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Topics Index Topics Index A Anthropogenic impacts, 392 Absolute minimum temperature, 12, 14, 27, Appropriate scale, 504, 542 28, 33, 40 Aquatic plants, 81 Accidental species, 367, 371, 373, 417 Aridification, 58, 87, 260 Accuracy (measurement, sampling), 504 Arid subtype (climate), 23, 26, 29, 30 Acidophilous grassland, 350, 351 Assembly rules, 56, 66, 414 Actual vegetation, 243, 249, 250 Association, 80, 113, 185–186, 190–198, 202– Adaptation analysis, xxii, xxvii, 325–327 205, 246, 261–263, 270, 274, 279–282, Adaptive specialization, 56 287, 293, 294, 299, 309, 335, 351, 352, Aerenchyma, 326 357–361, 364, 365, 368, 371, 374, 376– Afforestation, 495 382, 409–412, 414–417, 419, 462–468 African Plants Database, 318 Atlantic forest, 475–495, 534, 536 Agricultural land, 500 Austral climate, 23 Agroforestry, 78, 500 Autecology, xxviii, xxx, xxxiii Alga, 390 Auto-succession, 216, 218–220 Algorithm, 334, 380, 409, 415 Average continent (vegetation), 10 Alien species, 448, 476 Alliance, 106, 261, 269, 280, 287, 309, 325, 332, 350, 352, 357, 360, 364, 365, 368, 374, 376, 377, 379, 380, 466–468 B Allometry, allometric equation, 502–506, 511, Bailey system (climatic), 179 512 Bamboo, 196, 450, 456 Allopatric speciation, 325 Bare land, 502, 504–506, 509, 511, 512 Allophytes, 533 Bark, 106, 107, 111, 196, 258 Alpine belt, 35, 37, 46, 316, 458 Basal belt (altitudinal), 133 Altitudinal belt, 35, 37, 185, 186, 196, 199, 229 Basophilous species, 337 Amphibious vegetation, 315–328 Beech forest, 246, 261, 373, 391, 419, 494, 539 Analysis of variance, 480 Below-ground (strategies, traits), 58 Anglo-Saxon world, 407, 409, 411 Belt (altitudinal), 35, 37, 185, 186, 196, 199, Anmoor, 359, 383, 386 229 Annual plants, 326, 542 Belt (bioclimatic), 35, 36, 261, 316 Annual turf, 323 Bioclimate, 38, 170, 287 Anomaly (climatic), 20, 29 Bioclimatic analysis, xxii, xxv, 260–262 Anthropocene, 534 Bioclimatic zonation, 3–46 Anthropogenic grassland, 332 Biocoenosis, 132, 413 © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016 549 E.O. Box (ed.), Vegetation Structure and Function at Multiple Spatial, Temporal and Conceptual Scales, Geobotany Studies, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-21452-8 550 Topics Index Biodiversity, 83, 85, 124, 125, 156, 241–255, Carbon, 23, 59, 63, 81, 326, 500–504, 506–513, 286, 332, 394, 397, 495, 521, 525, 526 530–535, 538, 539 sequestration, 500 management, xxxv, 78 stock, 499–513 Biogeochemical cycles, 413 Carboniferous, 530, 537 Biogeographical delimitation, 287 Cardamom, 170, 172, 183, 200 Biogeography, 309, 413, 420, 518 Cardinality (fuzzy sets), 334 Bioindicator, 62, 72, 83–86 Cardinal temperatures, 12, 38 Biological type, 414 Carex bog, 318, 321, 323 Biomass, 57, 59, 60, 351, 395, 396, 400, 415, Caribbean elements, 103 500, 502–506, 509, 511 Carolina Vegetation Survey, 427 Biosphere, 413, 419, 534, 536 Carpet-like scrub, 196, 380 Biotemperature, 8 Catena (of communities), 411, 412, 414 Bioturbation, 316 Cation exchange capacity (CEC), 428, 429, Birch woods, 31 435, 436, 439, 441, 442 Bocage, 258 Cauliflory, 106, 116, 121, 123, 125, 170, 199 Bog formation, 222 Cavitation, 259 Boreal, 10–13, 15, 16, 18–20, 22–26, 28–31, Chamaephytes, 60, 68, 414 33–40, 45, 69, 287, 325, 386, 411, 530 Changing world, 408, 420 Boreal climate (type), 13, 18, 19, 23–25, 29, Chaos, 418 30, 34 Chaparral, 25, 26, 39, 43, 285–310 Brackish springs, 249 Character(istic) species, 376, 417 Braun-Blanquet method, 113, 410 Chinese-Himalayan elements, 111 Braun-Blanquet scale, 216, 290, 333, Chinese zonation system, 131 379, 409 Chronosequence, 476, 541 Bray-Curtis (ordination), 184 Circulational climate, 24 Bray-Curtis dissimilarity, 379, 393 Classification (of vegetation), xxvi, 53, 54, 59, Break (in gradient), 14, 34 62, 126, 132, 244, 293–295 Broad-leaved forests, 22, 27, 28, 101–126, Clay (content, soil), 359, 377, 428–432, 439, 129–145, 150, 151, 154, 162–164 442 Broom (plant), 262, 269, 280 Cliff vegetation, 543 Brown season, 17 Climate type, 4, 5, 7, 9–11, 15–20, 23–25, 31, Bryophyte 33, 37–40, 46 epigeic bryophyte, 376, 386, 397 Climatic climax, 203, 287 epilithic bryophyte, 376 Climatic data, 183 Buttress roots, 116 Climatic diagram, 290 Climatic differentiation, 20 Climatic envelope, xxiv, 15 Climatic water balance, 8 C Climatic zonation, 12, 29, 37 Calcareous detritus, 363 Climax, 102, 132, 161, 162, 164, 203, 222, 287, Calcareous soil/substrate, 259, 279 298, 302, 411, 414, 418–419, 476, 519 Calcium, 428, 429, 435, 436, 439–442, 531 theory, 476 Cambrian, 179, 530 Climbers Cane, 196 root climber, 171, 199 Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA), woody climber, 200 292, 294 Cloud belt, 35, 36, 102, 111 Canopy (forest overstorey), 77, 393 Cluster analysis, xxvi, 172, 186, 210, 292 Canopy breakdown, 220, 221 Clustering, 293, 352, 415 Canopy collapse, 220 Coastline orientation, 20, 30 Canopy dominant (species), 209 Coeno-association, 412, 414 Canopy specialist, 400 Cohort senescence, 219 Canopy trees, 163, 164, 193, 196, 218, 226, 536 Cold current (ocean), 21, 125 Topics Index 551 Cold-hardening, 11 D Cold month, 179, 207 Dark respiration rate, 62, 63 Coldness index (Kira), 104, 107, 113, 130, 134, Diameter at breast height (DBH), 133, 141, 141, 143 142, 183, 216, 220, 499, 502, 504, 505, Coldness limit, 136 509, 511, 512 Cold tolerance, 144 De-trended correspondence analysis (DCA), Collective group, 105–116, 118–123 292–295 Colline-submontane meadow, 351 Debris vegetation, 363–374 Community Deciduous chaparral, 26 forest, 500–502, 509, 511–513 Deciduous (broad-leaved) forest, 129–145, 162 structure, 58, 62, 133, 156, 161 Deciduousness, 11 Companion species, 465 Deciduous trees, 13, 23, 26, 104, 105, 111, 130, Comparative ecology, xxv, 65, 75, 433, 532 132, 133, 136, 138, 141, 144, 149–165 Competition Deep soil layers, 13, 180, 181, 195 inter-specific competition, 413, 416 Deforestation, 463, 464, 518, 534, 536, 539, 544 intra-specific competition, 82, 83, 87, 542 Degraded ecosystem, 476 Competitor (strategy), 56, 60 Dehesa, 258, 259 Complex (of associations), 411 Delayed foliation, 260 Compound leaves, 170 Description (vegetation), xxvi, xxvii, 476 Coniferous forest, 16, 131, 154, 206, 458, 462 Desert, 15, 16, 18, 19, 21, 22, 24, 26, 29, 32, 39, Coniferous trees, 111 40, 42, 44, 46, 101, 154, 246, 287, 400, Connectivity, 242, 253, 520, 523, 524 458–460, 462 Connectivity (landscape), 253 grassland, 26 Conover test, 335 Desertification, 477 Conservation Destructive sampling, 505 biology, 420 Determinism, 417, 418 planning, 81 Deterministic science, 416 policy, 476 De-trended correspondence analysis (DCA), strategy, xxxv, 253 292–295 target, 253 Detritus (rock), 365 Conservative science, 408 Devonian, 530, 532 Constancy table, 318 Diagnostic species, 106, 108, 111, 116–119, Continental climate, 24, 30 121–123, 125, 126, 246, 298, 302, 322, Continentality, 10, 20, 260, 261, 269, 281, 294, 302 332, 335, 336, 338, 339, 350, 351 index, 288, 292, 294, 295, 299, 309 Diameter at breast height (DBH), 133, 141, Continental subtype (climate), 19–21, 125 142, 183, 186, 208, 216, 220, 502, 504, Continuum concept/paradigm, 409, 413 505, 509, 511, 512 Control plot, 395 Diameter growth, 490, 493 Controverse subtype (climate), 19, 46 Dieback, displacement, 222 Cool-maritime temperate climate, 21–22 Dieback, replacement, 219 Cool-temperate Differential species, 348, 350–352, 387 deciduous forest, 33 Diffuse-porous wood, 11 laurel forest, 25 Dipterocarp, 76, 170, 171, 196, 205, 206 Coppice, 154, 155 Disclimax, 132 CORINE, 249 Discontinuous range, 150 Correlation analysis, 482 Disjunct populations, 150 Correspondence analysis, 203, 409 Dispersal, 62, 154, 155, 164, 325, 326, 414, Corticular photosynthesis, 74 416, 418, 420, 426, 520–522 Cover (by a species), 334, 335, 379 Dispersal-assembled (community), 416–418 Crassulacean Acid Metabolism (CAM), 326 Dispersal limitation, 416 Cretaceous, 162, 210 Dissimilarity level, 190 Cryoturbation, 315–328 Distribution (geographic, cf range), 293, 295, 350 Cryptogams, 326 Disturbance, 21, 56, 58–60, 70, 80, 85, 132, CSR strategy/theory, 60, 61, 414 150, 170, 200, 244, 316, 412, 418, 419, Cultural ecology, xxxiii, 518 426, 476, 493, 500, 521, 523 552 Topics Index Divaricating shrubs, 519, 524 Emergent group, 55, 409 Diversity, 4, 54, 55, 57, 59, 71, 72, 74, 80, 81, Emergent layer (forest), 138 202, 205, 239, 242, 250, 253, 254, 286, Emergent properties, 414 288, 293–295, 309, 390, 392, 394, 395, Empirical approach/classification (climate), 397, 401, 415, 418, 424–443, 478, 500, 53, 58, 352 531, 535, 536, 539, 543 Empirical science, 420 Doline, 359, 376–378, 380, 382–384, 386, 387 Endangered species, 151, 519, 536 Dominance, 17, 34, 59, 60, 106, 109–111, 114, Endemic biota, 518, 526 116, 119–123, 126, 130, 132, 133, 136, Endemic species, 106, 107, 126, 162, 184 138, 144, 148, 157, 160, 161, 186, 188, Endemic taxa, 309 190, 201, 203, 205, 207, 208, 226, 232, Endemism, 279, 526, 536 269, 379, 380, 387, 426, 518, 519 Energy flux, 413 Dominance type, 106, 109–111, 114, 116, Entropy (clustering), 334 119–121, 123, 126 Envelope modeling, 15 Dominant (species), 102, 104, 105, 108, 109, Environmental analysis, xxv, 65, 83, 88, 244 111, 113, 114, 125, 126, 136, 138, 141, Environmental context, 59, 62, 87 162, 163, 184, 202, 292, 380 Environmental gradient, 54, 61, 66, 83, 400, 415 Driver (species), 398 Environmental heterogeneity, 242, 246 Drought tolerance, 79, 106 Environmental planning, 242 Dry-equatorial climate (type), 29, 30 Environmental unit, 84, 243, 244 Dryland farm, 502, 504–506, 508–512 Eocene, 531, 535 Dry season, 7–11, 14–18, 20, 24, 25, 29–31, 36, Ephemeral
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