Index

A methodological issues, 301 (ACh), 33, 34, 62 profession, 295 biochemical precursor of, 39 Alpha-downregulation, 155 choline, effects of, 34 Alpha oscillations, 39 Action video game training, 204, 208 Alpha up-regulation, 154 Active music therapy, 277 Alzheimer’s Disease (AD), 54, 67, 276 Addictive nature, 61 lower risk of, 55 Adenosine, 50 neurodegenerative disease, 54 antagonist, 55 Amino acid supplement, 7, 20 Adrafinil, 86 Amyloid b-peptide (Ab-peptide), 54 Aerobic exercise, 215, 216 Anterior Cingulate Cortex (ACC), 232 aging, neuroprotective factors in Anterior Medial Frontal Cortex (AMFC), 106 BDNF and DA, 219 Aroma effectiveness, 251 cognitive control functions, 219, 220 Aromas, 245 BDNF, 216 cognitive and social functioning, 248 children, enhancement in, 217 critical considerations, 251 acute bouts of, 218 memory, 249 cognitive performance, 204 physiological effects associated, 246 measurement categories, 217 attention, 248 outcomes, 218 parameters, 246 treatment conditions, 218 relaxing/ effects, 247 cognitive enhancement, 220 stimulating properties, 246 lifespan, 216 Attention, 229 Affection, 260 Attentional Blink (AB), 193 After-effects, tACS, 142 Attentional Blink (AB) deflicit, 229 Air Traffic Controllers (ATC), 295 Attentional Blink (AB) task, 175 cognitive benefits, 297 Attentional focus, 262 aging, 299 Attentional Network Task, 231 false alarms, 299 Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder reactive and proactive control, 297 (ADHD), 65, 73, 74, 76, 77 cognitive enhancement, 302 Auditory Beat Stimulation (ABS), 170, 173, ergonomics and man-technology interaction 174, 176, 179 in, 300 Auditory-Steady-State Response (ASSR), 172 general cognitive profile of cognitive task-analysis, 296 B core processes, 296 Backward digit span task, 53 self-monitoring, 296 Basal ganglia structures, 153

© Springer International Publishing AG 2017 331 L.S. Colzato, Theory-Driven Approaches to Cognitive Enhancement, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-57505-6 332 Index

Binaural beat stimulation, 169, 174 psychostimulant effects of, 52 action, mechanism of, 174 regular users, effects in, 52 , 177 withdrawal reversal hypothesis, 52 application of, 170 withdrawal symptoms, 52 attention, 174 Catechol-O-methyltranferase (COMT), 76, 89 central interaction, 171 Cell death, 54 cortical responses, 172 Choline, 33 cognition and, 169 ACh, 34 creativity, 176 conversion, 35 EEG, stimulation exerts transient effects on, amino acid supplement, 33 173 cognition, 33 mood states, 177, 178 cognitive enhancer, 39 neurophysiological processing, 170 diet rich in, 35, 36 sine waves, 170 intake of, 36, 37 verbal memory, 176 life span, 35 vigilance, 176, 178 low plasma , 37 Blood--level dependent (BOLD) memory, 36 response, 155 protein-rich food, 35 Body Mass Index (BMI), 25, 215, 217 short-term, 38, 39 Bottom-up mechanisms, 117, 119, 123 Cholinergic system, 62 Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF), Citalopram, 25 216, 217 Citicoline, 37 low baseline levels, 217 Citicoline therapy, 37 physical exercise, 217 Cognition, 74, 76, 78 Brain excitability, 108 aerobic exercise, 216 Brain-resource allocation, 229 caffine, short- and long-term effects of, 49 Brain stimulation, 285, 290 choline supplementation, 33, 34, 39 anodal stimulation, 286 cortical oscillations, 137 cathodal stimulation, 286 modafinil, 85, 86, 91 EEG profile, 288, 289 , 62, 65 Low theta-band activity, 289 long-term effects of, 67, 67 motion perception, 287 prenatal, effect of, 52 motor learning, 287 tACS, 143 muscle fatigue, beneficial effect on, 287 Cognitive aging, 307 neural entrainment procedures, 288 Cognitive control, 11, 231, 249 tACS, 288, 289 DA, 13 visual cortex and the motor cortex, 287 Cognitive control processes, 228 Brain training, 208 Cognitive enhancement, 119, 179, 228, 250, Brain training games, 309, 310 252, 307, 323 ATC, 301 C cognitive sides effects of, 326 , 49, 50, 56 individualized interventions, 324 adenosine , 56 interventions, 308, 309 blocks A1and A2areceptors, 50 neuroethical issues in, 327 cognition, 49 seduction of, 323 cognitive enhancer, 49 theory-driven, 324 higher doses, 50 video games, 203 life span, 56 WM, 138, 150 long-term effects of, 54 Cognitive enhancer, 7, 34, 65, 74, 77 See also psychostimulant effects of, 49 (TYR) short-term effects of, 52 caffeine, 49 individual differences in, 52 modafinil, 86, 90, 92 methodological issues, 52 nicotine, 62 non-users, effects in, 53 TYR, 13, 14 Index 333

Cognitive flexibility, 302 Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Cognitively impaired population, 68 (fMRI), 155 Cognitive side effects, 326 Computerized Cognitive Training (CCT), 310 G Conceptualization of self-control of brain Game training studies, 206 activity, 153 Gamma Aminobutyric Acid (GABA), 119, 120 Conflict-adaptation effect, 231 Gamma band activity, 152 Conflict monitoring, 231 Genetic predisposition, 77, 217, 325, 326 Consumer behavior, 248 TYR, 13 Contingent Negative Variation (CNV), 246 Gratton effect, 231 Continuous Performance Test (CPT), 67 imitation-inhibition task, 105 H Cortical oscillations, 136, 137, 154 Harvard Food Frequency Questionnaire, 37 Cortisol-regulating genes, 36 Healthy humans, 9, 11 Creativity, 138, 233 Heart rate, 247 Cross-Mutual Information (CMI), 173 aroma and, 246 Cross-sectional studies, 205 Heart rhythm abnormalities, 76 Cultures, 262 Heschl’s gyri, 172 Human aging, 219 D Dementia, 275, 277 I cognitative function in, 275 Individual Alpha Frequency (IAF), 139 Tensor Imaging (DTI), 155 Individual difference, 38, 76, 323–326 (DA), 7, 8, 10–13, 73, 74, 86, 216 cognition, choline on, 39 degradation of, 76 TRP, 20, 25, 26 individual differences, 8, 13 Inferior Frontal Cortex (IFC), 106 Dopamine transporter (DAT), 86 Insular cortex, 260 Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex (DLPFC), 230 Integrative body-mind training, 231 Dyslexia, 204 Intelligence and music, 193 Internet-based study. See Lifestyle 2030, 307 E Interpersonal similarity, 261 E-cigarettes, 61 Interpersonal trust, 263, 265 Economic decision-making tasks, 22 Ipsilateral hemisphere, 151 Emotion regulation, 227 Endogenous neural oscillations, 150 J End-product inhibition, 8 Jasmin odor, 246 Eriksen flanker task, 218 Joint Simon effect, 106, 250 Eugeroic, 85 Joint Simon task, 106, 250 European Food Safety Authority, 50 Event-Related Potentials (ERPs), 172, 191, 246 K Executive function, 37 Knowledge Eye-Blink Rates (EBRs), 175 caffeine, 55 Eyetracking, 205 cognitive functions, 140 cortical oscillations, 149 F DA, 216 Failures to replicate, 205, 208 experience, 298 Feedback-related learning, 158 Kynurenine pathway, 26 Fitness-induced benefits, 220 Focused Attention Meditation (FAM), L 227–229, 327 Laboratory-based vigilance tasks, 296 Food supplementation. See TYR Language use, 262 supplementation, 7 Large Neutral Amino Acids (LNAAs), 20 Fronto-medial brain regions, 150 Lavender, 247, 249, 250 334 Index

Learning, 66 cognitive enhancer, 90 new language, 309 COMT, 89, 91 Learning to learn hypothesis, 204 maintenance studies, 89 Life span overconfidence effect, 90, 91 choline at long-term, 35 recuperation studies, 89 nicotine, long-term effects of, 66 enhancing effect in, 88 Lifestyle 2030 metabolism, 87 ecological validity, 309 neurochemical actions, 85 cost and access, 309 pharmakinetics of, 86 design and dropout, 311 Monaural beats, 170–172, 174 Lab-based versus at-home efficacy, 310 action, mechanism of, 174 inclusive design, population validity, 312 application of, 170 individual differences, 313 ASSR, 172 sample selection, 312 cortical responses, 172 interventions, 308 neurophysiological processing, 170 Locus Coeruleus (LC), 117 Mood, 123 Low Resolution Tomography (LORETA), 157 Motion perception, 286 Motor learning, 138, 286 M Motor sequence learning, 288 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), 120 Motor skill learning, 288 Magnetoencephalography (MEG), 172 Multi-stressor intervention, 12 Maintenance studies, 89 Multitasking, 121, 297 Mechano-electrical transduction, 170 Multitasking performance, 206 Medial Prefrontal Cortex (MPFC), 106 Muscle fatigue, 286 Meditation, 308, 309 Muscular strength, 286 attention, enhanccing effect on Musical activities, 275 AB deficit, 229 active music therapy, 277 electrophysiological evidance for, 230 cognitative functions, 278 visual selective attention task, 230 music listening, 276 conglict monitering, enhancing effect on Musical experience, 192 ACC, 232 adolescents, 193 flanker task, 231 influence of, 189 Simon task, 231 neuroplasticity in elderly and, 190 FAM vs. OMM, 227 Musical training creative performance, 233 beneficial effect, 193 Memory, 76–79, 217, 219 cognitive training, 195 aspects, 276 creativity, 194 caffeine, 54 ERP components, 191 Mental costs, 323, 327, 329 executive functions, 192 Mental performance in sports, 286, 290 language, 192 Mental state attribution task, 105 neurophysiological studies, 191 Methionine (Met), 76 neuroplasticity, 189, 190 , 73–75 processing speed, 193 Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI), 54, 276 reading abilities and phonemic awareness, Modafinil, 85 191 cognition, 85, 86, 91 verbal memory, 193 DA, 87 visual attention, 193 daily dose of, 87 visual memory, 192 healthy non-sleep-deprived individuals, WM, 193 enhancing effect in, 91 Music-based interventions, 275 categories, 89 Music listening, 276 Index 335

Music therapy, 275, 278 LC activity, 120 limbic brain structures, 121 N transporter (NET), 86 , 88 N-back task, 65 O Near-infrared spectroscopy, 194 Open Monitoring Meditation (OMM), Neural entrainment technique, 135, 285, 286, 227–2297, 327 290 enhancing effect of, 233 Neurodegenerative disease, 54 FAM vs. OMM, 228 Neurodoping, 286, 290 Overdosed DA levels, 10 Neuroethics, 327 Neurofeedback P brain activity, self-control of, 153 Passive music therapy, 276 cognition, enhancement of, 150 Pattern-completion logic, 264 everyday life performance, 152 Peppermint, 246, 249, 250 goal of, 150 Perceptual and executive functions, 278 interindividual differences in, 155 Personality traits, 179 neuroplastic effects of, 154 Perspective taking task, 105 specificity and efficacy, 156 Phase Locking Values (PLVs), 173 Neuroplastic effects, 154 Phenylethanol, 247 Neuroprotective factors in aging, 219 Phonemic awareness, 191 Neuropsychiatric disorders, 119 Phosphatidylcholine, 36 Neuropsychological factors, 37 Phospholipid phosphatidylcholine, 37 Nicoderm, 63 Physical exercise, 218, 308–310, 312, 313 Nicotine, 61 BDNF, 217 ACh, function of, 62 Physical performances, 286, 290 advantages, 62 Planning abilities, 297 blood levels, 62 Positive in information processing, 23 E-cigarettes, 61 Positive re-biasing in information processing, elderly population, 97, 68 22 long-term effects of, 62, 66 Post-Error Slowing (PES), 121 cigarette smoke, 66 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), 155 prenatal, effect of, 66 Prefrontal attentional network, 66 metabolism, 64 Prefrontal cortex (PFC), 216, 232 nAChRs, 62 Profile of Mood States (POMS) questionnaire, nicotine gum, 63 178 short-term effects of Prosocial behavior, 19, 20, 22, 25, 26, 246 cognitive enhancer, 65 Psychostimulant effect, 55 adequate dose of, 65 N-back task, 65 Q attention and memory, 63 Quality of life, 307, 308 Nicotine gum, 63 Quality of memory, 249 Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), 62 Quality of sleep, 26, 152, 247 Noninvasive brain stimulation, 117 Noninvasive technologies, 101 R Non-responders, 155 Rapid Serial Visual Presentation (RSVP), 249 cognitive reasons, 156 Reading and language abilities, 191 metacognitive reasons, 156 Recuperation studies, 89 physical reasons, 156 Relative Power (RP), 173 physiological reasons, 156 Reversed-withdrawal effect, 63 Non-sleep-deprived individuals, 74, 77, 78, 88 Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test, 176 Norepinephrine (NE), 73, 74, 119 Ritalin, 73 336 Index

Ritalin (cont.) neuroscientific research, 260 active ingredient of, 74 similarity and assimilation, 261 cognition, 76 Temporo-Parietal Junction (TPJ), 105, 106 DA levels, 78 Test of Variables of Attention (TOVA), 175 metabolism, 75 Transcranial Alternating Stimulation non-medical use of, 73 (tACS), 142, 150, 285 non-sleep-deprived healthy individuals, 77 cortical oscillations, 136, 137, 139 overdose, risk of, 76 EEG/MEG measurements, 140 sleep-deprived individuals, 74 electrode montage, 141 enhancing effect in, 78 motor learning and creativity, 139 neural entrainment technique, 135 S occipital cortex, 139 Self-other representations, 105 physiological and behavioral effects, 140 Self-regulation of endogenous oscillations, 152 physiological mechanisms of, 137 Sensory-motor Rhythm (SMR), 152, 154 prefrontal cortex, causal role of, 140 Sensory-perceptual functioning, 102 stimulation duration, 142 Serial Reaction Time Task (SRTT), 288 stimulation frequency, 141 Serotonergic functioning, 24, 25 top-down technique, 135 Serotonin (5-HT), 19, 20, 22–26 visual perception, 139 Sham-controlled SMR training, 152 visual processing, 138 Sham-controlled studies, 149 WM, 138 Simon effect, 231 Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Sleep deprivation, 89, 90 (tDCS), 103, 136, 285 Sleep-deprived individuals, 74, 78 anodal and cathodal, 103 Sleep disorders, 88 causes, 102 Sleep spindles, 152 classical protocols, 102 Sleep-wake cycle, 26 cognitive enhancement, 102 Smoking, 61 computational models, 108 Smooth-pursuit eye movement, 10 current flow direction, 104 Snoezelen, multisensory stimulation, 278 electrode montage, 104 Social cognition, 102, 260 online and offline, 107 Social interaction task, 106 physiological and behavioral effects, 107 Social proximity, 260–262 AMFC, 106 Social warmth, 260 IFC, 106 Spatial-temporal reasoning abilities, 194 MPFC, 106 State anxiety, 177 TPJ, 105 Stimulation electrodes positioning, 118 promoting self-other representations, 105 Stress, 10 social cognition, 102, 108, 109 Stress-inducing arithmetic task, 247 top-down technique, 101 Stroop task, 11 Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS), Sub-threshold membrane polarization, 103 120, 155 Sub-threshold modulation, 102 Transcutaneous Vagus Nerve Stimulation Sudden death, 76 (tVNS), 120 Sylvian fissure, 172 biochemical stress response and mood, 123 Syntactic integration resource hypothesis, 191 GABA, 122 LC-NE system, 121 T memory task, 121, 122 Task-switching paradigm, 13 multitasking, 122 , 259 NE, 119, 121 affection and social proximity, 260 PES, 121 affects language use, 262 TNS, 117, 119, 123 basic cognitive mechanisms/principles, 264 U-shaped function and, 123 domestic violence, 263 Trigeminal Nerve Stimulation (TNS), 117, 120 language use and attentional focus, 262 biochemical stress response and mood, 123 Index 337

mood, 119 V neuropsychiatric disorders, 119 Valine (Val), 76 Trust, 262 Verbal learning, 37 Tryptophan-hydroxylase (TPH), 20, 24 Verbal memory, 37 Tryptophan (TRP), 20 Verbal protocol analysis, 205 healthy humans, enhancing prosocial Vibro-tactile discrimination task, 249 behavior, 20 Video games, 202, 203 LNAAs, 20, 22 action game effects, evidence for, 203 potential source, 25 actions, mechanism of, 204 to serotonin conversion, 21 cognitive abilities, 203, 205, 208 TPH enzyme, 24 definition, 202 vitamins B and D, 24 methodological issues, 207 Tyrosine-hydroxylase, 8, 9 replicate, failures of, 205 rate-limiting, 8, 10 statistics, 202 Tyrosine (TYR) Visual memory, 37 amino acid, 7 Visual processing, 138 depletion counter-actor, 8 Visuomotor tracking task, 287 dopamine conversion, 9 Visuospatial memory, 36 healthy humans, enhancing cognitive Vitality, 307, 308, 313, 314 demands in, 12 Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine), 24 L-DOPA, 8 Vitamin D, 24 long-term stress, 10 Voxel-based morphometry, 190 neurotransmitter synthesis, 8 plasma TYR levels, 8 W stressful conditions, enhancing cognitive Wechsler III Memory scale, 176 performance in, 10 Withdrawal reversal hypothesis, 52, 53 transport across cell membranes, 9 Working Memory (WM), 138 TYR supplementation, 7, 8, 10, 11, 13, 14, 325 Y U Ylang-ylang, 249 Useful Field of View (UFOV), 203 Young children, 36, 37, 39 See also Video U-shaped function, 123 games