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DEPARTMENTS 2 Update 12 Washington Notes 12 At a Glance ... 26 Book Review 28 Letters 29 Action News and Notes -32 Newsbriefs

Front Cover. Jubilant Zimbabweans just before independence (credit: Mike Shuster).J

(domestic)/$10.O0: lnstitutional/S18.00; lndividual collective who contributed to the production of this Subscriptions: Individual 2 Members ol, the Southern Africa Institutional/$21.00; Airmail: Africa, Asia. EuropeS2 .50: South and Cen Davis. Mike Fleshman. Bill Hartung. Richard (foreign/$13.00: issue: David Brooks. Jim Cason. Jennifer tral Americal$19.50 Knight. Patrick Lawrence. Edgar Lockwood. Catharine Macdonald. Andrew Marx. Maliik Christine Root. Mike Shuster. Stephanie Urdang. Jim Weikarl Reaves. Rebecca Reiss. Southern Africa is available on microfilm through University Microfilm Zerox Company. and is listed in the Alternative Press Index and the Public Affairs Mark Beittel, Tony Cavin, Charlie Ann Arbor, Mich. 48104. Spateil thanks for their aseistance to: Africa News, Service George Finley, Jim Information Co bb, Ruben Cordova, Barbara Day, Joan Draper, Mary Feyllinmi, Minsky, Lystra Mulzac, Carol Thompson, Steven Vegh, Mar Khadami, Peter Mark, Beth Distributors; New York. NY: Joe Massey; Washington, DC: Liberation Information jorie Waxman. Distribution 0o,; Boston, MA: Carrier Pigeon, Third World Distributors; Chicago: Prairie Minneapolis. MN: Rainbow Distribution; Atlanta GA: Guild News Agency, by Liberation News Service. News Agency: Typesetting Cabel R. News: Detroit, MI: New Directions Enterprises. Cover and layout by The Letter Space. ISSN 938-3775 Southern Africa is published monthly except for July-August. when bi-monthiy, by the Southern Africa Cqmmittee. 17 W 17th Street. New York. New York 10011. M/~n-.IUr4~ t~ott~rjut n~rsri Mrru'.,u, M/AT-,JUVN" ItVf0I1UU lIn'r NP ,rr11P,, The administration's plan for white enthusiastic welcome should come frc minority guarantees in Namibia has also some fellow citizens at the airport in Ta run into a solid wall of opposition from zania. Sure enough, they were protesters. SWAPO, Namibia's liberation movement, and African and Third World nations, who view thq new plan as an effort to sabotage Feds Seize UNITA Arm the internationally accepted UN plan. A.- I1w i-o US Customs agents arrested six men an Georgetown Was Never confiscated over $1 million in automa I rifles, grenade launchers, and ammuniti, 12. Tb Pik Botha Visits US Like This destined for South Africa on May bust, the largest illegal weapons haul in US South African Foreign Minister Roelof Chester -A. Crocker, Ronald Reagan's history, closed an elaborate three week (Pik) Botha spent two days in Washington nominee for under-secretary of state for police scam set to snare British arms dealers May 14 and 15, meeting Secretary of State African affairs, took to the road in April to John Parks and Peter Towers, along with Alexander Haig, and President Ronald sell, or at least explain, the administration's the four man crew of their chartere Reagan. Botha's invitation is part of the policy toward southern Africa. His mission Austrian aircraft. Reagan's administration effort to improve, took him to South Africa, the front line Using a fake Sudanese end-user cer relations with the white minority govern states, and Nigeria among other places. He tificate, Parks and Towers applied to the ement. The talks focused on new Western also stopped in London for. a session with US Office for Munitions Control for an ex proposals for a negotiated end-fto South the Western Contact Group, still fishing for port license for the arms: 1,150 M-1 Africa's illegal occupation of Namibia. a negotiated Namibia settlement. automatic rifles, 100 grenade launche I Botha spent two hours with Haig and Overall, Crockers first diplomatic outing several hundred pistols and over one million other state department officials on Thurs was less a triumph than a disaster. He began rounds- of ammunition. day discussing details of the new plan which his trip at a hostire capital, Washington, The smugglers were theri contacted calls for written guarantees for the ter DC, where arch conservative Senator Jesse undercover police posing as arms dealers ritory's white minority in advance of inter-. Helms is blocking Crocker's official confir who told Parks and Towers that they coul nationally supervised elections. The present mation to the state department post. Helms arrange for the purchase of the weapons. plan, UN resolution 435, calls for the elec agreed to postpone his slow roast of the Incredibly, Parks and Towers bragged to tion of a constitutional assembly first, to hapless Crocker for the trip, but only on agents that the weapons were actually draft a constitution and install the indepen condition that the inquisition resume after destined for , under a con dent government. his return. This left Crocker in the awkward tract from Armscor, the South African Botha responded favorably to the pro position of being an "un-official" of the government owned armaments company. posal, saying it offered "a real possibility of United States government. Federal agents received a $1.5 million letter moving ahead" on Namibia's in The Zambians met him at the airport of credit drawn on a Dallas bank, and later dependence. Constitutional guarantees with a pick-up truck, and he had a short, captured a purchase order for the weapons would "allay fears and anxieties" among nasty conversation with Mozambique from Armscor. the tiny white populace, he said. Botha also Foreign Minister Joaquim Chissano ("not As the London Observer noted on May received assurances from Haig that the US pleasant," Chissano put it later). 17, the South African army has no use for has "no deadlines" for Namibian in He was snubbed by the heads of state of the weapons. South Africa is already self dependence. Mozambique, Nigeria, , and South sufficient in small arms, and uses a dif The South African official did reportedly Africa, all of whom refused to meet him. ferent type of ammunition than does the add one new condition to Pretoria's list of He angered South Africa's Black majori US. But South Africa would have requirements. According to Botha, South ty by refusing to meet formally with reasons-political reasons-for equipping Africa is no longer willing to accept a UN African oppositioln leaders and he angered their UNITA allies in Angola with US arms. military presence, as called for in resolution South Africa's white minority by declining Any evidence of US military involvement 435, in Namibia. The Reagan administra to characterize SWAPO as a Soviet con against the Namibian liberation movement tion hus not yet commented on this latest trolled terrorist band. He then promptly in SWAPO and the Angolan government demand. furiated SWAPO by refusing to meet with would almost certainly wreck any prospect On Friday, Botha spent 25 minutes with SWAPO representatives while in Angola. for negotiating an internationally accepted President Reagan in what was described as Crocker's attempt to dump the UN in formula for Namibian independence. it a "friendly" meeting by a White House dependence plan for Namibia in favor of would also greatly internationalize the war, press officer. Botha ducked reporters at the enshrining white political power and pro bringing the US and South Africa into an White House and the president's office perty rights in a constitution drawn up prior explicit military and political alliance. would issue no statement on the content of to national elections was firmly and bluntly As US customs agent Charles Conroy the discussion. rejected by the front line states and noted after the arrest: "The arms were The foreign minister's visit has raised a Nigeria. He couldn't even sell the idea to his destined for Johannesburg but'they could storm of protest in the US from Black and Western allies, who insisted on reaffirming have gone anywhere from there. 'Tea liberal groups who oppose Reagan's public their support for the UN plan at the conclu UNITA forces-in Angola are the obvious overtures to the racist country. (See "Ac sion of their talks in London. place for the final destination." tion News and Notes" section in this issue). It was only fitting that Crocker's most 2 SOUTHERN AFRICA/MAY.JUNE 1981 SPECIAL REPORT Front Line Focus

Front line leaders: Samora Machal of Mozambique (left), Kenneth Kaunda of (center), and Julius Nyerere of (right).

For over five years the front line statesformed a solid rear base for the liberation struggle in what was then white minority ruled . Zimbabwe's neighbors came together as a single group to both support and at times cajole and pressure the national liberation movements during the crucial years of the liberation struggle. Front line support was not always consistent and the alliance did suffer some serious divisions. But the fact that a group of states with such widely divergent internal policies could come together to challenge white minority rule is in itself something of a miracle. The lessons to be learned from these struggles have important implications for the coming struggles in Namibia and South Africa. The article below discusses some of these implications and is an attempt at providing a basis for further analysis of the front line states and their past and future role in sOuthern Africa. support the Zimbabwean nationalists until Prime Minister John Vorster declared in by Carol Jhompson independence in 1980. October 1974. "The toll of major confron For many years Tanzania, Zambia, and Economically impoverished and strug tation would be- too high for southern the Mozambique liberation movement gling to survive, the independent African Africa to pay." In what was to become FRELIMO provided the Zimbabwean states surrounding the white-ruled colony known as his "Voice of Reason" speech, liberation movements with bases within were anxious to discuss the possibility of a Vorster responded pragmatically to the their territories, from which to train sol negotiated settlement to the Rhodesian changed situation. He refused to back the who diers and launch armed attacks against situation. South Africa, however, was Portuguese settlers in Mozambique Rhodesia's white minority rulers. But it was unyielding in its stpport of 's were attempting a coup against FRELIMO not until 1974 that these countries came white minority ruled regime in Salisbury. in the transitional government and, instead, together to form the "front line states" Following the April 1974 coup in Por opened' discussions with the nationalist. alliance, a body that would successfully tugal and the subsequent independence of movement.., 's former African colonies, SA long-time Southern Africa liberation sup Pretoria's uncompromising support of Froig Line Alliance Born Zambian porter, Carol Thompson "taught at the Smith began to wane. President Kenneth Kaunda University of Dar es Salaam during which "Southern Africa has reached a cross replied publicly to Vorster's speech with his. she did research on the Frontline States in roads where it has to choose between peace own call for reconciliation of the Rhodesian preparationfor a forthcoming book. or escalation of strife," South African situation. Tanzania, Botswana, and

MAY-JUNE 19811SOUTHERN AFRICA 3 SPECIAL REPORT

Muzorewa as their leader.

Conflict With the Liberation Leaders The imposition of a cease-fire, however, put the front line leaders in conflict with the Zimbabwe African National Union. ZANU had been escalating its guerrilla war and felt that a cease-fire would only allow Smith time to maneuver. More importantly they ,opposed an umbrella ANC. In prison, the executive council of ZANU had grown in creasingly uneasy with ZANU president Sithole's vacillating stance on armed strug gle and had chosen to replace Sithole as ZANU's president. The front line states, however, fearing that such a decision could lead-to more divisions in the liberation movements, continued to recognize Sithole. It was a full nine months before the disagreement over the cease-fire was re solved and Ian Smith sat down with the na tionalist leaders at . The August 1975 conference lasted only a few lhours, breaking down over many issues, but the Victoria Falls conference did teach the front line states one lesson: Smith' had indeed used the cease-fire to build up his ar my. He had had no intention of negotiating seriously. The front line states never again asked the guerrillas to stop the war for talks. They adopted instead a dual policy of armed struggle with negotiations. And this princi ple has become front line policy for Namibia. Attempts to unify the Zimbabwean liberation forces, however, were to become a constant source of tension between the nationalists and their front line supporters. This tension came to a crisis after the assassination of ZANU national chairman Herbert Chitepo. Chitepo was killed in March 1975 by a bomb planted in his car in Lusaka. Zambia formed an international commission to investigate the killing and FRELIMO joined Zambia at that point to But that single action did establish the prin the commission blamed Chitepo's death on form the front line states alliance in Oc ciple of Zimbabwe's neighbors negotiating rivals within the party. Zambian authorities tober, 1974 (Angola would join in 1976 as one body. moved quickly, prosecuting and jailing over following its second war of liberation). The initial agreement between the front 1000 ZANU cadres. ZANU officials assert The front line states achieved their first line states and Ian Smith called for an im that Kaunda was simply using the commis victory with the release of the Zimbabwean mediate cease-fire before negotiations sion to weaken the armed struggle in order nationalist leadership after ten years in could begin. In addition, the front line to promote a compromise with Smith. And Rhodesian jails. Robert Mugabe, Joshua group asked the divided nationalist forces "the movement's leaders are convinced that Nkomo, and others met to unite in order to wesent a unified front Rhodesian agents planted the bomb. with the front line leaders in Lusaka, Zam across the negotiating table from Smith. The leadership crisis within ZANU that bia on December 7, 1974. Reluctant to join forces, the Zimbabwean was precipitated by Chitepo's death and the The release of the nationalists was more a nationalists, under great pressure from the rejection of Sithole's leadership was not product of negotiations between Kaunda front line states, finally came together in resolved for over a year. The jailed ZANU and South African Prime Minister Vorster Lusaka under the umbrella African Na members were not to be released from Zam than of front line state policy as a whole. tional Council (ANC) with Bishop Abel bian prisons until the Geneva Conference in 4 SOUTHERN AFRICA/MAY-JUNE 1981 SPECIAL REPORT

guarantee of sufficient power to the state to October 1976. on Rhodesia and South Africa for transport links to the sea, Zambia is the weakest link take national control of resources; and sup After the assassination of Chitepo, in the chain of front line states. Despite port for parties not beholden to South ZANU -guerrillas in Mozambique and Tan its Africa for achieving power. a third force and accepted these problems, Zambia still closed zania formed Critics of the front line states, and friends iMugabe's claim to the leadership. When the border with the white minority regime and ZAPU guerrillas. trying to warn of disaster, have amply imprisoned ZANU leaders were released offered sanctuaries for recorded the limitations of the alliance: from Zambia they too joined Mugabe. The This contradiction between economic realities and political goals, however, is weak and dependent economies trying to newly united and revitalized party under vacillating role as a resolve political antagonisms. From many Mugabe formed a coalition with ZAPU reflected- in Zambia's state. Kaunda, without informing perspectives it seemed impossible for it to under Nkomo, called the Patriotic Front, in front line other front line states, supported secret last, but it not only endured but won a ma order to present a unified position at the the talks between Nkomo and Smith (1975 and jor victory in Zimbabwe. How could it suc Geneva conference. 1978) in an attempt to find quick com ceed? Is there a basis for future success in Critics say the front line states were too end to the conflict. support of an independent Namibia and slow in recognizing the legitimacy 9f promises and an early midst of an intensifying con South Africa? Mugabe's claim to leadership of ZANU. And in the flict, five years after Zambia closed its Others accuse the front line leaders of border with Rhodesia, Kaunda abruptly Front Line Success: Past and Future abandoning the ANC too quickly, leaving opened the border in October 1978. These limited goals were also important little hope for the nationalists to promote was the moderate, the com for the successful diplomatic isolation of peaceful change. Zambia promiser, yet it did continue support of the the white minorities and their allies in the armed struggle. Its. crucial support for international community. Much has been Antagonism Over Unity ZAPU would not have been possible with made by the Western press of the diplo The quest for unity in the leadership of out the diplomatic unity forged from the matic brilliance of Lord Carrington at the the liberation movements was to become a More important, it negotiations in late 1979. theme for the front line states. front line differences. consistent Much more could be said of the diplomatic themselves very intolerant was a unity backed by economic support They have shown brilliance of the front line states over the among the liberation forces. like the Tazara railroad through Tanzania. of in-fighting five years of its support for Zimbabwean The Patriotic Front's inability to unite its Goals of the Front Line States liberation. military forces was a constant irritant for The goals of the front line, states re The front line leaders moved, from the front line leaders as the many fruitless mained quite limited. In spite of accusa thwarting Kissinger in his shuttle diplomacy attempts to prqmote joint commands at tions by the West, they were not supporting for neocolonialism through the intricacies test. socialism in Zimbabwe. They were support of the Anglo-American proposals right to As the current liberation struggles inten ing national liberation. The relations of Lusaka, where British Prime Minister sify inside and outside Namibia and South ! production, they knew, would be decided felt the full intent of the Africa, splits will probably emerge. The by the Zimbabwean people both during and front line states' diplomatic isolation at the front line states will respond by insisting on after the armed struggle. The front line Commonwealth Conference. Faced with a united front approach to negotiations. states' interest included majority rule; the united Commonwealth -antagonism, she continued on page 31 Unity of the Frontline States South African Prime Minister John Vorster (right) with Rhodeslan leader Ian Smith. The front line states alliance was not formed solely to promote unity among the liberation forces, however, but also to forge a united policy among themselves. The alliance includes states Which are trans forming relations of production to build socialism (Angola and Mozambique) and those which are state capitalists (Botswana and Zambia). These basic economic dif ferences often provoke divergent political views of liberation. Tensions erupted at many levels: preference for one liberation group over another, different degrees of support for continuing the armed struggle, willingness to compromise with minority rights, ability to withstand attacks from Rhodesia and t South Africa. Zambia's role in the front line states alliance illustrates some of these internal contradictions, With its economy depend ent on the international copper-market, and .NAMIBIA

West Vetoes Sanctions Vote

by Joan Draper economic muscles and put more pressure on of negotiations, for an internationally ac Pretoria for a settlement. The failure by the ceptable agreement that will bring in In late April, African nations frustrated international community to impose total dependence, stability, and democracy to by years of diplomatic maneuvers and economic sanctions, the Africans argue, Namibia." mountains of re-written plans for has permitted the continuation of The idea wasn't rejected out of hand by Namibia's independence, mounted a diplo and delayed Namibia's independence. African delegates, but they were skeptical matic offensive at the . On After the breakdowi of the Geneva talks of the proposed delay, especially given the April 30 that offensive culminated in a ser on Namibia's independence plan, in early Reagan Administration's warm words foe ies of UN Security Council 1981, resolutions call the African diplomatic offensive went South Africa and its ambiguous attitude ing for trade sanctions against South Afri into high gear. Working through the OAU toward the UN plan, The Africa group also ca. Liberation Committee, they quickly got the argued that the idea of a "Lancaster Although these measures were vetoed by endorsement of the Non-Aligned House" solution for Namibia was the US, Britain and France, the vote laid Ministerial Summit and the Organization of something Pretoria adopted when they bare the political protection that South African Unity's Ministerial Council. realized that the South African backed Africa enjoys from the Western powers. In March, the General Assembly went into Democratic Turnhalle Alliance would not The African states displayed impressive pol session to consider sanctions. Ten days later win in -free and fair UN elections, and that itical strength as they outmaneuvered West 114 countries condemned South Africa for SWAPO had overwhelming support among ern efforts to forestall the vote and forced blocking the Namibian settlement and the people of Namibia. the three nations to acknowledge the limits asked the Security Council to implement When nothing more specific was put for of their support for Namibian indepen tride sanctions. No country voted against ward by the West, African delegates dence. Olara Otunnu, Uganda's Ambassa the resolution, although 22, including most pressed for the sanctions vote. A last mi-c dor to the UN, boiled the issue down to a Western countries abstained. nute compromise that would have delayed matter of simple morality, the morality of When the Security Council finally the confrontation another month was put helping five million white people oppress opened on April 21, there were twenty forward by council president Noel Door of more than twenty million Blacks; in Nami foreign ministers seated arbun'd the table, Ireland, but rejected by Third World bia and South Africa. including Zimbabwe's Witness delegates, suspicious of the US commit For fifteen years South Africa and the Mangwende, Angola's Paolo Jorge, and ment to early independence for Namibia. West have successfully blocked enforce Tanzania's Salim Salim. At the same time, Nine nations, including China, East Ger ment of every UN Security Council resolu US Assistant Secretary of State Chester many, Mexico, Niger, Pana.*a, Soviet Uni tion demanding an end to the apartheid re Crocker was meeting in London with the on, and Tunisia voted for all four Security gime's illegal occupation of the mineral rich Western powers. Crocker was arguing that Council resolutions, requiring United Na territory. the Western five should back constitutional tions members to stop all trade, including ,For the past five years the UN has guarantees for the white minority in oil and arms deals, with South Africa, to worked with SWAPO and South Africa to Namibia in advance of elections and in end travel to that country, and break resolve virtually all substantive differences dependence. diplomatic ties. Ireland and Spain voted to to a settlement plan (originally proposed by Back in New York, the US proposed a cut off oil and arms, but abstained on the the Western powers). But the fundamental delay in the Security Council vote until the attempt to halt economic and diplomatic question remains whether South Africa will Western foreign Ministers could meet in relations. Japan voted only for the opt for an that excludes Rome on May 4 to consider, among other weapons embargo, abstaining on other SWAVO and continues the war in Namibia things, Crocker's constitutional proposals. measures. and Angola, or pursue an international so When African states pressed Western But it was the vetoes of Britain, France lution based on UN supervised elections. powers to spell out just exactly how they ex and the United States that drew the most Since 'the Security Council adopted pected Africa's last colony to achieve its in criticism. When US Ambassador Resolution 435 in 1978 which still forms the dependence, Contact Group representatives Kirkpatrick, who alternately dozed and basis for an internationally accepted in began to speak in vague terms of the UN glared at 'the delegates during the debate, dependence, the African states have been plan as a "solid basis for transition" to a explained her vote on the basis that, "sanc pressing unsuccessfully for a fixed timetable free Namibia that might require tions are an ineffective means of influenc for the territory's independence. The Africa "strengthening." "Strengthening," ing policy," Uganida's ambassador Otunnu group has pushed the West to flex their however, was never spelled out clearly by asked, "If sanctions do not work, -why Joan Draper is a journalist with Inter US Ambassador to the UN Jeane J. would three permanent members of this Press Service - Third World News Agency Kirkpatrick. Kirkpatrick would only say the Council cast the heavy weight of their vote and covers the United Ndtions. plan called for "a continuing search by way against measures which do not work?" 0 6 SOUTHERN AFRICA/MAY-JUNE 1981- MOZAMBIQUE

0:Clk The Company Gets the Boot

bique at the time of the expulsions and had identified the six agents. The CovertAction staff, however, have confirmed that they were not in Mozambique when the expul sions occurred. The State Department attack comesi the same time that congress is attempting to enact legislation specifically designed"'to close down CovertAttion and other publications, that identify, through public documents, the names of American CIA agents operating in foreign countries. The pending legislation, according' to many lawyers, is a direct attaqk on the first amendment rights of US citizens to publish information obtained from public sources. Mozambique has been aware of the CIA's activities since 1978, thanks to citizens like Captain Caneiro Goncalves "Get out ofuhere! Action, the six CIA agents expelled on who informed the security forces when by Jeanne Raisler March 4 were: •agents approached them. Goncalves, an air * Frederick Boyce Lundahl was deputy force officer and FRELIMO militant, was 'recruited' in 1976 by CIA special agent Maputo-Mozambican security forces ex ,chief of station for the CIA in Lusaka, Walter de Andrade. In reality, Gonclaves posed a CIA spy ring operating-out of the Zambiaprior to his posting to Maputo in worked'as a counterspy for Mozambique US Embassy in the capital city of Maputo June 1990. Although formerly listed as em three years, feeding the CIA worthless and expelled six CIA agents on March 4. bassy secondary secretary, he was the CIA for information while keeping tabs on their Goals of the operation were to collect infor chief of station. operation. mation on, among other things, President e Louis Leon Olliviet, deputy chief of Among the Mozambicans who were be Samora Machel, the army, themilitary, and station; also listed as second secretary. friended by CIA agents in the course of economic cooperation between Mozam Ollivier was known to have participated in a diplomatic functions and social encounters, bique and other countries. The aim, accord CIA officer's course in Washington in were some who became informers for the ing to the Mozambicans, was to weaken 1975. agency. In several cases, these were long and destabilize the young socialist govern * Arthur F. Russell, telecommunications time FRELIMO :militants who occupied ment, specialist at the Maputo station. high-security military posts. The CIA also passed the information on e Patricia Russell, wife of Arthur Russell exposure of the spy ring provided to the South African security forces and in and a secretary in the CIA station who is The evidence of the close relationship be teligence agencies. This information direct listed as secretary of the embassy's political fresh ly aided South Africa in carrying out the section. tween the US and South African security forces) In the month before the attack on commando raid into Mozambique on Jan * Karen Lundahl, wife of Frederick houses in Matola, the Mozam uary 30, in which thirteen refugee members Lundahl and Ginger Lee Ollivier, wife of the ANC noted that the CIA was working of the African National Congress (ANC) Louis Ollivier, though not official embassy bicans to gather information on the were killed. personnel, were also ordered to leave the feverishly CIA officials in Mozambique cultivated a country because "they took part in support organization in Mozambique. sociable image, feigning an eagerness to operations," according to AIM. Although this particular spy ring was ex learn about the country and its people. This The US State Department in Washington posed, US policy aimed at support of image was augmented with liquor, gifts, responded to the charges by claiming that Pretoria and subversion of southern and money. two senior members of Cuban counterin Africa's socialist states gives every reason to believe that other agents remain un According to the Mozambique Informa telligence had instigated the expulsions after discovered, and that more will arrive. When . tion Agency and additiorial information having "forcibly detained" one of the six Minister Cabeco was asked whether the supplied by the US based magazine Covert diplomats, Ollivier. A State Department spokesperson also pointed the finger at the CIA has been totally 4estroyed in Mozam bique, he smiled grimly and acknowledged, Jeanne Raisler is a journalist who is now staff of the CovertAction Information "A luta continua! I? 0 working as a nurse in Mozambique...... Bulletin, who he charged, were in Moam-

MAY-JUNE 19811SOUTHERN AFRICA 7 MOZAMBIQUE The New Life in- Mozambique

hand.drlven water pump, in the Motanje communal village, Zambezia province, is an Improvement over hauling ater the river-a distance of up to fifteen miles for some. ephanie Urdang spent four months in Mozambique investigating the role of women in the new society. She traveled extensivel) ughout the country with, members of the Organizationof Mozambican Women. In her first two articles, Urdang looked specifically a, ,en's lives in the new society and how their lives had changed since independence. Below we continuethis series with an article about com. al villages.

by Stephanie Urdang Mossuril, Nampula province in the north of that close to half the communal village Mozambique. Rows of neat mud-brick population lived here, with the balance Maputo-"By the 'end of the decade houses lined a wide thoroughfare to the side distributed among seven villages. against underdevelopment," the young dis of our group, marking the center of Vida Yes, my informant said, noting the sur trict responsavel for communal villages told Nova (The New Life) communal village. prise on my face, the population of the' me, "all the people of our district will be I asked my companion how many people other villages is very small, between 390 and living in communal villages." The young re lived in the district's villages? About 5,200 500 in each. In other words, nine percent of sponsavel was referring to the government's people now live in eight communal villages, the district's population had been mobilized recently declared national development and another eight villages are under in five years. Could the remaining 91 per plan. construction, he said. And the total popula cent possibly be mobilized in the coming We were sitting on a high plateau over tion of the district is 66,155. The popula ten? I thought it unlikely, but it is a process, looking a spectacular vista of rolling hills tion of Vida Nova alone had been given to begun shortly after independence, that is and open bush country in, the district of me earlier in the day as 2,300. This meant earnestly underway in Mozambique.

8 SOUTHERN AFRICA/MAY-JUNE 1981 MOZAMBIQUE

Mixed Results lized. vors to move to safer homes. "We were go For the two-thirds of the country not lib ing to turn into fish," one person chuckled, The call to move into communal villages crated, however, the call to move to com "We lived in so much water." is a major focus of the political mobiliza re The humane response of the Mozambi tion carxied out among the peasants-some munal villages was met with a range of can government in 1977 had the side effect ninety percent of the population. sponses, from excitement and joy to skepti the people that FRELIMO s is on encouraging the pea cism and mistrust. The people wanted to of showing The emphasis victory was bringing a transformation 4f to move of their own free will after know how communal villages would make sants their society. for themselves the benefits of concrete improvements in their lives. But they see In contrast, in the northern provinces communal living. until people moved into the villages, it was such as Nampula and Zambezia-many the decision to build a communal difficult to show such concrete improve Once people still lived isolated lives. One village is made, the state provides various ments. hut here, another a kilometer away, forms of assistance to clear the land and In Gaza, the initial move to communal the next may be eight kilometers away. The houses. It provides pumps for water; viaes was slow and driving through the build closest relative might live eight 6r ten kilo and education facilities; and district drought stricken Limpopo valley, it was health meters distance, and the closest source of responsavels to assist in the organization of surprising to see so many communal vil water is often twenty kilometers away. villages through the election of peo lages and easy to forget thereason for their the new There is little cohesive community life, ple's assemblies, village tribunals, struc rapid growth. But the residents of the vil and family links, while felt to be important, tures for the party, and for the women's laes have not forgotten the reason. And in are diminished by distance. Before indepen and youth organizations. ong and story they keep alive the memory dence, eking out a living as well as paying My travels through five provinces of Mo of the great devastating flood of 1977. taxes was a constant battle. A battle that zambique-Cabo Delgado, Nampula and was compounded by the constant round Zambezia in the north, and Gaza and Map A Mobilization of Water ups for chibata-forced labor-to work on uto in the south-took me to 'a number of " Ilt was a mobilization of water" one res Portuguese Owned plantationts. communal villages. I assumed that the vil t told me laughingly. "The water didn't roads or Those who have moved to communal vil lages the Mozambicans chose for my visits wait to ask if we wanted to leave or if we lages, speak warmly about the improvement were the more successful, but even here the anted to stay. We just had to run out of - in their lives now that they live in a close results varied considerably, not only from urhomes." community. But people stilt remain isolated one province to the next but from one -Fast action by the new government, with and especially those who know no other district to another. fe help of international disaster relief aid, form of social life still find it hard to make The differences between the villages were saved many lives as helicopters plucked the move. The distances and the isolation conditions, the or people from the roofs of their huts and out often related to physical hamper political mobilization. ganization of social life before indepen of trees. Taken to higher ground, they were Despite the many problems still dogging dence, the level of political commitment of encouraged to re-establish their lives in the. communal village ideal, the villages residents and district political workers, and communal villages. themselves are the best ,form of encourage the dynamism and skill of local FRELIMO The people living along the Limpopo are ment for those still hesitating. Many of the mobilizers. Agricultural potential as well as no strangers to flooding.- The oldest could improvements promised by FRELIMO and such natural phenomena as floods and still remember a flood from their child the state are visible, and provide a stark drought also seemed to be a factor. hoods and the callous indifference of the Portuguese authorities who left thousands contrast with their former lives. to die, and then refused to allow the survi- What is the new life-the vida no- Cabo Delgado and Gaza The two provinces with the highest con Coaxing letters from calloused hands. A rural literacy class In Mozan centrations of communal villages are Cabo Delgado and Gaza. Cabo Delgado in particular had been ex tensively liberated during the war, and the people there were strong supporters of FRELIMO. The village of Litamanda where I spent two days and two nights is one example. Many villagers had been active during the war, as soldiers, ammunition carriers and cooks for the guerrillas. To escape reprisals from the Portuguese, they had moved into a village under cover of the forest. For the first time in their lives, they had begun to elect their own political represen tatives, and to benefit from schools and from elementary medical services. To'move to new and improved physical and material conditions once the war finally ended was not a major step for people aready mobi- MAY-JUNE 1981/SOUTHERN AFRICA 9 ,MOZAMBIQUE

,va-that is promised those who heed the the infants and young children that gurgled Building the Health Services call to communal living? It is too early to and cried, or crawled over their mothers' Western press reports soon after indepen equate the "new" life with the "good" life. laps grabbing at pencils, the class was silent. dence in 1975 seemed to take delight in pro In relative terms, certainly people's lives All their energies were directed towards the jecting disorder in the country and immi have improved. But the People's Republic problem they had to solve. On a faded nent failure of the "marxist" regime. One of Mozambique is too young, its people too blackboard was written 378 minus 49. oft-cited indicator of disaster was the ol poor, its development problems too vast for Over 90 percent of Mozambicans cannot lapse of the medical system. all its people's needs to be met. My visits to read or write. Education was simply not What the critics failed to point out was communal villages enabled me to appreciate provided by the Portuguese colonial admin that virtually all the Portuguese doctors that in many important respects, however, istration, except for the privileged few that who had provided such excellent medical life is decidedly better for the Mozambican could afford the fees. A major emphasis of care for the whites during the colonial peri peasant. the new government is in education, at all od had fled the country. Nor did they ex Three areas given particular attention in levels. And so in the new villages there are plain that the medical resources that were the development program of the new gov schools for the young and literacy classes available were being spread throughout the ernment are education, health, and agricul for the old. country so that people in the rural areas ture. (For a discussion of some of the And the parents were also learning. were receiving medical exams for the first changes experienced by one village, particu Hands that for years had wielded hoes and time in their lives. larly the impact on women, see Stephanie machetes and pestles, were stiff and cal This reorientation of the health services is Urdang's article in Southern Africa, loused from heavy manual labor, were now very evident now and while the shortage of January/February 1981.) clutching pencils and being coaxed in the doctors and nurses persists providing medi delicate task of forming letters and num cal care to every Mozambican is a govern Fightlng Illiteracy bers. ment priority. My visit to Gaza coincided with the year Progress is slow. Literacy is taught in Each communal village has a health post, ly examinations for the literacy and adult Portuguese the only possible choice and for with one or two health workers trained in education classes. Walking through one most of the rural population, Portuguese is the basics of preventive medicine, first-aid a foreign large village on a quest for photographs, I tongue. Classes are held after and mid-wifery. While they cannot treat the came across two classes, sitting under adja many hours in the fields, and students ar really sick, they can recognize the need to cent trees, each with about forty students. ive tired and hot, with little time to prepare arrange for a resident to go to a clinic or Their ages ranged from twenty to over six their lessons. Those who do persevere, and hospital when necessary. A foreign doctor ty, and women outnumbered the men. an impressive number do, wear proud in Zambezia told me that he had trained a Buried in, their own concentration, they smiles when they talk,about their new skills. number of mid-wives from communal vil sat on the ground or on horizontal tree An old woman came up to me in one village lages, and that in these villages the number trunks-generally the women on the and carefully showed me that she could of mothers or children who died during ground, the men on the trunks. Except for write her name. For her it was a miracle. birth bad dropped significantly. The mid wives can only handle straighforward de hter future for this young resident of a Mozamblcan communal v liveries, but they are able to spot complica tions and get the mother to the hospital im mediately. The newly completed "hospital" of a vil lage I visited in Zambezia was the pride and joy of the villagers. It was a simple and well-constructed cement and brick struc ture, with two rooms and a large covered veranda. The only permanent building in the village, the hospital, was built with the help of the district's department of public works. Next, I was told they are planning a maternity clinic of similar size where the wofien of the village will come to give birth to their babies. This, more than any of the other new facilities-the water pump, or the consumer co-operative-evoked for the residents a sense of real progress. The avail ability of health care, and the cement and brick construction materials were an impor tant symbol.

Feeding the People Agricultural co-operatives within the communal villages are visualized by the gov continued on page 30 ' SOUTH AFRICA What Oil Embargo?

by Tony Cavin The Organization of Petroleum Export ing Countries' embargo on oil shipments to South Africa has led to attempts by multinational corporations to hide their oil shipments to South Africa, but has been in effective in ending those deliveries. A report released in early March by a Netherlands-based research organization goes a long way towards explaining why the Republic has been able to continue to receive these vital oil shipments. According to the report, South Africa-which relies on oil imports for over 75 percent of its petroleum requirements-can obtain all the oil it can use, provided it is willing to pay a p premium price. The Shipping Research Bureau, which issued the report, was established in 1980 by two Dutch organizations-the Holland Committee, on Southern Africa and the Working Group Kairos. Both organizations have been active in anti-apartheid work for Busting sanctions. well over ten years and they have both been ly to have delivered oil to South Africa. status and are cOntrolled'by Britain and the. involved in a campaign to force the 'Netherlands respectively. It is not clear Netherlands government to enact an oil em where the oil that was shipped from the At least 25 percent of Oil Needs bargo against South Africa. The Bureau Netherlands Antilles originated. The colony Twenty of the 23 "particularly was established to help monitor how oil was is the location of a major crude oil trans suspicious" tankers had A capacity greater reaching South Africa after all the members shipment facility owned by Shell and other than 200,000 tons and thus, ihe report of OPEC had signed the oil embargo in ear international oil companies. 23 tankers did all ly 1979. points out, "if these The Shell Oil Company either owned or deliver a full cargo of oil to South Africa Unable to obtain reliable data on exports half of the 23 tankers. they would have delivered nearly five chartered over of oil to South Africa, the Shipping In addition to the 23 prime suspects, the million tons or 25 percent of South Africa's Research Bureau instead monitored the bureau identifies another 127 tankers that oil needs during the fifteen months in ques travels of oil tankers. Researchers found sailed to South Africa during the period in tion." South Africa's total oil imports for that between January 1979 and March question. While acknowledging that some 1979 are estimated by the report to have 1980, 150 tankers called at South African may not have been making deliveries of oil, been about 15 million tons. ports. This period was chosen because prior the Shipping Research Bureau states, "The to January 1979 South Africa received most Perhaps as interesting is the report's con fact remains that any one of these 150 clusion that fifteen of the most suspicious of its oil from pre-revolutionary Iran (one tankers could have been delivering oil to republic tankers came fromcountries which do par of the first acts of the new Islamic South Africa and quite a number of them ticipate in the oil embargo against South was to cut off those shipments). While in addition to the 23 highlighted--have acknowledging that sojie of the 150 tankers Africa. done so." may have visited South Africa simply for Ten of those fifteen departed from repairs or to take on bunker fuel, the OPEC countries, the other five from) Possible Sanctions visited Oman. The report is careful, however, to authors identify 23 tankers which In compiling this report the authors have under "l*articularly suspicious circum note that governments are not always aware attempted to present information in a way stances." The particularly suspicious cir of the apparent oil deliveries to South Africa. that could help organizations interested in ,#cumstances indicate that while records are implementing oil sanctions against South not available, those tankers were most like Of the remaining eight ships, five sailed from Brunei, and three from the Africa. The Bureau points out that 38 of is a free-lance journalist who Tony Cavin Netherlands Antilles. Both ard territories the 150 tankers that went to South Africa in New reports regularly .for WBAI news which have semi-autonomous colonial York City. continued on

MAY-JUNE 1981iSOUTHERN APRICA 1t I Ltd um At A Glance

* Under the sponsorship of the In of South Africa's largest industrial stitute of American Relations and conglomerates, announced a policy three other foundations, a "non of recognizing all unions, whether 'Clark Amendment Vote governmental" conference will be registered or not, as long as the union held May 26 in Buenos Aires to ex is representative and possesses an The legislative debate over repeal of the plore the possibility of a South Atlan "acceptable" constitution. Clark Amendement reached the House and tic alliance between the US, South Senate Foreign Relations Committees May Africa and several South American " During 1980, designated the "Year of '12 and 13. The measures adopted by both countries. The conference, a revival the Worker" by the ANC, member committees, however, fell short of the of the idea of an alliance of right ship in South Africa's Black trade Reagan administration's desire for the total wing nations in South America and unions rose from 68,000 to 184,000 repeal of the amendiment. southern Africa, will be attended by by the year's end. Reflecting the rise Members of the Senate body who sup General Vernon Walters who is a in labor activity, industrial unrest ported retention of the amendment, which close friend of US Secretary of State reached its greatest intensity to date: prohibits covert US activity in Angola, held Alexander Haig. 207 strikes or work stoppages oc sufficient votes to block repeal within their curred, up over 100 percent from the conmitee. The prospect of certain defeat * Andre Holland, a former leader in previous year. The number 'of on the Senate floor, however, moved the Ian Smith's racist white Rhodesian worker-days lost increased from group to press those Senators supporting Front party is challenging that party's 67,000 in 1979 to 175,000 in 1980. repeal to accept a compromise amendment monopoly over the guaranteed white sponsored by Senator Paul Tsongas (D. seats in Zimbabwe's parliament. He " Residents of Tembisa, Evaton and Mass.). is forming a "Democratic Party" as other Black townships who joined The Tsongas amendment removes restric an alternative for white Zimbab mass meetings to protest rent in tions on aid to UNITA forces opposing the weans who want to "offer back the creases of 33 percent by the South Angolan government, but prohibits aid hand of genuine friendship extended African Administration Board were unless the president reports to the commit by Mr. Mugabe.'' attacked by police. The police attacks tee why such actions are in the US's na sparked off riots in other townships tional interest. The amendment also re 0 Mayor of Soweto David Thebehali in the Johannesburg area over the quires evidence of "substantial progress" narrowly escaped assassination May weekend of April 5. Hours after the toward an "internationally accepted settle 6 when a hand grenade placed under meetings were broken up, police de ment" on Namibia. Supported by commit his car exploded just after he drove tained several leaders of community tee Chairman Charles Percy (R. Ill), the off. Many residents of the Black organizations and AZAPO under 'the amendment passed 10-2; -Nancy township view Thebehali as co-opted 'wide-ranging Criminal Procedures Kassebaum (R. Kan), head of the Senate by his leadership of the government Act. subcommittee on Africa, opposed the approved Soweto Community Coun measure, following the White House posi cil. * G. B. Helman, US Ambassador at tion advocating total repeal. Geneva to United Nations agencies, The House Foreign Relations Committee SWAPO leaflets containing the has called for South Africa's return acted on the Clark Amendment without SWAPO constitution, distributed in to the"International Labor Organiza debate, voting 19-5 to retain the amend the Tsumeb area 12Q miles south of tion. South Africa withdrew from the ment. If the House and Senate committee the Angola-Nanibia , border, have ILO in 1964 to avoid expulsion by votes are supported by the full House and prpvoked a South African Army that body. Senate respectively then a House-Senate order banning all vehicle movement conference committee will have to reach a in the Ovambo-speaking region'near The resignation of Alec Erwin, the compromise between no repeal and repeal the border where SWAPO commonly white secretary general of Fosatu with stringent conditions. Observers expect operates, (Federation of South African Trade congressional supporters of the current ban Unions) was announced in early on military assistance to South Africa to * Adopting recommendations of the April as the labor organization gain encouragement from the Administra South Africa Federated Chamber of underwent a basic "reorganization of tion's setback in the Senate committee. El Industries, Reinald Hofmeyer, ex [the] head office." ecutive director of Barlow Rand, one

12 SOUTHERN AFRICA/MAY-JUNE1981 : " _•______:! !i _ !i ______• •:i '

ZIMBABWE'S IRST YARi

Regional breadbasket. Zimbabwe's record maize harvest bodes well for the cautious economic policies pursued by the government since independence. by Jim Khatami conciliatory approach to the country's 15 percent last year. And despite the nearly white minority has ensured that only a mini 44 percent Increase in imports since inde Salisbury, Zimbabwe-Buoyed by the onset mum of economic disruption has accompa pendence, The'new nation has maintained a of peace and the end of international nied Zimbabwe's transition to majority strong international trade surplus of about sanctions, Zimbabwe experienced a re rule. Zimbabwe' year of economic recov $100 million. markable economic turnaround in its firsi ery, fueled by record commercial agricul The minimum wage law enacted in Janu year of independence. The economy re tural production and booming mining in ary 1981 has helped bring about a six per bounded from a zero rate of growth in 1979 dustry profits, was crowned by a surprising cent increase in real wages for the lowest Sto an eight percent growth rate in'1980. A ly successful conference of donor nations paid urban workers. And the recently com similar expansion is expected in 1981. At held in Salisbury during the last week of pleted Riddell Commission study on wages the same time, Prime Minister Mugabe's March. and incomes is expected to bring further Manufacturing, already the single largest pay hikes for African workers in every sec Jim Khadami is a free-lance journalist who contributor to the national economy, grew tor. recently returned from Zimbabwe.

MAY-JUNE1981SOUTHERN AFRICA 13 INDEPENDENT ZIMBABWE

Donor Conference Success Marxism or "New Deal?" The content of Zimbabwean Marxism Is The Zimbabwe Conference on Reconm Despite Zimbabwe's close economic ties the subject of much debate. Western com struction and Development (ZIMCORD) to the West, Mugabe has continued to de mentators have tended to characterize Mu held in Salisbury from March 23-27, raised fine himself as a Marxist and Zimbabwe's gabe's economic policy as a sort of Chrisw about $1.45 billion in economic aid from 31 development path as socialist. tian or "New Deal" socialism that empha nations and 26 international agencies. That sizes expanded social welfare payments to sum, half of which comes in the form of the country's long-neglected African ma soft loans, and half in outright grants, jority while leaving the basic capitalist represents aid Zimbabwe will rceive over structure of the economy essentially intact. the next three years. It brings the total Taken as a whole, the economic policy of amount of foreign aid committed to Zim the Mugabe government appears to be a "babwe since independence to about $2 pragmatic strategy of quickly moving to ex billion. tend ,some control over the most important The ZIMCORD conference was the ful sectors of Zimbabwe's economy-through fillment of Western promises of aid made to existing governmental and quasi-goveri the Patriotic Front alliance during the set mental institutions wherever possible tlement talks in 1979. At that time the Unit without precipitating a damaging flight of ed States and Great Britain agreed to fi international capital and skills. The govern nance the purchase of white owned farm ment is also concentrating on heightening land for redistribution to African farmers Zimbabwe's self-sufficiency by channeling in exchange for constitutional guarantees and encouraging further private investment againt nationalization. in the country's relatively advanced and The largest contributors to the ZIM largely white-owned commercial farming CORD conference included the World and manufacturing sectors. Bank, which announced a $100 million loan At the same time, the government is mak for machinery and raw material imports, ing massive investments-in rural infrastruc and Great Britain which added $55 million ture, establishing Zimbabwe's first free to the $252 million previously committed. compulsory education system for near y one million students (a figure expected to US Aid, US Pressure double by 1990) and free health care for The Reagan administration, after consid Zimbabweans earning under $375 per year, erable internal debate, pledged $75 million virtually the entire African) population. in aid to Zimbabwe for 1981-the same fig These changes, coupled-with government ure that had been proposed by the outgoing. mandated minimum wage laws and training Carter administration., Peter McPherson, programs in management and labor fields, the head of the U.S. Agency for Interna are prerequisites for any successful tional Development also committed the challenge to white settler and foreign capital Reagan administration to seek $75 million domination of Zimbabwe's relatively ad in aid for Zimbabwe over the next two vanced economy. years, thus bringing the entire US aid pack The total cost of the program is expected age-including earlier commitments-' to to be $6.4 billion with the bulk of interna $225 million. United States aid, however, tional -assistance to be invested in the first will depend on annual congressional ap three areas. proval. Part of Zimt~abwe's posthwar recovery Foreign capital, mostly British and South program has already been completed. African, controls at least66 percent of the About 250,000 external refugees have re Zimbalbwean economy. And foreign capital turned to their homes from Botswana, Mo controls an even larger percentage of the zambique and Zambia. Moreover, many of new country's productive sectors:* mining,. the estimated one million internal refugees industry, and 'commercial farming. who were forced into protected villages or Thus, while the new government is inher driven into the cities have also returned to iting a relatively developed economy, it is their homes. An emergency food distribu also taking charge of an economy with tion program for 600,000 people is sched strong ties to the Western economic orbit. uled to be phased out this month when food The new nation has already joined those from Zimbabwe's record maize harvest two pillars of the economy, starts to become available. the World Bank and the International Mon Setary Fund, and has signed the European Nevertheless, much recoistruction re Economic Community's Lpme II agree mains to be completed. Approximately ment. 2,000 of the 2,500 primary schools in Afri can reserve areas of the. country were either

14 SOUTHERN AFRICAIMAY-JUNE19 seriously damaged or totally- destroyed. Many of these schools have' yet to be reopened. Similarly, the war resulted in the 4 loss of over one million cattle, or one-third of the national herd, the destruction of roads, bridges, water holes, cattle dips, gov ernment buildings and vehicles, hospit~is,, and clinics. With prompt delivery of the promised international aid, the Mugabe government hopes to complete most of the reconstruction effort in 1983.

Land The bulk of the money raised at the don ors conference-about $1.1 billion- will be used to finance a land settlement and rural development program. Land is a particularly emotional issue in Zimbabwe because the grossly inequitable distribution of land along racial, lines was the central feature of the British colonial system in Zimbabwe. Under British rule, Zimbabwe's land was divided roughly in half. The areas of the country with the best ils the jugular vein of the Zimbabwean economy. soil, adequate railifall and easy access to roads, railroads, and urban markets were cleared oftheir African population and set maize production, and overall, white com aside for European settlers. The rest of the mercial farmers raised their acreage in corn land was largely set aside as African re by 50 percent. serves or Tribal Trust Lands. Over four Like commercial agriculture, the mining millionj of the 7.5 million Black Zimbab industry also experienced a good year in weans are crowded on the TTL's which are 1980. While actual mining production in characterized by poor soil, low rainfall, in creased little in the first year of Zimbabwe's adequate roads, and a lack of services. independence, mining earnings ros Ora Average per capita income in the TTL's- is matically, largely due to the increase in in still only about $40 a year, compared to a ternational gold prices. The value of Zim white urban worker's average income of babwe's gold production in 1981, for in nearly $18,000. stance, is estimated-at over $250 million At present there are about,4,500 white more than double the earnings from 1980. farmers in the European or commercial Overall, the mining industry accounts for farm sector. In 1979, these farms accounted well over half of Zimbabwe's foreign ex for about 75 percent of Zimbabwe's agri change earnings, and some economists ex cultural output and abott 95 percent of pect that proportion to increase in the fu crop and stock sales. But even'these figures ture. are deceptive as most of the commercial Meanwhile, the country's leading mining farm output is produced by a relatively Caution Pays Off companies-Anglo-American, Lonrho, Rio small number of large farms, many of The government's cautious approach to Tinto Zinc and Union Carbide-have all which are controlled by transnational cor Zimbabwe's commercial farm sectors paid recently announced plans to expand their porations. a handsome dividend in 1981 as Zimbabwe investments in Zimbabwe. According to the economist Roger Ridell, harvested a record maize crop of over two Although government officials welcome by the late seventies 7 percent of the com million tons, up from 680,000 tons the year the investments by the mining giants, they mercial farms accounted for 50 percent of before. One reason for the successful maize also express concern that the unwillingness the total commercial farm area. Moreover, crop was the government's use of the so of transnational corporations to invest in by the end of the war many of the smaller phisticated marketing structure inherited other areas of the economy will accentuate farms had been abandoned. At the ministry from the previous white-minority regime. Zimbabwe's uneven development. As Ann *of lands and resettlement, officials estimate Soon after independence, 'the government's Seidman, the acting head of the University that up to 40 percent of Zimbabwe's 35 Grain Marketing Board raised the producer of Zimbabwe's Economics Pepartment, million acre commercial farm sector has price of maize from $136 a ton to $192. As a has pointed out, the pattern of internation been completely abandoned. Another 20 result, about one-third of the country's al investment in Zimbabwe focuses on the percent of the land is underutilized. Among 1,500 tobacco farmers switched over to export-oriented, capital-intensive, minerals

MAY-JUNE 1981I/SOUTHERN AFRICA 15 INDEPENDENT ZIMBABWE enclave which employs only about 6 percent board to oversee the sale of the country's job seekers at 150,000. At the same time, of Zimbabwe's wage labor and .remains minerals. the government reported that of 2,612 relatively insulated from the rest of the skilled white workers trained in Zimbabwe country's economy. 'Problems Ahead since 1976, over 2,000 have emigrated since A further problem, Seidman notes, .is So far, Zimbabwe's economic policies' independence-many to South Africa. that all the major transnationals have their have been implemented with an unusual de Labor relations have also beeq a problem. regional headquarters as well as processing gree of efficiency and success. But there re In the heady months after independence, and manufacturing plants in South Africa. mains a number of problems which may Black workers organized scores of strikes Seidman questions whether a company like stall or even set back Zimbabwe's economic against their white employers, rightly charg-, Anglo-American will invest in industry to progress. ing low wages, poor working conditions, process minerals in Zimbabwe when it al The end of the liberation struggle has not and racist hiring and pay practices. The ready has plants in South Africa. brought the expected savings in military ex government, desperate to maintain produc penditure. A year after the war, the cost of tion to meet the vastly expanded demand Sanctions Paradox maintaining Zimbabwe's various armies is for consumer and export production, inter Despite its historical development as an absorbing an unhealthy 25 percent of the vened rapidly to settle the disputes. Labo extension of the South African economy, national budget, As a result, the new govern Minister Kirumbirai Kangai often met with Zimbabwe at independende inherited a re meni has run up a spending deficit on the striking workers, counseling patience andai markably advanced industrial sector of its order of $700 million. return to work. own-the second largest in sub-Saharan *The deficit, which also reflects the in But appeals to patriotism are likely to Africa. Paradoxically, much of the coun crease in the consumer subsidy for maize wear thin in the absence of solid progress to try's industrial growth was due to measures and the removal of taxes on other staple redress workers' grievances. The govern taken by Ian Smith's UDI government to foods like milk and cooking oil, has pushed ment has moved to enforce minimum wage promote import substitution and self-suffi the annual inflation rate up to about 15 per laws and promote workers' councils to me ciency. Consequently, under UDI, manu cent. diate labor/management disputes. It has facturing output tripled in dollar terms Unemployment poses another serious, also created an umbrella national trade from 16 percent to 25 percent of the coun challenge to Zimbabwe's economic devel union organization to replace the colonial try's GNP. opment. Despite the phenomenal economic body. But government actions are complica The Mugabe government has recently de growth enjoyed during the past year,-the ted by the close historical ties betwee clared that it intends to extend the. state economy absorbed only about half of those African labor and Mugabe's principal polit marketing and regulatory apparatus that entering the job market for the first time. ical rival and coalition government partner, exists in agriculture and manufacturing to Government planners estimate that an 8 . the mining industry. Accordibg to the mini percent growth rate in the economy next The most serious threat to Zimbabwe's ster of mines, Maurice Nyagumbo, Zimbab year will 'provide 85,000 new jobs, but economy, however, comes from the grow we will soon establish a minerals marketing government figures also put the number of ing danger of conflict with South Africa. ers outside a Salisbury factory. Economic expansion has not absorbed South Africa recently announced the unilat ig workforce. eral abrogation of a long standing preferen tial trade agreement with Zimbabwe, a serious step considering that South Africa currently takes twenty percent of Zim babwe's exports and supplies 35 percent of its imports. The South Africans followed up that an nouncement by withdrawing several, hun dred desperately needed railroad cars and locomotives on loan to Zimbabwe Rail ways, and denied Zimbabwe access to the port at Durban, its principal- outlet to the sea. With 95 percent of its export and import trade already going through South Africa, Zimbabwe knows that it cannot afford to en gage in economic warfare against Pretoria. Indeed, should the political situation worsen inside South Africa, Pretoria may be tempted to strike out against Zimbabwe, where the very success of Black majority rule is a constant reminder to the Southl African people of the bankruptcy of Pre toria's racialist outlook. El INDEPENDENT ZIMBABWE

African nationalist alliance, the Patriotic Front, After sweeping the nation's first free elections in February, newly elected Prime Ministek Robert Mugabe forms a coalition government with his Patriotic Front partner and political rival Joshua .Nkomo. Mugabe's first priorities are to bring~the war to an end, rebuild the nation's shattered economy, and most importantly, to effectively transfer'political power to the Black majority. All of these tasks are made more difficult by the terms of the independence agreement, Key Dates which leaves most economic and administrative power in the hands of the white mfinority. May 2nd-Four thousand Black miners strike at the Wankie coal fields. The walkout is only one in a series of labor actions sweeping the African work force in mining, industry ,and commercial agriculture. The strikes, like those following independence in Angola and Mozambique in 1975, stem from the desperately low wages, poor working conditions, and state repression that marked labor relations under white minority rule. The new government, .sympathetic to workers' demands, but anxious to maintain produc tion, brings labor legislation and minimum wage laws to the fore in parliament. Minister of Labor Kirumbirai Kangai often intervenes personally to persuade striking workers to return to work pending government changes. July 7th-Minimum wage legislation goes into effect setting monthly wages for industrial workers at $108,aid $46 for domestics. In response to the new laws, white employers dismissed more than 5000 workers. The government introduces legislation to stop these dismissals, threatening employers who dismiss workers without reason with $1000 fines or 3 months in prison. July 24th-Finance Minister Enos Nkala presents independent Zimbabwe's first national budget, estimated at $2.2 billion. He reports a 19 percent drop in defense spending and a 54 percent in crease- in health and education expenditure for the country's African majority. In line with the new priorities created by in dependence, the budget contains large price subsidies on essential food products, and higher taxes on luxury items. Nevertheless, Nkala projects a $450 million-deficit for the fiscal year. July 25th-Former white Rhodesian army leader General Peter Walls is fired from his position as Commander in Chief of the joint military 6ouncil. He was in charge of integrating the two guerrilla armies-ZANLA and ZIPRA-with elements of the former Rhode sian Security forces. In an interview on British .television, Walls revealed that he had tried to persuade the British to annul *Mugabe's February election victory. He also revealed the existence of a coup plot among the white Rhodesian military that was called off only hours before it was to go into effect. August 5th-Mozambique President Samora Machel is given a when he pays the first official visit of Health care becomes a basic right. On August 7, 1980 Health hero's welcome in Zimbabwe Minister Ushewokunze anhounces free medical services for any foreign head of state to the former colony. At mass rallies in most Zimbabweanh. Bulawayo and Salisbury, Machel urges reconciliation and national unity on his audience including ZANU President Mugabe and On April 18, 1980, Zimbabwe proclaimed itself an independent ZAPU head Joshua Nkomo. Zimbabwean independence came only nation, the final act of a freedom struggle spanning more than at a heavy loss of Mozambican lives and property destroyed by the twenty-five years. Early political and labor actions under British marauding Rhodesian army. Machel's visit was marred however, rule in the 1950's led to fifteen years of armed conflict against the by a shooting incident involving high ranking ZANU leader and Rhodesian regime before the Lancaster Accords resulted in the manpower minister Edgar Tekere. Tekere and his botdyguards election of Robert Mugabe as Prime Minister. Proclamation of killed a white farmer after a'disturbance at a party the previous statehood, however, marked both an end to the liberationstruggle night. The next day after a tense standoff with heavily armed and the beginning of a no-less difficult task: the building of a new police, Tekere surrendered. society providing for all Zimbabweans. The following chronology outlines selected events representativeof the wider successes, set August 7th-Health minister Dr. Herbert Ushewokunze announces backs andpolicies that have taken place in Zimbabwe'sfirst year of free medical care for Zimbabweans earning less than $215 per Pindependence. month, virtually the entire African population. The government moves quickly to upgrade health care for the masses of people ex April 18th, 1980---After years of bloody and destructive warfare, cluded from the colonial health system. Many rural clinics are Zimbabwe becomes an independent republic. The formal reins of' reopened and the emphasis shifts from costly and inaccessible power pass from the white Rhodesian minority to the victorious curative medicine to preventive methods. Ushewokunze aggressive-

MAY-JUNE 1981/SOUTHERN AFRICA 17 INDEPENDENT ZIMBABWE

ly desegregates the nation's clinics and hospitals, publicly berating January 10th--The first cabinet changes since independence s racist health officials and staff during whirlwind inspection tours. Nkomo dropped from his powerful position as Minister of Hon August 25th-Zimbabwe joins the United Nations. Mugabe, in Affairs and Edgar Tekere removed from the government. Nkon New York for the ceremony, pays an emotional visit to Harlem, creates speculation over the future of the coalition governmer, where he thanks, an overwhelmingly Black audierce for Afro however, by refusing to accept a lesser post. American support during Zimbabwe's liberation struggle. Mugabe January 27th-Discussions, over cabinet changes between P. also meets with private investors and with then-President Carter in ZANU leader Nkomo and Prime Minister Mugabe reach a cot Washington in a bid for greater US involvement in Zimbabwe's promise. Nkomo agrees to role as Minister without portfolio b . economic recovery. But he receives no firm commitments from retains a voice in defense and public security. .Within the cabin government or corporate sources. the minority ZAPU party increases its nuniber of seats to nin September st-Free compulsory education for over one' million thereby maintaining the two party coalition government. The education bill originally African 'children in Zimbabwe begins. January 30th-South African commandos strike ANC offices to meet the proposed for July was postponed 'due to lack of funds side Moiambique%Mugabe denounces the attack as "naked Education Minister Mutumbuka $22 million cost of the program. sion." The attack raises regional political tensions and threatens announces the government's intention to build 1500 schools oxer a military ally of Mozambique, in a direct of embroil Zimbabwe, the next threeyears and to upgrade the training of thousands frontation with South Africa. teachers to staff them. February 8th-ZIPRA elements of the national army fire c severs diplomatic relations with South September 3rd-Zimbabwe former ZANLA troops, initiating several days of fighting at arr Africa. bases around Bulawayo and Entumbane, leaving 300 people dea September 25th-Police move to evict squatters from commercial The collapse of unity in the two fecently formed army battaloi farms in eastern Zimbabwe. The action underscores the intense 'forces Prime Minister Mugabe to rely on units of the old Rhodesi pressure placed on the government by its supporters to increase the security forces to separate the rival factions. Nkomo and Mujal pace and scope of the land redistribution program. Western pro cooperate in solving the crisis, but the initial cause's of tt mises of funds to buy gut white farmers have not been honored, violence-ZAPU fears of domination by ZANU, and the broad4 forcing the government to threaten the expropriation of land in problem of integrating thousands of ex-guerrillas into the violation of the independence constitution. my-still remain. November 4th-Zimbabwe becomes a favored trading partner of February 17th-Minister of State Emmerson .Mnangagwa a the European Economic Community as the most'recent-Signatory nounces that all of the 22,000 former guerrillas awaiting integratic to the Lome Convention, which regulates commerce between the into the national army will be disarmed. EEC and 50 other' African, Pacific and Caribbean nations. February 19th-Zimbabwe and the USSR initial an Outreach to international financing and trading organizations such establishing formal diplomatic relations. The ten month dela Fund, which as the World Bank and the International Monetary widely attributed to lingering unhappiness within the ruling ZAN late September, plays an important part in admitted Zimbabwe in party over Soviet support for Joshua Nkomo and ZAPU. the new country's economic planning for the future. March 13th-Parliament passes bill outlawing a private schol November gth-Public statements denigrating PF-ZiJPU and ad system for whites created to circumvent desegregation of duc vocating the creation of a one party state issued by Finance tional faclities by the government after independence. /Minister Enos Nkala are the reported provocation that leads to a and international developme bloody clash between ex-ZIPRA guerrillas and former ZANLA March 23rd-Over seventy nations pledge $1.4 billion in economic aid during a three & fighters in a Black township near Bulawayo. The conflict, which organizations international donor conference in Salisbury. The conference coi leaves 58 dead and hundreds wounded, farsurpasses the scattered venes following statements earlier this year by Zimbabwe officia violence committed by small numbers of ex-guerrillas in the months failure to live up to promised ai f6llowing independence. Notably, neither the former Rhodesian who caution Western nations that units nor the new members of the Zimbabwean national army yield commitments could lead to nationalization and redistribution billion the tot to past loyalties as they quell fighting between the rival groups. white owned land. The conference brings to over $2 aid received by Zimbabwe for reconstruction, land'purchases, at December Ist-Zimbabwe joins with eight other southern African refugee settlement. nations at the second Southern African bevelopmeni Coordination March 24th-South .Africa unilaterally terminates trade agreemei Conference in planning regional cooperation to develop transpor exports entered Soul tation, communication and port facilities. The "southern nine" with Zimbabwe under which Zimbabwean decision, announced ti countries, who now depend on South African railroads and ports, Africa under preferential cotditions. The receive pledges of $650 million in development aid from interna day after the beginning of the Zimcord conference seems timed I tional donors, but fall short of the $2 billion goal. remind Salisbury of its extreme economic dependence on Sout Africa. December 8th-Manpower Minister and ZANU secretary-general 28th-Local elections held in Salisbury and Chitungwi Edgar Tekere is acquitted of murder charges stemming fropn the March fear of provokir shooting death of a white farmer. The verdict by two Black township. The elections, already postponed for in a clean sweep for ZANI magistrates overrules a white judge during the politically sensitive partisan political violence, result trial, highlighted by the defense's use of a widely condemned Municipal elections in Bulawayo, ZAPU's traditional stronghol Rhodesian act, since repealed, that protects those "suppressing ter and the scene of February's intense fighting are again postponec rorism." April 8th-South Africa fires another salvo in its widenir January 3rd, 1981-Information Minister Dr. economic war with Zimbabwe by announcing that 200 railroad ca announces the government's purchase from the South African/ on loan to Zimbabwe Railways will be withdrawn June 1. Soul Atgus Company of a 45 percent interest in Zimbabwe's major Africa had previously announced that the South African port. newspapers, to be run by a non-partisan Mass Media Trust. The Durban, through which many of Zimbabwe's exports pass, woul trust is part of the government's program to create new media ser now be closed to Zimbabwean exporters. vices, like the Zimbabwe Broadcasting Corporation, that accurate April 18th, 1981-Zimbabwe's first anniversary independen ly reflect Zimbabwean and African affairs. celebrations. I

18 SOUTHERN AFRICAIMAY-JUNE 1981 INDEPENDENT ZIMBABWE Prospects for Unity

ferences are important elements in the political makeup of Zimbabwe today. All of these have different, entangled roots. Shona and Matabele did war with each other, though not nearly so bitterly or as often as some historians would have us believe. There are, in fact, important cultural and political unities between the two tribes. The spiritual importance of the Matopos-or spirit mediums-to both the Shona and Matabele, and the Shona/ Matabele uprising of the 1890's are just two examples. The ZAPU/ZANU split of 1962-63 was traumatic and, at least in this view, harmful to the nationalist movement. Yet, although personality conflict overlaid some of the rift, the reasons for the break were essen tially political. On the surface it seemed that ZAPU became a Matabele party and ZANU a Shona party, but this certainly was not true at the leadership level of the two groups. Although debate will go on for some time as to where real power lay, both central committees were fairly well bal anced tribally. Even at the rank and file level, ZAPU/ZANU antagonism expresses itself in political and organizational terms more often than in tribal terms. There is some truth in both positions and these are threads woven into the political fabric of Zimbabwe today. But the question still remains: What is fundamental to Zim babwe's current difficulties? Further, how significant to security and national unity is the lingering effect of the complex history of ZAPU/ZANU antagonism? Forge For Revolution Soldier at attention during a ceremony on the day of Zimbabwe's independence. Lessons from Zimbabwe's recent struggle for independehce suggest §ome of the 'by Charlie Cobb tion of the Patriotic Front during the final answers. Disunities slowed, but could not years of the war made it possible to set them halt, the movement for liberation in Zim Even during Zimbabwe's war of libera aside for a while. The tensions persisted, babwe. Its core idea-ending white minori tion, supporters of that struggle often but at least as far as international ty rule and placing the future shape of the floundered in confusion over the abrasive diplomacy and support were concerned the nation in the hands and minds of the Black relations between the two competing libera front provided a common face for the guer majority-transcended organizational and tion movements, ZANU and ZAPU. "Was rilla movement. Still, even then, looking political divisions. The men and women of it tribal?" they would ask. "Personal ahead to victory by the guerrillas, there was ZAPU and ZANU consciously chose to .. imosity? Ideological?": These questions the nagging fear-civil war. pick up the gun and fight, not only agaist ere' never resolved even though the forma No single explanation can be given for the Rhodesian Security Forces, but for a Zimbabwe's current difficulties. Some new society. Military victories did not sus Charlie Cobb is a journalist who specializes perspective and context, however, is possi tain the movement any more than military in African affairs and is a regular con ble. Let us begin by acknowledgig that losses halted it. The idea of a free Zim tributing editor to Africa News. tribe, personality, and organizational dif- babwe lustained it.

MAY-JUNE 1981iSOUTHERN AFRICA 19 INDEPENDENT ZIMBABWE

If this seems an overly simple approach, At the conclusion of the London tall devoid of nuance and ignorant of con some 35,000 guerrillas were grouped tradictory political detail, it is stressed here assembly points to await the elections ai because the view of the struggle in Zim integration into a new national army. M( babwe as a struggle for ideals, as well as the are still there; and while ZIPRA ai seizure of political mechanisms, has been ZANLA guerrillas do not share the sat almost totally ignored by most media. At assembly points, they do share many\of t *the very best the war was defined in racial same troubling uncertainties about whi terms, of Africans fighting whites and, at they fit in the new order. worst, as Africans terrorizing Africans. "Honestly," Soneni exploded one nigi be my coi Visitors to Zimbabwe who managed to get "I never thought Walls would (Wh out'of Salisbury hotels and "briefings" at mander! We haveour own Walls!" the Combined Operations headquarters and a Joint Military Command was set up integration of ZIPRA a talked to rural Blacks in the tribal trust supervise the ZANLA with units of the former Rhoi lands noted that the guerrillas were referred national to as "our boys" or "the boys in the sian Security Forces into a new my, Peter Walls, former head of the Rh bush." In those areas most affected by the its head. war, the distinctions between ZAPU and desian army, was placed at actually supervises t ZANU were less important than the distinc British military unit week retraining process.) I tion between those who supported the" six - The decision was understandable in soi struggle and those who did not. With his election' as Prii In April, 1980, Blacks voted in a guerrilla respects. government. ZAPU and ZANU did put up " Minister, Robert Mugabe began to mc the militant positions with which 9separate slates instead of running jointly as erate and his party had been identified. He stre the Patriotic Front; but the fact is that fully In 1980. the ed reconciliation. 80 percent of the people, against control over agricultural production, the of both Underneath this change in tone was co diligent and not-so-subtle efforts economy and the state bureaucracy; the the outgoing Rhodesian regime, cern at the possibility of a rebellion led I Britain and dependent nature of the economy, par while white military officers who were dismayq voted for the guerrillas. The election,, ticularly on South Africa and large multi fair, was and angered at Mugabe's clear cut majori not completely free and national companies; and, given- three so. And the result can. be read as in the April elections. It was a legitima reasonably distinct armies, the uncertainty of the an affirmation by Zimbabwe's Black concern as General Walls was later i security situation. reveal, for immediately after Mugabe's vi population of the ideas and goals forged by Zimbabwe's government has chosen a a decade of guerrilla struggle. tory Walls asked British Prime Minist cautious approach to radical change, em Margaret Thatcher to declare the vote nt social change was fought for and Radical phasizing "pragmatic" foreign assistance, and void. sanctioned by popular vote. But radical foreign investment, incentives to white More dangerously, such conflict wou change is not necessarily rapid (nor, it commercial farmers, and an expansion of have sabotaged the April electoral manda should be added, is rapid change necessarily social services to the Black population. radical). Socialism was the underpinning of and would have opened the way for Britai Spokesmen like Kumbirai Kangai and South Africa, and the West to intercede many of the ideas of social change ex Eddison Zvobgo insist that the revolution is pressed by both parties during the war., the name of establishing what they certain not being sold out. But there are many have called a "more stable" soluti Although that ideology sometimes lacked would questions among the guerrillas who fought to the Rhodesian conflict. clarity and caused clashes both between and for a government that they now d6. not "We have political position, but n within ZAPU and ZANU, socialism gave completely understand. "Honestly, I physical security," a ranking ZANU a heft and force to the nationalist motiva thought this war would go on and we would tions that 6 rought men and women into the ficial said during the early months of i march right into Salisbury," Soneni "and without that physic struggle as guerrillas. The guerrillas were dependence, Mdlalosse, a commander in ZAPU's mili vulnerable i transformed, not only by their decision to security we have a very tary'wing ZIPRA, told me. Soneni was dependence." pick up the gun, but also by their search for commanding a unit searching out ZIPRA a coherent body of ideas to express the kind dissidents terrorizing the rural district of Assembly Points of society, for which they were fighting. Gokwe, about 150 miles south of Salisbury. But, if these concerns could be cleai Independence-And Frustrations I wanted to know why men who fought for seen from Salisbury, in the assembly poll However, electoral victory has brought independence would turn to violence now they were hardly understood. "Th other factors to play in the implementation that independence was won. "Our boys fought, they died, they thought it would of the ideas shaped by the struggle. In came from many walks of life-peasant, milk and honey now. They cannot undc truth, Zimbabwe's new government does some from the cities, some surely were in stand why they are where they are," ZAP not have complete freedom of choice. It filtrated by Rhodesian Security forces. spokesman Willie Musururwa comment will suffice here to simply list some of these Some find it difficult to lose the habit of the Over half of Zimbabwe's population factors: the constraints written into the gun. Some were once clear, but now they under sixteen, and the guerrilla ranks refl( Lancaster House agreement; white minority are confused." this. Waiting for the "fruits of victory"

20 SOUTHERN AFRICA/MAY-JUNE 1q81 INDEPENDENT ZIMBABWE

remote rural camps is difficult fot them at of State in the Prime Minister's office, has guerrillas to obey their qwn c9mmanders' best. There is not much contact between the announced a nationwide disarmament of orders to stop. men in the assembly points and the politi both ZIPRA and ZANLA guerrillas. Ironi One of the mysterious, virtually #cians in the city. Such communication as cally, the Mugabe government was forced unreported causes of the Bulawayo out there is is pretty much left to ZAPU or to use the Air Force and Army of the break was the assassination of Nelson ZANU representatives on the Joint High former Rhodesian Security Forces to quell Marembo, the ZAPU Secretary for Com Command, and the main feature of that the Bulawayo outbreak. merce and a member of the party's central contact is its irregularity. The relationship Such a response provides only a short committee. He was killed by a landmine between the guerrillas and the government term solution-it has effectively ended a planted in his driveway just days bfore the is puzzling but some of the reasons seem to riot. Answers to the deeper problems that violence in the south. ZAPU officials are lie in the historical turmoil inside ZANU led to it are still being formed. If tribal and not charging that he was killed by ZANU. and among its younger members. Zim political rivalry complicates the frustrations One theory that is taken seriously by many babwe's nationalist movements have always within, the guerrilla' ranks, it must also be is that this murder was aimed at setting suffered from tensions between their said that certain external factors also add to ZAPU and ZANU at each other's throats in military and political wings. Some of these the difficulties. None are more difficult and the hope of encouraging chaos and causing problems were being resolved in the later threatening to Zimbabwe's new govern the collapse of the government, thus open stages of the war, but progress was set back ment than provocations from some whites. ing the door for some-as-yet-unidentified with the untimely deaths of ZANU military These incidents and many others like third party to step in and take over. commander Josiah Tongagara and ZAPU them reflect impatience and frustration There are white terrorists in Zimbabwe, military commander Lucius Mangena. more than conflicts between tribe and par and it can never be forgotten that South The mix of youth and disconnection ty, Inevitably, however, they do -take on a Africa remains a threat. Encouraged by the from the political process can sometimes ex political coloring. At X-Ray, what the new Reagan administration, South Africa plode. While violence reflects a political police have been associated with in the past, seems determined to embark upon a course problein, it cannot in a strict sensebe called the brutal enforcement of white minority leading to ever widening regional conflict. political violence. What would normally be rule, had a great dal to do with the kind of Zimbabwe may find that it has within its called small things can trigger an outbreak. violence ZANLA guerrillas unleashed own borders some groups willing to back At X-Ray assembly point outside of the against them. So perhaps did the fact that South Africa's efforts to prevent the thrust town of Mtoko, a hotel bar frequented by Joshua Nkomo was then the minister in for liberation in Namibia and South Africa the guerrillas was closed by a health inspec charge of the police. itself. tor. The inspector was seized, taken to Frustration also lay at the core of the For now, there are more questions than X-Ray camp and beaten. Police efforts to violence that broke out around Bulawayo in answers to its real security problems; but have the men responsible for the action February. leaving some 400 -ersons dead. the two poles of Zimbabwe's future seem arrested resulted in three days of clashes be Like the smaller November outbreak, a clearly to be the issues of the pace of radical tween police and ZANLA guerrillas in the beer hall quarrel triggered the conflict. The change and the prospects of regiona con camp. A police convoy was attacked on the most striking and significant political aspect flict. 1] main highway. The local police station was of the fighting was the refusal of ZIPRA attacked; and in the end, three policemen were killed. A circle of guns'at an assembly point during the transition to Independence. At Luveve Reception Center outside of Bulawayo, ZIPRA guerrillas refused to leave to make room for incoming refugee chijdren, protesting that they needed to know where they would be taken and when they would be paid. The fact that the fighting originated from within the ranks of the newly formed-na tional army raiges a critically important political question, that of theloyalty and cohesiveness of the new army. But that question is not based upon tribal or organi zational rivalry. The real issue is whether a government established by revolution is revolutionary enough to hold the commit ment of the men who fought for it. It is a question only raised, not answered -by the conflict Mugabe has acknowledged .that the process of integrating the guerrillas into the army has been much too slow, and promises to accelerate the effort. New bar racks are Under construction. At the saffie time, , the Minister

MAY:JUNE 19811SOUTHERN AFRICA INDEPENDENT ZIMBABWE Building the People's? S.rmy

-- An Interview wit:h Emmerson Mnangagwa

by Janice McLaughlin

How much progress has been made Ii the year since independence toward!

creating a new national army? A lot of progress has been achieved. La year we were able to form ninebattalions o 1000 soldiers each and in the first thre months of this year we have already pro duced six battalions. We started slowly because no machiner had been set up to produce the kind of in tegration we are having, where ZIPRA ZANLA, and the former army are being in tegrated. We had to find facilities to trail the instructors first. With the assistance o the British military advisers, who were rc quested by our government to come an, assist in the training, we have since prc duced our own instructors who are still sup ported by more than 120 British instructors Once the instructors qualified, we had t, find accommodation for the battalion because the former regime didn't have ai army of the size we have now. The existi facilities ,were only suited to the forme army. "The people should regard the army as It's own." Minister of State By late last year we were sufficientl Emmerson Mnangagwa. organized and geared to produce up to tw , Emmerson Dambudzo Mnangagwa is a the countryfor military trainitg, .and he led battalions a month. We realized, howevet little known name outside of his native the first group of ZANU mii tants enroute that if we continued at that speed it woul Zimbabw,e. But as minister of state, to China for-guerrilla training take up to two years to complete the in Mnangagwa now occupies one of the most He returned to Zimbabwi in 1964 to tegration of the forces we had in our hands important and sensitive posts in the govern found the "Crocodile Groua," ZANU's We therefore set up an expanded schem ment of the newly independentcountry, His first guerrilla unit. Captured in 1965, where we are now able to produce up t' principaltask is to supervise the integration Mnangagwa was sentenced to ten years im- three battalions a month. We are happy t of Zimbabwe's three heavily armed and prisonment. In 1977 he wz rs elected to say that this year alone, by the first week c mutually suspicious armies into a single na ZANU's central committee and served April, we have already produced nine bal tionalforce. under ZANU president Robert Mugabe in talions which took us ten months last yeat At the least it is an imposing challenge. Mozambique until independe ice in 1980. We are hopeful that by the middle of thi His predecessor, former white Rhodesian In an exclusive interview vith Southern year we will have produced up to 24 bal army chief General Peter Walls, was fired Africa. Mnangagwa assesses the delicate in disgrace in 1980, and the integrationpro security situation inside the c(ountry and to Sister Janice McLaughlin isan America cess has been slowed by periodic clashes the south, where an, increasi,tgly: Pold and nun who worked inside Rhodesia until s; between the various armed camps. aggressive South Africa threatens the peace was expelled by Rhodesian authorities i At age 39, Mnangagwa brings impressive and stability of the entire re gion. And we 1978. She later went to work in ZAN7 credentials as a nationalist leader and are most happy to introduce one of Zim- refugee camps in Mozambique and ro military expert to his position. In 1963 he babwe's least heralded but m ost important turned to independent Zimbabwe followir, was among the first Zimbabweans to leave leaders to our Western readerrs. the elections last year.

22 SOUTHN AlCA/MAY-JUNE1981 INDEPENDENT ZIMBABWE*

talions and perhaps by September we will within the army so that those who would .Mozambique by South Africa because we have formed 36. want to benefit from education can get it, regard such aggression as an aggression on where people are taught from the lowest * What are some of the problems you've Zimbfbwe. It is for the same reason that classes up to the higher classes. encountered in trying to Integrate our prime minister and our minister of foreign affairs have made statements con these three armies? What p reparation is being given to demning these acts of unprovoked aggres comrades who choose to re-enter The idtiai problems were that of ap sion on Mozambique. proach and adjustment. ZIPRA and civilian life? ZANLA are trained differently and we had Last year there was a demobilization How Is the morale of the comrades to find a common ground where both have scheme which saw up to 8500 comrades be who have been in assembly points for to adjust to being a national army geared ing demobilized. Unfortunately that more than a year and still haven't been for national objectives-removed from par scheme had no program into which those to Integrated into the army? tisan objectives or party politics. The pro be demobilized went, so we stopped this There is not a single original assembly gram they go through adjusts them into be scheme. ,point in existence. All the original Lan ing soldiers of the state,'rather than soldiers We are now working on a demobilization caster House assembly points have been of a party. scheme where those who would like to go to closed down as the prime minister stated We now have fifteen new battalions and the civilian sector from the army are pro last week. All that is remaining now are only three of these havegiven us problems. cessed. Those who have no skills will be cotrades at agricultural sites like Middle The other twelve are intact and working helped to fihd employment. There is a pro Sabi, Selabukwe, and Mashubi Pools where well. We believe that three out of fifteen is gram for each one. No one who leaves the comrades are engaged in production. There not bad at all and we are proud of the army will-be put out on the street. are also some comrades at Chitungwiza achievements that have been made. here in Salisbury and perhaps at Gwaai in Recently the prime minister gaee an Lupane where comrades nave better ac IAre female comrades being admitted address to the nat o explaining the commodation than in the assembly role of the army. What was the points. into the new army? significance of this address? The morale of the comrades is high because Yes, we are not male chauvinists. We had they see each month a bigger proportion of The prime minister's address is meant to female comrades in the war so there is no their number becoming integrated, So inform the nation that the image of the reason why we shouldn't have them in everybody is very hopeful that any time it army, the relationship between the arhy peacetime. We. wouldn't call upon our may be his turn. andthe public, should change. female comrades to fight and when there is In the past the hrmy was feared by the public but the Isn't the cost of maintaining such a big peace chase them out. So we have the prime minister wants the army to be army too high for the economy to ab female's wing in the Zimbabwe national a peo ple's army. The people should sorb'? army. Although the integration of the regard the army women s wing battalions hasn't begun, as its own: The soldiers sbould regard The cost of maintaining the army is high. themselves as servants of the people, not there is a women's wing in Zimbabwe's na But under our circumstances the prime the other way 'round. This is a new socialist tional army. minister felt that everybody who served in approach to the view the public should have ZANLA and ZIPRA who.wanted to be in It appears that some of the comrades of the army. the army was entitled to be. The prime who left the country to join the struggle The army should be ,able to engage in minister is honoring this pledge. [ and gave up their education are now. projects which formerly were done by the being left out because they don't have civilian side. The whole army should be able the necessary educational qualifica to assist in building schools, roads, bridges, tions. What is being done to remedy in working in factories. We don't envisage this? that we should have an army that will con This puMlcation That question I think is exaggerated. We tinue to stay in barracks waiting for a war. didn't get this independence through Our army is productive and it identifies is availabe Ph.D.s and M.A.s or speaking English like itself with the public. It identifies itself with a Londoner. We are now independent' the program of the government, it must because comrades, whatever level-some fin4 itself in the Will of the revolution and in without having gone to sch6ol, Some having the reconstruction-of our economy. University Mkrrofilms gone up to university level-came to join International the struggle. First and foreipost in their Is there a danger of destabilization minds was the liberation of their country, from South Africa? It seems that they Please send additionat info..aton the dignity of our people. are stepping up their attacks on Isitution Mozambique and Angola. Do you an Street ,In the army today we don't ask City *mebody whether he has education. ticipate similar activities here? Staite_____- ____Zip__ Anybody who wants to be in the army who There is a defense security arrangement 300 North ZeebRoad 30-32 Mortier Street has been in the liberation movement is between this country and Mozambique. An Dept.PR _ Dept. P.R. Ann Arbor.M, 48106 LondonWIN 7RA allowed to come into the army. attack on Mozambique is an attack on Zim USA Engand And we have evolved a special program babwe' We don't ignore the aggression on

MAY-JUNE 1981I UTHERN AFRICA INDEPENDENT ZIMBABWE Notebook:. A Glimpse of Free Zimbabwe

by Cross Damien near assault by a group of former white Brothers," and other Black exploita Rhodesian soldiers. films in the theatres. Only Afro-Amen reE Salisbury, Zimbabwe-Upon arriving in jazz, the songs of Stevie Wonder and Salisbury, many of us participating in Colonial Symbols Remain' hits on the radio represent the progres Oxfam-America's press tour found it hard The symbols of colonialism are still very contributions of Black culture in the 'N to believe we were in the heart of southern much in evidence. Parliamentary officials The disparity between our expettad Africa. We suspected that by accident we and magistrates still wear the white and the reality of Salisbury left many o had arrived in a medium-sized American ci powdered wigs of another era. The children unsettled. Our first briefing from a govt ty, not surprising, since Salisbury was de of both the emerging Black and established ment official focused largely on his efl signed by an American white elite still wear English school-boy to obtain a new car, and was a real di The fast-food shops and shopping, malls uniforms consisting of knee socks, flannel pointment. to most of u! crowded with well-dressed shoppers can be blazers, and straw hats. Even the waiters' It soon became apparent we get ou disconcerting, but no more so than the uniforms in the city's hotels and restaurants the tour that it was'crucial white suburbs of Highfield-which rival are a gaudy reminder of Zimbabwe's col Salisbury as soon as possible. During ea Beverly Hills and Pahn Boach for opulence. onial past. nips into the areas surrounding Salisb true pulse of The contrast between the skyscrapers and The traditional clothing and colorful we had begun to touch the sterile cleanliness downtown and the over marketplace scenes of West Africa are Zimbabwean revolution. crowded clutter of Black townships found nowhere to be found. Most Black Zimbab on the 'dark side of town" was very weans wear European clothing, even in the Revolutionary Changes Underway familiar. rural areas. The camouflage fatigues of One of our earliest forays into the tc White attitudes range from liberal pro wartime Rhodesia have given way to three surrounding Salisbury included a visit Cooperative, testations of a commitment to the "new piece suits and briefcases, with handbags Simbaredenga Women's and Irene Chikaka. I order" to open contempt. A group of Afro supplanting the assault' rifle and backpack home of Ted is an Afro-American sister mai American journalists dining at Meikle's so common a year ago. Chikaka experience Hotel, a popular spot among visiting are said to resent to a Zimbabwean. Her reporters, was made to feel at home by a the use of the term "comrade" in reference tradicts much that has been written a rendition of "Dixie" from the house band. to government officials by the media, but the problems of Afro-American, expatr A white American journalist's open display there is little else to offend them. Black in Africa. return to Zimbal of affection for his Black dancing partner at Zimbabweans are treated to episodes of Since the Chikakas' a fashionable downtown disco led to ac "The Jeffersons," and "Good Times" on Irene has been instrumental in the estal cusations of being a "nanny-lover" and a the television with "The Wiz," "Blues ment of a primary school, a coopen store, and the development of a produ the women of Salisbury, Rhodesia: Designed by an American. cooperative among neighboring township. Another particularly rewarding trip volved visits to the Simba Youth Pn located near Mt. Darwin, about ei miles north of Salisbury. The Simba Y, )Farm is a cooperative that was conceive a group of political detainees while were in prison. Having drawn up a com tion, the group of 44 men and 11 wo hope to develop a model cooperativ assist the growth of the cooperative m ment in Zimbabwe. Not farfrom the Simba Youth Fan located the "Camp Haven" project, on the largest of the camps founded for ret ing refugee children. Camp Haven continued on pag

SOUTHERN AFRICA/MAY-JUNE 1981 INDEPENDENT Resources on Zimbabwe

#Books & Pamphlets Maurice NYAGUMBO, With the People:An Autobiographyfrom the Zimbabwe Struggle. London: Allison & Busby (6a Noel St., Black Women in Zimbabwe. Salisbury: Zimbabwe Women's London W1V 3RB), 1980. 248pp. £3.95 pb., Bureau (available from Campaign Against WOrl Poverty, 467 4 7 Nyagumbo has been a party official in ZANU since its for Caledonian Rd., London N7 9BE), 1980. pp. £.60, plus p&h. mation and, after spending most of the last twenty years in This important pamphlet outlines the status of Black women prison, became minister of mines in the new government. His in Zimbabwe from the. point of view of the Zimbabwe autobiography begins with Nyagumbo's school years, Women's Bureau. Definitely worth sending for. chronicles his years as a migrant laborer in South Africa, and provides a vivid personal account of the liberation strug Duncan G. Clarke, Foreign Companies and InternationalInvest gle-primarily as seen from the author's prison cell.' The ment in Zimbabwe. Gwelo, Zimbabwe: Mambo Piess (available manuscript was completed in late 1974 and-after twice be from Catholic Institute for International. Relations, 1 Cambridge ing confiscated by Rhodesian authorities-the third draft was Terrace, London NW1 4JL), 1980. 27 3pp. £4.00, plus p&h, smuggled out of prison. Good editorial notes and a While by its nature a fairly technical account, this book con chronology make this personal view of the struggle a little tains a lot of valuable information on foreign economic in. easier to place in persepective. While by no means an over volvement in Zimbabwe on the eve of independence. One of view of the struggle, this fast-paced book makes enjoyable the most difficult problems facing an independent Zimbabwe reading. has been and will continue to be the extensive involvement of foreign corporations and banks in the economy. Periodicals From Rhodesia to Zimbabwe. London: Catholic Institute for Inter Africa News (PO Box 3851, Durham, NC 27702). Subscription national Relations' (available from Africa Fund, 198 Broadway, rates: Individuals-$25/yr. (pre-paid one month ,trial, $5); Non New York, NY 10038). profitS$45/yr. (pre-paid one month trial, $5); Profit-$78/yr. 1.Roger RIDDELL, Alternatives to Poverty. 22pp. (pre-paid trial, $8); Overseas--add $35 for Air Mail, $14 for Sur 2. Roger RIDDELL, The Land Question. 39pp. face Mail. 3. Duncan G: CLARKE, The Unemployment Crisis. 34pp. A weekly survey of news and information that regularly 4. Colin STONEMAN, Skilled Labor and Future-Needs. 55pp. features articles on Zimbabwe. A must for keeping up to date 5. Rob DAVIES, The Informal Sector: A Solution to Unemploy on a weekly basis. ment? 30pp. 6. Michael BRATTON, Beyond Community Development. 62pp. SouthernAfrica. (18 West 17th St., 8th Fl., New York, NY 10011). 7. John GILMURRAY, Roger RIDDELL & David SANDERS, Subscription rates: Individuals-$10/yi., $18/2 yrs.; Institu The Struggle for Health. 59pp. tions-SIS/yr., $35/2 yrs.; Overseas Air Mail-add $12.50 per year 8. Victor TICKNER, The Food Problem. 76pp. ih Africa, Asia and Europe; add $9.50 in South and Central 9. Roger RIDDELL, Educationfor Employment. 71pp. America. This is a series of pamphlets published between 1977 and This monthly publication features news articles, economic 1980 which detail important economic, political, and social and political analysis, book reviews and on-the-spot repor problems which the independent government has to face. ting. Absolutely essential! While all of the pamphlets were written prior to in dependence, their relevance is understored by the fact that Zimbabwe Project News Bulletin (1 Cambridge Terrace, London several of the authors now hold important posts in the Zim NWl 4JL). Subscription rates write for details. babwean government. $1.50 The price of each pamphlet is This publication is the monthly newsletter of the Zimbabwe plus 15 percent for p&h. Bulk discounts are available. Project, a non-governmental development and relief agency based in London. Consisting largely-of reprints from the David' MARTIN & Phyllis JOHNSON, The Struggle for Zim Zimbabwean and British. press, the bulletin is a good soure, babwe: The Chimurenga War. Boston: Faber & Faber (99 Main of factual information-especially statitics-about what the St., Salem, NH 03079), 1981. 374pp. $25.00 hb. new government is doing. The monthly chronology on the in A detailed account of the liberation war (focusing on the side front cover is particularly handy. 197Os), from journalists sympathetic to ZNU's perspective. The authors use Rhodesian intelligence documents (obtained Zimbabwe Information Group Bulletin (1 Cambridge Terrace, after independence), interviews with top liberation movement London NWI 4JL). Subscription rates: Individuals: UK-2.S0; leaders, and their own information from having lived in Europe/Overseas surface-£3.50; Overseas airmail-£4.50; In southern Africa for much of the war to present a detailed ac count of the war; the struggles within and between the libera stitutions: UK-£4.00; Europe/Overseas surface-£7.00; Ovrseas tion movements; and the role of international forces in the airmail-£8.00. conflict. The exhaustive details about individual incidents The ZIG Bulletin is published about five times per year. The and participants at times make the book difficult to follow bulletin consists of analytical articles focusing on internal for those not familiar with the names of people and places in Zimbabwean developments and Western involvement in the " volved. A must for those who walt a detailed account of regiop. The contents are tailored to an activist audience. Dur ZANU's role in the liberation struggle. ing the liberation struggle ZIG adopted, a stance of criti l support of both liberation movements. Since independence ZIO. has mlaintained a critical stance towards the new govern hana MITCHELL, African Nationalist Leadesin Zimbabwe: polemical,, ZIG is neveftheless well-, -"Who's Who in 1980. Salisbury: Diana Mitchell (PO Box ment. Occasionally 8228, informed and provobative. Must reading for serious. Causeway, SalisbUry, Zimbabwe), price 1980. No listed. observers of independent Zimbabwe. 0l Brief but extremely useful biographies of the current leader ship (This list is intended to be only an introduction and is in no way in tended to be complete.)

MAY-JUNE M1 /SOUTHERN AFRICA 25 Michener. Re-writing Histo

The Covenant by James A. Michener the Dutch East India Company and the The style in which Michener developt Random House cruelty practiced on those who disobeyed. dividual characters in the book also ( * New York, 1980 The mix of Dutch and Huguenot which tributes to the work's bias. The Boers individuals, they are characters we knov Covenant has went to make the Afrikaner is described in James Michbner's The name with wives and children, parents been number one on the New York Times detail. The struggle throughout the centuries to j.grandparents. Africans on the other h best seller list for months. Its 873 pages are nameless masses. When Afriki cover fifteen thousand years of South survive in a hostile wilderness, to tame the land, and to establish the new Israel is told women and childrenare interned during African history. The author insists that it is convincingly. These are not saints, but sin Anglo-Boer War, "Detlev Van Doorn a novel: that the settings, characters and ners who transgress the law of God and suf child who has lost his parents, and hiE most incidents are fictional. Nevertheless, the right maining loved ones die around himi W the story follows the path of South African fer for it. But their faith in he grows up to participate in the const history, and Michener himself believes that eousness of their cause is never doubted. The English, from the first eccentric mis tion of apartheid, we know why. Thei the narrative prepares the irader for the sionary who is murdered to the modern no equivalent development of a si events which are taking place today in of the Black Sash who is Black. The fullest treatment of what BI South Africa. Because of its claims and liberal member well. Cecil Rhodes feel is expressed in a statement in court. popularity, this book must be taken banned, fill the pagesas is here, as are the mine owners. The family verbalized not dramatized. It fails to n seriously. estate back in England is there too, giving readers as deeply as does the sufferin; The Covenant is the story of a people the English a link to their past, and thus a the Boer. who came to believe they had a special rela security the Afrikaner lacks. The last person'to speak in The Covei tionship-or covenant-with God and with The treatment of Blacks is panoramic. is an American. This is the novel's g the land. Because of Michener's inclusive Michener has the Xhosa pushing south for flaw. It is an American voice and style, many readers will think they are get new grazing land. Shaka's warriors develop Afherican sensibility that predomim ting a full account of South African into a formidable military force and Sympathy is with the white minority. I history. It is for this reason that the book is Shaka's craziness at the time of his ironic that in his effort to be fair, Michi disturbing. It will be read as history, as if it mother's death wreaks havoc of disastrous has written a work that is more dangero 'is objective, yet in its very form The Cove proportion. As the story unfolds, we see the biased than one that treated and claime nant celebrates the supremacy of whites., BLcks as adjuncts to both Boer and English treat only part of the story. Michener One gets-the impression that Michener in the Anglo-Boer War and we see their himself as a strong critic df the S( has made an effort to write a balanced ac labor exploited. The African National Con African government and its policy of ar count. Three families-the Black Nxumalo, gress is founded, and the struggle for heid. The novel moves one to say, 'i the Dutch Van Doorn, and the English political rights in the twentieth century enemies like this, who needs friends?" Saltwood-are traced through successive begins. We see how difficult it is for Black Gall Morh generations. people to receive education, how dangerous But before we meet any of them, in a it is for them to speak out. The English manner that has become familiar to woman who protests is banned fo, five Correction Michener readers, he attempts to begin at years; the Black man who'protests is jailed the beginning. He describes the Bushman or for ten. San as they lived 15,000 years ago. What Despite Michener's gargantuan effort to Inadvertently the following informs this adds to the story is questionable except achieve balance and fairness, the result is that the presence of the San and of the Hqt was deleted from the book review both unbalanced and unfair. What one tentot or Khoi-khoi at the Cape when the Compleat Divestors' Guide" in takes from this book-what one Dutch arrive dispels the myth that whites March/April 1981 issue. entered an empty land. remembers-is not the meticulous detail Decoding CorporateApartheid is avail; Michener seems intent on dispelling but the vast sweep of Afrikaner history. from the Institute for Policy Studies (I myths. He has the first Nxumalo travel to This is not a novel of South Africa but of Que Street, N.W., Washington, DC 20( Zimbabwe when it is a thriving city to the Boer. Despite changes in the point of for $4.95 (pb) plus $1.00 p&h. establish that it was built by Africans and' view and the inclusive narrative voice, it is US Business in-South Africa is availi not by the Phoenicians. the Afrikaner who emerges-strong, stub from Indiana University Press (Dept We watch the arrival of Dutch set born, even heroic-for having overcome Tenth & Morton Streets, Bloomington, tiers-the restraints placed upon them by formidable odds. 47405) for $17.50 (hb) plus $1.50 p&h.

26 SOUTHERN AFRICA/MAY-JUNE 1981 Pulications Recei 1980. 229pp. $22.50 hb. New York, NY 10016),,1980. 31,6pp.$109 hb. Note: This novel by the noted Af.ika Closing Date: 4/10 Jose Luqndino VIEIRA, Luuanda: Short ner writer was banned prior to its publia Qf Angola. African Writers Series Stories tion in South Africa. Southern Africa & General No. 222. Translated by Tamara L. BEN DER with Donna S. HILL. Exeter, NH: Darcy DU TOIT, Capital and Laboui in Acts of Aggression Perpetrated by South Heinemann Educational Books (orders to South Africa: Class struggles in the 1970s. Africa Against the Peoples Republic of PO Box 978, Edison, NJ 08817), 1980 (for Monograph from the African Studies. the first time in English). 188pp. $5.00 pb. Centre, Leiden, Netherlands. Boston: Angola (June 1979-July 1980).Report of Note: Luuanda originally appeared in Por Kegan Paul (9 Park Street, Boston MA the International Mission of Inquiry. Notes tuguese in 1964.- Vieira is a long-time 02108), 1981. 495pp. $55.00 hb & Documents No 2/81. New York: Centre MPLA activist who was re-elected in 1978 (yes-that's really the price!). .. Against Apartheid, United Nations (Rm.' for a second term as the Secretary-General Economic SanctionsAgainst South Africa, 3580, UN "Secretariat, New York, NY of the Angolan Writers Union. Note: This is 10017). 1981. 41pp. Free. a series of fourteen research pamphlets covering a wide range of issues Mozambique Basic Health Needs in Africa. By Robert surrounding sanctions against the Republic W. MORGAN. Working Papers No. 29. of South Africa. They were published by Attitudes Toward Race and Work in Mo Brookline: African Studies Center, the scandal-ridden and now defunct Inter Boston zambique: Lourenco Marques, 1900-1974. University (10 Lenox St., Brookline, national University Exchange Fund(IUEF) MA By Jeanne PENVENNE. Working Papers 02146), 1980. 34.pp. $2.00, including based in Geneva, Switzerland. and p&h. No. 16. Brookline: African Studies Center, are important documents that stand on the r A Continent Besieged: ForeignMilitary Ac Boston University (address above), 1979. own merits. tivities in Africa since 1975. By David VOL 34pp. $2.00, including p&h. I. Policy Issues and Economic Sahc MAN. Washington: Institute for Policy The StreetcornerPress: Worker Intelligence tions by Duncan G. CLARKE; Studies'(1901 Que St., N.W., Washington, Networks in Lourenco Marques, 2. Sanctions as a Basic Choice, it DC 20009), 1981. 28pp. $2.00, plus $1.00 19004962. By Jeanne PENVENNE. Work 13&h. Southern Africa by Ann SEIDMAN; ing Papers No. 26. Brookline: African 3. South Africa: The Impitct of Sane *Thomas GLADWIN'with the collaboration Studies Center, Boston 'University (address tions on Southern Afri.can of Ahmaid SAIDIN, Slaves of the White above), 1980. 21pp. $2.00, including Economies by Reginald H. GREEN; Myth: The Psychology of Neocolonialism. postage. 4. Assessing the Impact of Sanction, on Atlantic Highlands: Humanities Press Black Welfare in South Africa by (Atlantic Highlands, NJ 07716), 1980. Namibia Linda FARINA; 223pp. $12.50,hb. 5. Oil Sanctions: South AfrriS Weak Jon M. BRIDGMAN, The Revolt Link by Martin BAILEY; Sylvia M. JACOBS, The African Nexus: of the Hereros. Perspectives on Southern Africa 6. FinancialAspects of Economic Sanc Black American Perspectives on the Euro No. 30. Berkeley: University of California tions on South Africa by Simon pean 'Partitioning of Africa, 1880-1920. Press (address above), 1981. 184pp. $14.95 CLARKE; Contributions in Afro-American and Afri hb. 7. The International Impact and Ad can Studies No: 55. Westport: Greenwood justment to Economic Sanctiotsjon Press (88 Post Road West, Westport, CT Documentation on UN Pre-Implementa 06881), 1981. 312pp. $27.50 hb. tion Meeting on Namibia: Genevya, January South Africa by Charles ELLIOT; 8. International Institutions 7-14, 1981. Geneva: Lutheran World and John SEILER (ed.), Southern Africa Since Economic Sanctions on South Africa Federation & World Council of Churches the Portuguese Coup: Applications of a by Jim MORRELL; (150 Route de Ferney, 1211 Geneve 20, New Multidimensional Framework. West 9. Trade Sanctions and Regional I f Switzerland), 1981. 234pp. No price usteu. view Prqss (5500 Central Ave., Boulder, CO pact oh Southern Africa by Rob1. 80301), 1P80. 252pp. $26.50 hb. South Africa DAVIES; I "U : 10. Economic Sanctions and the South Warren WEINSTEIN & Thomas H. Hen Apartheid as a Collective Form of Slavery: African Agricultural Sector by Roger riksen (eds.), Soviet and Chinese Aid to Exploitation of Black Farmworkers in RIDDELL; African Nations. New York: Praeger (521 South Africa. Notes & Documents No. 11. The South African Manufacturing Fifth Ave., New York, NY 10017), 1980. 26/80. New York: Centre Against Apar Sector and Economic Sanctions by 184pp. No price listed hb. theid, United Nations (address above), Martin FRANSMAN; 1980. 1lpp. Free. 12. Sanctions and the Mineral industries Angola in South Africa by Roger MURRAY Mia BRANDEL-SYRIER, 'Coming (Note: This number may not have Gerald J. BENDER, Angola Under the Through': The Search for a New Cultural been published); Portuguese: The Myth and the Reality. Identity. Johannesburg: McGraw-Hill (PO 13. Migrant Labour to South Africa: A Berkeley: University Box 371, Isando 1600 TVL, South Africa), of California Press 7 Sanctions Program?by Ruth FIRST (2223 Fulton St., Berkeley, CA 94720), 1978. 21 pp. R9,95 hb. Only available from & Robert H. DAVIES; 1977, 315pp, bib. $7.95 pb. Note: The first McGraw-Hill in South Africa. Note: This is 14. Economic. Sanctions on South paperback edition of this important book a sociological examination of urban Black Africa: fzs! Experience and Fture s just been released. South Africans based on a study'of "the Potentialby Duncan C.CLAJ;0,,, elite of a Black township in Witwaters Arthur J. KLINGHOFFER, The Angolan rand. L.H. GANN and Peter DUIGNAN, Why War: it Study in Soviet Policy in the Third South Africa Will Survive: A Historical Andre World. Westview Special Studies on Africa: BRINK, A Dry White Season. New Analysis. New York: St. Martin's Press Boulder: Westview Press (address above), York: William Morrow (105 Madison Ave.,

.. .. - MAY-JNE1981/SOUTHERN AFfiCA 2- (175 Fifth Ave., New York, NY 10010), United Nations Security Council Resolu 1981. 312pp. $27.50 hb. Note: The latest tions on Apartheid. Notes & Documents from two conservative Africanists at the No. 29/80. New York: Center Against Hoover Institute. Apartheid, United Nations (address above), Howard R. GRIFFITH & Robert J. 1980. l7pp. Free. JONES, South African Labour Economics. Peter WARWICK (ed.), The South African To the Editor: Johannesburg: McGraw-Hill (address War: The Anglo-Boer War, 1899-1902. London: Longman (Fourth Ave., Harlow, I must say that for the first time in so above), 1980. 305pp. R1I1,95 pb. There is while now I was disappointed greatlyw no North American distributor for this Essex CM19 5AA), 1980. 415pp. £12.50 hb. publication. Note: This is a textbook There is no North American distributor for one of your articles. I refer to the piece lesigned for use in South Africa at the col this publication. Zambia in your most recent issue ["Za bia: The High of Price" March/A lege level. Eli WEINBERG, Portrait of a People: A Personal Photographic Record of the South 1981.] The present regime in Lusaka The Impact of Apartheid on Family Life in faced with problems most definitely and i South Africa. By A. Leonora TAITT. African Liberation Struggle. London: Notes & Documents Special Issue. New International Defence & Aid Fund responsibility must be laid at their 4do York: Centre Against Apartheid, United (available from IDAF-North American Of But your writer goes overboard and, I Nations (address above), 1980. 18 pp. Free. fice, PO Box 17, Cambridge, MA 02138), afraid to say, comes perilously close to . 1981. 198pp. 200 photos. $10.00 pb, plus jectively aligning herself with U.S., Sot International Convention on the Suppres $1.00 p&h. African and British imperialism. sion and Punishment of the Crime of Apar Eli WEINBERG, Portrait of a People: A Your writer tends to downplay the ex theid. Notes & Documents No. 1/81. New Personal Photographic Record of the South nal threat but the fact is that Pretoria t York: 'Centre Against Apartheid, United African Liberation Struggle. London: In shown little respect for the territorial Nations (address above), 1981. 8pp. Free. ternational Defence & Aid Fund (available tegrity of Zambia; it has repeatedly violal Robert A. JONES & Howard R. GRIF from IDAF-North American Office, PO and even occupied Zambian territory. T FITHS, Labour Legislation in South Afri Box 17, Cambridge, MA 02138), 1981. imperialist powers generally have been qu ca. Johannesburg: McGraw-Hill (address 198pp, 200 photos. $10.00 pb, plus $1.00 disturbed about President Kenneth Kau above), 1980. 208pp. R8,50 pb. There is no p&h. da's month long tour of eastern Europe I for this publi North American distributor year, where he received generous offers cation. Note: This is a chronological exami Zambia nation of legislation affecting labor matters economic and military assistance. The in South Africa. Andrew A. BEVERIDGE & Anthony R. giants are not happy about the Lusa OBERSCHALL, African Businessmen and regime's persistence in suing them Life and Labour in Transnational Enter Development in Zambia. Princeton: courts across the globe because 'of th prises in South Africa. By John GAETSE Princeton University Press (41 Williams St., massive assistance to the illegal Rhodesi WE (Secretary-General of the South Princeton, NJ 08540), 1979. 382pp. $22.50 administration. The machinations of rig African Congress of Trade Unions). Notes hb. & Documents No. 25/80.' Centre Against wing figures in the banking sector of Za Apartheid, United Nations (address above), Labor Strategies in Northern Rhodesian bia in collaboration with the notorious 1980. 27pp. Free. Copper Mines, 1926-1936. By Jane L. ternational Monetary Fund (IMF) is PAPPART. Working Papers No. 23. well-known that one is forced to won( Mass Population Removals in Apartheid Brookline: African Studies Center, Boston whether the explanation lies in malfeasai South Africa. By Barbiia ROGERS. Notes University (address above), 1980. 23pp. A; Documents No. 27/80. New York: Cen $2.00, including p&h. or nonfeasance as to why your repor tre Against Apartheid, United Nations (ad omitted it. dress above), 1980. 9pp. Free. Zimbabwe These are perilous times in which we I Mtutuzeli, MATSHOBA, Call Me Not a but we should never forget that our area Man: The Stories of Mtutuzeli Matshoba. Maurice NYAGUMBO, With the People: work is southern Africa support. I Johannesburg: Ravan Press (PO Box An Autobiography 'from the Zimbabwe vibrant African Liberation Support Co 31134, Braamfontein 2017, South Africa), Struggle. London: Allison & Busby (6a .o mittee, which played a major role 1979. 198pp. Note: This book was banned el St., London WIV 3RB), 1980. 248pp. mobilizing for the huge African Liberati dis after its publication and is not available £3.95 pb. There is no North American Day manifestations of the early 1970's, i tributor for this publication. from any known commercial source. aground and did not support the liberati Resolutions on Apartheid Adopted by the (Inclusion in this list does not preclude later of Angola by the MPLA. The presi United Nations General Assembly in 1980. review.) government in Lusaka has committed Notes & Documents No. 4/81. New York: share of errors but to pen an article ab( Centre Against Apartheid, Unitgd Nations these errors while glossing over i (address above), 1981. 47pp. Free. p&ialism's cruel designs is something t Transnational Corporations: Allies or we of North America should avoid. Instruments of Apartheid? By Vella PIL Subscribe to Solidarity, LAY. Notes & Documents No. 28/80. New Gerald C. Home, Esq. York:" Centre Against Apartheid, United Southern Africa Nations (address above), 1980. 15pp. Free. National Conference of Black Lawy( New York

28 SOUTHERN AFRICA/MAY-JUNE 1981 the 1976 Soweto uprising, when the BUF will head a coalition of groups organizing a demonstration Dear Editor: on Wall Street. The Front was instrumental in pushing for the inclu We are writing in connection with the ar sion of support for African liberation and ticle in the January/February issue of Souteern Africa, opposition to domestic racism, as formal "Lutherans Move 7- LR.I aI " Toward Divestment" by Dumisani demands at the mammoth May 3 demon Kumalo. Thank you for the article and for stration in Washington. BUF Chairperson the commendation given to our church. Rev. Herbert Daughtry accused the Reagan We think that it is important for us to administration of being 'anow prepared to make two corrections in the article. First of openly support South Africa's genocide." all, the author speaks of the fact that The American Lutheran Church (ALC) is "the SHAREHOLDER ACTION ... Over 50 only denomination with five Black THE SHADOW KNOWS ... End Loans churches and religious groups holding bishops" in South Africa. It would be more to.South Africa (ELTSA), the British Bank about $29 million in corporate stock have correct to say that The American Lutheran Campaign, has come up with a novel way to commenced what has become an annual Church is related in ministry to the focus public attention on Barclays' substan Evangelical Lutheran Church in Southern campaign to change the policies of tial involvement in South Africa (ELCSA), a 515,000-member Africa. It Americant corporations doing business in Black established the Barclays' church which receives some personnel and "shadow board," 'South Africa. According to the Interfaith financial support from the ALC as well as which recently issued its first annual report. Center on Corporate Responsibility from four European-based mission agen According to shadow board chairman (ICCR), 1981 will mark the eleventh ya cies. Michael Dummett, the report summarizes that church groups have filed resoliitions Secondly, we would like to correct the the Bank's support for aparthid through opposing corporate activities in South statement that "the trustees had treated its investments in S9Itsl, its operations in il Africa. OBishop Dlamini, one of the most conserva legally occupied Namibia, and by making Among the corporations targeted this tive Black bishops in South Africa, to an all loans. By publishing this information the year are the Republic National Bank of expense paid trip to the convention to shadow board hopes to provoke positive delivetw a vaguely New York-and US Steel. defined address 'A Black responses from shareholders and inform ac South'African Speaks to the Church."' count holders of Barclays' activities in sup CROCKER NOCKER... When Chester In late 1979 it was proposed that Bishop port of the white regime. Crocker, the Reagan administration's Dlamini be invited to visit Lutheran church resi es in Europe and North America. Subse dent Africa expert arrived in Dar-es quently, in a February 1980 meeting, it was CAPITOL OFFENSE . . . The Salaam, Tanzania for talks with govern agreed that it would be advisable for the Washington, D.C. Bank Campaign vigor ment officials on April 10, he was un bishop to make two separate trips, first to ously denounced a recent decision to allow doubtedly prepared for a rough time with North America and then later to Europe. Riggs National Bank to open two new bran his hosts. Ronald Reagan's amicable over Since the ALC was holding its biennial ches in the nation's capital. tures to the apartheid regime haven't won convention in October 1980, it seemed ap Permission to open the branches.has been his administration any friends in the rest of propriate to coordinate his visit to the ALC held up since November, when over 100 Black Africa. with an appeF.ance at the convention. Un representatives of community groups What Crocker wasn't prepared for was fortunately, Ohen the invitation was issued, testified against Riggs' neglect of Black and the small but noisy band of fellow we did not reflect seriously enough on the working class neighborhoods' credit needs, Americans who greeted him possible implications at the airport of a visit during the and its increased loans to dictatorial convention in which the divestiture issue with posters protesting the rightward shift might be an itnportant issue for the church. governments abroad. Said Campaign in US policy. We suppose it is not surprising that a spokesperson Karen Root, "We refuse to The demonstrators demanded US sup number of 'persons assumed that Bishop let human rights and basic human needs por for sanctions against South Africa, Dlamini had been brought to the United take a back seat to the current 'business support for genuine independence in States for Participation in the consideration first' philosophy." Namibia, and no support for South of the divestiture issue. However, to the African-backed UNITA guerrillas in contrary, the invitation and subsequent B.U.F. BLASTS BOTHA, RIPS Angola. The protestors are among the very visit of the bishop to the ALC and its con REAGAN . i-. The National Black United vention few American expatriates in Tanzania who were not intended in-any way to Front, a grassroots national political relate to the consideration of divestiture. are not employees of the US government, organization, staged 'demonstrations in Our church and they take delight in tweaking Uncle continues to seek effective several cities across the country to protest strategies which will more effectively sup Sam's nose whenever possible. the visit of South African foreign minister port those in South Africa who are strug During Rhodesian Prime Minister Ian gling for justice and reconciliation, Roelof P. Botha to the US. Smith's visit to Washington in 1979, the In New York , several hundred demon 'ncerely yours, same group, accohpanied by a Tanzanian strators marched from the United Nations James newspaper photographer, pasted protest L. Knutson, Secretary for Africa to the South Morrison A. Sorenson Jr., Director African mission on Wednes banners on the door of the US mission. The The American Lutheran Church day, May 13. A vigil at the mission is front page photo and the resulting uproar scheduled until June 16, the anniversary of ruffled diplomatic feathers for months.

MAY-JUNE 1981/SOUTHERN AFRICA 29 mination to provide assistance where the The 193 members of the 25 de Set% Notebook need is greatest. There is much-to be done. co-operative in the same province had LI contrast, taken home a maximum of $Sk tyrtlinued from page 24 each and bad banked sufficient fundst established under the auspices of Scan gin to pay off the cost of two tractors dinavia's independent People to People New Life were buying. I ate the quality bread th project. Since its founding in July, the pro continued from page 10 village's cooperative bakery produced ject has become home for 2700 children. ernment as the key to ecoriomic self-suffi sold to other villages in the area. Their Despite the scarcity of resources and the ciency for the villagers as well as a method tIe cooperative had increased to 29 hea problems that lie ahead, the students and of providing a small wage income for cattle from the original nine cows and staff project a sense of confidence not only families living there. But at this stage there bull "borrowed" from the Ministry in the government and themselves, but in are many villages that have not begun to Agriculture. their country's future as well. organize co-operatives, and those that It was difficult to assess why lthese have, show differing levels of success. villages-some 100 kilometers apart :Journey Into the Countryside The co-operatives are for cash crops such such different production records, buti 'During our second week in Zimbabwe, as produce or cotton and are not expected tors could include a higher level of polit participants in the press tour divided into to replace subsistence agriculture at this mobilization and motivation on the pqri groups to travel more extensively in the stage. For subsistence, each family is allot the villagers, coupled with more explerl! rura areas. ed their own plot-for the most part work coming at a district level. Our driver was a former ZANU comba ed by women-to provide staple foods such The communal villages are an extrerr tant who enthralled us with stories of the as rice, corn, manioc, peanuts, beans. positive step in the development of a s liberation struggle. As we journeyed along When the agricultural co-operatives sell list society in Mozambique. But if th country's main highways, a mosaic of their cash crops, expenses such as seed comes away from visiting the villages i orange soil, green forests and valleys, purchases and the hiring of tractors for sober mood because of the difficulties bro n mud-thatched huts and red sunsets ploughing are deducted and the remaining lie ahead, one also comes away inmsir streamed by our windows. The country's money divided among the cooperative For the residents believe that their beauty was only surpassed by the spiritual members according to the number of hours lages will work and they are prepared uplift of being in a Black country. Yet, we and days. put into work. The maximum work extraordinarily hard to ensure I couldn't escape the sense of being civil earnings taken home by cooperative' they do. This new mode of life represen rights workers of the '60s, integrating cmembers in the villages I visited was $150 vast change from life wder the bri facilities for the first time whenever we for a season's work. colonial regime, and it brings such hope ,sought hotel and restaurant accommoda For a peasant family used to no cash in their future and that of their children,t tions. come at all under Portuguese rule, this the people's enthusiasm is infectious. After a miraculous journey over swollen small amount iswelcomed and covers neces And in their songs they sing with feeli river and up steep grades, we arrived at sary extras such as cloth, soap, batteries, Kanimambo, FRELIMOl Kanimam Nyafara community in the Inyanga Moun and oil. Although this meager amount of Samora Machele! Thank you, FRELIM tains. While there, we heard the courageous money does help supplement the people's Thank you Samora Machel. story of the Tangwena people and their subsistence agriculture, in t'he iong run, tie struggle against the colonialism of ithe cash crop co-operatives will have to pro Oil Embargo Rhodesian settlers. duce more surplus if they are to help solve During the 1950s, the Tangwenh people the unemployment problems that many co continued from page 11 were the 1dsers in, a land dispute with a operatives face. The government at a na sp led directly from a major oil eqpor Rhodesian settler. In an effort to escape tional and district level is trying to ensure country. They also note that one-thirdl government plans for resettlement, the the economic development of the commun of the tankers were owvned or chartqrec Tangwena fled into the surrounding moun al villages, but the obstacles are not easy to either Shell (26), Mobil (13), or Texaco tains and across, the Mozambican border. overcome. all three of which are companies with m The Rhodesians burned their crops, con For instance, the village of Vida Nova holdings in South Africa. fiscated their sheep and cattle, destroyed had no surplus to divide up among its 406 The report also points out that 45 of their looms and even kidnapped their co-operative members this past season. The 150 ships were sailing under the Libej children in an effort to force the Tangwena sale of cotton and cashews barely covered flag of convenience-a procedure in wi down out of the mountains. They remained the-cost of the tractors, and the little left a ship owned by a company in one cow in the mountains, -acting as an important over went into buying urgently needed sup can register the ship in another cour base of support for the freedom fighters plies for the consumer cooperative. and thus avoid countries with heavy t who infiltrated across the Mozambican The drought had ruined much of the on ship registration or control. The see border. crop, and the lack of funds for insecticide most popular flag was Norway's (27 shi As a result of my travels and visits, the meant that insects had devoured much of The Organization of African Unity is i upcoming donor's conference on March .the rest. In .discussing the failure with me, investigating ways in which countries;i 23-26 took on an increased importance to the co-operative members seemed remarka grant flags of convenience can get mor( me. By focusing on rural development and bly undefeated by this record, 'and were fecfive control over these ships. refugee resettlement, the Zimbabwean thinking of ways to make next. year a better -Over half of the tankers were mane government had demonstrated its deter- year, hoping for an end to the drought. . by companies in either the Un

1981 , . 3Q30 SOUTHERNSOUTHERN AFRICA/MAY-JUNEAFRICAIMAY-JUNE 198t )- Kingdom, Norway, or the United States. Front, line strength also derives from the all of the front line states. These three countries also owned a majority weakness .of its opponents. South Africa Yet the front line states provided crucial of the tankers. White only about a third of brags that it is self-sufficient militarily, military and logistic support for the armed c the tankers were known to have been much more capable than Rhodesia in de struggle. Tanzanians and Mozambicans chart~red, some may have been under fending its interests. Certainly the statistics even fought and died with ZANU guer charter secretly. Once again, most of the are ominous (See Southern Africa, rillas. In addition, these states prokided im known chartering companies were based in January-February 1981). But statistics portant diplomatic unity to support .fie the same three countries. measure only the sum of weapons, and The Patriotic Front in negotiations for political Shipping Research Bureau con Americans do not have to be reminded of independence. Zimbabwe is not yqt econ cludes, "There seems little doubt that the futility of throwing tons of equipment omically free, but it is the Zimbabwean South Africa is obtaining much of its crude against an organized, mass based people who oil from the major oil-exporting countries resistance. And this organized resistance #e how directing their state' toward liberation through coordinated of the world,-most of which have placed an does not stop at the South African border. development with the other front, line embargo on supplies to South Africa. One A major strength of the front line states has states. El oil comipany-Shell-appears- to be par been the mobilized and organized peoples Angola. ticularly involved in 'supplies to South of Mozambique and Africa." The isolation of South Africa is already "In a few cases," te report then adds, affecting its economy. South Africa "it is hard to believe that the government(s) definitely dominates the region, but even in question are unaware of the situation. In with a strong gold price the Republic's con other cases it appears likely that the oil tinual growth depends on larger markets. companies.. . are giving the governments Pretoria's plan for a "constellation of in question false information." states" outlines regional coordination to The report was released on March 11, the promote this growth. One African jour *same day I~i~BMAION thit the chairperson of both the nalist calls it "a scheme to bring independ JlLTIN Shipping lesearch Bureau and the Working ent states under the same political, Group Kairos, Cor Gioenendijk, testified economic and military domination by the Join the fight against the CIA. before he United Nations Special Commit 'apartheid regime as the bantustans." CovertAcfion exposes the crimes tee Against Apartheid, 0 The front line states, however, have re and abuses of the intelligence com jected the constellation framework and the plex, uncovers covert operations, Front, Line states are now transforming their political and names names. continuedfrom page 5 success into economic coordination. The Find out for yourself. Subscribe abandoned her campaign pledge 'to front line states have formed the Southern recognize the Muzorewa-Smith govern Africa Development Co-ordination Con now. ment. ference This isolation will continue to be impor The first priority of this new coordinating CovertAction Information Bulletin tant for the struggles in Namibia and South body is to build a -regional transport and P.O. Box 50272, Washington, DC 20004 Africa. South Africa's friends will find it communication infrastructure not-depend o $15 (U.S.) 0 $27 (Can., Yex.) O $20 (Other) 0 Institutions, more difficult to help the apartheid state. ent on South Africa. The coordination add $5 will 0 $25 (Lat. Am. Eur.) U.S. funds 6nly International sanctions are of limited value, be- comprehensive: agricultural research, especially when neighbors like Mozambique food security, industrial development, and Zimbabwe cannot afford to enforce technical cooperation, energy and man Name them Against South Africa. power. The states poignantly know the dif Sanctions will, however, be turned ficulty'of surviving alone. They know the Address toward-the British and the Americans, as political success of the front linelstates and key African states ,threaten -to cut off also the history of failure of regional mineral City State Zip stuprplies if Western support for economic cooperation on the African conti apartheid continues. Nigeria nationalized nent. Their immediate goals are therefore British Petroleum -in a move which un modest and tangible, but the agenda for the Country doubtedly helped Prime Minister Thatcher 1980s is regional cooperation for economic listen at the Commonwealth Conference. survival, President Shagari has hinted he may also be, The front line states have not provided forced to remove British goods from the liberation for Zimbabwe, nor for them Nigerian market or cut the oil supply to the selves. That struggle is, long, lasting years US. beyond any armed struggle. Zimbabwe is Gulf Oil is 'worried about the same not yet ,free from colonial economic ponse from Angola if the Reagan 4 ad linkages which impede its development: ministration resumes aid for rebel leader foreign control of mines, inequitable land Jonas Savimbi and if South Africa is en distribution, and trade dependence on couragd in its second Angolan war (see South Africa. The problems are similar for Southern Africa, March/April 1981).

MAY-JUNI 1981JSOUTHERN AFRICA The 31 year old pilot was working for a The Pan-Africanist Congress of Au national chai4 small Florida-based firm, Globe Aero, and (PAC) has a new Nyathi Pok according to the firm was flying a single veteran nationalist John 58, served thirteen years in engine Pipler Cherokee 'Arrow to Cape Pokela, Town when he disappeared on February 4. Africa's notorious Robben Island polit Globe Aero describes itself as a ferry service prison before his release last year. that delivers small aircraft to purchasers He replaces Vusumzi L. Maki, who he abroad. ed the organization for two years after The Angolan, government, however, expulsion of acting chairman Poth THE BRITISH GOVERNMENT maintains that Tyler was a veteran CIA of Leballo, in 1979 amidst charges of corr _ refused to block the sale of ficer who worked in Iran as an adviser to .tion and negligence during his years at military radar equ~iment to South the shah's secret police and who also helm of the troubled liberation movemn Africa despite theBritish Govern worked in South Korea. Tyler's mother told Pokela assumes the leadership a serve in ment's public commitment to the UN arms the Washington Post that Tyler did seriously divided and weakened orgai claims he embargo. The London-based Anti South Korea and Iran, but she tion. The arrest and eventual convictio resigned Apartheid Movement (AAM) notified the was an Army medical officer. He eighteen members of the underground I British foreign office on April 29 of the in 1978 and, after flight training, joined in 1978, followed closely by the deat violation-in-progress, and were later in Globe Aero in 1979. PAC founder Robert Sobukwe hurt formed that no action would be taken ILast year a Globe Aero pilot on it similar PAC inside South Africa. because required export licenses had been flight, was reported to have had oil pressure Leballo further disabled the PAC b) granted. problems and landed in Angola. That pilot pelling 72 members of the external wir Items photographed by the AAM inclu was held by the Angolan authorities for six July 1978. In 1979, the PAC's UN repro ded a mobile radar unit and a mobile radar months andd then released. According to tative David Sibeko, widely regarded a. control unit similar to components -of the Globe Aero, Tyler had already ferried PAC's most effective spokesperspn, Plessey AR 3D radar system. The British planes to South Africa about 25 times assassinated in Tanzania by members o foreign office characterized the licensed before this flight. own organization. The trial of seven I equipment as part of a "national air control guerrillas for his murder is still contint system," but both Jane's Weapons Systems THE SOUTH AFRICAN In an interview shortly after his' appi and Plessey's own publicity material government confiscated Anglican ment, Pokela spoke confidently aboul highlight the air defense capabilities of the Bishop Desmond Tutu's passport prospects for unity, both within the ] radar units. shortly after he returned from a five week and with the other forces for liberatic South Aftica's 1979 Defense 'White tout of western Europe and the US in late South Africa, including the ANC (Aft Paper noted the need for advancediffilitary April. While on the tour, Tutu, an National Congress). radar equipment and South African outspoken critic of South Africa's apar Because of his long prison term aw Defense Force personnel, were, in fact, theid system, made repeated reference to stature as a close associate of Sobukwe training in Britain that summer on receiving the need for economic pressure in South founding member of the PAC, Pokel a Plessey radar system which incorporated Africa and reportedly referred to apartheid avoided any identification with the Pi US computer technology. Actions to block as "the most vicious system since Nazism." feuding external factions. He also rel of radar systems and further shipments Prime Minister P.W. Botha was follow that discussions with jailed ANC Ie of the arms embargo tighten enforcement ing up a threat when he revoked the during his imprisonment, including N( by Britain and other nations have since bishop's passport on April 6, seven days Mandela, has led to an agreement of "i in conjunction been initiated by the AAM after Tutu's return. in principle" between the ANC and P with the UN Special Committee Against During his visit to the US, Tutu spoke Significantly, one of Pokela's firi Apartheid and the World Campaign with Jeane Kirkpatrick, US ambassador to ficial acts as chairman was to reinstato Against Military and Nuclear Collaboration the UN, gave a sermon at Riverside Church 72 members expelled in 1978. with South Africa. in New York, and met with church leaders in Washington and New York. 0 trouble for his ANGOLAN AUTHORITIES Bishop Tutu has been in pilot in ear public statements before. He had his arrested an American The South African army has stepp are planning to passport revoked in 1979 after he urged the ly February and its recruitment of !Kung Bushmen it try him as a CIA spy, the Mozam Netherlands to boycott South 1-Urican coal. During his recent trip, however, Tutu thwest Botswana and a number c bican magazine Tempo reported in early thropologists estimate that approxir Harrison Tyler, was stopped short of calling explicitly for sanc May. The pilot, Jeffrey 3000 of these people have joined the caught while attempting to fly a small plane tions against Pretoria, a statement that under the coun The South Africans use the !K out of southern Angola, and the Angolans would be a criminal offense substantial tracking skills' to mc believe he was passing information on to try's sweeping terrorism act. SWAPO guerrilla movements aloni UNITA. The Bishop's passport was withdrawn border between Namibia and Botswai diplomats, acting as in only seven hours after Chester Crocker, the Italian South Africa's ability to recruil termediaries, have confirmed that Tyler is US assistant secretary of state designate, !Kung can be explained, at least in pa being held in San Paulo Prison in Luanda. ended his April visit to South Africa.

32 SOUTHERN AFRItA/MAY-JUNE 1981 replace it with a democratic, non-racial and against underdevelopment is clearly the Bushmen's social and economic condi united republic of all the people of South reflected in the budget allocations. Over tions in Botswana. Increasing material scar Africa." half of the 1981 budget is earmarked for in city in the !Kungs' Kalahari desert According to United Press International, frastructure and capital investments. With homeland in northwest Botswana forced before the explosions at Durban additional outside funding, Mozambique these traditional hunter-gatherer people in one week another incident occurred in the Richards expects to invest nearly $900 million in the to nearby job markets where they were met Bay area 155 miles north of Durban. An ex coming year. by low wages and discrimination. The tran plosion took out a large section of railroad Industry and energy will receive $200 sition from desert to town began in the ear track and derailed five freight cars. Accor million, the largest allocation of state in ly seventies, and also marked the beginning ding to a railroad spokesman, "We suspect vestment funds to any single sector. of the South African army recruitment ef sabotage and are centering our investiga Agriculture, defense, transportation, forts. health, and education will also take sizable unemployment and a new tions in this area. It appears to be the work Faced with slices of the pie. the Bushmen were of Black nationalists." hostile environment, Investment decisions were made with two Originally, the No injuries were reported and no arrests easy prey for recruiters. top priorities in mind, to increase produc simply to monitor have been made in connection with either of recruits were paid tion of key exports (cashews, sugars, cot movements along the the two incidents. SWAPO troop ton, prawns, timber, and tea) and to assure border. Richard Lee, an Namibia-Angola an adequate supply of consumer goods, spent seventeen years in anthropologist who particularly food, to Mozambique's characterized the !Kung as "vir Botswana, drought stricken populace. of the army, dependent on THE MOZAMBICAN GOVERN tual prisoners The economy still suffers from the water, weekly rations, and ment has announced plans to them for their wholesale flight of skilled Portuguese labor supplies." make family planning available, other and the destruction of industrial and Botswana government officials have ex free of charge, to any woman who agricultural equipment by the fleeing set about the cooperation of asks for it, the Mozambique Information pressed concern tlers. the !Kung with the South African army Agency announced in early 1981. The aim and, while acknowledging their impoverish of the move, according to Dr. Teresa Arav ed conditions in Botswana, are reported to jo, the head of family planning for the ministry of health, is to reduce the very high be planning programs to improve the GUINEA-BISSAU IS FACING maternal and infant death and disease rates. jt Bushmen's situation. These programs, a 70,000 ton food deficit this year, combined with the dangers of war, may At the moment as many as one-half of all according to Agence France eventually put a damper on the !Kung in Mozambican children die before they reach Presse. The shortfall, a result of volvement with the South African army. the age of five. the loss of between 70 and 80 percent of this relatively Although Mozambique-a year's harvest, has caused the country to country-has no policy sparsely populated seek additional international assistance. to reduce births as such, the government Discontent over food production and does hope that through this program they distribution has been cited as a major cause Explosives laid by African National Con can encourage women to space their preg of the coup which ousted the Luis Cabral gress guerrillas knocked out two nancies by about two years. government last year (see Southern Africa, transformers in a power station nine miles Doctors report that at present few March/April, 1981). south of Durban, South Africa. The bombs women ask for contraceptive help; far more The new government seeks to alleviate exploded at 12:30 a.m. on Tuesday, April ask for fertility advice, particularly when South substation in the the food shortage by attempting to revive 21 at the Durban they do not become pregnant soon after a Black township of Lamontville. Eight blasts the languishing rural economy, which was previous childbirth. all, resulting in damage neglected by the Portuguese and disrupted occurred in As a first step in the family planning pro at over $3 million. by the liberation struggle. Since in estimated gram, 150 nurse-midwives will begin their factories around Durban dependence the rural economy has con Hundreds of training this year. The government hopes to shut down the next day tinued to stagnate and Guinea-Bissau has were temporarily begin setting up infant health centers by the faced continuing food shortages. until power could be restored. Thousands end of 1984. Because the program is still not The new government hopes that by em of residents in the area were also without fully functioning the goals for the next few following day. phasizing resource development, Guinea electricity the years are modest: by 1984 the government Bissau's reliance on foreign aid (which ac According to South African security hopes to have 45,000 participants out of the counts for 75 percent of its budget) and its police the explosives used were limpet type 550,000 women who become pregnant balance of payments deficit (which reached mines with timing devices attached (similar every year. to the type explosives used in the Sasol $45 million in 1979) can be substantially blasts last summer). reduced. The ANC acknowledged in a statement The International Development Associa released on April 22, that the sabotage tion has granted Guinea-Bissau a $6.8 operation was carried out by guerrillas from The People's Assembly of Mozambique million loan credit to be used for oil the ANC's armed wing, Umkhonto We has made final adjustments on the prospecting. Bauxite, phosphates, timber, Sizwe. "This operation reaffirms our com country's $1.3 billion budget. The govern and fishing are also hoped-for sources of in mitment to destroy this Republic and ment's determination to win the battle creased revenue.

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