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Creating space for fishermen’s livelihoods : Anlo-Ewe beach seine fishermen’s negotiations for livelihood space within multiple governance structures in

Kraan, M.L.

Publication date 2009

Link to publication

Citation for published version (APA): Kraan, M. L. (2009). Creating space for fishermen’s livelihoods : Anlo-Ewe beach seine fishermen’s negotiations for livelihood space within multiple governance structures in Ghana. African Studies Centre.

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UvA-DARE is a service provided by the library of the University of Amsterdam (https://dare.uva.nl) Download date:23 Sep 2021

List of figures

1.1 Map of Ghana xx 1.2 Smoking fish in Half Assini 2 1.3 Management and governance 5 1.4 Map of the coast of Ghana 13 1.5 & 1.6 The beach seine (yevudor) 15 1.7 Ghanaian marine fisheries landings in Ghanaian waters 1972-2000 16 1.8 (Semi-)industrial vessels in 17 1.9 The share of the artisanal catches per month in 2004, according to gear 20 1.10 The spread of the total artisanal catch (in weight) in 2004, by gear 21 1.11 The share of the total artisanal catch (in value) in 2004, by gear 21 1.12 The effort (total days) of all beach seine gears in 2004 per month, in Ghana 21 1.13 Catch per unit effort of artisanal catches in 2004 per gear in Ghana 22 1.14 Artisanal catches in Ghana (in tonnes) per gear, by year 22 1.15 Artisanal catches in Ghana (in tonnes) per year, by gear 23 1.16 Little fish caught in a beach seine 23 1.17 Conceptual framework 25

2.1 The chief of Woe 36 2.2 Map of Ghana’s coast indicating the three research locations 38 2.3 Women in Woe dressed in the home-coming cloth 39 2.4 The different units of analysis, from individual to group level 43 2.5 Watching back video footage with fishermen in Akosua Village 46 2.6 Anthony interviewing a woman in Akosua Village 47 2.7 Detail of map of Half Assini 49 2.8 Woe household survey area 51

3.1 Livelihood framework 61 3.2 Map of the Anlo Coast 68 3.3 lagoon and land use in Woe 71 3.4 A map of Woe 76 3.5 Lighthouse in Woe 77 3.6 Akosua Village 80 3.7 Map of Akosua Village 80 3.8 Map of Akosua Village showing the village parts 81 3.9 Map of Akosua Village showing spatial clustering according to companies 82 3.10 Map of Half Assini 83 3.11 Half Assini 84 3.12 Detail of map of Half Assini 85 3.13 Woe: age groups 87 3.14 Woe: relation to the household head 87 3.15 Woe: religion 88 3.16 Akosua Village: age groups 92 3.17 Akosua Village: relation to the household head 92 3.18 Akosua Village: religion 93 3.19 Akosua Village: where do the households collect their water 95 3.20 Half Assini: age groups 96 3.21 Half Assini: relation to the household head 98 3.22 Half Assini: religion 98

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3.23 Spread of widowed people of the research population over the three research locations 102 3.24 & 3.25 Net reconstruction in Akosua Village 106 3.26 & 3.27 The specialist redoing the leads and floats 107 3.28 Old net used for roof construction in Akosua Village 108 3.29 Beach seine in the surf in Half Assini 109 3.30 Planked up canoe 110 3.31 Wawa tree in the Butterfly Reserve on the way to 110 3.32 Large beach seine canoe 111 3.33 Canoe making in 111 3.34 One of the symbols on a canoe 112 3.35 Outboard engine movable mounting bracket 114

4.1 Crossing the surf with a canoe in Akosua Village 121 4.2 Route a canoe takes when casting a beach seine 122 4.3 Setting the beach seine and hauling it in 123 4.4 Company at work 124 4.5 Percussion players in Woe 125 4.6 Average value (in cedis) of catches of three example companies (2004-2005) 127 4.7 Average number of fishing days of three example companies (2004-2005) 128 4.8 Catches per month (cedis) of the example company of Woe, 2004-2005 129 4.9 Average price per pan (in thousands of cedis) of the example company of Woe, 2004-2005 130 4.10 Catches per month in cedis of the example company of Akosua Village, August – November 2005 131 4.11 Average price per pan (in thousands cedis) of the example company of Akosua Village, August – November 2005 132 4.12 Sharing the money in Half Assini 133 4.13 Value catch of the example company of Half Assini, September 2004 – February 2005 134 4.14 Sales of a bumper catch in Woe 135 4.15 A good catch in Woe 140 4.16 A young girl in Woe 142 4.17 Green green in Half Assini 146 4.18 Household members in Half Assini 153

5.1 The migration flows of fishers in the West African Region 158 5.2 Canoe of migrant Ghanaian fishermen in Togo 159 5.3 Elmina castle 162 5.4 A canoe leaving for migration to Ivory Coast 166

6.1 Different uses of the governance concept 176 6.2 Governance structure of an ideal type coastal village in Ghana 179 6.3a & 6.3b The seven levels from below to top and the five streams from left to right 180 6.4 District Assembly in Half Assini 183 6.5 Structure of Ghana’s fisheries administration 184 6.6 The chief and sub-chiefs of Half Assini 188 6.7 Chief fisherman of the Fanti fishermen in Half Assini 190

7.1 Four critical elements of the fishing activity relevant for management 205 7.2 Copy of a fishing contract in Woe 209 7.3 Two examples of how beach seine fishing nets can get in each others way 214 7.4 Confiscated net in the courtroom in Keta district 215

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7.5 Map of the coastal waters of Ghana showing where the different gear users fish 222 7.6 Some charms in front of a canoe nearby Akosua Village 226 7.7 Woman selling smoked fish at the market 232 7.8 Map showing the fish trade routes in Ghana 233 7.9 Fanti fishermen selling their fish to women in Akosua Village 234 7.10 Copy of a net owners record showing his sales of fish to women 235 7.11 Agrawal and Gibson’s view on community institutions and conservation 240 7.12 Kraan’s view on community institutions related to conservation 240

8.1 Muni lagoon 245 8.2 One of the signs put up by the Wildlife department 247 8.3 Users of Muni lagoon and the authorities monitoring the lagoon 247 8.4 & 8.5 Lagoon fishing in Muni lagoon and the catch 250 8.6 Statues portraying the Deer Hunt Festival 258 8.7 Map of Akosua Village showing in which company the men of the households fish 262 8.8 The different high water marks in Keta 267 8.9 Fort Prinzenstein 268 8.10 New houses built on reclaimed land 274

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