FORESTRY IDEAS, 2011, vol. 17, No 1 (41)

FUNGI PHYLUM ON IN THE AREA OF CENTRAL DANUBE BASIN

Miroslav Marković, Predrag Pap, Verica Vasić, Milan Drekić, Leopold Poljaković-Pajnik, and Zoran Galić Institute of Lowland Forestry and Environment, University of Novi Sad, Antona Čehova 13, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia. E-mail: [email protected]

UDC 630.18 Received: 31 July 2010 Accepted: 08 July 2011

Abstract The results of three-year’s research of fungi phylum Basidiomycota on Salix sp. in the area of Central Danube Basin (45°08′18″ and 45°42′50″ north latitude and 17°10′10″ and 17°58′50″ east longitude from Paris), are presented in this paper. During the research, the fruiting bodies were collected in the field and determined based on their reproductive organs. Twenty-eight species of macrofungi have been identified on the willows of which fomentarius (L.: Fr.) Fr., (L.: Fr.) Quél. and Trametes suavealens (L.: Fr.) Fr. have the greatest pathogenic significance as wood rotting agents. Four of the above 28 species are used in human nutrition: Pleurotus ostresus (Jacquin: Fr.) Kumm., Flammulina velutipes P. Karst., Auricularia auricula-judae (Bull. :m Fr.) Wettst. and Polyporus sulphureus (Bull.) Fr.), and one is used in pharmacy ( lucidum (Curt.: Fr.) P. Karst.). During this research, 17 species of macrofungi were first found on , which have not been so far identified from Serbia and Montenegro. Of 17 newly identified fungi, 7 species have never been identified from Serbia and Montenegro, and 10 have been identified, but on other hosts (e.g. poplars). Key words: Basidiomycota, Central Danube Basin, Salix sp. pathogenic fungi, white rot, brown rot, medicine, edible fungi.

Introduction production and establishment of plan- tations of economic important trees Limited wood production in natural for- such as or poplar. This situation ests and rapid increment of industrial emphasizes the importance of willow processing of have resulted in plantations. Species of willows are rec- wood deficit. This problem could be al- ognized as pioneer plants on the lowest leviated by production of fast growing parts of the alluvial terraces along the trees in plantations (first of all poplars rivers. and willows). Opposite to poplar diseases, the dis- In the Autonomous Province of Vo- eases on willows did not attract atten- jvodina, considerable areas of land are tion until now. This problem became marked as unsuitable for agricultural fully expressed by the establishment of Fungi Phylum Basidiomycota on Willows... 81 new willow plantations and made inves- north latitude, and 17°10′10″ and tigations like this necessary. 17°58′50″east longitude, elevated from The aim of this study is to recognize 73 to 79 m above see level. This re- the main willow wood destroyers, decay gion has a moderate continental climate causers, and to determine the possibili- (Katić et al. 1979). ties of the use of fungal sporophores in The sampled sporophores were pre- human nutrition and in medicine. served using standard methods, and de- termined according to appropriate keys in the laboratory. Materials and Methods

Field research and collecting of mate- Results and Discussion rial have been done on several localities in the Middle Danube region, in natu- A list of macrofungi (Phylum Basidio– ral willow populations and plantations mycota – Cl. Basidiomycetes) detected in floodplain areas along the Danube on willows is given in Table 1. River. The investigated area is situat- During the research, twenty-eight ed between 45°08′18″ and 45°42′50″ species of macrofungi have been de-

Table 1. A list of macrofungi detected on willows.

Importance name Family Decay potential use * Ordo Auriculariales Auricularia auricula-judae Fam. Auriculariaceae + White (Bull.) Quél. (photo 1) Genus Auricularia ● Ordo Agaricales + Flammulina velutipes P. Karst. (photo 2) White ● Fam. Tricholomataceae Mycena sp. - - Panellus ringens (Fr.) Romagn. White + Pluteus salicinus (Pers.:Fr.) Kummer Fam. Pluteaceae White + + Pholiota adiposa (Batsch.:Fr.) Kumm. White mottled + + Fam. Strophariaceae Pholiota squarrosa (Pers. ex Fr.) Kumm. White + Ordo Cortinariales Crepidotus variabilis Fam. Crepidotaceae White + + (Pers. ex Fr.) Kummer Genus Crepidotus Ordo Ganodermatales Ganoderma adspersum (Schulz) Dank White + + Ganoderma lucidum Fam. Ganodermataceae + + White (Curt. ex Fr.) Karst (photo 5) ◘ 82 M. Marković, P. Pap, V. Vasić, M. Drekić, L. Poljaković-Pajnik, and Z. Galić

Ordo Hericiales Creolophus cirrhatus Fam. Hericiaceae White + (Pers. Ex Fr.) Karst Ordo Hymenochaetales Phellinus contiguus (Fr.) Pat. White + Phellinus igniarius Fam. Hymenochaetaceae White layered + + + (L. ex Fr.) Quel. (photo 6) Ordo Poriales Daedaleopsis confragosa White + + (Bolt.: Fr.) J. Schroet Fomes fomentarius (L.: Fr.) Fr. White mottled + + +

Trametes gibbosa (Pers. ex Fr.) Fr. White Fam. Coriolaceae +

Trametes hirsutа (Wulf. ex Fr.) Pilat White + + Trametes suavealens (L.: Fr.) Fr. White + + + Trametes versicolor (L.ex Fr.) Pilat White + + Lentinus tigrinus (Bull.: Fr.) Fr. White + + Pleurotus ostreаtus Fam. Lentinaceae + White (Jacquin : Fr.) Kumm. (photo 3) ● Polyporus sulphureus + + Fam. Brown prismatic (Bull.) Fr. (photo 4) ● Ordo Sterеales salicina (Fr.) Burt. Fam. White + Irpex lacteus (Fr.:Fr.) Fr. Fam. Steccherinaceae White + Phanerochaetae filamentosa + Fam. Meruliaceae White (Berk. & Curt.) Burdsall Stereum subtomentosum Pouzer Fam. Stereaceae White + + Ordo Schizophyllales Schizophyllum commune Fr.: Fr. Fam. Schizophyllaceae White + + Ordo Tremellales Exidiopsis calcea Wells Fam. Exidiaceae - -

* + + + Appearance of fungus is abundant and causes serious damages on host plant + + Appearance of fungus is rare and causes slight damages on host plant + Appearance of fungus is rare and without practical significance - Appearance of fungus is abundant without practical significance ● Edible fungus ◘ Medical fungus Fungi Phylum Basidiomycota on Willows... 83

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5 6

Photos 1-6. Macrofungi on willows: 1. Auricularia auricula-judae (Bull. ex St-Amons) Wetts.; 2. Flammulina velutipes P. Karst.; 3. Pleurotus ostresus (Jacquin : Fr.) Kumm.; 4. Polyporus sulphureus (Bull.) Fr.; 5. Ganoderma lucidum (Curt. ex Fr.) Karst.; 6. Phellinus igniarius (L. ex Fr.) Quel. tected on willows, of which twenty-four The first group expressing the high- fungi cause white, while one brown est impact (+++) encompasses the prismatic decay. fungi which have the greatest patho- 84 M. Marković, P. Pap, V. Vasić, M. Drekić, L. Poljaković-Pajnik, and Z. Galić genic influence as wood rotting agents. A list of macrofungi detected on wil- Fomes fomentarius (L.: Fr.) Fr., Phelli- lows is given in Table 2. nus igniarius (L. ex Fr.) Quél. and Tram- Fomes fomentarius (L. : Fr.) Fr. etes suaveolens (L.: Fr.) Fr. are recog- This fungus appears as saprotrophe nized as the major pathogens, causing or parasite on broadleaved trees and serious decay. causes white mottled decay. It grows During this research, 17 species of on standing, living trees, and develops macrofungi were first found on willow, further on fallen trees, but only untill which have not been so far identified they are wet. It rarely develops its colo- from Serbia and Montenegro. Of 17 nies on dried and processed wood. newly identified fungi, 7 species have Karadžić and Anđelić (2002) cite that never been identified from Serbia and the species can be found in Europe, Montenegro, and 10 have been identi- Asia, Africa and Northern America. The fied, but on other hosts (e.g. poplars). infection is done through bark contu- Table 2. A list of macrofungis first time detected in Serbia and Montenegro and on willows.

The first time The first time Name of fungus found in Serbia Found on willow and Montenegro Flammulina velutipes P. Karst. - + Panellus ringens (Fr.) Romagn. + + Pluteus salicinus (Pers.:Fr.) Kummer + + Pholiota adiposa (Batsch.:Fr.) Kumm. - + Pholiota squarrosa (Pers.ex Fr.) Kumm. - + Crepidotus variabilis (Pers. ex Fr.) Kummer + + Ganoderma adspersum (Schulz) Dank - + Ganoderma lucidum (Curt. ex Fr.) Karst - + Creolophus cirrhatus (Pers. Ex Fr.) Karst - + Phellinus contiguus (Fr.) Pat. + + Daedaleopsis confragosa (Bolt.: Fr.) J. Schroet - + Trametes gibbosa (Pers. ex Fr.) Fr. - + Pleurotus ostreаtus (Jacquin : Fr.) Kumm. - + Cytidia salicina (Fr.) Burt. + + Phanerochaetae filamentosa (Berk. & Curt.) + + Burdsall Stereum subtomentosum Pouzer - + Exidiopsis calcea Wells + + Fungi Phylum Basidiomycota on Willows... 85 sions, and the process of rotting is very 2–12 (15) cm wide, and 1.5–4 cm (on quick. After the degradation of the core, the fixation with the wood 1.5–8 cm). the fungus progress into the sapwood, The surface is flat or widely wave-like, and it proceeds with the destruction. piled, white or grey-white, with sharper According to Krstić (1962) the emis- edges. The hymenophore consists of sion of the spores from one sporophore pores which are round-coined or elon- is 887 millions in one our, or 139 mil- gated, dimensions from 1–3 mm, white, lions per 1 cm2 in one day, so we can ocher or brown. conclude that the potential for contami- The trama is white; when fresh it nation is very high. is soft with a cork like consistence, Phellinus igniarius (L. : Fr.) Quél. when dry it is hard, tough and light. Karadžić and Anđelić (2002) cite The body has a strong smell of. The that this fungus occurs as a parasite on sporophores are single or, more often, broadleaved trees, and it occurs specially grown together in series (Karadžić and often on , wild cherry, , syca- Anđelić 2002). more, ash, , poplars, , wil- The following fungi are used in hu- lows, elm and on Sorbus sp. It causes man nutrition Pleurotus ostreatus white layered decay which is localised (Jacquin : Fr.) Kumm., Flammulina ve- in the hearthwood and rarely grows lutipes (Curtis) Singer, Auricularia au- into the sapwood. The infection is done ricula-judae (Bull.) Quél and Polyporus through contusions or dead branches, sulphureus (Bull.) Fr. from where it spreads towards the core Pleurotus ostreаtus (Jacquin : Fr.) of the stem. The sporophores appear in- Kumm. syn. P. columbinus Quél. dividually or 2–3 samples incorporated, It can be found in broadleaved for- and they can be found the whole year ests and in mixed broadleaved-conif- (photo 6). erous forests. It is especially often According to Krstić (1962) this fun- recorded on beech and on poplars, gus destroys both the cellulose and and it can also be found on older wil- the lignin. It is a great problem for the low stems. It attacks all constituents broadleaved tree species, and it contin- of wood and therefore causes white ues its development on the trunks even decay. The sporophores often grow after the felling of the trees. in groups (photo 3). The body is flesh Trametes suavealens (L.: Fr.) Fr. like, white, it has nice smell and taste. This species is registered on stand- The print of spores is pale grey-purple ing willow trees and it causes white, (Marković 2006b). soft decay of the core of willows and It can be found in Europe, Asia, Aus- poplars. tralia, Northern Africa and America. It’s widespread in Europe, Asia and Flammulina velutipes (Curtis) Singer Northern America on broadleaved tree The fungus spreads in the hearth- species. Sporophores are annual, and wood of several broadleaved tees, both they can be found during the whole in living trees and in dead fallen wood. year. It causes soft, hollowed, yellow-white The sporophores are console like, decay of sapwood (Josifović 1952). It broadly fixed to the substratum, from is especially often recorded in flatland 86 M. Marković, P. Pap, V. Vasić, M. Drekić, L. Poljaković-Pajnik, and Z. Galić areas, where it appears during winter It is considered to be a medical fun- months, from October until March, rare- gus, especially in Asia (China) where it is ly outside of this period. also grown (Karadžić and Anđelić 2002). Karadžić and Anđelić (2002) cite that this fungus appears on death wood ma- terial, rarely on healthy or injured living Conclusion stems of broadleaved trees, especially on Salix, , Fagus and Alnus, but During the three-year’s research of with the remark that Breitenbach and Basidiomycota on willows, 28 species of Kranzlin (1991) also noticed this fun- macrofungi have been detected (Marković gus on some coniferous tree species 2006a). Twenty-four species cause (Abies). white, while one brown prismatic decay It does not have great importance as (Karadžić and Anđelić 2002). The follow- wood destructor. The are ing fungi have the greatest pathogenic edible, and its importance is enhanced importance: Fomes fomentarius, Phellinus because it apperas during tre winter igniarius and Trametes suavealens. months when other edible fungi cannot Pleurotus ostreatus, Flammulina ve- be found (photo 2). lutipes, Auricularia auricula-judae and Polyporus sulphureus (Bull.) Fr. Polyporus sulphureus are used for hu- The fungus often grows on stems of man nutrition (Keizer 1996). living broadleaved trees. It spreads in the During this research, 17 species of corewood, very rarely in the sapwood, macrofungi were first found on willow, and causes brown prismatic decay. which have not been so far identified It is an edible fungus, and in Germany from Serbia and Montenegro. Of 17 and America it is considered a delicacy. newly identified fungi, 7 species have Ganoderma lucidum (Curt. : Fr.) P. never been identified from Serbia and Karst. Montenegro, and 10 have been identi- According to Krstić (2002) this fun- fied, but on other hosts (e.g. poplars). gus appears on roots and on the bottom Based on the comparison of the part of the stem on , rarer on other mycoflora occurring on willow trees broadleaf tree species. It causes white in natural stands and that occurring in decay. The carpofores are formed during plantations on clonal material, it was the whole year. It can be found in Europe, concluded that, on the clonal material, Asia, Australia and Northern America. the dominant parasitic fungi are those It appears very rarely on willows. which infest the leaves and bark, while The sporophores are shaped like a kid- on the old trees in natural stands, the ney, in the beginning the surface is dominant fungi are the agents of wood bright-yellow, later dark blood-red to decay. To protect the juvenile willows red-brown with a purplish tinti, pol- in plantations (primarily against the ished, the edges are white or yellow, parasites on the foliage) it is neces- 10–25 cm in diameter and 3 cm broad sary to apply the chemical measures with a typical, rather long, excentric, of protection, i.e. to apply the fungi- brownish or almost black, polished cides during the critical period for par- stem (photo 5). asite infection. Fungi Phylum Basidiomycota on Willows... 87

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