 Mantle community, 465 Leaf inclination, 65, 66, 68, 72, 73, 83 Mapping, xxvii, 15, 38, 66, 69, 242, 243, 248, Leaf-Life Form-Root (LLR) model/strategy, 251, 476 56, 64–73 unit, 244–248, 318 Leaf lifespan, 56, 64, 137 Maquis, 25, 39, 43, 249 Leaf mass per area (LMA), 56, 62–65 Marcescence, 26 Leaf nitrogen, 56, 62, 134 Marine west-coast climate, 11, 15–19, 21, 34, Leaf phosphorus, 56, 62 39, 40 Leaf phyllotaxis, 65 Maritime boreal climate, 23, 25, 30–31, 34, 230 556 Topics Index

Maritime mediterranean climate, 21 Montane belt Maritime polar climate, 20, 23, 34 lower montane, 171, 172, 179, 185, 196, Maritime steppe climate, 20 203 Maritime subtype (climate), 20, 22 upper montane, 207, 332 Marketing, 538 Montane evergreen mixed forest Mass ratio hypothesis (MRH), 59 lower, 186 Mata Atlantica, 535, 536 upper, 170 Material cycles, 413 Montane forest, 43, 162, 170–172, 185, 186, Mature-forest species, 80, 481, 494 190, 197, 200, 201, 203, 206, 394 Mature stage, 243, 249, 250, 278, 294, 418, 477 Montane rainforest Meadowland, 359 lower montane rainforest, 170, 205–207 Meadow-steppe, 26, 33 upper montane rainforest, 170 Measurement, 14, 28, 40, 82, 87, 428, 437, 438, Montane-subalpine pasture, 351 440, 442, 499–513 Monte Carlo test, permutations, 292, 294, 335 Medicinal plant, 453, 456 Mood’s test, 335 Mediterranean climate, 18, 102, 103, 262 Morphological type, 414 Mediterraneity, 259 Mortality, 138, 442, 482, 483, 485, 494, 495 Mega-forb, 333, 335, 339 Mosaic, 30, 61, 63, 68, 71, 80, 136, 144, 145, Mesophyll, 66, 68, 73, 106, 171 162, 164, 165, 176, 206–207, 219, 244, Mesophytic (mesic) oak forest, 478, 480–484, 246, 411, 412 489–491, 494 vegetation, 323 Mesophytism, 103 Moss, 54, 375–387, 391, 393, 394, 396 Mesozoic, 259, 530 Mountain forest, 162, 393, 429, 433, 437 Meta-analysis, 80, 88 Mowing, 332, 351, 465, 468, 470 Metabolic pathway, 87 Mown grassland, 468 Metabolic scaling theory (MST), 64, 82 Multi-dimensional scaling, 335 Meta-community, 418, 420 Multi-scale analysis, 425–443 Metagenomics, 401 Multi-scale sampling, 426 Methodology, 15, 65, 84, 87, 243–246, 248, 260, 287, 400, 420, 427, 443, 501–502 Microclimate, 401 Micro-continent, 518 N Micro-pools, 316 National Biodiversity Strategy (Italy), 250 Microtopography, 375–387 Native species, 477, 521, 523, 536 Minimal significant differences (test), 481 Natural forest, 132, 133, 476–478, 500, 504 Minimum area, 409, 477 Naturalized species, 210 Mixed evergreen-deciduous broad-leaved Natural pattern, 517–526 forest, 130, 132, 141 Natura 2000 Network, 250, 253, 262 Modal PFT, 66, 69–71, 73, 74, 83–86 Needle ice, 316, 317, 323, 325–327 Modeling, xxiii, 15, 38, 41, 428, 442, 443, 506, Nemoral (climate, vegetation), 15, 16, 31, 33 520–522 Nemoral species, 332 Moisture balance, 26 Neoendemism, 153 Moisture-balance gradient, 26 Neolithic Revolution, 534 Moisture index, 7, 8, 134 Neutral theory, 416 Moisture limitation, 7 Niche (ecological) Monodominance, 120, 122 fundamental niche, 416 Monospecific plantation, 477 realized niche, 82, 416 Monotypic (taxa), 150 Niche-assembled (community), 416–418 Monsoon, 19, 20, 22, 27, 29, 30, 32, 34, Niche complementarity, 80, 85 102–104, 106, 111, 113, 116, 119, 124, Niche differentiation, 58, 87, 418 125, 131, 133, 154 Niche theory, 416 climate, 102–104, 106, 133 Nitrification, 348, 350 evergreen broad-leaved forest, 116 Nitrogen, 56, 57, 62, 64, 82, 134, 318, 332, 337, temperate climate, 20, 22, 27 348, 350, 428–431, 433–437, 442, 532 Topics Index 557

Nitrophilous species, 348 Pattern, 4, 9, 10, 16, 19, 20, 24, 25, 28, 30, 35, 37, Non-destructive methods, xxxiv, 503, 504 38, 55, 57, 63–65, 79, 80, 82, 83, 85, 123, Non-linear, 70, 543 133–138, 141, 145, 161–164, 218, 219, Non-vascular plants, 389–401 222, 260–262, 281, 287, 293–295, 316, Northern limit, 113, 120, 124, 136, 144, 145 325, 333, 336, 339, 351, 352, 376, 386, Northern perspective (climatic), 28 392, 396, 397, 400, 407–420, 426, 433, North slopes, 137, 231 456, 500, 517–526, 530, 540, 542, 543 Notophyll, 68, 171, 206, 208–210 Peloturbation, 324 Perennating organ, 55, 56, 59 Permafrost, 6, 12, 23, 31, 229, 230 Pest control, 520, 523 O Pest species, 470 Oceanic chaparral, 294, 302 Potential evapotranspiration (PET), 8, 40, 136 Oceanic crust, 286 Petrophyte, 232–235 ‘Odd’ grasslands, 353 Plant functional attribute (PFA), 65, 66, 68 Oligotrophic beech forest, 478, 480, 481, 483, Plant functional complexity (PFC), 72, 75 487, 488, 490, 493, 495 Phanerophyte, 60, 66, 68, 73, 83, 260, 414 Oligotrophic lake, 316, 318, 319 Pheno-physiognomy, 55 Oligotypic (taxa), 150, 162 Phi coefficient, 335, 338 Ombrothermic diagram, 10, 292, 295, 299 Photosynthetic assimilation rate, 56, 62 Ombrotype, 260, 262, 288, 292, 308 Phyllode, 326 Optimum spatial configuration, 522 Physiognomic vegetation type, 243 Ordination, xxix, 60, 61, 79, 184, 185, 196, Physiognomy, 34, 121, 162, 170, 246 293, 295, 335, 337, 339, 350, 379, 383, Physiological ecology, xxix, 55, 415 385, 386, 395, 397, 401, 409, 415 Physiological mechanisms, 11 Bray-Curtis (ordination), 184, 334, 379, Phytocoenosis, 54, 376, 412 393 Phytogeographic province, 247 Ordovician, 530 Phytogeography, 408, 413 Organic matter (soil), 134, 174, 221, 383, 386, Phytosociological classification, 282 428–431, 433, 434, 436, 437, 441, 442 Phytosociological table, 282, 318, 379, 417 Orientation (slope aspect), 291 Phytosociology, xxix, xxxi, 242, 243, 254, 287, Ornamental plant, 448 357–360, 407–420 Orobiome, 185, 186, 196, 200 Pinnate (leaves), 199 Oro-tropical wetlands, 316 Pioneer shrub community, 465 Orthogonal traits, 64 Pioneer species, 141, 162, 164, 364, 502 Overexploitation, 533 Pioneer vegetation, 365, 530 Overgrazing, 236, 332, 350, 352, 544 Pistacia woodland, 249 Pit (Schlenke), 383 Plantation (tree, forest), 172, 218, 477, 479, 480, 500, 505 P Plantation density, 479 Pacific monsoon, 125 Plantation management, 477 Paleoecology, 541 Plantation species, 479, 480 Paleoendemism, 153 Plant community, 62, 83, 150, 163, 185–186, Pangaea, 531, 533 231–239, 243, 254, 287, 316–318, 373, Parasite, 54 376, 386, 407–413, 416–420, 426, 448, Parsimonious trait selection, 57, 61, 87 461–463, 465–470, 539, 542, 543 Passenger (species), 398 Plant diversity, 253, 291, 425–443 Pasture, 348, 350, 351, 365, 448, 495, 500 Plant ecology, 61, 64, 74, 244, 413, 414, 420 Patchiness, 286 Plant functional attribute (PFA), 65, 66, 68 Path analysis (path models), 426–428, Plant functional complexity (PFC), 72, 75, 433–437, 440 76, 78 558 Topics Index

Plant functional elements, 66, 67 Raised coral reef, 121, 125 Plant functional group, 333, 335, 349 Range (geographic, cf distribution), 14, 17–20, Plant functional trait, 61, 64, 74 23–25, 30, 31, 40, 65, 75, 78, 83, 102, Plant functional types (PFTs), xxiv, 54, 55, 58, 104, 106, 107, 113, 130, 134, 138, 150, 61, 62, 65–67, 75, 78, 86, 415 151, 157–159, 162, 171, 172, 176, 179, Plant geography, 408 185, 194, 196, 200, 202, 206, 223, 225, Plant height, 56, 57, 459, 460 230, 234, 248, 253, 254, 258, 259, 261, Planting strategy, 495 279–281, 291, 292, 302, 306, 309, 331– Plant names, 230, 257, 455, 456 353, 390–394, 396, 397, 415, 416, 426, Plant strategy, 56–61, 82 442, 459, 462, 478, 511, 522, 539, 540 Pleistocene, 150, 210, 325 Rare species, 133, 292, 327, 360 Pliocene (period), 125 Recombinant ecosystem, 523 Plot data, 317–318 Reconstruction (forest), 412, 476, 541 Potential natural vegetation (PNV), xxxiv, 241, Recovery (ecosystem, forest, vegetation), 244, 250, 251, 254, 287, 309, 411, 418, 219–222, 419, 476, 519, 520, 526 419 Red list, 357 Polar (climate, climate type), 18, 23, 24, 26, 34 Redundancy (functional), 59, 73–81 Polar treeline, 5, 35 Reforestation, xxxiv, 476, 495 Polar (frigid) zone, 4, 5, 12 Refugium, 150, 151 Poleward boundary, 13 Regeneration, 150, 155, 226, 315–328 Pollen abundance, 221 niche, 315–328 Positional climate, 24 Regional species pool, 416, 417, 420 Potential evapotranspiration (PET), 7, 8, 26, Regional synthesis, 87–88 40, 134, 136 Regression phase, 222 Potential natural vegetation (PNV), 244, 250, Regressive succession, 352 251, 254, 287, 309, 411, 418, 419, 476, Rehabilitation (, vegetation), xxxiv, 477 83, 411 Prairie, 26, 33 Relative growth, 57, 479, 480, 482, 489–494 Predator control, 521, 525, 526 Releve´, 145, 215, 216, 224, 232, 244, 263, 264, Premature senescence, 219 266, 268, 270, 272, 274, 276, 278, 281, Primary succession, 217, 221, 222, 365, 448 282, 287, 292, 295, 296, 299–301, 332, Primary vegetation, 248 336–339, 348, 350–353, 358–361, Principal Component Analysis, 60 365–373, 379–382 Process, 57, 81, 144, 217, 219, 224, 226, 418, Relict (taxon), 14, 106, 107, 149–165, 398, 417 476, 530 Replacement community, 262, 269, 279, 280 Production ecology, xxxiv, 12, 56, 60, 82, 164, Replicate, 479, 481 258, 332, 415, 500, 525 Reproductive strategy, 54 Production, productivity, 61 Reptiles, 518 Projective cover, 232–235, 237, 238 Reserve design, 521 Protected areas, 156, 250, 253, 255 Resilience (ecosystem), 74, 224, 225, 414 Puna, 36, 37, 41, 42 Resource acquisition, 56, 57, 87 Resource allocation, 55, 137, 138 Resource ratio model, 58 Resource use, 54, 55 Q Response diversity, 74, 80 Quaternary (period), 124, 125, 150, 162 Response group/type, 55 Responsiveness, 397, 401 Restoration (ecosystems, vegetation), xxxiv, 228, 253, 352, 475–495, 521, 525 R Re-vegetation, 477 Rainforest, 39, 43, 185, 207, 220–222, Rhizomatous perennial, 448 225–228, 537 Ring-porous wood, 11 Rainshadow, 18, 20, 22, 23, 29, 30 r-K model, 59 Topics Index 559

Roadsides, 391, 455, 459, 462, 464, 468 Seedling quality, 493 Root sprouts, root suckers, 258 Seedling survival, 483, 485, 487 Root-system preparation, 12, 26, 56, 494, 495 Selectively cut woods, 501 Root trait, 57, 58 Self-repair, 476 Ruderal, 61, 352 Semi-deciduous monsoon forest, 76 plants, 56 Semi-desert, 18, 24, 26, 32, 36, 39, 40, 42, 44, strategy, 56, 60 101, 287 vegetation, 56 steppe, 32, 39 Runoff, 383, 494 Semi-moist evergreen broad-leaved forest, 111, 116, 125 Semi-natural grassland, 332 Semi-shrub, 232 S Senescence, 219 Sample plot, 503, 504, 507–509 Sequestration (carbon), 500, 512 Sampling (of vegetation), xxxi, 15, 290, 426 Seral community, 269 multi-scale (sampling), 426 Seral species, 478 nested sampling, xxxi Series mosaic, 244, 246 Sampling errors, 504 Serpentine soil, 286 Sand (content, soil), 425, 429–435, 438, 442 Services (natural, ecosystem), xxxvi, 480, 534 Sand desert, 44 Shade tolerance, 13, 164, 217, 218, 520, 521 Sand-dune vegetation, 399 Shannon-Wiener diversity index, 202 Sandstone, 279, 480, 494 Sharpness Index (clustering), 335–337 Sapling wave, 219, 220 Shola forest, 171, 176–178, 183, 186, 204 Saprophyte, 54 Short-summer deciduous trees, 23, 25 SAS/STAT, 183, 335, 380 Short-term observations, 541 Satellite monitoring (of vegetation, land Shrub-bush land, 502 cover), xxxv, 501 Shrub forest, 225 Savanna, 16, 17, 25, 30, 32, 33, 38, 39, 41, 42, Shrub invasion, 495 222, 419 Shrubland, 16, 43, 246, 249, 318, 368, 395, Scale 494, 500, 519 dependence, 53, 54 Shrub-mixed dryland farm, 502, 505, 506, mapping, 242 508–512 multiple, 53–88, 215–228, 426 Shrub steppe, 32, 237–238 spatial scale, 58, 59, 87, 133, 254, 389, 419, Shrub thicket, 229–239 542, 545 Shrubwood, 365, 368, 371–373 temporal scale, 60, 83, 407, 419, 542 Sigmatist phytosociology, 410, 412 Scaling, 81–82, 339, 504 Sigmetum, 244, 246–248 Sclerophyllous, sclerophylly, 32, 107, 249, 287 Silhouette (clustering), 335, 337 Scrub, 16, 25, 30, 33, 36, 39–43, 45, 115, 269, Siliceous soil/substrate, 258, 269, 279 374, 394, 522, 526 Silt (content, soil), 425, 426, 428–439, 442, 443 Sea level, 69, 125, 172, 199, 208, 223, 229, Similarity analysis, 379 364, 458, 539 Similarity Percentage method, 379 Season, 8, 11, 16, 18, 20, 22–26, 29, 31, 33, 36, Sino-Japanese elements, 103–107 37, 55, 56, 59, 129, 201, 259, 279, 541 Sixth Extinction, 533 Seasonal wetland, 316–318 Skeletal soils, 66, 233 Secondary stages, 494 Specific leaf area (SLA), 60, 61, 63, 79, 137 Secondary succession, 220, 365 Slope exposition (aspect), 230 Sector (climatic zonation), 246, 247, 249, 254, Snow cover, 27, 230 280, 281, 291, 478 Sociation, 410, 411 Sedge-forb communities, 232 Soil attributes, 426, 433, 443 Seedling establishment, 495, 521 Soil carbon, 23, 512, 513 Seedling growth, 490, 495 Soil conditions, 494, 495, 540 Seedling life, 482, 483, 487 Soil improvement, 8 560 Topics Index

Soil moisture, 138, 426, 442 Subpolar, 5, 13, 18, 23, 33, 39, 45 Soil , 425–443, 511 Substrate, 26, 35, 120, 221, 222, 225, 226, 232, Soil pH, 426, 427, 429, 431, 432, 435–442, 448 246, 259, 260, 269, 291, 316, 324, 326, Soil texture, 426–428, 434, 435, 442, 443 351, 365, 368, 376, 380, 494 Solifluction, “solifluction floating”, 317, Subtropical 324–326 arid climate, 21, 23, 29, 30 Sorensen Index (distance), 379 desert, 39, 42 Southern limit, 113, 120, 124, 257 fog-desert climate, 21 South slopes, 130, 137 high pressure, 7, 16–18, 29, 535 Space-for-time substitution, 418, 476 ombrophilous evergreen forest, 121–123, Spatial diversity, 529 125 Spatial mosaic, 411 rainforest, 32, 102, 106, 125, 171, 208 Spatial scale, 58, 59, 87, 133, 254, 389, 419, seasonal evergreen forest, 105, 106, 542, 545 115–121, 124, 125 Spearman coefficient, 335, 379, 383 Subtype (climatic), 18–24 Species Subulate leaves, 319 combination, 479, 481 Sub-zone, 22, 131, 132, 171 PFT ratio, 85, 86 Succession (vegetation), 80 richness, 53, 60, 71, 75, 76, 78, 85, 86, 201, Successional pathway, 353, 419 332, 335, 393–398, 413, 415, 427, 428, Succulent plants, 11, 32, 42, 56, 64, 66, 68, 87, 430–432, 439, 442, 443, 500, 532, 534 534 selection (plantation), 479, 495 Summer drought, 32, 259–261, 279, 280, 478, Species-area curve, 409 494 Species-time relationship, 417 Summer-rain evergreen forest, 102 Specific leaf area (SLA), 56, 60, 61, 63, 64, 79, Survival rate (in plantations), 478, 482–485, 134, 137 490, 494 Specific root length, 57 Sustainability, 476 Stage (successional), 417, 494, 523 science, 476 Stand reduction (dieback), 222 Sward, 332, 521 State of conservation, 249 Syndrome (traits), 54, 57, 64, 65, 87 Steel-Dwass test, 379, 380 Syndynamic map, 254 Steppe, 20, 22, 23, 26, 32, 33, 35, 36, 39, 42, Synphytosociology, 242, 254, 411 44, 45, 154, 229–239 Synsystematics, 408, 410, 413, 420 Stochasticity, 417, 418 Syntaxa (syntaxon), 325, 332, 333, 339, 352, Stoichiometric scaling, 81–82 353, 376, 409, 410, 412 Strangler, 121 Syntaxonomy, 185–186, 324–325, Strategy, 54–57, 59–74, 78, 250, 251, 326, 414, 408–410, 413 420, 512 Synusia, xxx, 209, 378, 380, 383, 386, 412 Stratification, 106, 123 Synusial analysis, 411 Stream formation, 216, 220–222 Synusial association, 414 Stress, 58, 60, 79, 136, 154, 259, 335, 339, 495, Synusial method, 411, 413 523 Stress-gradient hypothesis (SGH), 58 Stress-tolerator (strategy), 56, 60 Structural biodiversity, 530–533 T Structural-equation models, 426–428, 433, Tablework (phytosociological), 409 434, 436–438, 440, 442, 443 Taiga, 11, 229, 232 Structuralism, 412 Tall herbs (forbs), 207, 333, 335, 339, 349, 351 Subalpine (belt), 35, 37, 46, 206, 316, 325, 352, Taproot, 259 458 Temperate (climate), 14, 18, 21, 22, 24, 25, 30, Subalpine rainforest, 170 41, 280, 281 Submediterranean (climate), 26, 27, 32, 33, 39, Temperate arid climate, 16–18, 20, 22, 39, 40 43, 44 Temperate conifer forest, 154, 287 Topics Index 561

Temperate continental climate, 24, 30, 35 Triassic, 279 Temperate deciduous forest, 18, 31, 38, 39, Tropical 151, 458 alpine belt, 5 Temperate desert, 15, 154 cyclone, 31 Temperate forests, 83, 196, 261, 412, 426 deciduous forest, 179 Temperate zone, 4, 5, 7, 8, 11–13, 21, 22, 27, evergreen notophyll rainforest, 206, 208 38, 40, 518 lower montane forest, 200 Temperature limitation, 13, 141, 142 lowland forest, 80 Temporal diversity, 530, 540 rainforest, 17, 102, 121, 126, 131, 185, 208, Temporal scale, 60, 83, 407, 419, 542 535–537 Tenagophyte, 317 seasonal evergreen forest, 31, 32, 116 Tertiary (period), 150, 162, 410, 525 seasonal forest, 31, 116 Tertiary deciduous trees, 149–165 secondary tree, 512 Tertiary relict, 150, 156 semi-evergreen forest, 31 Tesela, 411, 412, 414 summer-rain climate, 17, 29–31, 35 Thallus, 390 zone, 4, 5, 12, 535 Thermophilous (species, vegetation), 13, 27, Tundra, 12, 16, 24, 26, 33, 35–37, 39, 45, 68, 116, 119, 120, 269, 279, 337, 348 80, 83, 394, 398 Thermotype, 246, 260, 262, 288, 292, 308, 309, Turnover (species), 85, 136 316 Tussock grassland, 37, 44, 318, 319 Thorn cushion (plant), 36 TWINSPAN, 409 Thorn scrub, 25, 36, 42 Typical-temperate climate, 18, 21–25 Thornthwaite classification (climatic), 8 Timberline, 458, 459 Tissue loss, 60 Topographic analysis, xxvi, xxx, 25, 26, 34, U 102, 136–138, 162, 163, 172, 457, 495 Ultra-continental boreal climate, 19, 20, 23, 25 Topographic climax, 102, 162 Ultra-mafic (rock, soil, habitat), 285–310 Topographic differentiation, 136–138 Undergrowth, 105, 183, 196, 203, 216, 218, Topography, 16, 24, 26, 35, 125, 126, 132, 133, 503 141–145, 204, 395, 501, 540 Unique ecology, 518 Trade-off, investment trade-off, 55–59, 64 Uniqueness, 260 Trade winds, 6, 20, 30, 217, 535 Unstable habitat, terrain, 153, 156, 163 Trait (character), 54 Upland climate, 34–37 Trait assemblage, 54 Upwelling, 29 Trait-based ecololgy, 54, 83 Urbanization, 538 Trait convergence, 58, 80, 87 Trait descriptor, 333 Trait divergence, 58 Trait, functional, 55–57, 60, 61, 64, 66, 74, V 80–83, 85, 87, 133, 325–327 Vacant niche, 400 Trajectory (recovery), xxxv, 517–526 Valdivian rainforest, 34 Transition (climatic), 31 Validation (of models), xxiii, 46 Transition analysis, xxv, 14, 31–34 Vascular plants, 61, 62, 66, 70, 71, 78, 82, 85, Transition pattern, 133–138, 145 87, 121, 162, 237, 253, 318, 326, 333, Tree, 8, 57, 102, 118, 130, 149–165, 173, 376, 381, 382, 386, 390, 392–401, 427, 186–190, 207, 216, 222, 249, 258, 306, 518, 531, 532 325, 391, 412, 462, 477, 494, 500, 509, Vegetation classification, 54, 59, 62, 126, 132, 518, 530 293–295 plantation, 477, 480, 500 Vegetation formation, 38, 408 Tree-based land use, 500 Vegetation functional trait, 53–88 Tree-fall gap, 80 Vegetation functional type, 53–88 Treeline (alpine), 5, 35, 37, 316, 317 Vegetation history, 517–527 562 Topics Index

Vegetation map, 101, 130, 224, 227, 243, 360 Wet season, 24, 26, 29, 30 Vegetation sampling, 290, 426 Whole-plant syndrome, 57, 58, 65, 66, 69, Vegetation science, 102, 401, 420 83, 87 Vegetation series, 241–255, 287, 289, 479 Wild trees, 226 Vegetation zone, 130–132, 161 Wildlife guild, 522 Vegetative reproduction, 154, 163 Wild plant, 448, 449, 451, 454 Viable (production of), 40 Wild relatives, 150 Vicariance, 246, 324, 325, 531 Wind dispersal (seeds), 154 Vital attribute strategy, 56, 59 Windward wet-dry climate (subtype), 19, 20 Volcanism, 77, 217, 222, 224, 225, 448, Winter-rain subtype (climate), 20 458–460, 462, 463, 544 Wood density, 502, 507 Wood economics spectrum, 57 Wood production, 12 WorldClim data-base, 135 W Walter climate (type, system), 9, 29 Warm month, 5, 8, 12, 31, 34, 40, 179, 207 Warm season, 26, 229 X Warm-temperate Xero-edaphic climax, 287, 298 climate (type), 14, 15, 18, 21, 34, 40, 102, 133 Xerophilous species/vegetation, 350 deciduous forest, 27 Xerophytic species, 394 evergreen forest, 33 oak-laurel forest, 170 Warmth Index (Kira), 104, 107, 113, 130, 134, 141, 143 Z Water (moisture) availability, 11, 12, 55, 65, Zonal climate (type), 4, 16, 24–28, 39 143, 443, 494 Zonal formation, 170 Water loss, 259, 494 Zonal soil (type), 4, 16, 35 Water stress, 259, 495 Zonal vegetation, 4, 16, 22, 24–28, 30, Water uptake, 12 35–38, 111, 119, 120, 130–133, Weed, 318, 323, 448, 476, 521, 523, 525 163, 185 species, 520 Zonation (climatic, bioclimatic), xxiii, 3–46, Weeding, 465, 495 131, 132, 170, 196–200 Westerlies (winds), 7, 16 Zonobiome, 185 Wetlands, 63, 221, 316–318, 320, 323, 325, Zono-ecotone, 31 326, 395, 518–523, 537 Zu¨rich-Montpellier method, 410 Taxonomic Index

A Agrostistachys borneensis, 173–175, 187–190, Abies lasiocarpa,64 193, 194, 197, 204 Acacia koa, 225, 226 Ailanthus triphysa, 202 Acer Ajuga genevensis, 340 A. albopurpurascens, 122 Alangium villoxum, 209 A. campestre, 367, 370, 481, 482, 490, 494 Albizia A. granatense, 279 A. procera, 175, 187, 190, 193, 203 A. monspessulanum ssp. turcumanicum, 276 A. chinensis, 119 Aceraceae, 157, 205 A. moluccana, 227 Aceratium, 207 Alchemilla, 318, 322, 327, 340 Acronychia Aleurites, 210 A. acidula, 209 A. moluccana, 209, 225 A. pedunculata, 122, 181, 191, 205 Allium Actinodaphne A. massaessylum, 273, 277, 282 A. angustata, 202 A. scorzonerifolium, 282 A. bourdillonii, 188, 202 A. tenuissimum, 231 Adenocarpus hispanicus, 262 A. victorialis, 282 Adenophora Alniphyllum fortunei, 109, 157 A. gmelinii, 231, 235 Alnus, 25, 26 A. fasciculatum, 293, 296, 298 A. firma, 465 Adiantum jordanii, 302 Alocasia macrorrhiza, 122, 123 Adinandra Alphitonia, 209 A. lasiopetala, 192, 200 Alpinia, 207 A. ryukyuensis, 118 A. speciosa, 122 Agathis australis, 391, 518 Alstonia, 210 Aglaia A. scholaris, 209, 507–509 A. anamaliensis, 193 Altingia A. bourdillonii, 202 A. chinensis, 109 A. congylos, 180, 191, 195, 205 A. gracilipes, 109 A. sapindina, 209 Amborellaceae, 210, 211 Agropyron cristatum, 239 Amelanchier ovalis, 364–368 Agrostis Anacardiaceae, 158, 170, 171, 186, 201, 207, A. capillaris, 332, 333, 340, 352, 480 209, 210 A. gracilifolia, 321, 324 Anacolosa, 199 A. tenuis, 352 A. densiflora, 199

© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016 563 E.O. Box (ed.), Vegetation Structure and Function at Multiple Spatial, Temporal and Conceptual Scales, Geobotany Studies, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-21452-8 564 Taxonomic Index

Anagallis angustiloba, 323 B Anaphalis margaritacea, 459 Baccaurea, 207 Annamocarya sinensis, 152, 153, 155 Bauhinia, 116 Anthoceros, 391 B. championii, 120 Anthylis vulneraria, 340, 351 Bencomia caudate, 103 Apollonias barbujana, 103 Beilschmiedia Aquilaria sinensis, 122, 123 B. erythrophloia, 118 Arabidopsis thaliana,64 B. fordii, 117, 119 Arabis alpina, 325 B. tsangii, 117, 119, 123 Araliaceae, 113, 201, 207 Berberis, 280 Araucaria, 43, 206, 208 B. hispanica, 280 A. heterophylla, 225 Betula Arbutus unedo, 269, 274, 275 B. celtiberica, 481, 483, 487, 493 Arctogeron gramineum, 231–235 B. pendula, 84, 340, 391, 480 Arctostaphylos B. platyphylla, 84, 230 A. glandulosa, 295 Bhesa A. glauca, 293, 298 B. ceylanica, 180, 190–192, 195, 198, 205 A. manzanita, 295 B. montana, 195 A. montana, 295, 296 Birch, 29, 31, 77, 480, 518 A. obispoensis, 302 Bischofia javanica, 115, 118, 189, 202, 206 A. viscida, 293, 296, 299, 302, 304, Blastus cochinchinensis, 120 306–308, 310 Bombacaceae, 186, 201, 209 Ardisia quinquegona, 120 Bowringia callicarpa, 122 , 201, 207, 537 Brachypodium rupestre, 364 Arenga engleri, 122, 123 Brassicaceae, 317 Argyrodendron (Heritiera) Bredilia, 121 A. actinophyllum, 208 B. balansae, 118 A. peralatum, 209 Bretschneideraceae, 152, 157, 162 Armeniaca sibirica, 231, 237, 238 Bretschneidera sinensis, 151, 152, 155, 157 Artemisia Bromus A. gmelinii, 238 B. commutatus, 337, 340 A. monostachya, 232, 234, 235, 237 B. erectus, 364 A. princeps, 459 Bubbia, 207, 209 A. tanacetifolia, 232, 235 Bupleurum scorzonerifolium, 231, 232, 235 Artocarpus A. altilis, 226 A. heterophyllus, 174, 187, 189, 203 C A. hirsutus, 199 Calamus Arytera divaricata, 209 C. formosana, 122, 123 Ash, 222, 458, 463, 503, 518 C. rhabdocladus, 122 Asparagus acutifolius, 269, 276 Caldcluvia, 207, 209 Aspidosperma quebracho-blanco,27 Calendula officinalis, 451, 454 Asplenium Calliergonella cuspidata, 380, 384, 386 A. nidus, 123 Calocedrus decurrens, 306 A. ruta-muraria, 365 Calophyllum A. trichomanes, 365 C. acidus, 181, 191, 195, 205 Astonia ferruginea, 122 C. apetalum, 187, 189, 202 Astragalus, 265, 271, 275, 373 C. elatum, 199, 203 Astronia, 207 Camellia Athertonia, 209 C. forrestii, 108 Aucuba japonica, 113 C. fraterna, 108 Aulacomnium palustre, 378, 380–382, 384, 386 C. japonica, 108, 113 Azorella macquariensis,69 C. lutchuensis, 108 Taxonomic Index 565

C. oleosa, 105, 108 australe, 209 C. pitardii var. yunnanensis, 108 Castanospora, 209 C. sasanqua, 108 Casuarina, 206, 207, 225 C. vietnamensis, 117 Catapyrenium lachneum, 326 Campanula glomerata, 232, 340 Ceanothus Camptotheca acuminata, 153, 155 C. cuneatus, 293, 296, 298, 302, 308 Canarium C. jepsonii ssp. albiflorus, 293, 299, 302, C. album, 122 310 C. strictum, 199, 203 C. lemmonii, 306 Canthium coromandelicum, 180, 192, 195, 205 C. oliganthus ssp. sorediatus, 302, 303 Carallia, 171, 188, 193 C. prostratus, 306–308 Cardamine, 317, 320, 327 Cedrela toona, 191, 195, 203 C. amara, 377, 380, 382 Celtis, 156, 158, 171, 192, 210, 276 Cardwellia, 209 C. yunnanensis, 111 Carex Cephalotaxus fortunei, 136 C. buxbaumii, 360, 378 Cerastium tomentosum, 364 C. distachya, 268, 269, 275 Ceratopetalum apetalum, 208 C. disticha, 357–360 Cercidiphyllaceae, 152, 157, 162 C. gracilis, 358–360 Cercidiphyllum C. monostachya, 319, 321 C. japonicum, 150–152, 155–157, 160, C. pediformis, 232, 235, 239 163, 164 C. runssoroensis, 318, 319, 321, 324 C. magnificum, 151 Carpinus, 156, 157, 247, 249 Chamaecyparis lawsoniana, 477, 480 Castanea Chamaerhodos trifida, 232–235 C. sativa, 258, 263, 270, 274 Chamaespartium saggitale, 351 C. seguinii, 140, 157 Cheirodendron trigynum, 218 Castanopsis Chimonobambusa, 111 C. acuminatissimum, 207 Chlorogalum grandiflorum, 306 C. carlesii, 108–110, 116 Cibotium, 217, 222 C. carlesii var. sessile, 117, 120 Cinnamomum C. carlesii var. spinulosa, 108, 109, 144 C. japonicum, 109, 110 C. chinensis, 117, 118 C. subavenium, 108 C. cuspidata, 108, 113, 114 Circium nipponicum var. incomptum, 459, 461 C. cuspidata var. sieboldii, 118 Cissus, 207 C. delavayii, 111 Cleistocalyx operulata, 122 C. eyrei, 108–110, 136, 137, 144, 159, 162 Cleistogenes C. fabri, 109, 119, 159 C. kitagawae, 237 C. fargesii, 109, 110, 120 C. squarrosa, 237 C. fissa, 109 Clematis vitalba, 364, 366, 368, 369, 372 C. fleuryi, 117, 119 Cleyera, 103 C. fordii, 109 Clusiaceae, 170, 186, 201, 207, 210 C. hystrix, 117–120, 122 Clypeola jonthlaspi, 327 C. indica, 117, 119 Coelachne africana, 323 C. kawakamii, 108 Colchicum autumnale, 337, 341 C. lamontii, 109 Conandrium, 207 C. orthacantha, 108, 111, 112 Conifer, 25, 28, 29, 31, 35–37, 39, 43, C. platyacantha, 109 76, 136, 138, 139, 141, 159, 249, C. sclerophylla, 106, 108–110, 132, 287, 306, 309 136–138, 140, 144 Cooksonia, 530, 532 C. sieboldii, 108, 113–115 Coprosma, 218 C. stellato-spina, 122, 123 Cornaceae, 113, 158 C. tibetana, 109 Cornus C. tonkinensis, 117–119 C. kousa ssp. chinensis, 158, 162 C. uraianai, 117–120, 122 C. sanguinea, 366, 369, 373 566 Taxonomic Index

Corylus avellana, 365, 366, 370–373, 481, 482, Cyperaceae, 316, 333 490, 493, 494 Cytisus Costus, 207 C. multiflorus, 262, 271, 276 Crassula C. scoparius, 262, 266, 271, 276 C. granvikii, 319, 320, 323, 326 Cytisophyllum sessilifolius, 364, 368 C. moschata, 318, 321, 323 C. natans, 318, 320, 323 Crataegus, 366 D C. monogyna, 265, 271, 275, 369, 372, 481, Dacrycarpus, 206 482, 485, 487, 490, 494 Daemonorops mararitae, 122, 123 Cruciata laevipes, 266, 341, 348 Dalbergia hupean, 141, 142, 158 Cryptocarya Danthonia alpina, 342, 348, 350 C. chinensis, 118–120 Daphnandra dielsii, 209 C. concinna, 117–119 Daphniphyllum, 104, 160 C. wightiana, 180, 181, 188, 190, 191, 195, D. neilgherrense, 202 198, 205 Darlingia, 209 Cullenia Davidiacea, 152, 153, 157, 162 C. exarillata, 171, 173–175, 177, 178, 184, Davidia involucrata, 150, 152–157, 160, 162 187–189, 193, 194, 197, 199, 201–204 Dawsonia superba, 391 C. rosayroana, 191, 195 Dendrocnide meyeniana, 122 Cunninghamia lanceolata, 136, 159 Dendropanax trifidus, 113 Cunoniaceae, 207–210 Dendrosenecio, 318, 321, 323, 325 Cupaniopsis serrata, 209 Derris laxiflora, 123 Cupressaceae, 43 Deschampsia caespitosa, 319, 321 Cupressus duclouxiana, 111 Dicranopteris linearis, 217, 218 Cyanobacteria, 530, 531 Dicranum bonjeanii, 380–382, 384 Cyathaea Dimocarpus longan, 171, 173, 177, 178, 180, C. lepifera, 122 187, 189, 191, 193–195, 197, 204 C. podophylla, 123 Diospyros C. polycarpa, 122 D. bourdillonii, 187, 193 C. spinulosa, 122 D. maritima, 115, 117 Cyathocalyx, 188, 207 D. morrisiana, 117, 120 Cyathophorum bulbosum, 391 D. yunnanensis, 117 Cyclobalanopsis (Quercus) Diploglottis cunninghamii, 209 C. acuta, 108, 114, 115 Dipterocarp, 76, 196, 206 C. delavayii, 111 Dipterocarpaceae, 171, 196, 199, 206 C. gilva, 109, 114, 115 Dipterocarpus C. glauca, 105, 106, 108, 109, 113–115, D. bourdillonii, 199 132, 136–138, 140–142, 144, 159 D. indicus, 199, 201 C. glaucoides, 108, 111, 112 Disanthus cercidifolius var. longipes, C. gracilis, 109, 136, 159 152, 153 C. hondae, 115 Doona (Shorea) C. longinux, 108, 116, 120 D. gardneri, 181, 191 C. longinux var. koui, 120 D. zeylanica, 181, 191 C. morii, 116 Doryphora, 209 C. multinervis, 109, 159, 160 Dracophyllum, 399 C. myrsinaefolia, 106, 108, 109, 113–115, Drepanocladus aduncus, 359, 380–384, 386 159 Drimys, 207 C. oxyodon, 106, 109, 144 Dryadodaphne, 207 C. salicina, 114, 115 Duckera, 207 C. sessilifolia, 106, 109, 114–116, 159 Durio zibethinus, 507–509 C. stenophylloides, 116 Dysoxylum C. stewardiana, 106, 109 D. buskusense, 123 Cyclocarya paliurus, 150–152, 155–157, 161, 162 D. malabaricum, 197, 199, 202, 203 Taxonomic Index 567

E Euonymus europaeus, 366, 368, 369, 373, 481, Ebenaceae, 120, 158, 170, 186 482, 494 Ecdysanthera Euphorbia, 264, 272, 273, 278, 342, 372, 373 E. rosea, 122 Euphorbiaceae, 116, 170, 171, 186, 201, 207, E. utilis, 122 209, 210 Echinocactus,69 Euptelea Elaeocarpaceae, 104, 118, 170, 186, 201, E. pleiospermum, 150, 151, 156, 157, 161, 162 205–207, 209, 210 E. polyandra, 151 Elaeocarpus Eupteleaceae, 152, 157, 162 E. braceanus, 117 Eurya E. glandulifer, 180, 181, 190, 191, 195, E. ceylanica, 192, 195 198, 205 E. japonica, 192, 195 E. grandis, 209 Eurycorymbus cavaleriei, 152, 153, 156 E. monronii, 194 E. nitentifolius, 117 E. tuberculatus, 173, 177, 187, 189, 193 F Elettaria cardamomum, 170, 183, 200 , 186, 209 Elm, 44, 518 , 28, 102–104, 116, 120, 151, Embelia rudis, 122 157–159, 205–207, 258 Emmenopterys henryi, 150–152, 155, 156, 162 Fagraea, 207 Endiandra, 209 F. ceilanica, 180, 192, 195 Endospermum chinense, 122, 123 Fagus, 156, 158, 160, 373 Engelhardtia F. sylvatica, 249, 260, 332, 342, 480, 481, E. acerifolia, 117 483, 487, 493, 494, 539 E. colebrookiana, 117, 119 Fahrenheitia zeylanica, 180, 181, 190, 191, Entada, 207 195, 197, 205 Epilobium dodonaei, 364 Fallopi Epipremnum pinnatum, 122 F. japonica, 447–470 Equisetum arvense, 342, 455 F. multiflora, 450 Eremogone capillaris, 231, 232, 235 Fatsia japonica, 113 Erica arborea, 103, 247, 266, 272, 276 Festuca Ericaceae, 102, 103, 318 F. baetica, 282 Ericameria F. californica, 302 E. arborescens, 298, 308 F. elegans ssp. elegans, 282 E. nauseosa ssp. mohavensis, 302 F. lenensis, 232, 233, 235–237 Eriodyction tomentosum, 302 F. rubra, 331–353 Eriophyllum F. sibirica, 237 E. confertiflorum, 302 F. valesiaca, 342 E. lanatum s.l., 302 Ficus Erycibe henryi, 122, 123 F. ampelas, 122 Erythrina, 190, 192, 507–509 F. chlorocarpus, 122 Erythroxyum, 207 F. fergusonii, 180, 191, 195, 205 Eucalypt, 521 F. fistulosa, 122, 123 Eucalyptus F. hispida, 190, 197, 202 E. globulus, 477 F. irisana, 122, 123 E. regnans,43 F. microcarpa, 191, 195 E. robusta, 225 F. nervosa, 122, 192 Eucommiaceae, 152, 162 F. obliqua, 209 Eucommia ulmoides, 152, 153, 155, 163 F. retusa, 177, 189, 194 Eucryphiaceae, 210, 211 F. sarmentosa var. nipponica, 123 Eugenia (=Syzygium), 206 F. septica, 122, 123 Euodia, 207, 210 F. variolosa, 122 E. lunu-ankenda, 193, 207, 210 F. virens, 209 568 Taxonomic Index

Filifolium sibiricum, 232, 233, 235, 238 Hamamelidaceae, 104, 151–153, 157, 205 Fissistigma oldhamii, 120 Handeliodendron bodinieri, 153 Fitzroya,43 Haplosciadium abyssinicum, 326, 327 Flacourtiaceae, 153, 158, 201, 205, 209 Hedera rhombea, 113 Flacourtia inermis, 180, 192, 195, 205 Hedyotis, 200 Flavoparmelia, 391 Helichrysum, 318, 322, 327 Flindersia, 209 Helicia, 207, 209 Fontinalis antipyretica, 380–384, 386 H. formosana, 117 Fortunearia sinensis, 153, 155 Heptacodium miconioides, 152, 153, 155, 156 Fraxinus Heritiera paplio, 194 F. dipetala, 302 Hesperocyparis sargentii, 295, 296, 303, 309 F. excelsior, 481–484, 490, 494 Hesperoyucca whipplei, 293, 302 Freycinetia, 199, 207 Heteromeles arbutifolia, 293, 296, 298, 302, F. formosana var. boninensis, 115 308 Hieracium pilosella, 343, 351 Himantandraceae, 210, 211 G Hiptage bengalensis, 120 Galeopsis speciosa, 342, 348 Holcus mollis, 263, 270, 274, 282 Galium Holigarna G. album, 342, 350 H. arnottiana, 174, 175, 177, 178, 187–189, G. andrewsii ssp. gatense, 295 194, 197, 203, 204 G. californicum ssp. sierrae, 306 H. beddomei, 203 G. verum, 232, 235, 238, 268, 343, 367, Homalium, 171, 192 371, 463 Hopea Garcinia, 174, 188, 206, 207 H. parviflora, 199, 203 G. morella, 175, 177, 178, 180, 187, 188, H. ponga, 198, 202 191, 193, 194, 197, 198, 203–205 Horsfieldia, 206 Gauitheria yunnanensis, 117 Hortonia floribunda, 181, 191, 195 Geissois, 209 Humboldtia Genista H. brunonis, 199, 201 G. falcata, 264, 270, 276, 282 H. unijuga, 173–175, 187, 188, 193, 194, G. florida, 262, 266, 269, 276 197, 203, 204 G. hystrix, 269, 271 Hydnocarpus Gentiana utriculosa, 343, 350 H. alpina, 173, 187, 202 Ginkgo biloba, 156 H. macrocarpa, 202 Glandora diffusa, 281 Hydrocotyle cyptocarpa, 326 Gleichenia, 519 Hylocomium splendens, 386, 397 Glochidion, 189, 192, 193, 207 Hypericum Gluta travancoricai, 173–175, 177, 178, H. concinnum, 302, 303 187–189, 193, 194, 197–199, 201–204 H. montanum, 268, 343, 350, 371, 373 Gnetum montanum, 122 Hypochoeris Gomphandra polymorpha, 188, 194, 204 H. maculata, 343, 351 Gordonia H. uniflora, 343, 348 G. acuminata, 109 G. ceylanica, 180, 191, 195 G. lasianthus, 103 I G. obtusa, 171, 177, 178, 188, 189, 204 Ilex Grimmia ovalis, 326 I. anomala, 218 I. aquifolium, 268, 278, 481–483, 487, 494 I. integra, 113 H Imperata, 469, 500 Halesia macgregorii, 153, 155 I. cylindrica, 468 Halocarpha rueppelii, 326 Iris macrosiphon, 295, 296 Taxonomic Index 569

Isolepis Ligustrum, 103 I. costata, 323 L. vulgare, 366, 368, 369, 481, 482, 494 I. fluitans, 320, 323 Liliaceae, 113 I. setacea, 320, 323 Limosella L. africana, 317, 318, 320, 323, 326 L. capensis, 320, 323 J L. grandiflora, 318, 320, 323 Juglans regia, 268 L. longiflora, 320, 323 Juncus, 327, 343, 480 L. macrantha, 318, 320, 323, 324, 326 J. bufonius, 323 Linaria triornithophora, 271, 275, 281 Juniperus Lindera, 151, 156, 159 J. californica, 298, 303 Liquidambar J. communis, 69, 266, 344, 364, 367, 371, L. acalycina, 151, 152, 155–157, 160–162 372 L. formosana, 137, 151, 152, 155–157, J. deltoides (= J. oxycedrus), 366 160–162, 164 L. orientalis, 151 L. styraciflua, 151 K Liriodendron Kadsura japonica, 113 L. chinense, 152, 153, 155–157, 160 Kanuka, 519 L. tulipifera, 151 Keteleeria evelyniana, 111 Litsea coreana var. sinensis, 106, 109 Kingiodendron, 199 Lithocarpus K. pinnatum, 199 L. amygdalifolius, 120 Knema attenuata, 173, 187, 198, 202 L. cleistocarpus, 106, 109, 159 Kobresia,35 L. craibianus, 111 K. cristata, 232, 233, 237, 239 L. dealbatus, 108, 111 Koenigia islandica, 326 L. echinophorus, 111, 112 Kydia calycena, 119 L. glaber, 106, 109, 110, 114, 115, 136, 137 L. hancei, 106, 159 L L. harlandii, 106, 109 Lagerstroemia, 121 L. henryi, 136, 137 Lagerstroemia subcostata, 117, 122, 123 L. kawakamii, 116 Lansium domesticum, 508 L. naiadarum, 113 Larix L. truncatus, 117, 119 L. dahurica, 230 L. variolosus, 119 L. decidua, 249 L. xylocarpus, 112, 113 L. kaempferi, 477 Litsea Laserpitium latifolium, 344, 350, 351 L. gardneri, 181, 191, 195 Lasianthus L. oleoides, 198, 202 L. cyanocarpus, 118 Livistonia, 115 L. plagiophyllus, 117 L. boninensis, 115 Lauraceae, 102–104, 116, 120, 151, 159, Lobelia, 318, 321, 325 160, 170, 171, 186, 188, 201, Lolium perenne, 344, 348 205–207, 209, 210 Lomatium Laurus azorica, 103 L. dasycarpum ssp. tomentosum, 306, 308 Leea guineensis, 123 L. marginatum var. purpureum, 302 Leguminosae (cf Fabaceae), 116, 157, 158, 280 Longleaf pine (Pinus palustris), 425–427, Leguminous shrubs, 521 429–438, 442, 443 Lejeuneaceae, 390, 391, 401 Lonicera caprifolium, 364, 368, 369, 372 Leptospermum scoparium, 399 wightianum, 187, 199 Lespedeza dahurica, 238 Lumnitzera littorea, 64, 69 Licuala ramsayi,69 Lycoris radiata, 455 570 Taxonomic Index

Lyonia ferruginea, 103 Miscanthus sinensis, 448, 459, 460, 463, Lythrum salicaria, 344 468, 470 Monimiaceae, 209–211 Montia, 317, 321 M Moraceae, 116, 118, 170, 186, 201, 205, Macaranga, 121, 180, 188, 190, 192 207, 209 M. tanarius, 118 Mucuna macrocarpa, 120, 123 Machilus (Persea) Murraya, 121 M. chinensis, 117, 119 Mussaenda, 207 M. japonica var. kusanoi, 120, 123 Mussaeda parviflora, 120 M. kobu, 115 Myrcia M. kurzii, 117, 119, 120 M. cerifera, 103 M. leptophylla, 109, 110 M. faya, 103 M. microcarpa, 110 M. rubra, 103 M. nakao, 117, 119 Myristica M. pauhoi, 109, 110 M. dactyloides, 174, 175, 180, 181, 187, M. thunbergii, 108–110, 113–116, 136, 137 190, 191, 193, 195–196, 198, 199, M. zuihoensis, 120 201–203, 205 Magnolia M. malabarica, 173, 187, 188 M. grandiflora, 103 M. muelleri, 209 M. virginiana, 103 Myristicaceae, 170, 171, 186, 201, 209, 210 Magnoliaceae, 103, 104, 120, 151, 152, 157, Myrsinaceae, 113, 116, 207 160, 162, 205, 207 Myrsine Mallotus, 121, 173, 180, 188, 189, 912 M. lessertiana, 218 Malus hupehensis, 162 M. seguinii, 120 Mangifera indica, 199, 226, 507, 508 Myrtaceae, 116, 170, 171, 186, 201, 205–207, Manglietia, 103, 111 209, 521, 525 Mangrove, 64, 69, 519, 537 Myrtus, 249 Maple, 518 Marattia, 207 Mastixia, 171 N M. arborea ssp. meziana, 202 Nardus, 353 Medicago lupulina, 336, 344, 351 N. stricta, 344, 351, 352, 378 Melaleuca, 225 Nectandra coriacea, 103 Melia, 189, 211 Neolitsea M. azederach, 209 N. acuminatissima, 108, 116 Meliaceae, 116, 201, 207, 209, 210 N. fuscata, 180, 191, 200 Melica torreyana, 293, 296, 298, 302, 308 N. sericea, 113 Melicope, 173, 181, 187, 189, 192, 209, 210 Nothofagus, 25, 34, 39, 43, 45, 206, 207, 519 Meliosma, 104, 158 N. betuloides,34 M. arnottiana, 171 Nothopegia beddomei, 180, 181, 191, 195, 205 Melojo, 257 Nyssa Memeclyon umbellatum, 202 N. sinensis, 151, 152, 155 Mercurialis perennis, 281 N. sylvatica, 151 Mesua ferrea, 173–175, 178, 187–189, 193, N. yunnanensis, 152, 153, 155 194, 199, 202–204 Nyssaceae, 151, 152, 162 Metrosideros M. polymorpha, 218, 225 M. rugosa, 225 O Michelia Oak, 27, 33, 76, 78, 114, 115, 170, 171, M. compressa, 117 205–206, 249, 258–262, 296, 306, M. formosana, 108, 118 308, 309, 332, 478, 480–484, 489–491, M. maudiae, 109, 110 494, 495, 518, 534 Taxonomic Index 571

Ochlandra, 203 Phormium, 519 O. trivancorica, 203 Photinia, 103, 156, 160 Ocotea foetens, 203 Phragmites australis, 345 Olea dioica, 177, 188, 189, 194, 196, 197 Phyllocladus, 207 Opisthiolepis, 209 Picconia excelsa, 103 Orchis morio, 345, 350 Picea,35 Orostachys spinosa, 232–235 P. abies, 249 Osmanthus, 103 Pickeringia montana, 302, 307 O. americanus, 103 Pileastagia viburnoides, 120 Ostrya, 248, 367, 371, 373 Pine, 35, 42, 45, 62, 225, 246, 306, 308, 309, 426, 427, 429–438, 441–443, 518, 534 Pinus P P. cembra, 249 Padus, 156, 158 P. coulteriii, 302 Palaquium P. jeffreyi, 309 P. ellipticum, 171, 173–175, 177, 187–189, P. kesiya var. langbianensis, 119 193, 197–199, 201–204 P. massoniana, 136, 138, 141, 142, 159 P. hinmolpedda, 181, 192, 195, 198, 205 P. palustris (Longleaf pine), 425–427, Palmae, 116 429–438, 442, 443 Palustriella falcata, 386 P. pinaster, 258, 261, 268, 272, 276, 480 Pandanus, 203, 207 P. ponderosa,35 P. tectorius, 225, 226 P. ponderosa ssp. pacifica, 306, 307, 309, Panicum hymeniochilum, 323 310 Parkia speciosa, 507–509 P. radiata, 477, 480 Parmotrema perlatum, 391 P. sabiniana, 296, 298, 302, 308, 309 Patrinia rupestris, 238 P. sylvestris, 230, 258, 261, 266, 393, Pavetta, 207 396, 480 Pentaphylloides parvifolia, 234, 237, 238 P. yunnanensis, 111 Peperomia, 207 Piper, 207 Perideridia kelloggii, 302 P. novae-hollandiae, 208 Perrottetia, 207 Pistacia, 156, 158, 249, 276 P. sandwicensis, 218 Pithecellobium Persea P. clyperia, 122, 123 P. borbonia, 103 P. jiringa, 507, 508 P. indica, 103 P. lucidum, 117, 120, 122 P.(=Machilus) thunbergii Pittosporum, 207, 521 P. macrantha, 173, 174, 177, 187–189, 191, Planchonella, 206, 207 193–195, 197, 199, 202, 205 Plantago lanceolata, 345 P. palustris, 103, 345 Platycarya, 156 Peucedanum P. strobilacea, 141, 142, 158 P. cervaria, 345, 350 Poa P. rochelianum P. alpina, 345, 348 Phaleria, 207 P. botryoides, 232, 237 Philippia, 323 P. nemoralis, 263, 270, 372, 373 Phillyrea angustifolia, 269, 275 P. secunda, 302, 307, 308 Phippsia algida, 326 Poaceae (cf Gramineae), 333 Phleum Podocarp, 519 P. alpinum, 345, 348 Podocarpaceae, 205–207 P. montanum, 345, 350 Podocarpus Phoebe P. imbricatus, 119 P. bournei, 109, 110 P. neriifolia, 119 P. sheareri, 109, 110 Poeciloneuron indicum, 175, 177, 178, 187, P. zhennan, 109, 110, 160 189, 194, 197–199, 202 572 Taxonomic Index

Poliothyrsis sinensis, 153 Q. berberidifolia, 302 Polyalthia, 206, 210 Q. broteroi, 261, 273, 274 P. fragrans, 199 Q. cerris, 248, 249, 367, 370, 373 Polygala Q. chrysolepis, 303, 306 P. californica, 295, 296, 298 Q.(=Cyclobalanopsis) glauca, 141, 142 P. cornuta, 306 Q. durata, 293, 296, 298, 302, 306, 308– P. vulgaris, 345, 351 309 Polygonum, 232, 345, 359, 378 Q. engleriana, 106, 109 P. cuspidatum, 448 Q. glandulifera var. brevipetiolata, 132, Polyosma, 207 162 Polytrichum commune, 378, 380–384, 386, 387 Q. gussonei, 249 Poplar, 518 Q. hemisphaerica, 103 Populus, 27, 156, 159 Q. ilex, 249, 367 P. tremula, 481, 482, 490, 493, 494 Q. myrtifolia, 103 Potentilla Q. petraea, 260, 332 P. aurea, 345, 348 Q. phillyraeoides, 115, 158 P. erecta, 345, 351 Q. pubescens, 249, 367, 371, 373 P. tanacetifolia, 232, 238 Q. pyrenaica, 257–282 Pothos Q. robur, 76, 247, 249, 260, 278, 346, 480– P. chinensis, 122, 123 482, 490, 494 P. longipes, 208 Q. rotundifolia, 261, 268, 269, 272, 275, Proteaceae, 120, 207, 209–211, 525 279 Prunus Q. rubra, 477 P. caroliniana, 103 Q. serrata, 136, 137, 141, 142 P. ceylanica, 180, 191, 195, 198 Q. suber, 249, 261, 269. 276 P. conradinae, 111 Q. toza, 257 P. lusitanica, 103 Q. variabilis, 132, 136–138, 140–142, 158 P. myrtifolia, 103 Q. virgiliana, 249 P. spinosa, 265, 271, 278, 364–366, 368, Q. virginiana, 27, 103 369, 481, 482, 490, 494 Pseudocarapa championii, 180, 191, 195, 205 Pseudodrynaria coronans, 122 R Pseudotsuga,35 Racomitrium pruinosum, 399 P. menziesii, 296, 303, 306, 477 Ramalina, 391 Psidium cattleianum, 222, 225, 226 Ranunculus Psilophyton, 530 R. oreophytus, 320, 323, 325, 326 Psychotria, 121, 188, 190, 207 R. stagnalis, 321, 323, 325, 326 P. cochinchinensis, 120 R. volkensii, 320, 323, 325 Pteridophytes, 68, 105, 113 Restiad, 519 Pteroceltis, 162 Rhamnaceae, 120, 207, 209–211, 525 P. tatarinowii, 136, 137, 153, 155–157, 160 Rhaphiolepis, 103 Pueraria lobata, 459, 460, 463 Rhododendron, 26, 103 Pulsatilla Rhodoleia championi, 117 P. tenuiloba, 231–235 Rhoipteleaceae, 152, 162 P. turczaninovii, 232 Rhoiptelea chiliantha, 152, 153, 156 Pygeum toperigii, 122 Rhus, 249 Pyrenean oak, 258, 260, 261, 281 R. aromatica, 302, 306 Rhynia, 530 Robinia pseudoacacia, 477 Q Rosa Quercus R. canina, 265, 364, 368, 369, 373 Q. aliena, 136, 137 R. squarrosa, 481–483 Q. aliena var. acuteserrata, 158, 162 Rosaceae, 103, 158, 160, 207 Taxonomic Index 573

Rosaceous trees, 518 Senecio nemorensis, 459, 462, 464 Rourea microphylla, 122 Sericolea, 207 Rubia peregrina, 266, 269, 275 Seseli annuum, 346, 350 Rubiaceae, 116, 152, 174, 188, 207, 521 Sesleria nitida, 364, 367 Rubus, 346, 367, 369, 372, 495 Shaniodendron subaequale, 153 Rumex Silene, 233, 263, 264, 271, 274, 275, 303, R. alpinus, 346, 348 347, 370, 373 R. scutatus, 364, 365 Sinosideroxylon, 104 Ruscus aculeatus, 269, 275 S. marmulano, 104 Rush, 519 Sinowilsonia henryi, 152, 153 Rutaceae, 116, 201, 207, 209–211 Sloanea, 209 S. formosana, 120 Smilax, 207 S Solidago altissima, 459 Sabia, 207 Sorbus Sagina S. aria, 269, 279, 367, 373, 481–483, S. abyssinica, 320, 323 485, 494 S. afroalpina, 320, 323 S. aucuparia, 263, 367, 480, 481, 483, 485, Salix 487, 493 S. atrocinerea, 481, 482, 485, 487, S. torminalis, 269 490, 493 Spartium junceum, 28, 368 S. caprea, 372, 481, 485, 487 Spatholobus suberectus, 122 Sanguisorba officinalis, 232 Sphagnum, 383, 399 , 152, 153, 158, 186, 189, 201, 209 Spiraea Sapotaceae, 104, 170, 186, 201, 209, 210 S. aquilegifolia, 231, 237, 238 Sarcosperma laurinum, 122 S. pubescens, 237, 238 Saurauia, 207 Spondias mombin, 507–509 Saussurea salicifolia, 232, 238 Stachys rectai, 347, 350 Schefflera Stauntonia hexaphylla, 120 S. actinophylla, 225 Sterculia, 206, 207, 209 S. diversifolia, 117, 120 S. lanceolata, 122, 123 S. octophylla, 115, 120 Stereocaulon, 217, 218, 399 S. racemosa, 177, 178, 189, 195, 197, 205 Stewartia sinensis, 153 Schima Stipa S. argenta, 108, 109 S. baicalensis, 232, 233, 235–238 S. crenata, 109 S. sibirica, 233, 235, 237, 239 S. noronhae, 108, 111 Strobilanthes, 196, 200, 203 S. superba, 108–110, 162 Styrax, 159, 163, 302 S. villosa, 117, 119 Subularia S. wallichii, 117–119 S. aquatica, 317, 325, 326 Schinopsis quebracho-colorado,27 S. monticola, 317, 319, 320, 323–326 Schuurmansia, 207 Succisa pratensis, 347, 350 Scolopia crassipes, 181, 191, 195, 205 Swietenia mahagoni, 505, 507, 508 Scorzonera, 346 Symphytum bulbosum, 371 Scrophularia canina, 364 Symplocos, 114, 188, 190, 207, 210 Scrophulariaceae, 316 S. arisanensis, 108, 116 Scutellaria baicalensis, 232 Syzygium Sedge, 316, 519 S. aqueum, 180, 191, 195 Sedum dasyphyllum, 365 S. batadamba, 181, 191, 195 Selaginella, 69, 196, 302, 305, 307 S. cumini, 225, 226 Semecarpus S. densiflorum, 173, 175, 177, 178, S. nigro-viridis, 181, 191 187–189, 193, 194, 197, 198, 202–204 S. obscura, 180, 191, 195 S. euphlebium, 117, 122 574 Taxonomic Index

Syzygium (cont.) U. gallii, 280, 480 S. gardneri, 180, 191, 195 U. gallii ssp. Breoganii, 280 S. hancei, 122 U. gallii ssp. Gallii, 280 S. jambos, 122, 123 Ulmus, 156, 159, 264 S. levinei, 123 U. macrocarpa, 237, 238 S. malaccense, 226 Uncaria, 207 Urophyllum, 207

T Talauma, 207 V Tapiscia sinensis, 153, 155 Vaccinium Taraxacum, 347, 367 V. arboreum, 103 Tarenna, 121 V. vitis-idaea, 64, 69, 347 Terminalia, 210 Valerianella, 348 T. sericocarpa, 209 Vateria indica, 178, 184, 188, 189, 194, 198, Ternstroemia, 206 199, 201, 204 Tetracentraceae, 152, 157, 162 Ventilago leiocarpa, 122 Tetracentron sinense, 150, 152, 155, 156 Veronica scutellata, 359, 377, 378, 380, 382 Tetrastigma planicaule, 122 Viburnum lantana, 264, 364, 367, 369, 372 Teucrium chamaedrys, 347, 364, 366, 370, 372 Vicia, 265, 275, 277, 308, 348 Theaceae, 102–104, 113, 151, 153, 157, 160, V. unijuga, 232 162, 201, 205, 206 Victoria regia,69 Theobroma cacao, 507–509 Viola canina, 348, 350, 351 Thymus dahuricus, 232, 233 Visnea mocanera, 103 Tilia miqueliana, 136, 137 Timonius, 207 Toona australis, 209 W Trachelospermum asiaticum var. intermedium,113 Warnstorfia exannulata, 386 Trema orientalis, 225 Wendlandia formosana, 122 Tricalycia dubia, 120 , 11, 25, 480, 518, 521 Trichostema lanatum, 302 Winteraceae, 207, 209–211 Trifolium Wyethia reticulata, 306 T. arvense, 347, 348, 350 T. repens, 337, 347 Trisetum flavescens, 265, 273, 336, 347, 351 X Trochodendron aralioides, 108, 116 Xanthophyllaceae, 186 Turpinia Xanthophyllum T. formosana, 117 X. arnottianum, 188, 202 T. ternata, 115, 120, 121, 123 X. flavescens, 177, 178, 188, 189, 194, Typha, 519 198, 204 Xanthoria parietina, 391 Xanthostemon pubescens, 209 U Ulex U. borgiae, 280 Z U. europaeus, 280 Zelkova, 156, 159, 160 Location Index

A Balkan Peninsula, 332 Aberdare Mountains, 317–319, 323 Basque Country, 258–260, 477–479 Abruzzo, 357, 358, 361, 365 Bay Area (California), 288, 293–295, 298, 309 Afghanistan, 43 Bay of Bengal, 20 , 8, 39, 41–46, 318, 533, 534 Beijing, 26, 31 Afro-alpine (region), 315–327 Bizkaia, 477, 478 Agastyamalai Range (), 171, 172, 200, 202 Black Sea, 28 Alaska, 23, 25, 31, 45 Bolivia, 76 Aleutian Islands, 20, 23, 45 Boston, 11 Alps, 43, 249, 360, 363 Brazil, 26, 41, 71, 75, 77, 85, 86, 535, 536 Amazon, 41, 69, 75–77, 535, 536 British Columbia, 22, 393 Anatolia, 44, 534 Bulgaria, 332, 395 Andes, 23, 29, 30, 317, 327, 532, 534 Anhui (province, China), 132–135, 137, 144, 151–153 Apennines, 246–248, 250, 358, 360, 361, 371, C 374–387 Calabria, 247 Appalachian Mountains, 426, 427, 429, 433, California, 19, 26, 32, 43, 44, 285–309, 435–437, 439–442 317, 534 Arabian Sea, 30 Canada, 22, 33, 44, 45, 393 Argentina, 19, 27, 32, 42, 78, 327, 536 Canary Islands, 102–104 Atherton Tableland (Queensland), 76, 209 Caribbean Sea, 20 Atlantic Coastal Plain (USA), 427, 429, 430, Carolinas (USA), 438, 441 433, 434, 437, 441, 443 Carpathian region, 332, 333, 353 Atlantic Ocean, 30, 269, 280, 531, 533 Cascade Range, 23 Atlantic zone (Iberia), 477 Central Asia, 22, 160, 317, 534 , 19, 21, 25–27, 32, 33, 35, 39, 41–46, Chaco (region), 27, 42 69, 76, 170, 171, 208–211, 393, 531, Chang Jiang (Yangtze River), 130 534, 535, 537 Cherrapunji (India), 20 Chile, 21, 33, 43, 45, 309, 545 China eastern China, 20, 22, 31, 105–110, 113, B 118–119, 121–123, 125, 129–145, 151, Baja California, 21, 47 153, 156–162 Bale Mountains (Ethiopia), 317–320, 323 subtropical China, 149–165

© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016 575 E.O. Box (ed.), Vegetation Structure and Function at Multiple Spatial, Temporal and Conceptual Scales, Geobotany Studies, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-21452-8 576 Location Index

China-Himalaya region, 151 Gulf of Mexico, 31 Chu¨goku, 113 Guniujiang (China), 133, 137 Coastal Ranges (California), 292 Corsica, 247 Crimea (Krim), 28 Czechoslovakia, 360, 394, 397 H Harbin, 11 Hawaiian Islands, 20, 216, 217 Himalaya, 43, 151, 532, 534 D Hiroshima, 450, 455 Dabie-Shan (China), 132, 133, 136, 137 Hokkaido¯, 45, 163, 448 Dahuria (Dauria), 229–239 Hong Kong, 121, 123 Drakensberg Mountains, 318, 323 Honshu, 113, 151, 448 Huai He (river), 130 Huang Cangyu (China), 133, 137 Huang He (Yellow River, China), 130 E Hungary, 332 East Africa, 19, 20, 41, 42, 317 Hyrcanian (region), 44 East Asia, 22, 26, 27, 101–126, 130, 150, 151, 162 Easter Island, 543, 544 Eastern China, 20, 22, 31, 105–110, 113, I 118–119, 121, 122, 125, 129–145, Iberian Peninsula, 35, 257–282, 477 151, 153, 156–162 Iceland, 19, 20, 23, 25, 31, 45 Eastern North America, 22, 27, 30, 103, 104, Illinois, 26 151, 533 India, 20, 185, 189, 199, 204, 531 Ecuador, 29, 30 South India, 169–211 Elba, 247, 248 Indiana, 26 Emei-Shan (Sichuan, China), 163 Indian Ocean, 111, 125, 534 Estonia, 76, 84, 390, 395, 399 Indo-Malay archipelago, 537 Ethiopian Highlands, 317 , 75, 80, 206, 500–502 Euro-Siberian region, 259–261, 280, 478 Iowa, 26 Iran, 19, 21, 26 Iraq, 21, 26 Italy, 21, 44, 241–255, 357–361, 363–387, 395 F Falklands, 23, 45 Fall-line Sandhills (Carolinas), 427 Fenno-Scandia, 31, 44, 69, 395, 396 J Florida, 12, 102, 427, 429, 432–436 Japan, 26, 27, 43, 44, 104, 105, 107, 108, Frostproof (Florida), 12 113–118, 120–125, 136, 142, 143, Fuji (Mt.), 448, 456–459, 462, 463 151, 163, 407, 447–470, 532, 534 Fujian, 119, 121, 122, 151–153 Japan Sea side (Japan), 113 Java, 41, 171, 205, 206, 225, 226 Jiangxi, 151, 152, 156 Jura Mountains, 412 G Gondwana, 518, 531, 533 Gongga-Shan (China), 392 Great Basin, 21, 22, 26, 43, 44, 291 K Guangdong, 119, 121, 123, 125, 151–153, 160 Kahana valley (Hawaii), 224–227 Guangxi, 119, 121, 123, 151–153, 160 Kahnzi-Bie´ga National Park, 318, 323 Guizhou, 111, 151–153, 156 Kandy (Sri Lanka), 179–181 Location Index 577

Kansas, 26 N Kanto¯, 462, 465 Namibia, 19, 31 Kaua’i (Hawaii), 20, 216, 222 Nepal, 394 Kazakhstan, 26 New England, 22 Kenya, 30, 32, 76, 317, 318, 323, 326 New Guinea, 41, 75, 206–207 Kerala (India), 171–175, 177, 179, 184–186, New Mexico, 26 189, 194, 200–203 New South Wales, 208, 393 Kerguelen, 23, 40, 45 , 13, 21, 23, 25, 26, 39, 43, 63, Kilauea (volcano, Hawaii), 216, 223 390, 391, 394, 397, 399, 517–526, 534 Kinabalu (Mt.), 205 North America, 8, 26, 124, 151, 286, 287, Klumbayan (Lampung, Sumatra), 501, 506, 326, 448 507 North China, 27 Ko’olau (summit, Hawaii), 223, 224 Northern Hemisphere, 13, 18, 41, 101–103, Korea, 27, 44, 104, 105, 107, 108, 113–115, 124, 150, 518, 519 125, 151, 448 North Island (NZ), 19, 21, 43 Kuril Islands, 23, 45 Northwestern , 21, 30 Kyush u, 113 Norway, 23, 25, 29–31, 43, 77, 78, 84, 246 Nuwara Eliya (Sri Lanka), 179

L Lampung Province (Sumatra), 499–513 Lazio (Italy), 357, 358 O O’ahu (Hawaii), 216, 223, 225–228 O¨ land, 391, 395 Oklahoma, 26, 31 M Onon Dahuria, 229–239 Macquarie Island, 23, 45, 69 Onon River, 229, 234 Madagascar, 41, 42, 534, 535 Oregon, 22 , 76, 106, 286 Malesia, 205–207 Manchuria, 11, 27, 28, 31, 33, 44 Marion Island, 318, 323 P Mato Grosso (Brazil), 75, 86 Pacific Northwest (North America), 286 Maui (Hawaii), 223 Pacific Ocean, 30, 543, 545 Mauna Kea (volcano, Hawaii), 210, 223, 224 Pacific side (Japan), 113 Mauna Loa (volcano, Hawaii), 216, 218, 223 Palouse (region), 18, 23 Mediterranean area (Iberia), 102, 260, 309 Pare Mountains, 232 Mediterranean region, 101–104, 249, 260, 261, Patagonia, 20 269, 281 Peru, 19, 29, 30, 41 Middle Asia, 22, 44 Pian Grande, 358–361, 375–387 Middle East, 21 Ponmudi Mountain (India), 176–179, 183–194, Minnesota, 26 196, 199, 200, 204 Moloka’i bog (Hawaii), 220, 221 Puglia, 247, 249 Mongolia, 26, 33, 77, 84, 229 Pyrenees, 257, 317, 325, 393 Montana, 397 Monte Vettore (Italy), 364, 365 Morocco, 21, 257 Mt. Elgon, 317, 318, 323 Q Mt. Hakone (Japan), 448 Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, 354 Mt. Kenya, 317, 318, 323, 326 Qinling Mountains (China), 130 Mt. Kilimanjaro, 317–319, 323, 324 Queensland, 41, 76, 170, 206, 208–210, Murmansk, 30 537 578 Location Index

R Tanzania, 29, 30, 317, 318, 323 Rocky Mountains, 22–23, 35, 291, 326, Tasmania, 13, 23, 25, 43 391, 396 Tenerife, 35, 78 Romania, 332–334 Texas, 19, 21, 26, 27, 31–33, 42 Russia, 30, 44, 76, 77, 84 Tianmu-Shan (Zhejiang, China), 156–162 Ruwenzori Mountains, 317, 318, 323 Tibet, 151, 152 Ryuky u Islands, 120, 121, 532 Tierra del Fuego, 19, 30, 31, 33, 34 Transbaikal, 234 Trentino-Alto Adige (Italy), 357 Trichur (Thrissur, Kerala), 172, 173 S Trivandrum (Kerala), 173–176, 179, 204 Sardinia (Sardegna), 247, 249 Tromsø (Norway), 31, 84 Scotland, 395, 396 Turanian Basin, 11 Shanghai, 11, 151 Turkey, 26, 43, 151 Shennongjia Mountains (China), 130, 163 Tyrrhenian coast (Italy), 21 Shikoku, 113 Siberia, 10, 19, 20, 23, 25, 33, 45, 125, 229 Sibillini Mountains, 363–374, 376 Sichuan, 111, 125, 130, 151–153 U Sicily (Sicilia), 247, 249 Ukraine, 26 Sierra Nevada (California), 288, 293, 294, 309, 317 Umbria (Italy), 357, 358, 361 Sierra Nevada (Spain), 260, 279 Urkiola National Park (Spain), 478 Silent Valley (India), 179, 203 USA (United States), 18–21, 26, 31–33, 43, 44, Simian Mountains (Ethiopia), 317, 319–320, 323 243, 285–309, 426 Sistema Central (mountains), 259, 262, 263, Usambara Mountains, 323 270, 274, 279, 282 Ushuaia (Argentina), 34 Slovakia, 332, 395 Sochi (Russia), 28 Somalia, 29, 30, 32 South Africa, 286, 317, 318, 531 V , 8, 21, 23, 25, 29, 30, 37, 316, Vancouver, 11 318, 326, 532, 535, 543 Venezuela, 29, 30 Southeast Asia, 535 Southeastern USA, 31 Southern Alps (New Zealand), 519 Southern Andes, 22, 30 W Southern Hemisphere, 8, 19, 23, 25, 40, 124, 286 Washington (state), 22, 538 Southern South America, 23, 25, 30 Western China, 105, 107, 111–113, 125 South Georgia (island), 23 Western Ghats (mountains, India), 20, 171, South India, 169–211 172, 179, 186, 199–202, 534 Spain, 21, 58, 78, 262, 393 Western North America, 22, 150, 286 Sri Lanka, 169–211, 534 Subantarctic islands, 23, 34, 45 Subtropical China, 149–165 Sumatra (Indonesia), 75, 80, 86, 499–513 Y Yalta (Crimea), 28 Yugoslavia, 332 Yunnan, 43, 111, 125, 151–153, 156 T Yunnan Plateau, 111, 119, 125 Taiwan, 104, 105, 115–118, 120–123, 125, 126, 152, 448 Tamil Nadu (India), 19, 20, 172, 173, 176, 186, 200–202 Z Tanggamus District (Sumatra), 501 Zhejiang, 151–153, 156, 161