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The National Survey of Historic Sites and Buildings THE NATIONAL SURVEY OF HISTORIC SITES AND BUILDINGS Theme XVII-b COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY 1 9 6 6 VOLUME I THE HISTORICAL NARRATIVE United States Department of the Interior Stewart L. Udall, Secretary National Park Service George B. Hartzog, Jr., Director The National Survey of Historic Sites and Buildings Theme XVII·b COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY 1966 VOLUME I THE HISTORICAL NARRATIVE United states Department of the Interior stewart L, Udall, Secretary National Park Service George B. Hartzog, Jr. 1 Director COICTENTS FOR VOLUME I Page Preface .......... .............. .................................. i Acknowledgements ............... ............. , , ii Part I - Historical Narrative ........................................ ... 1 CHAPTER I The Colonial Era, l607-1775: The Rise of Merchant Capitalism Colonial Commerce .............. ................. 1 The Trade of the Southern Colonies .............................. 1 The Trade of the New England and Middle Colonies ... 2 Colonial Industry .............. ... .............. ....... 4 Initial Efforts at Economic Exploitation, I607-I629 . 5 Industrial Organization of Colonial Society ................. 6 Household Manufacturing .............................. .... 6 Skilled Artisans . .................... .......... 7 The Colonial Commercial Industries ........................... 8 Jl) Slave Trade . ....................... 8 ,2) The Pur Trade............... 9 ,3) The Fishery and V/haling.......... 10 [4) The Lumber Industry.........................................11 5) Shipbuilding Industry................... 12 16) Flour Milling Industry ................. ..... I3 [7) Iron Manufacturing Industry ........ l4 Revolution, North and South ..................................... I5 CHAPTER II The Emergence of a National Economy and the Rise of an Industrial Society, 1775-'i860 General............................................................... ij Commerce .................................................................. 17 Foreign Commerce......... .................................. I8 The Rise of Banks and Insurance Companies ....... 23 The Rise ofDomestic Commerce ............................................ 25 -a- Page 1775 "i860 28 The Decline of Household Manufacturing . , 29 The Rise of Production for General Markets 29 The Rise of Industrial Corporations , . , , 30 Chief Commercial Industries in i860 , . 31 (1) The Cotton Goods Industry , . , , 31 The Woolen Goods Industry ............... 33 Men’s Clothing 33 The Boot and Shoe Industry 3h The Leather Industry . , 35 The Flour Milling Industry 36 The Lumber Industry . , . , 36 The Iron Industry ............... 37 Machine Shops and Foundries 39 Lesser Industries, Old and Hew . , 4l '1) The Fur Trade ...................... 4l Fisheries and Whaling , . hi Shipbuilding ............... , , 41 Canning , . , .................. 42 Paper Making , . ............... 42 Hat Manufacturing ............... 42 Mining and Mineral Production . 42 Gold..................................... 42 Iron..................................... h3 Copper.................. , , 43 Coal.................................... 43 Lead , ................................. 44 Petroleum ............................. 44 The United States in i860 ............... 44 CHAPTER III The Emergence of an Industrial Nation and the Rise of Finance Capitalism, 1861-191^ General ....................................................................................... Commerce ..... .......................... ..... ...................... 48 Foreign Commerce ................... 48 The Rise of Economic Imperialism ..................................... 50 Decline of the Merchant Marine........................................ 52 Domestic Commerce ...................................................... 53 New Forms for Marketing Products 56 Banks and Insurance Companies .......................... ..... 58 -b- Page Industryrfc l86l~1915............................................................................. 59 General....................... 59 The Triumph of the Factory System ........... 6l Westward Movement of Manufacturing .......... 62 The Beginnings of Industrial Research . ........................ 63 Corporations, Laissez-Faire, and the Era of Consolidations ........................................................ 64 The Rise of Finance Capitalism: The Investment Bankers 66 The Chief Industries of the United States, 1900-1919. 69 fl) The Railroad Industry ............................................ 69 (2) Cars and General Shop Construction and Repairs hy Steam Railroad Companies .............. 73 ’3) Iron and Steel , ................................. 73 ^4) Foundry and Machine Shops........... 77 ^5) Automobiles ....... ............................... 77 ,6) Petroleum (Refining). .' ............ 79 17) Lumber ... ................. ........... 8l 18) Flour Milling .............................. 84 [9) Slaughtering and Meat Packing ........................... 85 JlO) Cotton Goods................... 86 11) Woolen Goods ........ ........................ 87 J12) Men's Clothing..................................................... 88 .13) Boots and Shoes.......................... 89 ,14) Liquors, Malt .................................................. 90 The Rise of Other Important Industries’............................9I (1) G?he Electrical Industries........... 9I a. Communications Industry .............. ..... 9i b. Electrical Lighting and Motors ................. 9I (2) Rubber................................................................... 94 (3; The Canning Industries .........................................94 a. The Fish Canning Industry................ 94 b. The Fruits and 'Vegetables Canning Industry. 95 Mining and Mineral Production ........................................ 96 General ............................................................................. 9^ '1) Bituminous Coal .............. ........... 98 2) Crude Petroleum ........................................ 99 ,3) Copper .................................... 100 (4) Anthracite Coal .....................................................101 ’5) Lead.............................................. 102 16) Iron Ore ...............................................................103 ,7) Gold and Silver ........................................... 103 The United States in I919................................................. 104 Selected Bibliography ........................... ........ IO9 Criteria for the Evaluation of Historic Sites and Buildings .......... .................................. 119 -c- VOLUME II Part II, Sections A and B; Survey of Historic Sites and Buildings in States Located West of the Mississippi, VOLUME III Part II, Sections C and D: Survey of Historic Sites and Buildings in States Located East of the Mississippi, CHARTS IW VOLUME I Page Wo, 1 Value of Leading Domestic Exports of the United States I79O-I86O ............................................ 20 Wo, 2 Value of Domestic Exports of the United States hy Countries and Areas, I821-I86O .......................... 21 Wo, 3 Value of Merchandise Imported into the United States by Countries and Areas, I82I-I860 , , , , 21 Wo, 4 Sectional Exhibit for Manufacturing (Exclusive of Mining) for i860, .............................. 46 Wo. 5 Percentage Distribution of United States Exports by Economic Class, 1896-I915 49 Wo, 6 Percentage Distribution of Iftiited States Imports by Economic Class, I896-I915 49 Wo, 7 Value of the Foreign Trade of the United States, 1870-1915..................................................................... 49 Wo, 8 Percentage of Domestic Exports and Imported Goods of the United States by Areas, I896-I915, , 51 Wo, 9 The Direct and Portfolio Investments of American Capital in Foreign Countries, by Geographic Areas, I897-I915.................. ... , .................. 52 Wo, 10 Railroad Mileage in the United States by Regions. 1860-1920..................................................................; 54 -d- Page No. 11 Number of Banlts and their Resources in the United States, 1880-1915 » ............................................... 58 No. 12 The Growth of Manufacturing in the United States 1870-191^ ................................................................ 60 No. 13 Distribution of Manufacturing Wage Earners by Regions, 1899-1919 » ................. ........................ 60 No. Ih Population of the United States by Regions, 1900-1920............................................................... 60 No. 15 Growth of U. S. Manufacturing Establishments, 1859-1919 ................................................................ 62 No. 16 Rank of the 11 Leading Industries of the United States in i860, I9OO and 1914 .................... ... 70 No. IT Value of Mineral Production in the United States, 1880-1919 ................................................................ CO I — o . I Industrial Distribution of Gainful Workers in the United States, I82O-I92O .................... .............. 104 No. 19 National Income of the United States by Private Production, 1799-1919 ............................................ 105 No, 20 National Wealth of the United States, 1774-1922 . 108 OJ 1 — o . 1 Rank of the Leading Industries of the United States in 1919..................................................... 108 -e- PREFACE The purpose of the National Survey of Historic Sites and Buildings, as outlined in the Historic Sites Act of 1935, is to "make a survey of historic and archeologic sites, "buildings, and objects for
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