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Freshwaterforum The ecology of Bassenthwaite Lake (English Lake District) Item Type article Authors Thackeray, Stephen; Maberly, Stephen; Winfield, Ian Download date 29/09/2021 22:15:39 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/1834/22300 FRESHWATER FORUM VOLUME 25, 2006 Edited by Karen Rouen SPECIAL TOPIC THE ECOLOGY OF BASSENTHWAITE LAKE (ENGLISH LAKE DISTRICT) by Stephen Thackeray, Stephen Maberly and Ian Winfield Published by the Freshwater Biological Association The Ferry House, Far Sawrey, Ambleside, Cumbria LA22 0LP, UK © Freshwater Biological Association 2006 ISSN 0961-4664 THE ECOLOGY OF BASSENTHWAITE LAKE 3 THE ECOLOGY OF BASSENTHWAITE LAKE (ENGLISH LAKE DISTRICT) CONTENTS STEPHEN THACKERAY, STEPHEN MABERLY AND IAN WINFIELD Abstract ............................................................................................. 3 Dr S.J. Thackeray, Dr S.C. Maberly and Dr I.J. Winfield, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Lancaster Environment Centre, Introduction ....................................................................................... 5 Library Avenue, Bailrigg, Lancaster LA1 4AP, UK. Email: [email protected] Catchment characteristics .................................................................. 7 Physical characteristics of Bassenthwaite Lake ................................ 9 Abstract Bassenthwaite Lake is, in many ways, different from the other major lakes Water chemistry ................................................................................ 16 in the English Lake District: it is the most northerly, the shallowest, has the largest catchment and the shortest mean retention time. There is also Phytoplankton .................................................................................... 32 considerable temporal variation in lake level. Although the lake is surrounded by rich lowland soils, the catchment is dominated by upland Macrophytes ...................................................................................... 39 moor and improved pasture, underlain by four dominant soil types: well drained loam with bare rocks and scree, shallow acid upland peat, fine Zooplankton ...................................................................................... 48 loam and thick acidic peat soils. The supply of catchment-derived sediment, and its recycling within the lake, has serious implications for Benthic invertebrates ......................................................................... 52 water quality and for the ecology of this site. These sediments largely comprise inorganic material, and are believed to originate mainly from the Fish populations ................................................................................ 52 high fells and the floodplain of the River Derwent. Typically the lake thermally stratifies between May and September, and Birds .................................................................................................. 60 is mixed for the remainder of the year. However, the lake is only ever weakly stratified and episodic mixing events influence the ecology of the Mammals ........................................................................................... 61 lake, by increasing the concentration of oxygen at depth and resuspending sediment in shallow water. Ecological pressures faced by Bassenthwaite Lake ........................... 62 Palaeolimnological reconstruction of long-term changes in total phosphorus concentration has revealed that, over the past 250 years, the Conclusions ....................................................................................... 70 lake has become increasingly eutrophic, with increases in phosphorus concentration being particularly dramatic in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Acknowledgements ........................................................................... 71 Though tertiary sewage treatment was implemented at Keswick (the principal town in the catchment) in 1995, there has been only a slight References ......................................................................................... 72 reduction in phosphorus concentration in the lake. At present, diffuse sources contribute more to the total phosphorus load than do point sources and it is suspected that efficient internal recycling of a relatively modest sediment store, caused by wind-driven resuspension, may be one reason for the limited reduction in phosphorus availability. © Freshwater Biological Association 2006 Freshwater Forum 25 (2006), 1–80 4 STEPHEN THACKERAY, STEPHEN MABERLY AND IAN WINFIELD THE ECOLOGY OF BASSENTHWAITE LAKE 5 Unlike the other productive Cumbrian lakes, the spring phytoplankton INTRODUCTION bloom is weak, biomass tends to be highest in early autumn and individual species tend to lack a strong seasonality. There has been no detectable Bassenthwaite Lake is the most northerly of the large lakes in the English change in phytoplankton biomass since the implementation of tertiary Lake District (Fig. 1) and the shallowest, with a mean depth of 5.3 m. sewage treatment at Keswick Wastewater Treatment Works in 1995. The (Fig. 2; Table 1). It has the largest catchment area of any of the major lakes macrophyte flora of the lake is diverse, and includes the rare species (Table 1) and the high average altitude of this catchment, 335 m (NERC Luronium natans. The community composition has been relatively stable 1999), results in a high annual precipitation. This combination of since around 1913. However, the invasion of non-native species such as characteristics produces one of the most ecologically influential and Elodea canadensis, E. nuttallii and in particular Crassula helmsii is a cause defining features of this system: an average retention time of only 19 days of concern. (Table 1). This is the shortest of any of the major Cumbrian lakes. Relatively little is known of the zooplankton and benthic invertebrate Although the lake is surrounded by rich lowland soils, most of the communities of Bassenthwaite Lake, though the fish community has been catchment, including the subcatchments of Derwent Water and Thirlmere, studied intensively. The lake is one of only two in the UK which still is mountainous with nutrient-poor and base-poor soils. Nevertheless, contain a native population of the vendace (Coregonus albula), the UK’s Bassenthwaite Lake is relatively productive: it was the fourth most rarest freshwater fish. The current status of vendace is considered to be productive lake out of 20 Cumbrian lakes surveyed during 2000, based on extremely poor and the survival of this species is threatened by low an analysis of the annual average concentration of phytoplankton hypolimnetic concentrations of oxygen, siltation of spawning grounds, chlorophyll a (Parker et al. 2001). Physical processes strongly influence species introductions and climate change. In total, 10 fish species have the ecology of Bassenthwaite Lake. Stratification is weak and readily been recorded in the lake, of which three have been introduced in recent broken down by wind mixing, as a result of the shallowness and exposed times, i.e. roach (Rutilus rutilus), ruffe (Gymnocephalus cernuus) and dace (Leuciscus leuciscus). River Derwent A total of 150 bird species has been recorded at Bassenthwaite Lake since 1995. The establishment of breeding ospreys (Pandion haliaetus) in River Derwent 2001 has arguably been the highest profile event at the lake in recent years, while significant numbers of cormorants (Phalacrocorax carbo) now frequent the lake which may have implications for an already struggling vendace population. The ecological integrity of Bassenthwaite Lake is threatened by man- made changes in nutrient and sediment loading, invasion by non-native species and climate change. These threats can be minimised by science- based management informed by a thorough knowledge of the lake and its catchment: the ethos behind the Bassenthwaite Lake Restoration Programme instigated by the Lake District Still Waters Partnership. This review aims to synthesise available information on the ecology of Bassenthwaite Lake so that it is available for lake managers, scientists and naturalists. Sustainable catchment management and continued monitoring are key to the maintenance and enhancement of ecological quality at this beautiful and diverse site. FIG. 1. Map of north-west England showing the lakes of the English Lake District and Bassenthwaite Lake. Freshwater Forum 25 (2006) Freshwater Forum 25 (2006) 6 STEPHEN THACKERAY, STEPHEN MABERLY AND IAN WINFIELD THE ECOLOGY OF BASSENTHWAITE LAKE 7 location of the lake. For the same Table 1. Basic limnological features of Bassenthwaite Lake, derived largely from reason, water transparency is very Reynolds (1999). *Incorrectly given as 238 km2 in Ramsbottom (1976) and other variable (Talling 1999), driven by studies. Equals 361.3 km2 if the three lakes (Bassenthwaite Lake, Derwent Water and Thirlmere) are added. **Derived from daily mean discharge at Ouse Bridge from 1977 extensive resuspension of sediment *** during windy episodes (Parker et al. to 2001. Calculated mean residence time from hydraulic discharge and lake volume. 1999). The lake has been designated a Feature Value National Nature Reserve and a Altitude (m) 69 Grade I Site of Special Scientific Area (km2) 5.28 Interest. The lake also receives Area of lake < 5 m deep (km2) 3.46 (66 %) special protection under the Wildlife Volume of lake (106 m3) 27.9 and Countryside Act, 1981. Since Mean depth (m) 5.3 the Keswick Wastewater Treatment Maximum depth (m) 20 Works (WwTW) serves
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