In this report, the project cost is estimated using the May 2006 price and at an exchange rate of 1 US$= 114.58 Japanese Yen = 1181 Shilling. PREFACE

In response to a request from the Government of Tanzania, the Government of Japan decided to conduct a development study on Rural Water Supply in and Mara Regions in the United Republic of Tanzania and entrusted the study to Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA).

JICA selected and dispatched a study team headed by Mr. Toshiyuki Matsumoto of KOKUSAI KOGYO CO., LTD. between April 2005 and July 2006.

The team held discussions with the officials concerned of the Government of Tanzania and conducted field surveys in the study area. Upon returning to Japan, the team conducted further studies and prepared this final report.

I hope that this report will contribute to the promotion of this project and to the enhancement of friendly relationship between our two countries.

Finally, I wish to express my sincere appreciation to the officials concerned of the Government of Tanzania for their close cooperation extended to the study.

September 2006

Ariyuki Matsumoto Deputy Vice President Japan International Cooperation Agency

Independent Administrative Agency Japan International Cooperation Agency Mr. Ariyuki Matsumoto, Deputy Vice President

September 2006

Letter of Transmittal

As the Water Supply Plan for the Mwanza and Mara regions in the Republic of Tanzania has now come to an end, the Final Report of the plan is presented here.

This report mainly includes a summary of the results, from the study team of specialists from Kokusai Kogyo Co., Ltd, of the formulation of the Priority Project and the Water Supply Plan carried out in the Mwanza and Mara over a period of 17 months from April 2005 until August 2006.

As described in detail in the report, the Water Supply Plan was formulated for 428 villages and 57 existing pipeline water supply facilities in the Mwanza and Mara regions. Water sources were selected for these 428 villages based on the hydrological conditions of the villages and the positional relationship between the villages and , and water supply rates were established. A plan was formulated for the repair and expansion of the existing pipeline water supply facilities. In regard to the priority project, planning was carried out for wells with hand pumps and pipeline water supply facilities selected from the villages and facilities set out in the water supply plan.

I would like to extend my deepest gratitude to the kindness and cooperation given to the study group by the Department of Rural Water Supply of Ministry of Water, the Lake Victoria Basin Water Office as well as the regions of Mwanza and Mara and all the people related to the districts.

I would like to express my warm appreciation for the valuable advice and guidance provided for carrying out the study by your Agency, the Embassy of Japan in Tanzania and the JICA Tanzania Office.

It is hoped that the result of the study will be that the continuous water supply, made possible by the water supply plan, will be utilized in future in the Mwanza and Mara regions.

The Study on Rural Water Supply in Mwanza and Mara Regions in the United Republic of Tanzania Toshiyuki Matsumoto, Team Leader

Dried Traditional Water Source (Dry Season) Dried Traditional Water Source (Dry Season)

Traditional Water Source Along River Improved Traditional Water Source

Hand Pump Facility with Platform Traditional Water Source (Spring Water from Basement Rock)

Plate1: Current Conditions of Water Supply (Springs, Hand Pump) Fluctuation Breakdown of Pumping Machine

Abandoned Water Pipe Leakage in Pumping Machine

Deterioration of Pipes Corrosion of Water Tank

Plate2: Current Conditions of Water Supply (Piped Scheme) Measurement of River Discharge Water Quality Laboratory

Survey Work Measurement of Groundwater Level

RRA Exercise (Sketch Map) RRA Exercise (Water Source Mapping)

Plate 3: Field Survey 1 Transportation to Island Focus Group Discussion

O&M/ Socio-economic Survey Interview to Women

Water Fetching in the Evening Fetching Spring Water

Plate 4: Field Survey 2 Bathing and Fetching Water in Lake Victoria Water Quality Control (Pouring Chlorine)

Communal Tap with Meter Water Storage

Recording Data Village Volunteers Assisting Geophysical Survey

Plate 5: Field Survey 3 Setting of Drilling Rig Compressor

Drilling Rod Groundwater from Test Well

Sample Case Water Quality Test

Plate 6: Test Well Drilling Technology Transfer (Test Well Drilling) Technology Transfer (Geophysical Survey: Data Input Exercise)

Onsite Technology Transfer Onsite Technology Transfer (Geophysical Survey) (Geophysical Survey: Weinner Method)

Analysis of Groundwater Data Analysis of Socio-economic Data

Plate 7: Technology Transfer 1 Preparation of Presentation Materials Proofreading of Draft Final Report

Presentation by C/P in Mwanza Preparation of Presentation Materials

Presentation by C/P in Mara Presentation by C/P in Mara

Plate 8: Technology Transfer 2 Meeting on Inception Report Workshop on Progress Report

Steering Committee Meeting on Interim Report Seminar on Draft Final Report in Mwanza

Seminar on Draft Final Report in Mara Participants to the Seminar in Mara

Plate 9: Discussions and Meetings

CONTENTS

Preface Letter of Transmittal Location Map Photos Contents...... i List of Tables...... vi List of Figures...... ix Abbreviations...... x

Page:

1 Introduction ...... 1-1 1.1 General...... 1-1 1.2 Background of the Study ...... 1-1 1.3 Objectives of the Study...... 1-2 1.4 Work Schedule and Main Works...... 1-2 1.5 Study Area and Selected Villages and Existing Piped Schemes ...... 1-4 1.5.1 Study Area ...... 1-4 1.5.2 Selected Villages and Existing Piped Schemes for Water Supply Plan ...... 1-4 1.6 Study Organization and Persons involved...... 1-6 1.6.1 The JICA Study Team ...... 1-6 1.6.2 Persons involved...... 1-6

2 General Condition of Study Area ...... 2-1 2.1 General...... 2-1 2.2 Meteorology and Hydrology ...... 2-1 2.2.1 Meteorology...... 2-1 2.2.2 River System...... 2-2 2.2.3 Lake Victoria ...... 2-8 2.2.4 Feature of Hydrology...... 2-8 2.3 Topography and Geology ...... 2-10 2.3.1 Topography of the Study Area...... 2-10 2.3.2 Geology and Hydrogeology of the Study Area ...... 2-10 2.4 Socio-economic Conditions in the Study Area...... 2-19 2.4.1 Population and Demographic Characteristics...... 2-19 2.4.2 Local Administrative Divisions...... 2-19 2.4.3 Regional Economy...... 2-20

3 Existing Water Supply System ...... 3-1 3.1 General...... 3-1 3.2 General Condition of Water Supply ...... 3-1 3.2.1 Nationwide Water Supply Condition...... 3-1

i

3.2.2 Water Supply Condition in Study Area ...... 3-1 3.3 Piped Scheme for Water Supply...... 3-2 3.3.1 Current Condition of Existing Piped Scheme...... 3-2 3.3.2 Types of Existing Piped Schemes...... 3-8 3.3.3 Problems of Existing Piped Scheme...... 3-8 3.4 Current Institutional Situation of Operation and Maintenance for Water Supply System ...... 3-9 3.4.1 The Current Institutional Framework for Rural Water Supply...... 3-9 3.4.2 Current Activities for Water Supply at Community...... 3-12

4 Water Sources Potential ...... 4-1 4.1 General...... 4-1 4.2 Potential and Prospects of Use of Surface Water ...... 4-1 4.2.1 River Water Evaluation ...... 4-1 4.2.2 Lake Victoria Potential ...... 4-2 4.2.3 Examination of Surface Water Development ...... 4-2 4.3 Groundwater Potential...... 4-3 4.3.1 Classification of Aquifer Unit...... 4-3 4.3.2 Character of Aquifer Unit and Wells...... 4-5 4.3.3 Aquifer Potential Evaluation ...... 4-6 4.3.4 Examination of Groundwater Availability Map ...... 4-8 4.3.5 Potential Area for Groundwater Development ...... 4-8 4.4 Groundwater Development Plan ...... 4-14 4.4.1 Evaluation of Exploitable Amount of Groundwater...... 4-14 4.4.2 Remarkable Points for the Groundwater Development Plan...... 4-15 4.5 Water Quality in Study Area...... 4-18 4.5.1 Methodology and Water Quality Items ...... 4-18 4.5.2 Characteristic of Water Quality ...... 4-18

5 Water Supply Plan ...... 5-1 5.1 General...... 5-1 5.2 Target Year and Served Population...... 5-1 5.2.1 Target Year...... 5-1 5.2.2 Served Population of the Study Area...... 5-1 5.3 Water Demand...... 5-2 5.3.1 Unit Water Demand...... 5-2 5.3.2 Water Demand Projection...... 5-2 5.4 Water Sources...... 5-3 5.4.1 Water Sources...... 5-3 5.4.2 Water Sources Development Plan ...... 5-3 5.5 Water Supply Plan...... 5-3 5.5.1 Spring Protection...... 5-4 5.5.2 Medium and Deep Well with Hand Pump...... 5-5 5.5.3 Piped Scheme...... 5-11 5.6 Design Criteria of Water Supply Plan ...... 5-13

ii

5.6.1 Design Criteria...... 5-13 5.6.2 Facility Plan...... 5-13 5.7 Water Supply Development Plan ...... 5-16 5.7.1 Cost Estimation for Water Supply Plan...... 5-16 5.7.2 Implementation Plan...... 5-17 5.7.3 Financial Plan...... 5-18 5.8 Operation and Maintenance Plan of Villages and Piped Schemes...... 5-22 5.8.1 Establishment of Institutional Framework...... 5-22 5.8.2 Cost Estimation for Operation and Maintenance...... 5-27 5.8.3 Cost Collection Methods/Modes of Payment ...... 5-30 5.8.4 Community Awareness Plan...... 5-32 5.9 Evaluation of Water Supply Plan ...... 5-36 5.9.1 Economic Evaluation...... 5-36 5.9.2 Financial Aspects...... 5-37 5.9.3 Organization/Institution Evaluation...... 5-38 5.9.4 Natural/Social Environment Evaluation ...... 5-39 5.9.5 Technical Aspects...... 5-40

6 Priority Project...... 6-1 6.1 General...... 6-1 6.2 Selection and Criteria for Priority Project ...... 6-1 6.2.1 Selection Process and Criteria ...... 6-1 6.2.2 Selection of Priority Project...... 6-6 6.3 Preliminary Design of Water Supply Facilities...... 6-11 6.3.1 General Notion of Preliminary Design ...... 6-11 6.3.2 Water Demand ...... 6-11 6.3.3 Design Manual for Preliminary Design...... 6-11 6.3.4 Design Criteria...... 6-11 6.3.5 Facility Plan ...... 6-13 6.4 Cost Estimation for Priority Project ...... 6-28

7 Project Plan...... 7-1 7.1 General...... 7-1 7.2 Construction Plan ...... 7-1 7.2.1 Natural Conditions...... 7-1 7.2.2 Socio-economic Conditions...... 7-1 7.2.3 Machinery and Material...... 7-1 7.2.4 Local Contractor ...... 7-2 7.3 Implementation Plan...... 7-2 7.3.1 Implementation Schedule ...... 7-2 7.3.2 Financial Plan for the Priority Project ...... 7-3

8 Organization and Institutional Plan ...... 8-1 8.1 General...... 8-1 8.1.1 Objectives ...... 8-1

iii

8.1.2 Methodology...... 8-1 8.2 Current Activities for Water Supply in Villages ...... 8-1 8.3 Organizational and Institutional Arrangement of Responsible Bodies for Priority Villages...... 8-4 8.3.1 Overview of Suggested Organizational and Institutional Arrangment8-4 8.3.2 Village Level...... 8-8 8.3.3 District Level ...... 8-14 8.3.4 Regional Level...... 8-20

9 Operation and Maintenance and Community Awareness Plan...... 9-1 9.1 General...... 9-1 9.1.1 Objectives ...... 9-1 9.1.2 Methodology...... 9-1 9.2 Operation and Maintenance Plan...... 9-1 9.2.1 Setting Operation and Maintenance Cost ...... 9-1 9.2.2 Fee Collection...... 9-2 9.2.3 Method of Repairing Facilities ...... 9-6 9.2.4 Method of Spare Parts Delivery and Procurement System...... 9-7 9.3 Community Awareness Plan ...... 9-9 9.3.1 Current Sanitary/Hygiene Practices and Sense of Ownership...... 9-9 9.3.2 Objectives of Community Awareness Plan ...... 9-9 9.3.3 Outputs of Community Awareness Plan...... 9-9 9.3.4 Manuals for Community Awareness ...... 9-10 9.3.5 Capacity Development at Community Level...... 9-12 9.3.6 Suggested Training ...... 9-14 9.3.7 Role of Responsible Bodies for Community Awareness Plan ..... 9-16 9.3.8 Community Awareness Plan: Organization, Term, Injection and Budget...... 9-17

10 Evaluation of Priority Project ...... 10-1 10.1 General...... 10-1 10.2 Economic Evaluation...... 10-1 10.2.1 Target Villages and Beneficiaries in the Priority Project ...... 10-1 10.2.2 Economic Analysis ...... 10-1 10.3 Financial Aspects...... 10-4 10.3.1 Financial Evaluation ...... 10-4 10.3.2 Recovery of Operation, Maintenance and Replacement Cost ...... 10-4 10.4 Organization /Institutional Evaluation...... 10-5 10.5 Natural /Social Environment Evaluation...... 10-6 10.6 Technical Aspects...... 10-8

11 Conclusion and Recommendation ...... 11-1 11.1 Conclusion...... 11-1

iv

11.2 Recommendation...... 11-2 (1) Institutional Development and Supervising Structure ...... 11-2 (2) Establishment of Basic System for Water Sources Management...... 11-2 (3) For Formation of Yearly Plan for Water Supply ...... 11-3 (4) At the time of water supply plan implementation...... 11-3

v

List of Tables Page:

Table 1.5-1: Number of Villages and Existing Piped Schemes for Water Supply Plan 1-4 Table 1.6-1: JICA Study Team Member ...... 1-6 Table 1.6-2: Counter Personnel Member ...... 1-7 Table 1.6-3: DWE Officers in Each District ...... 1-7 Table 2.2-1: Average Monthly and Annual Rainfall (Unit:mm)...... 2-1 Table 2.3-1: Geologic Time Table of the Study Area ...... 2-11 Table 2.4-1: Distribution of Administrative Units in ...... 2-19 Table 2.4-2: Per Capita GDP in Mwanza Region ...... 2-20 Table 2.4-3: Per Capita GDP in ...... 2-21 Table 3.2-1: Water Supply Coverage (source: NRWSSP Final,2006)...... 3-1 Table 3.2-2: Condition of the Piped Scheme...... 3-2 Table 3.3-1: Summary of the Existing Piped Schemes ...... 3-3 Table 3.3-2: Condition of 57 Existing Piped Schemes...... 3-4 Table 3.3-3: Current Facility Problems ...... 3-8 Table 3.3-4: Number of Suspended Facilities ...... 3-9 Table 3.4-1: Current Organizational Problems and O&M Status ...... 3-11 Table 3.4-2: Current Activities of Water Supply Organizations at Community...... 3-12 Table 4.2-1: River Discharge ...... 4-1 Table 4.3-1: Aquifer and Yield, Depth...... 4-4 Table 4.4-1: Potential Volume of Groundwater Exploitation and Extraction...... 4-14 Table 5.2 1: Estimated Population Using Hand Pump and Piped Scheme ...... 5-2 Table 5.5 1: Classification of 428 Villages by Water Supply Plan...... 5-4 Table 5.5 2: Villages Using Spring in the Water Supply Plan ...... 5-5 Table 5.5 3: Number of Hand Pump in the Water Supply Plan ...... 5-5 Table 5.5 4: Water Supply Plan...... 5-6 Table 5.5 5: Number of Target Piped Schemes for Water Supply Plan...... 5-11 Table 5.5 6: Served Population by Newly Piped Scheme ...... 5-12 Table 5.5 7: Served Population by Expanded and Rehabilitated Piped Scheme...... 5-13 Table 5.7 1: Summary of Project Cost for Water Supply Plan...... 5-17 Table 5.7 2: Major GoT-ESA Investment in NRWSS-2004/2005...... 5-18 Table 5.7 3: Implementation Schedule for Water Supply Plan...... 5-18 Table 5.7 4: Summary of Funding Identified for RWSS Sub-Projects Plan (USD) ... 5-19 Table 5.7 5: Summary of Funding for GoT and Donors to Rural Water Sector (USD)...... 5-19 Table 5.7 6: Annual Disbursement Schedule and Expected Financing of Donor, NGO and GoT ...... 5-21 Table 5.8 1 Annual Cost Estimation for Technical Guidance, Facilitation and Follow-up .. 5-24 Table 5.8 2: Suggested Responsible Bodies of Community Water Organization...... 5-26 Table 5.8 3: Basis of O&M Cost (Borehole with hand pump)...... 5-27 Table 5.8 4: Basis of O&M Cost (Piped Scheme)...... 5-27 Table 5.8 5: Monthly O&M Cost per Household for 18 types of Water Supply Facilities... 5-28 Table 5.8 6: Monthly O&M Cost per Bucket 18 types of Water Supply Facilities .... 5-29 Table 5.8 7: Suggested Modes of Payment/Water Fee Collection Methods...... 5-30 Table 5.8 8: Summary of Training Needs and Budget related to Community Awareness Plan at Community Level...... 5-34 Table 5.8 9: Required Terms for activities and Training for Community Awareness Plan at Community Level...... 5-35 Table 5.9 1: Recovery of Operation, Maintenance and Replacement Costs ...... 5-38

vi

Table 5.9 2: Appropriateness of Piped Schemes from Technical Aspect ...... 5-40 Table 6.2-1: 100 Candidate Villages for Supplementary Survey...... 6-3 Table 6.2-2: 17 Candidate Existing Piped Schemes for Supplementary Survey ...... 6-5 Table 6.2-3: Criteria for Ranking of Villages ...... 6-6 Table 6.2-4: List of Piped Schemes and Wells with hand Pump for Priority Project ... 6-8 Table 6.2-5: Served Population Rate of Priority Project in 2015...... 6-9 Table 6.3-1: Design Criteria of Piped Scheme...... 6-12 Table 6.3-2: Facility Specifications of the Priority Project...... 6-14 Table 6.3-3: Borehole Structure ...... 6-15 Table 6.4-1: Cost Estimation of Priority Project...... 6-28 Table 7.3-1: Implementation Schedule of Priority Project...... 7-2 Table 7.3-2: Annual Disbursement for Priority Project (Unit: USD) ...... 7-3 Table 7.3-3: Planed Budget for Rural Water Supply ...... 7-3 Table 8.2-1: Current Activities for Water Supply in the 45 Priority Villages ...... 8-2 Table 8.3-1: Tasks of Responsible Bodies for O&M of the Hand Pump in the Priority Village ...... 8-5 Table 8.3-2: Tasks of Responsible Bodies for O&M of the Piped Scheme in the Priority Village ...... 8-6 Table 8.3-3: Detailed Tasks of WUG Members...... 8-9 Table 8.3-4: Detailed Tasks of WUA/Board Members (Piped Scheme Facility) ...... 8-10 Table 8.3-5: Detailed Tasks of the VWC ...... 8-11 Table 8.3-6: Arrangement for Protected Springs & Borehole with Hand Pump in the Priority Village ...... 8-12 Table 8.3-7: Arrangement for Piped Schemes in the Priority Village ...... 8-12 Table 8.3-8: Development Patterns and Institutional Arrangement of the VWC and WUG...... 8-13 Table 8.3-9: Development Patterns and Institutional Arrangement of the VWC and WUA...... 8-13 Table 8.3-10: Annual Cost Estimation for Technical guidance, Facilitation and Follow-up ...... 8-15 Table 8.3-11: Human Resource Deployment of District Water Departments (As of November, 2005)...... 8-16 Table 8.3-12: Human Resource Arrangement and Skills Development at the District Water Department ...... 8-16 Table 8.3-13: Capacity Training Needs for Organization Improvement at District Level ... 8-18 Table 8.3-14: Capacity Training Needs for PHAST and Gender at District...... 8-19 Table 8.3-15: Estimation for PHAST training at a Regional Level ...... 8-20 Table 9.2-1: Basis of O&M Cost (Borehole with hand pump) ...... 9-2 Table 9.2-2: Basis of O&M Cost (Piped Scheme) ...... 9-2 Table 9.2-3: Suggested Modes of Payment/Water Fee Collection Method for Priority Project...... 9-3 Table 9.2-4: Suggested Water Fee for the Priority Project ...... 9-3 Table 9.2-5: Summary of Modes of Payment/Water Fee Collection for the 45 Priority Villages...... 9-4 Table 9.3-1: Objectives of Community Awareness Plan...... 9-9 Table 9.3-2: Direct Outputs to Be Achieved ...... 9-10 Table 9.3-3: Existing Manuals on Capacity Development and Community Empowerment for Rural Water Supply by NRWSSP, HESAWA and Environmental Sanitation ...... 9-10 Table 9.3-4: Necessary Procedures and Terms for the Manual Preparation ...... 9-11

vii

Table 9.3-5: Steps and Persons in Charge for the VWC Establishment and Revitalization...... 9-13 Table 9.3-6: Steps and Person in Charge for the WUG/WUA Establishment and Revitalization...... 9-14 Table 9.3-7: Needs for Training and Target of the Training at Village Level ...... 9-15 Table 9.3-8: Roles and Responsible Bodies for Activities and Training of the Community Awareness Plan ...... 9-17 Table 9.3-9: Summary of Training Needs and Budget related to Community Awareness Plan at Community Level...... 9-19 Table 9.3-10: Required Term for activities and Training for Community Awareness Plan at Community Level...... 9-20 Table 9.3-11: Summary of O&M Activities Plan ...... 9-21 Table 10.2-1: Number of Beneficiaries and Households in the Priority Project...... 10-1 Table 10.2-2: Estimated Economic Benefits by Saved Time for Water Fetching ...... 10-3 Table 10.2-3: Estimated Health Improvement Benefits ...... 10-3 Table 10.2-4: Cash Flow for Calculation of Economic Indicators...... 10-4 Table 10.3-1: Recovery of Operation, Maintenance and Replacement Costs...... 10-5 Table 10.5-1: The Results of the First Screening...... 10-7 Table 10.6-1: Appropriateness of Piped Schemes from Technical Aspect ...... 10-9

viii

List of Figures Page:

Figure 1.3-1: Location Map of Study Area ...... 1-1 Figure 2.2-1: Annual Rainfall and Meteorological Station with River System ...... 2-3 Figure 2.2-2: Water Level of Lake Victoria...... 2-3 Figure 2.3-1: Geological Map ...... 2-6 Figure 3.3-1: Facility Types of the Existing Piped Scheme...... 3-2 Figure 4.2-1: Relation between Yield (litres/min) and Well Depth, Static Water Level by Geology ...... 4-3 Figure 4.2-2: Well Depth and Static Water Level...... 4-3 Figure 4.2-3: Groundwater Availability Map...... 4-6 Figure 4.3-1: Groundwater Development Plan ...... 4-8 Figure 4.3-2: Target Villages for Supplemental Hydrogeological Survey...... 4-9 Figure 5.5 1: Typical Design of Spring Protection...... 5-4 Figure 5.6 1: Typical Flow of Piped Scheme Using Lake Water...... 5-14 Figure 5.6 2: Typical Flow of Piped Scheme Using Groundwater ...... 5-15 Figure 5.7 1: Component of Project Cost...... 5-16 Figure 5.8 1: Future Institutional Framework for the Water Supply Plan...... 5-23 Figure 5.8 2: Recommended Institutional Framework for Procurement of Spare Parts...... 5-26 Figure 5.8 3: Suggested Structure of Water Fee Collection (Hand Pump) ...... 5-31 Figure 5.8 4: Suggested Structure of Water Fee Collection (Piped Scheme) ...... 5-32 Figure 6.2-1: Schematic Selection Flow of Priority Project for Village and Piped Scheme ...... 6-1 Figure 6.2-2: Location Map of Priority Project Site...... 6-5 Figure 6.3-1: Layout of Newly Installed Piped Scheme (Ngaya Scheme)...... 6-9 Figure 6.3-2: Layout of Newly Installed Piped Scheme (Nyamiswi Scheme)...... 6-10 Figure 6.3-3: Layout of Newly Installed Piped Scheme (Nyakahako Scheme)...... 6-10 Figure 6.3-4: Layout of Newly Installed Piped Scheme (Busongo Scheme)...... 6-11 Figure 6.3-5: Layout of Newly Installed Piped Scheme (Buswelu Scheme) ...... 6-11 Figure 6.3-6: Layout of Newly Installed Piped Scheme (Hungmalwa Scheme) ...... 6-12 Figure 6.3-7: Layout of Newly Installed Piped Scheme (Saragana Scheme) ...... 6-12 Figure 6.3-8: Layout of Newly Installed Piped Scheme (Bukonyo Scheme) ...... 6-13 Figure 8.3-1: Institutional Arrangement for O&M of the Hand Pump ...... 8-2 Figure 8.3-2: Suggested Institutional Arrangement for O&M on Piped Scheme ...... 8-3 Figure 9.1-1: Suggested Collection Structure of Water Fee for Hand Pump Facility... 9-2 Figure 9.1-2: Suggested Collection Structure of Water Fee for Piped Scheme ...... 9-3

ix

Abbreviations

ATP: Affordability To Pay AfDB: African Development Bank AFD: Agence Française de Développement BWO: Basin Water Office CBOs: Community Based Organization CIDA: Canadian International Development Organization COWSOs: Community Owned Water Supply Organizations CDO: Community Development Officer DC: District Commissioner DC: District Council DED: District Executive Director DDCA: Drilling & Dam Construction Agency DRWS: Department of Rural Water Supply DPO: District Planning Officer DWD: District Water Department DWE: District Water Engineer DWP: Domestic Water Points DWST: District Water and Sanitation Team DWT: District Water Technician EC: Electric Conductivity EIA: Environmental Impact Assessment ESAs: External Support Agencies EU: European Union FGD: Focus Groups Discussion FSPs: Facilitation Service Providers TSPs: Technical Service Providers GDP: Gross Domestic Product GEF: Global Environmental Facility GIS: Geographic Information System GNP: Gross National Product GOT: Government of Tanzania GTZ: Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Technische Zusammenarbeit HESAWA: Health through Sanitation and Water IEE: Initial Environmental Examination IFAD: International Fund for Agricultural Development IDA: International Development Association IWSs: Improved Water Sources JICA: Japan International Cooperation Agency LGRP: Local Government Reform Policy LVBWO: Lake Victoria Basin Water Office LVEMP: Lake Victoria Environmental Management Project MDGs: Millennium Development Goals M/M: Minutes of Meeting MOF: Ministry of Finance MOL: Ministry of Land MoW: Ministry of Water NEMC: National Environmental Management Council NGO: Non-Governmental Organization

x

NAWAPO: National Water Policy NWSDP: National Water Sector Development Policy O&M: Operation and Maintenance PRA: Participatory Rural Appraisal PRSP: Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper RF: Registration Form PHAST: Participatory Health and Sanitation Transformation PMO-RALG: Prime Minister’s Office, Regional Administration and Local Government RAS: Regional Administrative Secretariat RRA: Rapid Rural Appraisal RWSD: Rural Water Supply Division RWSSP: Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Program SIDA: Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency SC: Specific Capacity SR: Scoping Report SWAP: Sector Wide Approach to Planning SWL: Static Water Level TBA: Traditional Birth Attendant TOR: Terms of Reference Tsh/TSH: Tanzanian Shillings TWSs: Traditional Water Sources UFW: Unaccounted for Water UNICEF: United Nations International Children’s Fund VES: Vertical Electric Sounding VEO: Village Executive Officer VF: Village Fundis (Artisans) VHC: Village Hesawa Committee VHV: Village Health Volunteer VWC: Village Water Committee WB: World Bank WEO: Ward Executive Officer WRI: Water Resources Institutes WSS: Water Supply System WSSAs: Water Supply and Sanitation Authorities WSSMC: Water Supply System Management Centre WTP: Willingness To Pay WUA: Water User Association WUG: Water User Group

xi Chapter 1

Introduction The Study on Rural Water Supply JICA in Mwanza and Mara Regions in the United Republic of Tanzania KOKUSAI KOGYO CO., LTD.

1 Introduction

1.1 General This Report summarizes the final plans of the Study based on the Draft final Report on Rural Water Supply in Mwanza and Mara Regions in the United Republic of Tanzania (hereinafter referred to as “the Study”). The final results and plans were acquired under the Study which was carried out during the term from April 2005 to July 2006. The Final Report is mainly described into the water supply plan and the priority project. The former contents includes the water supply plan including the O&M plan regarding the 428 villages and 57 existing piped schemes selected based on the investigation of natural and social conditions in the Mwanza and Mara regions. The latter contents summarize the priority project including the implementation plan, organizational /institutional plan and O&M plan for the priority villages and existing piped schemes.

1.2 Background of the Study The United Republic of Tanzania occupies a total land area of 945 thousand sq. km and has a total estimated population of 34.4 million as of 2002. Being one of the least developed countries, the nation’s annual GDP per capita has remained at US$ 270 (2001). According to 2001 statistics, access to safe water per total population of the country is 88% for the urban area, and 46% for the rural area. The Government of Tanzania commenced the Rural Water Supply Plan (RWSP) in 1971 to secure safe and hygienic water within 400m for all Tanzanians by 1991, but the achievement was limited. In 2002, the government of Tanzania announced the “National Water Policy” to further increase national water supply coverage. The project regions, both Mwanza and Mara, are on the coast of Lake Victoria. The regions have a good economic environment due to the well facilitated fishery base and suitable agricultural land with favorable rainfall. Mwanza ranks in the top five out of 21 regions in terms of contribution to the national GDP (Mara ranks 12th). Most of the water supply facilities in the two regions are aged, having been constructed in the 1960s and 1970s. In response to the unfavorable condition of water supply facilities, SIDA implemented the HESAWA Project from 1985 to 2001 and as a result, new water supply facilities were constructed in 15 districts surrounding Lake Victoria. However, the high population growth has caused an increase in the demand for water, and the current water supply rate for the two regions is 49% in Mwanza and 45% in Mara (Source of 2004 by NRWSSP, Jan. 2006). Both regions mainly use the traditional well and shallow well water. In general, lake water is used for urban areas and lake water (mainly in the rainy season), dams and ponds are used for rural areas. However, most facilities do not have a purification system, which causes sanitation problems. Taking this situation into consideration, the Government of Tanzania requested technical assistance from the Government of Japan in August 2004 for the review of the Master Plan and the implementation of a Feasibility Study for the future water supply project. In response to the request, the Government of Japan decided to conduct the study and dispatched a preparatory study team to Tanzania in August 2003. After discussions between the Ministry of Water and Livestock Development and the JICA Preparatory Study Team, the

1-1 The Study on Rural Water Supply JICA in Mwanza and Mara Regions in the United Republic of Tanzania KOKUSAI KOGYO CO., LTD.

Scope of Work for the Study on Rural Water Supply in the Mwanza and Mara regions was decided.

1.3 Objectives of the Study The objectives of the study are: 1) To formulate a water supply plan for selected villages in the Mwanza and Mara regions.

2) To conduct a preliminary design on the priority projects for the target year of 2015.

3) To develop the capability of counterpart personnel from the Ministry of Water and other authorities concerned in the course of the Study. 1.4 Work Schedule and Main Works The Study has been carried out for a period of 17 months, starting from April 2005 until August 2006. The study period is divided into two stages as outlined in the Scope of the Study. The detailed work flow is attached in Figure 1.4-1.

1-2

The Study on Rural Water Supply JICA in Mwanza and Mara Regions in the United Republic of Tanzania KOKUSAI KOGYO CO., LTD.

First Contract Year Second Contract Year PHASE I - a PHASE I - b PHASE II Basic Study for Formulation of Water Supply Plan Formulation of Water Supply Plan Formulation of Preliminary Design 2005. Apr Mid-Apr Mid-May Sep Oct Dec 2006. Feb Apr May Mid-July Sep

Collecting/Analysis of Explanation/Discussion on Field investigation of exisiting Workshop on formulation of the Supplimentary field Preliminary design of existing information Inception Report water supply system water supply plan and the survey for preliminary facilites Discussion on Draft selection villages for priority design of priority Final Report projects Water Quality survey/Water supply projects Collection/Analysis of assessment (done in part by local Formulation of work existing materials and data subcontractor) implementation plan Forecast of water demand Water resources survey Socio-economic ～Mid-Nov Selection of candidate villages Formulation of O&M plan Technology Transfer situation for priority projects Seminar Inventory survey of existing wells Selection of villages for (by local subcontractor) priority projects Natural conditions Formulation of Meteorological/Hydrological organization/ institutional observation ～Mid-Nov improvement plan Formulation of water development plan for Verification of priority Survey/Analysis of groundwater existing facilities Consideration of basic programs/donor development potential ～Oct policies, contents and aim Sanitary Plan Formulation of community of the study Geophysical exploration (done awareness plan in part by local subcontractor)

1-3 Survey of legislation Formulation of O&M Plan Test well drilling (by local subcontractor) Formulation of Environmental/ Social Verification of organization/institutional considerations administrative Analysis of groundwater improvement plan organization of water recharge mechanism/Analysis supply projects of water balance Formulation of community awareness plan Calculation of project costs Survey of groundwater rights, Environmental/Social use conditions, the possiblitiy Study on current considerations for simple treatment, situation of exisiting environmental considerration, Project evaluation water supply sysytem etc. of Lake Victoria Cost estimation

Assessment of water resource Inception Report Formulation of potential ～Nov implementation plan Formulation of project Socio-economic survey of villages Formulation of financial plan implementation plan (by local subcontractor) ～Oct Project evaluation Procurement/transport preparation of equipment/materials for Progress Report Interim Report Draft Final Report Final Report the study

Figure 1.4-1: Flow Chart of Study

The Study on Rural Water Supply JICA in Mwanza and Mara Regions in the United Republic of Tanzania KOKUSAI KOGYO CO., LTD.

1.5 Study Area and Selected Villages and Existing Piped Schemes

1.5.1 Study Area The study will cover requested villages in eight districts in the Mwanza region and four districts in the Mara region, as shown in Figure 1.5-1. 9 Districts in Mwanza region: Misungwi; Sengerema; Kwimba; Magu; Geita; Ukerewe; and Nyamagana+Ilemela Total Area: about 19,590Km2 9 Districts in Mara region: Bunda; (R); ; and Serengeti Total Area: about 19,560km2

1.5.2 Selected Villages and Existing Piped Schemes for Water Supply Plan The number of requested villages submitted by MoW to the JICA Study Team is identified as a total of 929 villages in the Mwanza and Mara regions. In addition, a total of 428 villages, 205 in the Mwanza region and 223 in the Mara region, were selected as the target villages for the Water Supply Plan based on the criteria. The number of requested piped schemes in the Mwanza and Mara regions submitted by MoW to the JICA Study Team is identified as a total of 110 piped schemes. In addition, a total of 57 piped schemes, 37 in the Mwanza region and 20 in the Mara region, were selected as the target schemes for the Water Supply Plan based on the criteria. The number of villages and existing piped schemes for water supply plan in each district is as follows:

Table 1.5-1: Number of Villages and Existing Piped Schemes for Water Supply Plan

District No. of Target Villages No. of Target piped schemes Misungwi 16 5 Sengerema 74 7 Kwimba 23 6 Magu 23 7 Geita 43 4

Mwanza Region Region Mwanza Ukerewe 25 8 Nyamagana+Ilemela 1 0 Sub Total 205 37 Bunda 25 4 Musoma(Rural) 60 5

Mara Tarime 114 9 Region Region Serengeti 24 2 Sub Total 223 20 Total 428 57

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The Study on Rural Water Supply JICA in Mwanza and Mara Regions in the United Republic of Tanzania KOKUSAI KOGYO CO., LTD.

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Figure 1.5-1: Location Map of Study Area

The Study on Rural Water Supply JICA in Mwanza and Mara Regions in the United Republic of Tanzania KOKUSAI KOGYO CO., LTD.

1.6 Study Organization and Persons involved

1.6.1 The JICA Study Team The JICA Study Team is composed of the following thirteen (13) experts, with Mr. Toshiyuki Matsumoto, senior chief engineer of Kokusai Kogyo Co., Ltd., as the team leader and coordinator of undertakings relevant to the project involving the Government of Tanzania, JICA and other agencies concerned. The personnel and assignment plan is as shown in Table 1.6-1.

Table 1.6-1: JICA Study Team Member Name Responsibility Country of Origin Mr. Toshiyuki Matsumoto Team Leader/Water Supply Plan Japan Mr. Kensuke Ichikawa Hydrogeologist (A)/ Japan Groundwater Development Plan (A) Mr. Shigeki Kihara Hydrogeologist (B)/ Japan Groundwater Development Plan (B) Mr. Kazuyuki Suenaga Hydrological/Meteorological Japan Analysis Mr. Daisaku Kiyota GIS/Database Japan Mr. Tsugio Ishikawa Geophysical Survey Japan Mr. Shoji Masumura Socio-economic Survey Japan Mr. Taketoshi Fujiyama Facility Design/Cost Estimation Japan Ms. Rie Kawahara O&M Plan Japan Mr. Tomohiro Kato Environmental/Social Considerations Japan Mr. Takeshi Yoshikawa Team Coordinator (Phase I) Japan Ms. Mitsuko Nakamura Team Coordinator (Phase II) Japan Ms. Risako Imai Team Coordinator Japan

1.6.2 Persons involved The Tanzanian side has allocated the necessary number of counterpart personnel based upon the team. The counterpart personnel are composed of the following 15 members in the Mwanza and Mara regions.

1-6 The Study on Rural Water Supply JICA in Mwanza and Mara Regions in the United Republic of Tanzania KOKUSAI KOGYO CO., LTD.

Table 1.6-2: Counter Personnel Member

Name Responsibility Institution Mr. Wales Nkanwa RAS MW Team Leader/Water Supply Plan Mr. Felix Mboje DED Musoma MR Mr. Remius Matata Hydrogeologist (A)/(B) BWO MW Mr. William Mabula Groundwater Development Plan (A)/(B) BWO Musoma MR Mr. Lusekelo Mwambuli BWO MW Hydrological/Meteorological Analysis Mr. Sariro Mwita BWO Musoma MR Mr. Faustini Songo GIS/Database BWO MW Mr. Sumbuka Buluba DED Ilemela MW Geophysical Exploration Mr. Dimoso Mmba BWO Musoma MR Mr. J. Kyamba RAS MW Socio-economic Survey Ms. Edith Nyeme DED Musoma MR Mr. B.M. Nkwande Facility Design/Cost Estimation RAS Musoma MR Mr. Daniel Mkare RAS MW O&M Plan Ms. Mary Masanza DED Bunda MR Mr. Lucas Misana Environmental/Social Considerations BWO Musoma MR MW: Mwanza, MR: Mara

A total of ten District Water Engineers are involved in the Study as shown in the following list.

Table 1.6-3: DWE Officers in Each District Name Institution Mr. Selemani Kiyenza Water Engineer Mr. Wawa Nyonyoli Water Engineer Mr. R. H. Karugwa Water Engineer Mr. Henry Salala Water Engineer Mr. Abudalla Abdul Water Engineer Mr. Daniel Butati Petro Water Engineer Mr. Sumbuka Buluba Ag. City Water Engineer for Mwanza City Mr. M. Nyandiga Water Engineer Mr. Felix Mboje Musoma (R) District Water Engineer Mr. Josephat Ngodagula Water Engineer

1-7 Chapter 2

General Condition of Study Area The Study on Rural Water Supply JICA in Mwanza and Mara Regions in the United Republic of Tanzania KOKUSAI KOGYO CO., LTD.

2 General Condition of Study Area

2.1 General

The study area is the Mwanza and Mara Regions, which face Lake Victoria. The lowest area is 1,134m above sea level, and the weather is relatively milder due to its height and wind than seaside Regions. Both Regions are mostly cultivated countries comprising of flatland and low lying hills, and base their economical background in the agricultural sector, activities such as crop farming, livestock, forestry and fishery and provides most of the local population with employment opportunities and income sources.

Although the area faces towards a freshwater lake, the shortage of water supply especially in the dry season is a serious concern in those regions due to the rapid expansion of the population, pollution of the lake and shortage of facilities for water supply

2.2 Meteorology and Hydrology

2.2.1 Meteorology

A meteorological and hydrogeological study was conducted to clarify the potential use of water sources such as surface water and groundwater. The meteorological analysis was carried out by using existing data such as rainfall, evaporation, temperature and humidity. The annual average rainfall in the Mwanza and Mara Regions is 946 mm, average evaporation is about 1,800mm and average temperature is about 24.5 degree Celsius. The value of evaporation is measured by pan, and this method is not indicating representative area and surface structure. Therefore, Thornthwaite method has been used for the estimation of the evapotranspiration by the area for the hydrologic calculation.

a. Rainfall

The average and total annual, monthly rainfall for 35 years (from 1970 to 2004) at each meteorological station are tabulated in Table 2.2-1. A distribution map (isohyte) with meteorological stations is presented in the Figure 2.2-1. The monthly rainfall at the respective station is shown in Figure 2.2-2.

Table 2.2-1: Average Monthly and Annual Rainfall (Unit:mm) Station Region Station Name Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total Code 9133000 Musoma Airport 58.76 67.17 123.32 180.91 113.79 27.78 16.41 14.54 26.47 62.16 96.69 87.77 875.76 9133002 Shirati Mission 78.66 62.26 118.29 200.75 119.83 29.33 32.16 26.08 29.80 63.73 108.08 75.49 944.46 9133007 Kiabakari Prison 93.41 90.99 160.55 198.88 126.30 22.93 14.80 14.37 29.33 80.48 137.99 114.93 1084.95 Mara 9133013 Bwayi Primary School 56.39 52.66 102.42 142.43 76.83 12.10 6.02 13.13 16.66 32.76 56.35 55.18 622.91 9134033 Mugumu Primary School 105.21 100.08 140.81 150.62 121.05 51.12 34.29 59.56 61.53 77.99 114.92 121.49 1138.66 9234005 Seronera 105.29 97.76 141.28 143.44 85.00 39.39 10.86 21.43 36.27 47.89 93.78 86.04 908.42 9132002 Ukerewe 156.83 117.76 193.30 234.35 113.20 41.84 34.75 53.95 80.09 125.21 174.06 187.68 1513.03 9232009 114.80 103.71 144.29 171.73 72.17 18.43 11.51 22.36 23.07 83.60 154.41 147.78 1067.86 9232027 Kahunda 104.70 97.82 145.21 174.77 86.17 9.55 9.12 20.50 68.29 121.33 184.17 141.31 1162.93 9232028 Nyehunge Primary School 97.13 89.76 127.09 152.33 82.67 18.56 7.84 12.93 31.71 85.52 124.54 131.21 961.31 9232029 Buslwangiri Primary School 109.62 74.04 108.38 121.16 70.29 7.68 3.97 14.93 28.12 65.19 109.12 103.34 815.84 Mwanza 9233001 T.T.C. 109.20 97.82 148.58 164.75 73.55 6.43 8.75 10.39 13.24 74.19 110.61 137.54 955.05 9233005 Ngudu 93.11 95.09 140.96 136.81 57.80 16.11 4.12 5.91 16.56 61.63 130.34 126.32 884.75 9233031 Nyanguge Primary School 67.39 56.27 99.45 116.91 49.95 19.81 3.87 8.05 13.55 46.30 102.19 109.17 692.90 9233035 Mwanangwa Primary School 93.27 67.19 104.91 131.33 51.73 6.14 1.99 2.21 15.49 54.41 113.38 103.78 745.83 9332011 Kharumwa Primary School 104.37 104.80 127.23 108.54 55.35 11.49 4.72 2.28 24.97 61.26 143.78 137.33 886.13 9333058 Buhingo Parish 101.32 82.80 150.82 139.68 52.86 3.98 3.90 4.45 18.68 72.28 118.00 119.49 868.26 9333005 Masuwa 117.68 99.94 149.12 131.52 52.38 6.37 1.70 5.87 8.06 42.14 122.10 163.83 901 Average 98.17 86.55 134.78 155.61 81.16 19.39 11.71 17.39 30.10 69.89 121.92 119.43 946.10

The average annual rainfall in the study area is 946.1 mm. The maximum annual rainfall is

2-1 The Study on Rural Water Supply JICA in Mwanza and Mara Regions in the United Republic of Tanzania KOKUSAI KOGYO CO., LTD.

2,080 mm and the minimum annual rainfall is 358 mm. The maximum average monthly rainfall is 234.35 mm, and the minimum average monthly rainfall is 1.7 mm.

The dry season is from June to September, and the rainy season is November to April, this is the same at each station.

b. Evaporation

Evaporation was measured at five stations, but data was available at only two stations (Mwanza A.P. and Musoma A.P.) due to a large amount of missing data. The fluctuation of the average monthly evaporation for 20 years (from 1985 to 2004) is shown in Figure 2.2-3.

The maximum average monthly evaporation is 173.4 mm at Musoma in September and 177.0 mm at Mwanza in September. The minimum average monthly evaporation is 132.6 mm at Musoma in April and 113.7 mm at Mwanza in January

There are two high periods of evaporation in a year, which are in April and during July to October, both in the Mwanza and Mara Regions.

As mentioned previously, the estimation of the evapotranspiration has been carried out by the Thornthwaite method.

c. Temperature

The maximum monthly temperature is 31.1 degree Celsius at Musoma and 32.1 degree Celsius at Mwanza, recorded both in September 1997. The minimum monthly temperature is 14.6 degree Celsius at Musoma in July 1999 and 11.6 degree Celsius at Mwanza in July 1998. It can be said that the maximum monthly temperature is almost stable within the range from 27 to 29. The minimum monthly temperature decreases to almost 15 degree Celsius in July, and ranges from 16 to 18 degree Celsius. The average monthly temperature is shown is Figure 2.2-4.

The maximum average monthly humidity is recorded as 84 % in January, February and April at Musoma, and 91% in Mwanza in February. The minimum average monthly humidity is 46% in Musoma in June and August and 37% in Mwanza in July. The fluctuation of average monthly humidity ranges from 55 to 80% in the rainy season and 45 to 70%in the dry season.

2.2.2 River System

The river system in the study area is shown in Figure 2.2-5. Almost all rivers and streams flow into Lake Victoria, except in the southwest area of the Mwanza region. Divisional river basins and its catchment area are shown in Figure 2.2-5.

The main rivers in the study area are Mori river, , Suguti river, Grumeti river, Mbalageti river, Duma river, Simiyu river, Magogo river, Moame river and Isanga river in order from north side. Mara river, Grumeti river, Duma river, Simiyu river and Isanga river in particular have long streams with many tributaries. The flow directions of the main rivers are from east to west in the north-east area, from south-east to north-west in the central area and from south to north in the western area.

Discharges from each river from the existing record and river discharge measurement are shown in the Figure 2.2-8. According to the past record, three rivers of Mori, Simiyu and Mara River are considered as permanent rivers, of which only Mori River is examined as a reliable river which constantly discharges a flow of over 5 mm/month.

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Figure 2.2-1: Distribution of Average Annual Rainfall

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Figure 2.2-1

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Figure 2.2-2: Average Monthly Rainfall (mm/month, 1970-2004)

The Study on Rural Water Supply JICA in Mwanza and Mara Regions in the United Republic of Tanzania KOKUSAI KOGYO CO., LTD.

Figure 2.2-3: Average Monthly Evaporation (mm/month, 1985-2004)

Figure 2.2-4: Average Monthly Temperature (℃, maximum and minimum, 1970-2004)

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The Study on Rural Water Supply JICA in Mwanza and Mara Regions in the United Republic of Tanzania KOKUSAI KOGYO CO., LTD.

Figure 2.2-5: River System and Location of Discharge Station

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Figure 2.2-5

The Study on Rural Water Supply JICA in Mwanza and Mara Regions in the United Republic of Tanzania KOKUSAI KOGYO CO., LTD.

Figure 2.2-6: Catchment Area of Study Area

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Figure 2.2-6

The Study on Rural Water Supply JICA in Mwanza and Mara Regions in the United Republic of Tanzania KOKUSAI KOGYO CO., LTD.

2.2.3 Lake Victoria

Lake Victoria which is located north of the study area has an area of 69,490 km2, maximum water depth of 82m and an average water depth of 40m.

The present water level of Lake Victoria is about 1,134m above sea level, and fluctuation of water level from 1965 to 2004 is shown in Figure 2.2-7. These results indicate the trend of a decrease in water level from 1,136m to 1,134m during the past 40 years (1965- 2005).

Figure 2.2-7: Water Level of Lake Victoria (1965-2005)

According to the LVEMP data, potential sum of 33m3/s annual inflow is calculated to the water balance of the Lake in the short-term. This inflow will raise the water level of 0.015m of the Lake which the value is considerably low compare to the short-term annual fluctuation, comparing with the above table of the long-term data. Presumably, the water level of the Lake Victoria is strongly controlled by evaporation, rainfall and inflow from the tributary from the surrounding catchment.

It is an international lake which shares its border with Tanzania, and Uganda. All of the river discharge in the study area inflows into Lake Victoria. The total volume of stored water in Lake Victoria is always affected by the precipitation from the surrounding rivers flowing into the lake, evaporation and the artificial consumption and discharge of the shore side cities and villages.

2.2.4 Feature of Hydrology

The feature of hydrology in the study area is delineating Lake Victoria. The area can be subdivided into fourteen (14) river basins, and the entire river flows into the Lake. Mara, Simiyu and Mori rivers are categorized as perennial rivers, but only Mara river discharges a constant flow rate of more than 5 mm/month.

However, the Lake is an international lake which shares its borders with Kenya and Uganda. Therefore, the detailed hydrological features shall be studied through joint cooperation of the concerned countries.

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Figure 2.2-8: Average Monthly Ratio of Runoff in River Basin

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Figure 2.2-8

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2.3 Topography and Geology

2.3.1 Topography of the Study Area

The geomorphology of the study area is featured by flatland with some hills and terrain which project the geologic character of the area. The land is bordered on the north (Mwanza region) and west (Mara region) by Lake Victoria, which is one of the largest freshwater lakes in the world.

The Mwanza region is mostly occupied by low-lying land and rolling hills from the north to east end and particularly in the south-western area, the region is composed of comparatively higher ridges and deep, wide valleys. The typical topographical feature of the flatland in the area is the so called “monadnock” or “inselberg”, which is characteristic of an arid to semiarid landscape in the latest stage of the erosion circle.

The lake shore is composed of relatively undulating ridges and hills, and the region is divided into west and east portions by the Mwanza Gulf – Smith Sound which cuts deeply into the mainland.

The Mara region is characterized by sharp valleys and rolling hills with some terraces bounded by structural lineaments. Wide valleys are developed along the major rivers of Mara, Grumeti and Mori. Cliffs can be found along the large fault structure.

The altitude is lowest at Lake Victoria (1,134m) and the highest portion is some 1400m above sea level.

Most of the land area is cultivated. Dams can often be found in areas used for agriculture and grazing. The shaded surface map created from satellite radar is presented in Figure 2.3-1. The contour map with the river and stream systems is shown in Figure 2.3-2 and the satellite image (Landsat) of the area is shown in Figure 2.3-3.

2.3.2 Geology and Hydrogeology of the Study Area

a. Geological Structure and Geological Units

The geological interpretation was made based on the following sheets:

• Geological Map of (Scale 1:2,000,000 A.M. Quennell, Tanganyika Geological Survey, 1959)

• Geological Map, 1st Edition (Scale 1:125,000, Mineral Resource Division, , 1966 Quarter Degree Sheet)

A simplified geological map (based on the Geological Map of Tanganyika, 1959) is presented in Figure 2.3-4. The geologic time table in comparison with the geological unit in the study area is shown in Table 2.3-1.

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Table 2.3-1: Geologic Time Table of the Study Area

EPOCKS AND ROCK FO RM ATION AT MWANZA AND MARA REGIONS ERAS PERIODS EPOCHS Abbriviation: Formation and R ocks EPOCHS EONS Sedim ent and Volcanic and Plutonic Q uaternary Holocene Pleistocene N: alluvial, lacustrine, terrestrial, Nv: alkaline volcanics; basalt; N eogene Pliocene c fluviatile, marine deposits pyroclastics C enozoic Miocene

nozoi Tertiary Oligocene Eocene Kai Paleogene P: marine deposits Paleocene Mesozoic C: continental and marine

C retaceous c Cretacious sediments J: estauarine and marine Jurassic Jurassic deposits

Triassic M esozoi Karroo K: continental sediments Paleozoic Permian C arboniferous c Devonian B: mudstone; shale and phyllite; Silurian eozoi Bv: basalt and andesite Bukoban sandstone; arkose; quartzite; O rdovician Pal congromerate; limestone Cambrian

Proterozoic Ediacara or Vendian Gp: granite and granodiorite c Neoproterozoic A: phyllite; schist; quartzite; Gl: granite and granodiorite Karagwe - sandstone M esoproterozoic Ankolean and G: augen gneiss; migm atite;

Proterozoi Ukingan Paleoproterozoic porphyry Archean U sagaran and X: marble; quartzite; schist and Gl: granite and granodiorite Ubedian gneiss

Kavirondian V: quartzite; phyllite Pre-cambrian Phanerozoic Z: banded iro n s tone; meta- G s: granite and granodiorite Archean Nyanzian volcanics; schist and porphily (foliated, gneissose or migm atitic D odom an D: schist; gneiss; quartite H adean * Geologic time reflects the Geological Society of America (GSA) 1999 Geologic Timescale, compiled by A.R. Palmer and J. Geissman -- S. Rieboldt, Nov. 2002 ** Epochs and Rock Formation in the Mwanza and Mara regions are compiled, referring to the Summary of the Geology of Tanganika (A.M. Quennel, A.C.M. Mckinlay, W.G. Aitken, 1956) *** Bold abbreviation indicates the rocks observed in the study area.

In general, geological formations observed in the area can be divided into the following three units by age:

• Precambrian plutonic, volcanic and metamorphosed rocks (granite and granodiorite, schist, gneiss, meta volcanics)

• Paleozoic sedimentary rocks (Bukoban series; mudstone, shale and phyllite, sandstone, congromerate and limestone)

• Neocene deposits (alluvium, laterite, marine and lake origin sediments, fan and terrace deposits and volcanic rocks)

Precambrian rocks occupy about 80% of the total land area of the Mwanza and Mara regions. Out of the Precambrian rocks, plutonic rocks such as granite and granodiorite are commonly exposed in the area. The assemblage formed by Petrozoic–Archean granite and greenstone is located in the central nucleus of the country, and the so-called Tanzania Craton, surrounded

2-11 The Study on Rural Water Supply JICA in Mwanza and Mara Regions in the United Republic of Tanzania KOKUSAI KOGYO CO., LTD.

by Proterozoic belts. Paleozoic (ot pre-Karroo) rocks are only found in a few areas, mostly in the Mara region. Neocene deposits are common in the surface geological observations and the sediments are chiefly distributed at the lake and riverside.

b. Lineament and Structure

Lineament interpretation was made on the aerial photographs obtained from the Surveys and Mapping Division, Ministry of Lands.

In general, clear lineaments are observed in the mountainous areas in Geita, Sengerema, Misungwi, Mwanza, the north western area of Magu and northern Kwimba in the Mwanza region. In the Mara region, lineaments are widely observed, except for the flat terrace formed in the surroundings of major rivers.

The lineaments were classified into the following categories:

• Clear lineament • Relatively clear lineament • Other minor lineament (not obvious but readable, rounded or not long (less than 5km))

Lineaments were observed in the whole region, except the lowland and flat area, as most of the area is covered by plutonic rocks. The direction of the major lineaments tends to be as follows by respective area.

• The major trend of lineaments in Geita, Sengerema, Ukerewe, West of Misungwi and Mwanza rural area is in a WNW-ESE direction, intersected by several lineaments in a NNE-SSW direction. Some of the lineaments are also confirmed in the NNW-SSE direction. The area is basically segmented into small fragments of rock mass.

• Low lying hills and flatland are abundant in the area of Kwimba, and part of Magu. Strong lineaments cannot be seen, but lineaments in a WE-SW, WNW-ESE direction have developed. Lineaments in a NNE-SSW and WNW-ESE direction intersect in the north-eastern part of Magu.

• South of Bunda is the flatland of the river terrace. Major lineaments in a NW-SE direction can be found at the boundary with the Musoma District.

• The major trend of lineaments in the Musoma, Tarime and Serengeti areas is in NW-SE, NE-SW and EW directions, but there is high irregularity of the lineaments in the area. They also intersect each other, and are fragmented. The large fault structure is well identified by aerial photograph at the boundary of Tarime, Serengeti, and Musoma.

A lineament map on the scale of 1:50,000 is under preparation due to some missing parts of the topographical maps which are to be interpreted. The major lineaments in the area are presented in Figure 2.3-5.

Figure 2.3-6 shows the lineament density. The figure indicates the number of major (clear) lineaments in the area of 4 sq. km.

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Figure 2.3-1: Surface Shaded Map (SRTM)

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Figure 2.3-1

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Figure 2.3-2: Topographical Map

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Figure 2.3-2

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Figure 2.3-3: Satellite Image （LANDSAT）

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Figure 2.3-3

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Figure 2.3-4: Geological Map

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Figure 2.3-4

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Figure 2.3-5: Lineament and Structures

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Figure 2.3-5

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Figure 2.3-6: Lineament Dencity

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Figure 2.3-6

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2.4 Socio-economic Conditions in the Study Area

2.4.1 Population and Demographic Characteristics

a. Statistical Data on Population

Population censuses were conducted in the United Republic of Tanzania in 1967, 1978, 1988 and 2002. The censuses indicated that the total population was 12.3 million, 17.5 million, 23.2 million, and 34.4 million, respectively.

b. Population Size and Growth Rate by Region

The 2002 population census indicated that the biggest region by population size was Mwanza with a population of 2,929,644, accounting for 8.8 percent of the total population in Tanzania mainland. Mara was ranked 13th among 21 regions in the country with a population of 1,363,397 (4.1 % of the total population).

The average annual population growth rate in Tanzania was 2.9 % between 1988 and 2002 censuses. The average annual population growth rate is 3.3% in Mwanza and 2.5% in Mara.

2.4.2 Local Administrative Divisions

a. Administrative Divisions

Tanzania mainland is administratively divided into 21 regions. has three regions and Pemba two regions. Each region is divided into districts which are further sub-divided into wards. There exists one level between district and ward, i.e. a division which is made up from a number of wards. In the 1978 census, ward was used as the only administrative level below district. Under each ward, there are a number of villages.

b. Community Structures

Communities in Tanzania can be classified into in urban and rural areas. In rural areas, most communities are called villages. In urban areas, the classification of “mtaa” (street) is used to indicate a quarter or division of the urban area.

A village is the lowest level of administrative unit led by a village chairperson and village executive officer. A village sometimes consists of several sub-villages (kitongoji). The lowest level of community structure is called a ten-cell which actually contains ten to fourteen households. The leader for this structure is called ten-cell leader or “mjumbe”.

The “mtaa” is an urban neighbourhood: the smallest unit of urban administration and equivalent to a village council. It has an elected committee and the committee chairman is the leader. The following table shows the number of villages and “mtaa” of each district in the Mwanza and Mara regions.

Table 2.4-1: Distribution of Administrative Units in Mwanza Region

Region District Division Ward Village Mtaa Mwanza 8 33 174 712 379

Mara 4 20 79 414 138

Total 12 53 253 1126 517

Source: (1) National Bureau of Statistics; (2) Socio-economic Profile Mara Region, 2003

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2.4.3 Regional Economy

Detailed economic conditions such as agriculture, fisheries, economic infrastructure (road, marine transport and energy) and social services (education, health) are described in the supporting report. The major activities and Per Capita GDP in each region is described as follows.

a. Mwanza Region

a.1 Economic Activities

The agricultural sector including crop farming, livestock, forestry and fishery provides most of the local population with employment opportunities and income sources. It employs over 85 % of the labor force. The most important food crops grown in the Mwanza region are maize, paddy, sorghum/millet, cassava, beans and cowpeas. The major cash crops are cotton and groundnuts.

Fisheries activities in Lake Victoria contribute significantly to the regional economy in terms of foreign exchange earning. Commercial fishing is carried out by fishing companies using modern fishing gear and vessels. In addition, there are nearly 30,000 fishermen and 8,000 registered fishing vessels in the region, producing about 1.16 million tons of fish in 2001.

a.2 Per Capita GDP

Per capita GDP in Mwanza region had increased from 76,324 Tsh in 1995 to 184,513 Tsh in 2000 at current value. In terms of U.S. dollars, per capita GDP had increased from US$102 in 1995 to US$231 in 2000.

Table 2.4-2: Per Capita GDP in Mwanza Region

Year GDP at current value in Per capita GDPat Per capita GDP in Exchange rate in million Tsh current value in Tsh U.S. dollars Tsh 1995 203,939 76,324 102 575 1996 n.a n.a n.a 580 1997 313,469 117,316 158 612 1998 n.a n.a n.a 665 1999 460,566 172,368 232 744 2000 643,595 184,513 231 800 Source: (1) Socio-economic Profile, Mwanza Region, 2003; (2) Study team’s estimate

b. Mara Region

b.1 Economic Activities

The agricultural sector including crop farming, livestock, forestry and fishery provides most of local population with employment opportunities and income sources. It employs over 85 % of the labor force. Crop farming is the most important economic activity, followed by livestock keeping and fishing. Fishing is important for the people living along the lake shores in the Bunda, Musoma and Tarime districts.

Maize and cassava are the main food crops, being the staple food for most households. Paddy is considered as a cash crop when farm households have surplus production. The main cash crops are cotton, coffee and groundnuts. Cotton is the predominant cash crop in the region.

Fishing provides employment of people along the lakeshore generating good income and

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sustains the fish trade within and outside the country. Fishing contributes little to the regional economy compared to crop production and livestock keeping.

b.2 Per Capita GDP

Per capita GDP in the Mara region increased from 81,476 Tsh in 1995 to 181,113 T. shillings in 2000 at current value. In terms of U.S. dollars, per capita GDP increased from US$142 in 1995 to US$226 in 2000.

Table 2.4-3: Per Capita GDP in Mara Region

Year GDP at current value in Per capita GDP at Per capita GDP in Exchange rate million Tsh current value in Tsh U.S. dollars in Tsh 1995 95,360 81,476 142 575 1996 117,423 97,686 168 580 1997 146,924 118,734 194 612 1998 173,550 136,055 205 665 1999 202,241 153,804 207 744 2000 245,495 181,113 226 800 Source: Socio-economic Profile, Mara Region, 2003

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