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Home , Agnes Brown (suffragist), Barbara Drake, Barnbow, Courtaulds, Fairhurst (company), Jessie Stephen

Appendix 1: Federation Officials and Organisers

I make no claims that this list is complete and it is presented here with some important caveats:

1. It is not always easy to determine whether organisers were employed by the Federation or the WTUL, and some carried out work for both or were hired temporarily by the Federation. I have not included a full list of WTUL staff, merely those whose WTUL duties included Federation campaigns or the establishment of Federation branches. 2. The dates given are the known years of engagement, but for many their involvement may have preceded and succeeded these years. 3. During and after the war, the term ‘organiser’ was sometimes used to describe both a paid worker and a branch official. Although I have tried to identify those who were paid, the nature of the Federation sometimes makes the dis- tinction between paid, honorary and branch officials difficult to distinguish. In addition, the Federation rules (1911) make it clear that as long as branches kept within the limits of their local management fund and paid the money due to the Central Office, the payment of branch officials was left to the deci- sion of the Branch Committee. 4. Because of these uncertainties, some names are included both here and in Appendix 2, which lists known branch locations and their officials.

President: (1906– 11); Gertrude Tuckwell (1911– 18); Mrs Agnes Lauder (nee Young) (also Divisional Organiser, , 1917) (1918– 21) Vice President: Mrs Lamont (1908); Miss Arkell (1918) Treasurer: Rosa Hillary (1908); Miss Margaret Craig (1909) General Secretary: Louisa Hedges (1907– 09); Jessie Main (1909– 10); Helena Flowers ( 1909– 10); Mary Macarthur (1911– 21) Assistant Secretary: Helena Flowers (1907), Florence Weidner (left to be married 1912); Agnes Young (1914); Mr George Kershaw (resigned 1918) Organising Secretary: Miss Mollison (1910); (1911) Miss Ethel Weaver (1912, then Assistant Organising Secretary 1918– 19); (1915, and Chief Assistant Secretary 1918); Dorothy (Deputy, temporary 1918) Head of Negotiations Department: Madeleine Symons (1918–19); department worker and organiser Miss Cutlack Organising Secretary of the War Workers’ Campaign: (1915) Junior Organiser: Miss Nutcher (1915) Secretary of Domestic Workers’ Section: (1918–19) Chief Organiser: George Dallas (1912)

169 170 Appendix 1

National Organiser: Harriet Fawcett (1917– 18) Regional: English Organiser: Miss Ada Newton (1912) Midland Organiser: Mr W. J. Hodgetts (1912) Birmingham: Miss Ellen Smyth (1908); Mr Rowley (1917), Miss Howarth (from , 1917); Miss Gibson (1918); Mrs Pownell (1918); From 1920 offices 262 Corporation Street Bradford: Miss Lilian Barton (1919) : Mrs Busby (1920) Bristol: Miss Codrington (1917) 1918 offices Kingsley Hall Cradley Heath: Mr Charles Sitch (1911), office in the Workers’ Institute : Mrs Givens (1916– 18) Five Towns: Miss Phoebe Wedgwood (1917) Ireland: Helena Flowers (1917– 19); Miss O’Donovan (1917); Mrs Buckley ( 1918– 19); Mrs Duffy (1918) : Mrs Jeannie Arnott ( 1916– 19) and South East: Ada Warters (1916); Isabel Sloan (National Organiser 1916–17); Miss C.L. Adams (1917); Helen Bowen Pease (1918); Mrs Coombes (1918); Miss Calthrop (1918– 19); Miss Campbell (1919); Mrs Flattery (1919); Miss Goldsworthy (1920); Miss Burton (1920); Miss Wilson; Miss Butcher, Mrs Holloway and North West: Mrs Shepherd (1914– 17); Mrs Mills (Barrow, 1915– 18); Reina Harris (1916, becomes Mrs George Davies); Miss Murray (1918) Mansfield: Alice Maclenan (1914) North East: District Organiser Harriet Fawcett; Miss C.M. Ellis (later Lewcock) (1917); Miss Mathews (1917); Mrs Boak (1917); Dorothy Jewson (1917); Mr Dryden (1917); Miss Neeme (1918); Mrs Platt Nottingham: Miss Peters (1912); Mrs Johnson (1918); Miss Scott (1918) Scotland: (1911); Kate Maclean (1911– 14); Kate McIntosh (resigned 1914 to be married); Miss Mellor (resigned as Scottish Secretary 1914); Miss Lois CP Young (Scottish Secretary 1914); Miss Agnes Young (Assistant Scottish Secretary 1914); Nancy Adam (1917–21); Miss MacGregor (1917); Miss Quin (1917); Miss Innes (1919); Miss Jenny Alexander (1919) Sheffield and the North of : Miss Helena Airey (1914); Mrs G Wilkinson (1917) Willenhall: Mrs Hunter (1920) Appendix 1 171

Pre- war Federation organising: Mrs Pete Curran, Esther Dicks (became Mrs Young 1910), Miss Hickling, Barbara Keen, Susan Lawrence, Mrs Annie Lowin, Mrs Annie Marland-Brodie, Marion Phillips, Ada Nield Chew, Sophy Sanger, Julia Varley, Jessie Ward, Miss Windsor Organisers and staff whose permanent work locations (if any) remain unclear or who worked in various locations: M. Baldwin (based in Head Office), Amy Barker, Miss Baxter, Miss Berne, Miss Bibby, Miss Bromhall, Miss Bulmer, Miss Cole, Miss Cutlack, Mr Dryden, Miss Ferne, Mrs Flattery, Miss Elizabeth Glen (earlier association with the National Association of Telephone Operators), Mrs Hayes, Miss Jones, Miss Kelman, Mrs Kennedy, F.M. Lees, Mrs Pretty, Mrs Reeves, Mrs Rogers, Helen Stock, Mrs Koster, Miss Burfoot, Miss Lister, Miss McDermid, Miss Russell, Miss Walton, Miss Woodhead, Miss Wragg (including Nottinghamshire and Hull) Appendix 2: Federation Branches

This is not a comprehensive list but is included here to encourage and facilitate further research. Dates indicate the years of establishment and/or known branch existence but do not necessarily imply that there was no branch in the interven- ing or subsequent years. Entries include trades or firms in which the Federation organised, where these are known, as well as branch personnel and/or rank and file members and dates of association. Branches that transferred to the NUGW or merged with an existing NUGW branch are marked with*. Evidence is drawn from the range of primary sources and newspapers listed in the bibliography.

London

Abbey Wood 1916, 1917, Miss E. Thomas. Munitions *Acton 1912– 19, 1913, Secretary Miss Archer. 1916 Branch Secretary Miss Romayne. 1919 Secretary Mrs Goode. Branch chairman Mrs Radcliffe. 1920 Secretary Mrs Searle. Laundry, Aircraft, Wilkinson Sword Acton and 1919 laundry Aldgate 1917, Secretary Miss E. Hyde, Collector Mrs Sheppy *Barking 1914– 15 mineral water factory, Indian Rubber goods. 2 branches 1914 Secretaries Miss Franks, Miss A. Stokes, 1916 Secretary A. Stokes *Battersea 1916, Officials Miss Deits, Miss Dean. Battersea Projectile branch 1918 Secretary Miss H. Bridault. 1920 Phillips Mill *Bermondsey 1911 tin box makers, jam makers, confectioners. 1913 secretary Miss W. Cole, 1914 2 branches, Miss Leary, Miss Newman, 1915 Miss Bathe. 1918 Hepburn, Gale & Ross. 1919 Secretary Miss Jessie Stephen Blackheath 1916 nut and bolt trade Blackwall 1911 sack makers *Borough 1914 rag picking. Secretary 1914 Miss Stanton, 1915 Miss M. Nicholls. 1918– 20. Messrs Haywood *Brentford 1921 Brixton 1916 Moffat Institute Branch Secretary, Miss Handford. Laundry *Brook Green 1917– 21, Collectors, Miss Gladys Ward, capping room, Miss Budd, winding room, Mrs Gyford, sealing room. 1918– 20 Honorary Secretary Miss Winifred Goldfinch Camberwell 1914 button holers. 1914 secretary Miss Challis. 1920 *Camden Town 1911 Idris and Co, Soda Water Manufacturer. President Annie Lowin

172 Appendix 2 173

*Central London 1908 dressmakers (formerly London Dressmakers), President Miss Rosa Hillary. 1917. Secretary Alice Horan. 1919 district office and meeting rooms 7 Featherstone Buildings near Chancery Lane. 1920 button makers Chadwell Heath 1919 Sadgrove Aircraft Company *Charlton 1915 Messrs Siemens. 1915 Secretary Miss E.M. Shorter. 1916 braiding and rubber departments of Siemens. 1917 Collector Mrs Felstead Chelsea and District 1917– 18 Chiswick 1914– 15 Cherry Blossom Boot Polish Factory (tin shop). 1914 secretary Miss Arnold. 1917 revived by Miss Gibson. 1918 Gwynnes *City of London 1912– 15 amalgamation of several branches, including Fulham and Hackney. 1915 secretary Miss L. Hulland 1917–18 Downbee & Sons, West India Dock Road. Secretary Miss O’Grady. 1919 umbrella makers Clapham Common 1919 Laundry Clapton and Hackney 1920 Laundry Clerkenwell 1907, Secretary Miss Louisa Hedges. Formerly Dressmakers Union. Honorary Secretary Miss Hillary. 1911 Confectioners (Murray). 1913 secretary Miss E. Cooke *Crayford 1916, Secretary M. Hocking. (munitions) *Cricklewood 1916 munitions, aircraft. 1917, Handley Page. President Miss Taylor, Vice President Miss Manning, Secretary Miss Kilburn, Assistant Secretary Miss Hopkins, Treasurer Mr Franklin, Collector Miss Shepherd, Shop Stewards Miss Billingham, Miss Collins Croydon 1918 Waddon’s. Canteen workers *Croydon (East) 1916–17 Creed & Bille’s. 1918 Secretary Miss Hardy, member Miss Oakley. Fuller’s, Brighton Road *Cubitt Town 1915– 17. 1915 Secretary Miss Gildred, Miss Machie. 1919 Secretary Miss Coombes. Collectors Miss Stark, Miss Pidgeon Dagenham 1915– 16 Sterling Telephone Works. 1915 Secretary Miss Cutts. President Ada Warters, Secretary Mrs Campbell, Treasurer Mrs Errington. 1918 Dagenham Dock. 1918 Secretary Mrs Perryman, Shop Steward Miss Godfrey. 1919 disbanded Dartford 1915, Secretary Miss B. Cook *Deptford 1914– 15 tin box industry, several branches. 1914 secretaries Miss M. Willing, Miss L. Ashwin, Miss L. Carter. 1918– 19. District office 364 Evelyn Street. Resignation of Mrs Macallister as Secretary. Shop Steward Miss Sanders. 1920 Secretaries Mrs Burke, D. Batho. Laundry East End 1914 Messrs J. Walker, Whisky Distillers. 1914 Secretary Miss A. Lake. 1919 Yeatman’s. 1919 Walker & Co. Cable Street, rag- sorters and sack makers, Secretary Mrs Hyams 1920. Messrs Amster & Randall, Chocolate Makers, Bow East London Ropemakers 1917–19 West’s Factories, East London Rope Factory. Organised by Miss Jewson. Branch at Frosts. Secretary Miss Annie Lawrence 174 Appendix 2

Edgware 1918 Wrights *Edmonton 1906 Eley’s ammunition factory. 1907 Secretary Helena Flowers. Succeeded by Miss Murray. 1909 delegates to Federation Annual Conference, Misses Louie Harding, Murray, King, Ada Gurden, Dewy, Isaacs, Walker, L. Arkell, McEwen, Nutcher, Maud Watson, Criddell, E. Dicks, Carter, Preston, Glover, . Clothing club started by Miss Flowers and Miss King. 1913 resignation of Secretary Miss L. Arkell, replaced by Miss King. 1915 Sparklet Limited. 1916 Eley’s, Enfield Lock, Ponder’s End Shell Factory, I.A. Preswick’s, Tottenham. Member (or Secretary) Leslie Jones. 1918 death of Gertrude Cooper, aged 28. Member for nine years. Gothic Works. Edmonton & Tottenham Feltham 1917– 18, Shop Steward Miss Clark. Aircraft Finsbury Park 1916–17, 1919 British Ever Ready Company *Fulham, Walham Green and Hammersmith 1913 Secretaries, Miss McCabe, Miss A. Holmes. 1918– 19 laundries. President Mrs August (Sunlight), Chief Steward, Mrs Garlick (Crown),Treasurer Miss White (Crown). 1919 President Miss Cavalier, Secretary Miss Prowler, Treasurer, Mrs Scott Greenwich 1920 Saxonia Cable Works. Organiser Mrs Coombes *Hackney 1913, Secretary Miss Chapman 1919– 20 Laundry Hammersmith 1915 Secretary Miss E. Madigan. Messrs Waring and Gillows, Oxford St (Shop Steward Alice Horan) and also at the White City Hammersmith Laundries 1920 *Hammersmith and West Kensington 1921 amalgamated *Hampstead 1917 Messrs Aldam and Heaton. 1918 Secretary Miss Hughes replaced by Mrs Chiglett Harlesden 1920 Stella Lamp Company *Harrow 1920 laundry, Miss Webster *Hayes 1915– 17 His Masters Voice Gramophone Company (making fuses and shells). 1915 Secretary Miss M. Birch. Organising Secretaries, Miss Cryan and Mrs Bray (acting as Branch Secretary). 1917 Filling Factory Hendon 1913 Hendon Aircraft Company 1915– 16 Aeroplane Department. Secretary Miss Lording replaced by Miss Alice Green (former President). 1915 Secretary Miss A. Woodward, Treasurer Miss Emily Lovelidge. Later in the year President Miss Symes, Secretary Miss Smith (possibly more than one branch) Highams Park 1919 British Xylonite Works Highgate 1917, Secretary Mr Howard (pro tem) Homerton 1911 Lead workers Hoxton 1908 box makers. 1916 Maurice Hostel Branch, President Miss Vivian (Hostel Warden), Secretary Miss Allen (Assistant Hostel Warden) *Islington 1910 jam workers, mineral water workers and chocolate workers. 1913. 1917, Poulton and Noel; Acme Arc Lamp and Engineering Company. Appendix 2 175

Laundry. Meetings held by Mrs Bray and Miss Jennie Johnston. 1918 Poulton and Noel, Brewery Road 1918 (soup makers), 1920 Maxim Lamp Company Kennington 1917 Adams Grinnock’s, Officers Mrs Barnard (President), Mrs Keely (Vice President), Miss Thomas (Treasurer), Mrs Anthill (Secretary). 1919 Messrs Jennings. Secretary Miss Corrie *Kentish Town 1919–20 bag makers Kilburn 1919 District office Middle Row Club, 271 Kensal Rd, North Kensington (laundry workers) *Kings Cross 1909– 10 chocolate makers. 1910, Plaistowe’s Jam Factory. Laundry workers. 1913 Secretary Miss M. Woods, 1914 Mrs M. Tisdall, 1915 Miss F. Miller. 1917, Laundry. Kings Cross No. 3 officers: President, Miss Pope, Secretary, Miss Whenman, Treasurer, Miss Cheese. 1917 Branch No. 2, Plaistowe’s. GN Railway. Meetings Pentonville Labour Exchange. 1919 Secretary Mrs E. Coutts. Shop Steward at Bertish Mothersill, Mrs Phillips *Kingston 1918 Sopwith’s Aviator 1920, Miss Bulmer *Lewisham 1917– 18 Messrs Graham’s and Elliot’s Leyton 1918 Limehouse 1919 General Equipment Company * 1911– 20 school and kitchen cleaners. Secretaries 1913 Mrs Rushbrook, 1915 Miss Groves London Laundries 1917, Times Laundry. 1919, ‘dozens’ of laundries joining – Willesden, Hornsey, Balham, Kensington, Kennington, Brixton, Forest Gate, Chiswick, Hammersmith, Notting Hill London (South West) 1919 Spiers and Ponds’ packers and sorters. Treasurer Miss Leadbetter (Spiers). Joint Secretaries Miss Emily Rolfe (Clapham Common Laundry) and Miss Ada Rhodes. Shop Steward Miss Hilton London Packing Case Branch 1915, Secretary Miss Price (from Head Office). Poplar, Hackney Wick, New Cross, Hoxton, Deptford and Old Ford London Upholstresses 1909–14. 1913 Secretary Miss M. Craig *Mile End 1919 *Millwall 1914– 15 tin box workers and confectionery. Secretaries 1914 Miss C. Hall, 1915 Miss Fallis. 1919 John Smith’s Tent Works. 1920 Maconochie’s Preserves Factory Ministry of Munitions 1918 lift attendants in Government offices N3 Branch (London) 1920 *New Cross 1914– 15 Tin Box workers, (Mazawattee Tea Co). 1915 2 branches, Secretaries Miss Gardner, Miss S. Luney North Kensington 1918, new branch. Secretary Miss Lily Sutton North Woolwich 1916 Western Electric Works. Mrs Warters 176 Appendix 2

*Notting Hill 1920, new Secretary Miss Joy Oxford Street 1915, Secretary Mrs Morton *Paddington 1918. 1920, Secretary Miss Richardson *Park Royal 1916 munitions. Standard Woodwork. 1916 Secretary Miss Davey. 1919 Miss Adams secretary and then organiser Peckham 1909 Showcard workers Perivale 1916–17 Miss Lording (formerly Secretary of Hendon branch) Pimlico 1916, Secretary Mrs Helen Dean, Treasurer Mrs Walker; Classic Department Collector, Mrs Gare; Machine shop, Mrs Waller; President Mrs Derkin. 1917, Pimlico British Motor Cab Company; Ogston Motor Company. Thanks Miss Campbell and Mrs Holloway for help *Ponders End 1917 Shell Works. 1918. 1919 Thanks to Miss Symons and Miss Cutlack. 1920 Secretary Mrs Bradley. Ediswain Lamp Company *Poplar 1914 Messrs Lusty, packing case makers. Secretary Miss S. Nash. Members also at Hackney Wick and Bromley. 1916, rooms at Poplar Working Men’s Club. 1917, social club at Toynbee Women’s Settlement, 130 Poplar High Street. 1918. 1919 Cake Company *Putney 1918 Palladium Auto Car. Shop Steward Miss Harris. 1920, help from Miss Burfoot (shop steward), Miss Bromhall and Mrs Weller. 1920, Miss Goldsworthy Regent’s Park & District 1916, Secretary Miss Gallagher, Treasurer Mrs Green Richmond 1917 Messrs Whitehead’s Aircraft Works Rotherhithe 1914 St Pancras Borough Council 1920 electric light meter workers *Shadwell 1907 tent- makers. Secretary Miss L. Crabbe. Committee meetings, Farrance Street School, Limehouse. 1911. 1917, rope workers. Frost Brothers. 1919 secretary Alice Horan (also of Central London) Silvertown 1907– 9, Secretary Miss L. Gardiner. Co- operative Wholesale Society. 1913 Secretary Miss J. Streeting. 1918, Keller’s Jam Factory Slades Green 1915 Thames Ammunition Factory. Secretary Miss H. Davidson Southall 1919, Secretary Mrs Hollings *Southwark 1908 tinworkers but branch failed. 1920, Messrs Jones and Wilcox Stepney 1917, collector Mrs Clogg replaced by Mrs Furness Stepney Laundries 1919 Stratford 1915 Co- op Society’s laundry. 1915 Secretary Miss E. Russell. 1917. 1918, President Mrs Goodenough; Treasurer, Mary Murphy Summerstown 1908 box makers Tidal Basin 1914–15 Venesta Limited. 1914 secretary Miss M. Docherty, 1915 Miss L. Sadler Appendix 2 177

Tooting 1913, Secretary Mrs Dixon *Tottenham 1911 Millington’s Printing Works. 1913 Secretary Miss Tombling 1914, branch lapsed. 1917, new branch. Miss Gibson. 1920, Mineral Britannia Works Tower Bridge 1914, Secretary Miss R. Stocking Walham Green 1917 Darracq’s, secretary Miss Ribbons. Assistant Miss Neale (also Shop Steward). Treasurer, Mrs Alderton; Collectors, Misses Church and Baker Waltham Abbey 1911 Nobel’s. 1915 Secretary Mrs Kimber. 1917, re- established *Walthamstow 1916, Secretary, Miss Ormes. Munitions. 1917, Peter Hooker’s. 1918, second branch. Wright and Klinger’s. 1918, Newall Gauge Factory. 1919, canteen workers Walworth 1919 Messrs Joseph Limited (Scrap Metal and Cloth Merchants) Miss Berne & Miss Kelman Messrs Joseph Limited (London) 1919, meetings BSP Hall, 4 Street, Walworth Wapping 1919 Yeatman’s. Secretary, Mrs Taplin Whitechapel 1907– 08, Secretary Miss Melsheimer. Cooperative Wholesale Society. 1913 Secretary Miss A. Stewart. 1914– 15. 1918. 1920, Wine Company. British Asbestos Company *Willesden Laundries 1913–17. 1913 Secretary Miss G. Sweet. 1919– 20 Wimbledon 1908 Wood Green 1913 *Woolwich 1907, Secretary Mrs S. E. Stevenson. 1909. 1911, cable makers. 1913 Secretary Miss Hannaford. 1913, Siemens. Messrs James’ Shirt Factory. 1913 Secretary Miss Hamsford. 1915, 2 branches. Secretaries Mrs Gilder, Miss Baggett. 1916, Arsenal. Secretary, Mrs Holtham. President, Mrs Ansell; Assistant Secretary Miss King; Treasurer, Mrs Hollidge. 1917, Chief Shop Steward Miss Boardman. 1918. Offices 31 Walmer Road, Plumstead. 1920. 1921

South East

Abingdon 1907, Secretary Miss Leng. Garment making Addlestone 1917 *Banbury 1908 clothing (undergarments). 1911, re- established. Secretary Mr R. B. Walker (ILP) & Mr Oatham. 1913 Miss C. Jackson Basingstoke 1917 Messrs Wallis & Stevens Limited and Thorneycrofts. Branch officials: Secretary, Miss Conran (replaced by Mrs Mutton later in the year); President, Mrs Ryan; Treasurer, Miss Tillen; Committee members, Misses Haydon, Roshier, Slade and Grant Bletchley 1916 brush making Bognor Regis 1918, Secretary Miss J. Witcher. Shop Steward, Miss Fipps. Bognor Aircraft Works 178 Appendix 2

Bournemouth 1919, Organiser Miss Cole. Also laundry branches in nearby Boscombe, Winton and Poole *Brighton 1917. 1918, premises London Road. Secretary, Mrs Bastock. 1919, Portslade Laundries, Perfection Laundry, the Temperance Laundry and the Seafield Laundry. Mrs E. J. Smith honorary member Chatham Dock 1917 Chatham Manufacturing Company 1919 *Cowes 1918 Messrs Saunders. Secretary Miss Lloyd, Treasurer Miss Early Dartford 1915 Vickers, Maxim Erith 1915, Secretary Miss Mungal. 1916– 18 Vickers, Maxim Folkestone 1918 Gillingham 1916– 17, President Miss M. Hedges, Secretary Miss L. Risborough, Literature Secretary Mrs Fletcher. Committee members, Miss Kimber, Eva and Elsie Ridges Guildford 1916. Messrs Dennis High Wycombe 1914, furniture. 1914 Secretary Miss K. Ross, 1915 Mrs Youens Oxford 1907– 8, Secretary pro tem Miss L. Leng. Messrs Lucas (seamstresses and whiteworkers) with help from Mr Keatley of Ruskin Hall. 1908 Treasurer, Miss May Hounslow. Meetings at the Oxford Café. 1913, branch re- established Portsmouth 1908 Reading 1911– 12 Huntley and Palmers Redhill 1917. 1920, Lanston Monotype Corporation Limited. President, Miss Bonner; Secretary Mrs Knape (leaving district). Organiser Miss Elliott *Southampton 1916– 17 Thorneycroft’s and Pirelli’s. 1917. Cunard Steamship Co and the Union Castle Mail Steamship Co 1919, 1920 Thames Ditton 1917 munitions Wolverton 1914 Secretary Miss N. Morris. 1915 Mr A.E. Skinner. 1916, Secretary, Miss Robinson

South West

*Bath 1907– 08. Treasurer, Miss Tollemache, Secretary, Miss Johnson. 1911 branch falls through. 1914, laundry workers. 1917, President Mrs F. M. Kearne. Treasurer, Miss Applegate, Secretary Miss R. Turner. 1918, Bath Cabinet Works. 1920, Secretary Miss Wheeler. First member at Bath and West of England Laundry, Mrs Shaddock Bridport 1912 Gundry’s fishing net factory. Revived 1914, Secretary Mr W.H. Martin Appendix 2 179

*Bristol 1908 corset makers. 1914, Great Western Cotton Works. 1916, 2,000 members. National Shell workers, laundries, Cotton Works, Thomas’ Soap Works. Organisers Miss Howarth, Miss Codrington. 1917, Stephen Brothers and Martins, Strachan and Henshaw, Wilson’s Brass Foundry. 1918, Parnells & Sons. 1919, Victoria Laundry, New Hudson Cycle Company. 1920, laundries *Cheltenham 1917, Secretary Miss Brotheridge. Gloucestershire Aircraft Factory. 1919 LP delegate Mrs Tarling. 1920 laundries Devizes 1917 Dursley 1917 W. Lister & Co. Help from Miss Sealey, Mrs Woodward, Mrs Jones * 1912, Mrs Tyndall (pro tem) secretary. 1915 Secretary Mrs Bishop. 1917 collar works. National Shell Factory, Quodgley. Secretary Mrs Prosser, President Mrs Edwards *Stroud 1917 Government controlled hosiery factory Swindon 1917, Miss Codrington’s Division. New branch. 1919, honorary secre- tary, Mrs Eyres Taunton 1907, Secretary Miss F. Jarmen. Officials Miss Oaten and Mrs Jones. 1908, declining. 1913 Secretary Miss M. Fursdon. 1914, ceased to be independent branch; linked with City of London branch Tewkesbury 1918, aircraft workers Yeovil 1913 2 branches, Secretaries Mrs Fowler, Miss M. Fort, Stoke-under-Ham, Miss Stone

East of England

*Bedford 1916 Allens and Igranic Works Braintree 1917– 20 Messrs Joseph Bradbury *Cambridge 1908 garment making. 1917, Chivers’ Factory. Ammunition box mak- ing. 1919, laundries, gloves, hosiery, college bed makers. Secretary Miss E. Barnes, President Mrs Nanning. 1920 Chivers’ Histon 1919 Colchester 1908– 09 ready made clothing. 1913 Secretary Mrs Hughes * 1906. 1907, Secretary Miss Ada Newton. Courtaulds. 1915, Miss L. Sillitoe succeeded Miss Wicker as secretary who left to get married. 1916. 1917, Miss Sillitoe still secretary. 1919, committee member Miss Bibble. Secretary Miss Sillitoe. 1920, Miss Lily Rayner Hainault 1917– 18 Messrs Henry Hughes. 1919, first secretary of the branch Mrs Hubbard resigning. Replaced by Mrs Hoff. District organiser, Mrs Holloway Hertford 1919 biscuit factory *Hitchin 1921 180 Appendix 2

Ilford 1916 White’s, Sterling Ipswich 1908– 10 corset making. Miss C. Andrews *King’s Lynn 1918 Messrs Savage Limited, St Nicholas Iron Works, biscuit work- ers and dressmakers. Engineering, woodwork. 1920, presentation to retiring Secretary Miss Flanders *Letchworth 1914 Spirella Corsets. Secretary Miss V. Symonds. 1916, Arden Press Munitions. President, Miss Lees; Secretary, Mrs Purves; Trustees, Miss Marfleet, Mrs Durston. 1918, National Box Factory. 1919, corset, laundry workers. 1920, iron moulders Lowestoft 1916 shell workers at Messrs Lundberg and Sons. Shop Steward Mr Williams *Luton 1916– 19, more than one branch. Secretary, Mrs Jensen. Vauxhall Motor Works. 1919, straw workers *Norwich 1907– 09, branch started by Mrs Pete Curran and Miss Hedges. Secretary Miss M. Bird. 1913 Mr W.R. Smith. Silk mills. 1911– 15 Crape Company Mills. 1919 Miss Tooke, Miss Lister at branch AGM Peterborough 1913 Messrs Luke Turner and Co (elastic weavers) and Messrs R. and WHS Symington (corset manufacturers). Secretary Miss Rowe *St Albans 1919 laundry and hosiery workers (Abbey Silk Mills) *Southend 1919, Secretary Miss Julie Handford. Laundry branch Tilbury 1919 *Ware 1912– 15 Secretary Miss Flitney, resigned to be married. Allens & Hanbury’s. Secretaries Miss Lily Hammond, Miss E. Saunders

West Midlands

*Astwood Bank 1915–17 pins and needles. 4 branches. 1915 Secretary Miss J.E. Mole *Birmingham 1908, organiser Miss E. Smyth. Domestic Servants branch, 1908. 1912, office Albert Chambers, Paradise Street. Honorary Secretary, Miss Dorothy Braithwaite. 1913 Secretary Miss Matthews, Organiser Miss Hickling. 1917, Secretary Mr S. C. Mitchell. Meetings Queen’s College, Paradise Street. Kynoch’s, , King’s Norton Metal Works, Lucas. 1917, Harriet Fawcett organising in city. 1918, Wrigley’s. 1918, Organiser Mrs Pownell. 1919 Thomason and Bennett, Pitman’s Health Foods, Dunlop, Climax Frame Limited. 1920, Secretary Mrs Pownall, President Miss E. Harris, Organiser Miss Bromhall. 1920, Eli Grifiths, Plant & Greens, Southerton & Sons, Taylor Brothers, Twiggs & Co., Planet Stamping Ground Bournville 1907 () Card Box department. Honorary Secretary (pro tem), Mr J. E. Wain. Meetings at the Stirchley Institute. 1908, organiser Miss E. Smyth. Resigned after 10 months. 1909, cardboard box, wood box and apparatus. 1910, Card Box and Amalgamated branches. Card Box secretary, Miss Hilde Archer. Appendix 2 181

1912, Secretary Miss Amy Fashan, Miss Mary Snowden (both leaving after 5 years’ service). Amalgamated Branch Secretary 1913 Miss E.M. Harris. 1916 *Coventry 1907, Secretary Miss Oliver. 1908, President Mrs Williams. Honorary member, Helen Dawson. 1912, Honorary secretary, Sarah Griffiths. 1913 Secretary Mrs Price. Dressmaking, cycles, components. Midland Division Secretary Edith Mayell (née Stringer). 1913 secretary Henrietta Givens. Several munitions branches. Givens becomes organiser 1917. 1917, Treasurer Miss L. Barton. President Mrs Lewis. Shop Steward, May Ford *Cradley Heath 1906– 14 chain makers, hollow ware. Chain maker Delegates 1912 Conference, Misses Eva Hubble, Smith, Fanny Tromans, Maud Tibbetts, A. Sims, Amy Scriven, D. Robinson, H. J. Tromans, Pitchford, P. Tromans, M. Hill, Fellows, Mrs Williams, Mrs Clarke, Mrs Parkes, Mrs J. Bloomer, Mrs A. Garbett, Florrie Cox, Mr Alfred Homer, Ruth Tromans, J. Brooks, L. Rooke, Mr C. H. Sitch, Mr Charles Homer. Hollow ware delegates, Mrs Mary Hill, the Misses D. Mason, Norah Shaw, B. Deeley, Laura Priest, Annie Thomas, Amelia Spittle, Edith Shaw, Florrie Heath, Kate Brettle, Lizzie Hart, Nellie Shaw, Mary Poole, Sarah Taylor, Laura Robinson, Maud Brooks, Lily Chance, Anoloivnie Penn, Alice Stanton, Sarah Willetts, Perrins, Nellie Field, Matilda Bashford, and Mr Joseph Guy. 1913 brick workers. Stourbridge Laundry Darlaston 1909 Dudley 1916– 20, Organiser Mrs Hunter. Munitions. Messrs Palethorpe Sausage Manufacturers, Ewarts, Messrs Rays Evesham 1914 Five Towns 1917 laundries. Mr Miller. Resident Organiser, Miss Phoebe Wedgwood. Longton laundries, Mrs Middleton. Hanley, 1917– 18 munitions Hereford 1917– 18, Secretary Mrs Pownall. Munitions Kidderminster 1913, Secretary, Miss Surrell. Carpets Newcastle under Lyme 1917– 18 Labert Mill, Pool Dam Mill and Friarswood Road Mill (fustian cutters). Laundries. Meetings in the Ebeneezer School, Marsh Street. Organiser, Phoebe Wedgwood Nuneaton 1912, 1914. 1913 Secretary Mr W. Whetstone, 1914 Mrs Marsh. Garment making Nuneaton, Wellingborough and Rugby 1913 combined branch. Secretary Mrs Butt. Laundries Oldbury 1919, Former president Mrs Ashby *Redditch 1910. 1915 Secretary Miss N. Jones, Miss A. Curtis (2 branches). 1917, Treasurer Miss Such. Miss Savage, Organiser. 1918–19, needle and fishing tackle industries *Rugby 1912, Mr Hodgett oversees branch formation. Meeting Queen Street Co-operative Hall. 1916 new branch. British Thomson Houston. Rugby Lamp Co, Willans and Robinson. 1917 secretary, Miss Mockrie. 1918– 19 Secretary Miss Turton. 1920. Lodge Sparking Plug Co 182 Appendix 2

Selly Oak 1908 cycle and motor industry Smethwick 1920, Secretary Miss Timms, President Miss Andrews. Messrs Kendricks. Mrs Flattery organising *Stafford 1917– 19, Secretary E. E. Dinham. Siemens. Stafford Steam Laundry *Stoke on Trent 1918, Secretary Miss Green. Mrs Booth and Miss Foster appointed to branch committee and as collectors. 1919, Siemens. 1920, presenta- tion to Miss Phoebe Wedgwood, leaving district for new position. Secretary, Miss Insull. 1920, secretary Miss Hall. 1921 North Staffordshire Laundry *Stourbridge 1914. 1916. 1918. Laundry, hollow ware. Organisers Mr Sitch, Mrs Hunter Stourport 1914, Secretary Miss L. Chell Tipton 1918 National Factory Walsall 1915– 16, Secretary Mr Bentley. Hardware Wednesbury 1908. 1920 Messrs Quilliams. Mrs Wright, Shop Steward West Bromwich 1920 Kendrick’s *Willenhall 1914– 15. 1915 Secretary Mr Lawson. 1916. 1920, Organiser Mrs Flattery 1911. 1914, Mrs Hunter organising. 1916. 1920. Laundry Worcester 1914. Secretary Mr E. Baldwyn. 1917 Cartridge Factory. Engineering

East Midlands

Chapel en le Frith 1920 Chesterfield 1913, Sheffield Organiser, Miss Airey. 1914 Secretary Miss Wheeldon, 1915 Mrs Dodd. 1915, Surgical Dressings. . 1917, Electric Shot Company. 1917 President Mrs Todd Coalville 1914, Organiser Miss Sara Cave *Colwick Junction 1914– 15, Britannia Cotton Mills (Messrs S. Bourne and Co). Secretary, Mrs Widdowson. 1917 * 1907, Honorary Secretary Mr S. F. Pritchard. 1917, Rolls Royce. 1918, resignation of Secretary Mrs Bateman, Treasurer Miss Pollard. 1918 Mrs Cooke nominated (unsuccessfully) as Federation representative to Local Advisory Committee, Derby Employment Exchange. 1919 laundry Grantham 1916, Secretary Miss Filing. Treasurer, Mrs Spink. Collector, Miss Ross (replacing Miss Hook). 1917. Presentation to Miss Wincup and Miss Filing. 1917, Hornsbys Leicester 1910–12, Gillette Safety Razor Company. 1917 new branch. Organiser, Mrs Reeves. First President, Miss Ada Maisey. W. Spiers and Company Lincoln 1913 local trustee Mr Jackson Appendix 2 183

Loughborough 1914 *Mansfield 1908– 10, Secretary, Miss Jones. Branches at Shirebrook, New Houghton, Woodhouse and Pleasley Hill. Secretary for all, Mr Warren. Spinning mill. 1914 Secretaries Miss A. Maclenan, Miss Sipson. 1915 Miss M. Adams, Mrs Challoner. Tin box workers. Group of branches: Sutton in Ashfield, Whittingdon, Bolsover (Secretary 1914 Mr J.C. Stubbins), Chesterfield. Organiser Mrs Wilkinson Netherfield 1916 *Northampton 1911 Brooks Manufacturing Company. Honorary Secretary, A. H. Cox. Secretary Alice L. Reeves. 1917, part time Secretary Miss Nora Walker *Nottingham 1908, Acting Secretary, Secretary of Female Lace Workers’ Society. 1911 office opened at 13 George Street. Secretary of Lace- Finishers’ Branch of Federation, Miss Peters. Organising, Miss Kathleen Mollison and Mrs Esther Young. Miss Peters permanent Secretary Nottingham. 1912 organising help Miss Enfield. 1914 Secretary Miss Beatrice Murray (succeeded by Miss Broadbent). Boots the Chemist. 1918 lace workers, munitions and laundry. Organiser, Mrs Johnson. 1919 cotton workers Ripley 1914 formed by Miss Airey. Secretary Miss E.J. Redfern. Candlewick manufacturer. 1917 ammunition box makers. 1918. 1919, Crossley and Morgans, Ripley Maunfacturing Company. Secretary, Mrs Ollerenshaw (of WCG) Stamford 1916 Munitions. Secretary Miss Worthington, Treasurer Miss Haynes Wellingborough 1914 Steam Laundry. Secretary Mrs Butt

Yorkshire and Humberside

*Bradford 1916 National Munition Factory. 1917 Organiser Mrs Arnott. Aircraft and Shell boxes. Meetings in ASE Hall, New John Street, Westgate. 1919 Secretary, Miss Lilian Barton from Coventry (left to get married later that year). Messrs Wilson & Wolfe Limited Hebden Bridge 1917 Huddersfield 1916 National Shell Factory *Hull 1907, Secretary Miss Hall. Tin box works. 1914. Secretary Miss Clarke. 1917 new branch. 1918, laundries and café workers. Secretary, Mrs Lewis. 1919 Organiser Mrs Barton from Bradford in city. 1920, all the big laundries organ- ised. Miss Donaghue assisting Kippax 1919 branch of unemployed women from Barnbow Filling Factory formed *Leeds 1916– 17 Whitley Partners (Brass Shop) Greenwood and Batley’s, Mann’s. Meetings at the ASE Institute, Woodhouse Lane. National Shell and Fuse Factories and Aircraft Works. 1919– 20, Lawson’s. Leeds (Stockbridge) 1920, Samuel Fox and Company 184 Appendix 2

Otley 1916 Dawson’s, Payne’s and Mann’s. Help from Miss Jackson. Mrs Jeanie Arnott Rotherham 1919– 20 *Sheffield 1908. Declining 1912. 1913 office. Organiser, Miss Helena Airey. Assistance, Mrs Richardson. Confectionery, laundries. 1915 government orders. Munitions. 1916 new branch. Secretary Miss Briars (replaced by Mrs Mitchell). Branch at Coopers, Darnall. Firth’s, Wheeldon Street. Mrs Robinson. National Projectile Factory. Miss Fletcher. Kirkby Banks Screw Company. William Marples and Co. Cuthbert, Cooper and Sons. Sheffield Silver Plate and Cutlery Company, Priestley Street. Meetings Hallamshire Café, Westgate, Rotherham (for National Projectile). 1917 Cammell Laird. Mrs Wilkinson (Divisional Secretary). Tinsley Bond. Messrs Mappin and Webb. 1918, offices 63 Blonk Street, The Wicker. Messrs Swinscot. Organiser, Miss Neeme from Newcastle (Miss Wragg left for Newcastle). Laundries. 1919, Messrs Swift and Sons. Brass foundry, shirt, polish, drug pack- ing factories. Cafés. Herbert Frood and Co., engineers. 1920, Messrs Pickering. Beesley Wood Forge. Messrs Priest and Co. 1921 Cleaners at Wharncliffe War Hospital. Secretary Mrs Platt. 1918 offices 10 Bainbridge Buildings, Surrey Street Shipley 1918 *York 1913 Secretary Mrs Fawcett. Mrs Leonard. Organiser Miss Airey. Laundry, confectionery. 1917, Adams Hydraulic

North West

Appley Bridge 1914–15, Chemical Glue Works. Secretary Miss L.A. Stringfellow *Barrow 1908–9 jute and flax workers. 1913, branch re- established. Laundry workers. 1915– 16, membership at Vickers, Maxim. 1919, jute workers. 1920, laundries and breweries. Secretary 1913– 20, Mrs R. Mills. Mr Roper, conscripted 1916, back with branch 1920. 1918 offices 108 Harrison Street Birkenhead 1917 Cammell Lairds Blackburn 1913, Secretary Miss Annie Ormerod, Chair Mrs Hopwood * 1916 boxes for munitions. Mrs Shepherd (née Newton) organising *Bolton 1916, Secretary Mrs Holmes. President, Mildred Hill. Treasurer, Mrs Baxter. Trustees, Mrs Pendlebury, E. H. Taylor. 1917 Dobson & Barlow’s. 1918 Secretary Mrs Holmes. Resigned 1918. Mrs Blackburn appointed secretary. Meetings at the Spinners Hall *Burnley 1914 laundries. Secretary 1914 Mrs A. Mortimore. 1915 Miss M. Gibson. 1916 Organiser Mrs Shepherd. Secretary Miss Gibson. 1920 Secretary Miss Bickford resigned. Replaced by Miss Firth. Miss Bickford Assistant Secretary. 1921 Bury 1915–16. Secretary 1915 Miss Taylor Carlisle 1909. 1911 tin box makers, Hudson Scott and Company. Secretary 1913 Miss E. Mellows. 1917 Cleator Moor 1914– 16 mill. Secretary Miss E. McCarten Appendix 2 185

Cockermouth 1916– 18 Derwent Mills. Secretary M. Scott *Crewe 1917, Secretary, Miss Amy Houghton. Treasurer, Miss Ethel Robinson. Printing works Earlestown 1913, Secretary Miss M. Ellesmere Port 1918 *Kendal 1917 munitions. 1918, shirt and blouse makers, laundry workers. McKay and Turner’s Pit Brow Workers 1915, branches at Ashton- in- Makefield, St Helens, Sutton, Sutton Heath, Platt Bridge and Wigan *Lancaster 1916– 17 National Projectile Factory; Vickers. Secretary 1917 Miss Morgan. Collectors, Mrs Rimes and Miss Jessie Holmes. 1919 Leigh 1917 Sutcliffe and Speakman. Secretary N. Tildsley Liverpool 1908 waitresses. 1914, Hartley’s. Secretary Mrs Billinge. 1917, Messrs Biscuit Factory. National Filling Factory, Edgehill. Mrs Anderson Fenn assisting Macclesfield 1909, Secretary Mrs Neary. 1911–12 blouse makers. 1914 Secretary Mrs Newton, 1915 Mr J.R. Martlew. 1920 glove works *Manchester 1916, Mrs Pearson, Mrs Nance Williams. Messrs Brooks & Doxey, Armstrong Whitworth, Galloway’s, Messrs Thompsons, Hollicks. 1917 Miss Weaver. Holroy’s (munitions). Branches at Hollinwood and Newton Heath. Crossley Motors 1917– 18 own offices. 1919, handkerchief and sheet hemming. Levenshulme, engi- neering. 1920 Bank Ridge Rubber Stopper Works. 1918 offices 8 Caxton Buildings, Paton Street, Piccadilly Morecambe 1917 Morecambe Filling Factory. Lancaster Secretary Miss Morgan New Brighton 1908 laundry branch Oldham 1916 Bradbury’s (mills) Preston 1907, Secretary, Miss A. Walsh. Member Miss Green. 1916 Secretary, Mrs Hutchins *Rochdale 1914, secretary, Miss Buckley. 1916 munitions. Secretary Mary . Messrs Holt Brothers Salford 1917 Southport 1917 *Trafford Park 1919, Secretary Miss Forster Westhoughton 1913 Starkie Pit and Lostock Lance (pit brow workers). Organising, Miss Pemberton (Bolton) and Miss Airey (Sheffield) Wigan, several branches 1914– 15. Organisers Miss Newton, Mrs Fairhurst. Secretaries Miss E. Ash, Cllr A. Parkinson, Miss Winsterley, Miss Naven *Workington 1916– 17, District Organiser Mrs Mills. 1919 branch revived. Secretary Miss Smith 186 Appendix 2

North East

Birtley, secretary Mrs Luke

Bishop Auckland 1919, branch opened by Mrs Pretty. Lingford’s Baking Powder Works. Secretary Miss A. Armstrong. Wear Valley Laundry

*Darlington 1908– 09. 1916 munitions, Shell Factory. Secretary Miss Harris. 1917 Secretary Mrs Lumley

Derwenthaugh 1917, shop steward Mrs Joyce

Durham 1919 Provincial Laundry. Secretary Miss Emily Mearis

Gateshead 1916– 17 Nut, Screw and Bolt Works; Armstrong Whitworth; Clark, Chapman and Company; Rivet, Bolt and Nut; Close Works. Meetings Bush Inn. 1918, Mrs Taylor, Miss Neeme, Mrs Graham, Honour Edwards. 1919–20 laundry. Mrs Oxley

Middlesborough 1916. Secretary Miss Kilvington. 1917. Branch Number 2 at Richardson and Westgarth. President Mrs Rickaby; Secretary, Mrs Maude Clarke; Treasurer, Mrs Court. Organiser C. M. Ellis. Dorman’s, Cargo Fleet, Strachan and Henshaw. Miss Jewson and Miss Ellis. Greatham. 1918, Corebos Company. 1919 Corporation Electric Works

*Newcastle upon Tyne 1911. 1913 Secretary Mrs Howson, 1914 Miss Lindsay. 1915, Armstrong Whitworth (Elswick and Scotswood). 1916, Mrs Harriet Fawcett. Assistance from Miss Weaver and Miss Nutcher. Branch President, Miss Flood, Vice President, Mrs Sinton. Secretary, Mrs Dryden. 1917 Secretary Miss Mathews. Organisers Miss Macgregor & Mr Dryden. Members (shop stewards?) Miss McVeigh, Miss Coffey, Mrs Gilmore. President Mrs Ricksby. Treasurer Mrs Court replaced by Mrs Wass. Collectors, Mrs Boak, Mrs Rigby, Miss Baston, Miss Campbell, Miss Field, Miss Beveridge, Miss Turpin. 1917, Miss Dorothy Jewson organising. 1917, members at Dawson’s Aircraft Factory. Lemington Point Government Bond. Caller’s Box Factory. Nusenbaum’s Box Factory. Armstrong Hospital & Royal Victoria Infirmary (ward maids and clean- ers). Spillers and Baker’s (biscuit manufacturers). Fencehouses. Lambton Sanitary Pipe and Brick Works. 1918 delegates at a strike conference, Jennie Holland and May Baston. Committee at Dawson’s (branch number 3): Mrs Platt and Miss Coates for Dope Department, Miss F. Tyrrel for Wing Room and Mrs Stobbart for ‘Blacketts’. 1918 return of Miss Neeme, Organiser. ‘Probationer’ organiser, Mrs Pretty (from Shell Shop). Collector at Royal Victoria Infirmary Miss Howe. 1919 Secretary Miss Slater replaced by Mrs Luke. 1920 Davidson’s Glass Works. Café workers. Organiser Mrs Platt

South Shields 1917, Organiser, Mr Dryden

Stockton on Tees 1916. 1917 resignation of Secretary Mrs Carter

Sunderland 1911

West Hartlepool 1911 salt packers Appendix 2 187

Wales

Britton Ferry 1917. Taylor’s Branch helped by Mrs Rogers Burry Port 1916–17 munitions workers, Messrs Nobel *Cardiff 1920 Cardiff Workhouse Laundry Clydach 1914 tin box workers. Secretary Mrs Williams Colwyn Bay 1919 domestic workers Grangetown 1917 HM Factory Pembrey, South Wales 1917 Llanelli 1917– 18 Welsh Tinplate Company. Taylor’s Britton Factory. Mrs Rogers. Laundry workers at Neath. Organiser Mrs D. Rogers Merthyr Tydfil 1908, Miss Richards. 1920 domestic servants in hospital service *Neath 1916– 17 branch offshoot of Miss Howarth’s stay at Bristol Newport 1913– 15 Laundry. 1913 Secretary Mrs A. Parsons, 1915 (number 2 branch) Miss McNamara. Honorary Secretary Mrs Meggitt. Chemical Works. Messrs Lovells (confectionery) Swansea 1911. Dressmakers. 1913 Secretary Miss K. Probert

Scotland

*Aberdeen 1913– 20, Secretary Miss Milne. 1917 President Mr Palmer. Organiser Kate Beaton (nee Maclean),Miss Lippett. 1918 4 branches. School cleaners, domes- tic servants, fisher girls, munitions, National Shell Factory, aircraft, net braiders Airdrie 1911– 13. Secretary Miss McComb Alexandria 1911– 12, 8 branches from Vale of Leven textile mills. Organising help Mr Dallas and Mr Kerr; 1916, munitions Alloa 1912 Messrs J. Paton & Co. Mill. 1917, aircraft, British Electric Plant Company, Jeffries, British Cauldron Company, Secretary Mrs Whalley, supported by Miss Olive Laycock. 1918 resignation President Miss Peggy Marshall on marriage. New President Miss Jenny Hunter, Vice President, Mrs S. Hunter, Secretary Miss Edith Brotherton, Treasurer Miss Jenny Alexander. 1919, elected President Miss Cairns, Vice President Miss Prentice, Secretary Miss May Drummond, Treasurer, Miss Edith Brotherton Ayr 1912– 13 Messrs Templeton and Co. Mill. Secretary Miss Millar. 1918, new branch formed by Miss Adams Bellshill 1916 Mossend Steel Works Bonnyrigg 1914, Secretary Miss J. Temple Bothwell Park Quarry and Brickwork 1917 Buckhaven 1914 net workers. Secretary Miss L. Nelson 188 Appendix 2

Caldercruix 1913 J. Glen and Sons, Printworks. Secretary Miss A. Wison Coatbridge 1916 Eglinton Silica Brick Company Cowdenbeath 1912– 14, yarn mill. Secretary Miss M. Sinclair Dalmonach 1912 Calico Printing Association Dalry 1911 Dumfries 1912– 14 Ryedale Gloves. Secretaries 1913 Miss Johnson, 1914 Miss A. Kirkpatrick 1907. 1911. 1920, laundries * 1906 paper bag makers. Conference delegates, Bella Milne, Barbara Macnab, Annie Rutherford. 1907, Secretary Miss Milne. President Mrs Lamont. 1908 John Brown’s Bagmakers. McKenzie & McKenzie Biscuit Manufacturers. 1913 Secretary Mrs Lamont. 1918, Secretary Miss Nellie Blake *Falkirk 1913, Secretary (Camelon) Mr S. Hinks. 1916– 17 munitions. 1920 hosiery workers. 1921 * 1909 Office 172 Buchanan Street. Box makers. Caledonia Bakery strike 1911. Calendar workers. 1913– 14 Galbraiths Mill. Secretaries Miss M. McGregor, Miss J. Guthrie. Shirtmakers, netmakers. 1915 Beardmore’s. Parkhead Secretary, Miss A. Young. 1916, loss of 2 shop stewards, Miss Florence Craik and Miss Mary Kearney. Treasurer Miss Milne. President Mrs Finlay. 1918 National Projectile Factory. Agnes M. Adam (Secretary?). Wire works. Shop stewards Miss Mary Smillie (wire works). Mrs Paul (pickle works). 1920 confectionery. Handkerchief hem- mers. Saw mills. Jam makers, hosiery, laundry and dress makers. 1921 Secretary Miss Macfarlane Govan 1913 Govan Rope Work Company. 1913 Secretary Mrs Paton. 1915 Miss M. Davie. 1919, Christie and Company’s Wire Works Greenock 1913 Spinning and cloth branches. Secretaries Miss Moorhead, Miss Finlayson Hamilton 1913, Secretary Miss Brown Inverurie 1918, Organiser Miss Innes Johnstone 1911 Kilburnie 1912– 13 thread mills. Organiser Miss Maclean. 1916, revival of mem- bership among net workers. Miss Quin Kilsyth 1914 muslin factory of Messrs J. and M. Wilson Kilwinning 1911– 12 Busby Spinning Company. 1913 Secretary Miss K. Curran, 1914 Miss J. McClure Larkhall 1911– 12 Messrs Ronald and Mitchell’s Bleach Leith 1912– 14 Edinburgh Roperie Works. Secretary Mrs Wright. Replaced by Miss J. Hughes 1914. 1915 Secretary Miss E. Macintyre. Messrs E. Chalmers and Company (Rag and Metal Merchants). Recovery of branch 1916 Lennoxtown 1913 Calico Printing Association. Secretary Miss H. Lowe Linlithgow 1916 munitions, Nobel’s Works Appendix 2 189

Moffatt 1917, President Miss Leek Motherwell 1916 Neilston 1910– 14 English Sewing Cotton Company. Kirkonfield Bleachworks, Pollockshaws (bleach fields), Crofthead Mills. 1913 Secretary Miss J. Kent *Paisley 1906– 07, Secretary Miss A. Macpherson. Thread industry. 1908. 1911. 1916. Shop Steward Miss Mary Crawford replaces Miss Mary Gray as Secretary Perth 1910– 11. 1912, Pullar’s Dye Works. 1912 Secretaries Miss C. Richardson, Miss R. Smith, 1913 Miss Howatt. 1914, Linen Manufacturers. 1916 Renfrew 1913 textile workers, Moorpark Weaving Factory. Secretary Miss A. Howatt Rutherglen 1921 Richmond Park Laundry Scottish District Council of Federation 1917, Officials Miss Rose Quinn (Chairman), Miss Murphy, Edinburgh (Vice Chairman); Miss A. Adam (Secretary), Miss J. Milne, Glasgow (Treasurer) Stirling 1912, 2 branches formed. Laundry Thornliebank 1913 Bleaching and dyeing. Secretary Miss Wotherspoon Uddingston 1915, Secretary Mrs A. Chambers Vale of Leven 1913, various branches in district amalgamated. Miss McIntosh Whiteinch 1916 North British Diesel Engine Co. Miss McGregor and Mrs Lauder

Ireland

Cork 1918 National Factory. 1919 Douglas Woollen Mills, O’Brien’s Woollen Mills. Secretary Miss Elwood Derry 1907 (as Federation branch of Derry Textile Operatives), Secretary Miss McCarron. 1918. 1919, resignation of Secretary Mrs Dempsey, replaced by Miss Fisher Dublin 1917– 19 National Shell Factory, hospital cleaners. 1919 offices 42, North Great Georgia Street. Shop Stewards Miss Chrissie Johnston, Miss Bella Holey, Miss Chrissie Telehennan, Mrs Walsh Galway 1917– 19 2 branches. National Factory. Retiring Secretary Number 1 branch Miss Hoey. Elected: President, Mrs Hatfield; Vice- President, Miss McDermott; Secretary Mrs Kavanagh; Treasurer, Miss Keenan. Two new Shop Stewards, Mrs Gilligan (in place of Mrs Kavanagh) and Miss McDonagh (in place of Miss Kennedy). Continuation in post of Miss Forde. 1918, Secretary Mrs Kavanagh. Shop Steward Miss Bridget Finnegan. Corrib Hosiery. Secretary Miss Bridget Birne. Laundry workers form Galway Number 3. Lydon’s Mills. Galway Woollen Mills Waterford 1917, President Mrs Hennessey. Organiser Miss O’Donovan. Secretary Miss Dalton replaced by Miss McCarthy. 1918. Waterford National Factory. Shop Steward Mrs Kennedy. 1919 Wexford 1918 munitions. 1919 Murphy’s knitting factory. Secretary Miss Mary Sells resigned on marriage to Mr O’Leary Notes

Introduction

1. These statistics are based on my interpretation of figures cited in Barbara Drake (1920) Women in Trade Unions, Labour Research Department (London, Virago, 1984 edition), Table 1, and Elizabeth Roberts (1988) Women’s Work, 1840– 1940, (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press), p. 55. 2. Mary Agnes Hamilton (1925) Mary Macarthur: A Biographical Sketch, (London, Leonard Parsons), p. 57 3. The Woman Worker (WW), August– September 1920 4. Anne Godwin (1977) ‘Early Years in the Trade Unions’, in Lucy Middleton (ed.) Women in the Labour Movement: The British Experience, (London, Croom Helm), p. 99 5. Drake, Women in Trade Unions, p. 206 6. Mary Macarthur (1908) ‘Trade Unions’ in Gertrude Tuckwell (ed.), Woman in Industry from Seven Points of View (London, Duckworth & Co.), p. 82 7. The Clarion, 24 May 1907 8. The Manchester Chronicle, 24 October 1907, Gertrude Tuckwell Papers (GTP), TUC Library Collections, London Metropolitan University, GTP 300b/46 9. WW, October 1918 10. Macarthur, ‘Trade Unions’, p. 64 11. Preface to Handbook of The Daily News Sweated Industries Exhibition (1906) compiled by Richard Mudie- Smith (London, Burt & Sons), p. 16. Sweated labour was broadly defined as work characterised by extremely low wages, excessively long hours and poor working conditions. Although the WTUL focused a great deal of attention on the plight of the home worker, sweated labour was not confined to home industries 12. See, for example, Deborah Thom (2000) Nice Girls and Rude Girls: Women Workers in World War One, (London, IB Tauris), p. 201; Gail Braybon (2003) ‘Winners and Losers: Women’s Symbolic Role in the War Story’ in Braybon (ed.) Evidence, History and the Great War: Historians and the Impact of 1914– 18, (New York, Berghahn Books), pp. 88– 9 13. These were tribunals established by the Munitions of War Act, 1915 to deal with work ‘offences’ 14. See, for example, June Hannam & Karen Hunt (2002) Socialist Women: Britain, 1880s to 1920s (London, Routledge), p. 8 15. Thom, Nice Girls, p. 97 16. GTP, TUC Library Collections, London Metropolitan University 17. Jenny Morris (1978) ‘The Gertrude Tuckwell Collection’, History Workshop Journal, 5 (1) pp. 155– 62 18. Cathy Hunt (2013) ‘Binding women together in friendship and unity? Mary Macarthur and The Woman Worker, September 1907 to May 1908’ in Media History, 19 (2), pp. 139– 52

190 Notes 191

19. WW, 1907– 10; 1916– 21 20. Jill Liddington & Jill Norris’ 1978 ground breaking study of radical suffra- gists explores the politicisation of working women activists in Lancashire; One Hand Tied Behind Us: the Rise of the Women’s Movement (London, Virago). In her history of women and the Scottish labour movement, Eleanor Gordon uses local and socialist press, together with trades council (TC) min- utes, to provide rich details of the Federation’s role in key strikes involving women in the years immediately before the First World War; Eleanor Gordon (1991) Women and the Labour Movement in Scotland 1850– 1914 (Oxford, Clarendon Press). The relationship between national and regional organisers in the Women’s Social and Political Union is highlighted in Krista Cowman’s 2007 study of WSPU paid organisers; Women of the Right Spirit: Paid Organisers of the Women’s Social and Political Union (WSPU) 1904– 18 (Manchester, Manchester University Press) 21. See also Cathy Hunt (2012) ‘Sex Versus Class in Two British Trade Unions in the Early 20th Century’, Journal of Women’s History, 24 (1), Spring 2012, pp. 86– 110; Cathy Hunt (2011) ‘The Fragility of the Union: The work of the National Federation of Women Workers in the Regions of Britain, 1906– 14’, in Mary Davis (ed.), Class and Gender in British Labour History: Renewing the Debate (Or Starting it?) (Pontypool, Merlin); Cathy Hunt (2011) ‘Dancing and Days Out: The Role of Social Events in British Women’s Trade Unionism in the Early 20th Century’, Labour History Review, 76 (2), August 2011, pp. 104– 20; Cathy Hunt (2007), ‘Tea and Sympathy: A Study of Diversity among Women Activists in the National Federation of Women Workers in Coventry, England, 1907– 14’, International Labor & Working Class History, (72), Fall 2007, pp. 173– 91 22. Kenneth Richardson Collection, Lanchester Library, Coventry University (Mrs M. Ford, Mrs E. Mayell) for Kenneth Richardson (1972) Twentieth Century Coventry (City of Coventry) 23. George Rawlinson & Anna Robinson (1997) ‘The United Turkey Red Strike – December 1911’ in William Kenefick & Arthur McIvor Roots of Red Clydeside 1910– 1914? Labour Unrest and Industrial Relations in West Scotland (Edinburgh, John Donald Publishers Ltd), p. 182 24. Ibid., p. 188 25. Hamilton, Mary Macarthur, p. 2 26. Margaret Bondfield (1949) A Life’s Work (London, Hutchinson) 27. Gertrude Tuckwell, ‘Reminiscences’, GTP, Box 39; Dorothy M. Elliott, ‘Women in Search of Justice’, TUC Library Collections; Doris Nield Chew (1982) Ada Nield Chew: The Life and Writings of a Working Woman (London, Virago) 28. Nuneaton Chronicle, 23 January 1914 29. Weekly Herald (Tottenham, Edmonton and Wood Green), 23 May 1913 30. Forward, (Glasgow ILP newspaper) 10 May 1913 31. See discussion in Mary Davis (2011) ‘The Making of the English Working Class revisited: labour history and Marxist theory’ in Class and Gender, pp. 12– 29 32. June Purvis (1995) ’From “Women Worthies” to Poststructuralism? Debate and Controversy in Women’s History in Britain’ in June Purvis (ed.) Women’s History: Britain, 1850– 1945 (London, UCL Press), p. 6; H. A. Clegg (1964) General Union in a Changing World: A Short History of the National Union of 192 Notes

General and Municipal Workers, 1889– 1964 (Oxford, Blackwell); Richard Hyman (1971) The Workers’ Union (Oxford, Clarendon Press) 33. Barbara Drake, Women in Trade Unions; Sheila Lewenhak (1977) Women and Trade Unions: An Outline of Women in the British Movement (London, Ernest Benn); Norbert C. Soldon (1978) Women in British Trade Unions, 1874– 1976 (Dublin, Gill & Macmillan), Sarah Boston (1980) Women Workers and the Trade Unions (London, Lawrence & Wishart) 34. A good example is Alastair J. Reid’s (2005) United We Stand: A History of Britain’s Trade Unions (London, Penguin) 35. Lewenhak, Women and Trade Unions, p. 174 36. Reid, United We Stand, pp. 217–1 8 37. Figures for the Miners’ Federation and the ASE from Clegg, A History of British Trade Unions, Volume 2, Table 9; the Federation figure is from its 1911 Annual Report (AR) which covered an 18 month period from January 1910 to June 1911 38. See, for example, Gerry Holloway (2005) Women and Work in Britain Since 1840 (London, Routledge); Angela Woolacott (1994) On Her Their Lives Depend: Munitions Workers in the Great War (Berkeley, University of California Press); Gail Braybon (1981) Women Workers in the First World War (London, Croom Helm) 39. Deborah Thom, ‘“The Bundle of Sticks”: Women Trade Unionists and Collective Organisation Before 1918’ in Nice Girls and Rude Girls, pp. 94– 121. In addition a comprehensive and impressively detailed coverage of the Federation in the First World War (and other unions catering for women war workers) is in Marion Kozak’s 1976 unpublished PhD thesis, ‘Women Munitions Workers During the First World War, with Special Reference to Engineering’, University of Hull, 1976 40. See for example Sheila Rowbotham (2010) Dreamers of a New Day: Women Who Invented the 20th Century (London, Verso) 41. WW, September 1907 42. Ellen F. Mappen (1986) ‘Strategists for Change: Social Feminists Approaches to the Problems of Women’s Work’ in Angela V John (ed.) (1986) Unequal Opportunities: Women’s Employment in England 1800– 1918 (Oxford, Blackwell), p. 235 43. Annelise Orleck (1995) Common Sense and A Little Fire: Women and Working Class Politics in the United States, 1900– 1965, (Chapel Hill & London, University of North Carolina Press) pp. 6– 7 44. A.E. Musson (1974) Trade Union and Social History, (London, Frank Cass), p. 5 45. Alice Kessler Harris (1982) Out to Work: A History of Wage- Earning Women in the United States, (Oxford, Oxford University Press), p. 152 46. Evidence to the War Cabinet Committee on Women in Industry, Days 4 and 7, MUN5/84/342/17, NA; Report of the Women’s Employment Committee 1919, Appendix on Female Membership of Trade Unions in the UK, 1914 to 1917, Ministry of Reconstruction, Cd 9239 47. The GFTU recorded the National Federation of Women Workers’ total mem- bership in September 1916 as 10,776 and 13,677 in March 1918. The TUC figure for the Federation in 1918 was, although higher than that used by the GFTU, only 20,000; TUC Annual Report 1918 Notes 193

48. Federation AR 1914 49. Ibid. 50. WW, 9 October 1908; Federation AR 1909 51. Drake, Women in Trade Unions, p. 50 52. Federation AR, 1915 53. Barbara Drake (1918) Women in the Engineering Trades: A Problem a Solution and some Criticisms: being a Report based on an Enquiry by a Joint Committee of the Labour Research Department and the Fabian Women’s Group (Labour Research Department, London, George Allen & Unwin, Ltd), p. 37; Drake, Women in Trade Unions, Table 2 54. National Union of General Workers (NUGW) Executive Committee (EC) Minutes, 9 October 1918, Working Class Movement Library, Salford 55. General Workers Journal (GWJ) July– August 1924 56. WW, November 1916 57. WW, March 1917; February 1918 58. Federation ARs; WW, October 1918 59. Pat Thane (1988) ‘Late Victorian Women’ in T. R. Gourvish & Alan O’Day (eds) Later Victorian Britain 1867– 1900 (London, Macmillan Education), p. 200 60. See for example Catherine Hall (1979) ‘The Early Formation of Victorian Domestic Ideology’ in Sandra Burman (ed.) Fit Work for Women (London, Croom Helm), pp. 15– 32 61. Christine Stansell (1987) City of Women: Sex and Class in New York 1789– 1860 (Urbana, University of Illinois Press), p. 139 62. Edward Cadbury, M. Cecile Matheson & George Shann (1906) Women’s Work and Wages: A Phase of Life in an Industrial City (London, Fisher Unwin), pp. 136– 7 63. The New Statesman, Special Supplement on Women in Industry, 21 February 1914, GTP, 300f 64. Cadbury et al., Women’s Work and Wages, p. 127 65. A week’s budget for a factory girl, 1910, TUC Library Collections, www. unionhistory.info/timeline/TI_Display.php? 66. Schneiderman cited in Alice Kessler Harris (2007) Gendering Labor History (Urbana, University of Illinois Press), p. 76 67. Chew, The Life and Writings of a Working Woman, p. 76 68. Seth Koven & Sonja Michel (1993) (eds) Introduction to Mothers of a New World: Maternalist Politics and the Origins of Welfare States (New York, Routledge), p. 6 69. Records of the National Women’s Trade Union League of America (NWTUL), First National Conference 1905, Reel 1, Library of Congress 70. Kathleen Canning (1996) Languages of Labor and Gender: Female Factory Work in Germany, 1850– 1914 (Ithaca, Cornell University Press), p. 190 71. League Leaflet (LL), March 1911 72. L. Holcombe cited in Gerry Holloway (2005) Women and Work in Britain since 1840 (London, Routledge), p. 54 73. Drake, Women in Trade Unions, Table 1 74. Cited in Drake, Women in Trade Unions, p. 44 75. Cadbury et al., Women’s Work and Wages, p. 121 76. Jackson’s Oxford Journal, 22 June 1907; Macarthur, ‘Trade Unions’, p. 21 194 Notes

77. Gail Braybon & Penny Summerfield (1987) Out of the Cage: Women’s Experiences in Two World Wars (London & New York, Pandora Press), p. 12 78. Cited by Gertrude Tuckwell in the Handbook of The Daily News Sweated Industries’ Exhibition 79. Forward, 14 November 1908 80. WW, September 1907 81. BL Hutchins, ‘Women in Trade Unionism’ in The New Statesman, 21 February 1914 82. Francoise Basch (1990) Introductory Essay to Theresa Malkiel (1910) The Diary of a Shirtwaist Striker (Ithaca, ILR Press), p. 5 83. Elizabeth Roberts (1995) Women’s Work, 1840– 1940 (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press), p. 14 84. Cadbury et al., Women’s Work and Wages, p. 131 85. Carol Morgan (2001) Women Workers and Gender Identities, 1835– 1913: The Cotton and Metal Industries in England (London & New York, Routledge), p. 11 86. WTUL AR 1912. In Women’s Work, Roberts notes that dressmakers and mil- liners were sometimes expected to pay their employers ‘for the privilege of working’ (p. 29). 87. Doris Nield Chew (1982), Ada Nield Chew, p. 13 88. Women’s Trade Union Review (WTUR), May 1894 89. WTUR, April 1896 90. The first four trades to be included were chain making, paper box making, lace finishing and bespoke tailoring 91. Mrs May Ford, interviewed 1973; Kenneth Richardson Collection, Coventry University 92. ‘Sweating in Textile Factories’, WW, 10 July 1908 93. Morning Leader, 14 January 1909, GTP 13a 94. Weekly Scotsman, 16 March 1912 GTP 13a 95. Clegg et al., British Trade Unions Since 1889, Volume 1, pp. 1– 2, 466– 7 96. Drake, Women in Trade Unions, Table 1 97. See for example, Joanna Bornat (1986) ‘“What About That Lass of Yours Being in the Union?”: Textile Workers and Their Union, 1888– 1922’ in Leonore Davidoff & Belinda Westover (eds), Our Work, Our Lives, Our Words: Women’s History and Women’s Work (Basingstoke, Macmillan Education), pp. 76– 98 98. Forward, 6 February 1909 99. Drake, Women in Trade Unions, p. 39; Clegg, General Union, p. 12 100. Hyman, The Workers’ Union, p. 87 101. Clegg et al., British Trade Unions, Volume 1, p. 489; Drake, Women in Trade Unions, Table 1 102. Kessler Harris, Out to Work, p. 152 103. Roger Magraw (1989) ‘Socialism, Syndicalism and French Labour Before 1914’ in Dick Geary (ed.) Labour and Socialist Movements in Europe Before 1914 (Oxford, Berg), p. 61 104. Sian Moore (2011) ‘Gender and Class Consciousness in industrialisation: the Bradford worsted industry 1820– 1845’ in Davis, Class and Gender, p. 40 105. Melanie Reynolds (2006) ‘“ A Man Who Won’t Back a Woman is No Man at All”: The 1875 Heavy Woollen Dispute and the Narrative of Women’s Trade Unionism’ in Labour History Review, 71 (2), August 2006, p. 193 Notes 195

106. Louise Raw (2011) Striking A Light: The Bryant and May Matchwomen and their Place in History (London, Continuum), p. 227 107. Dick Geary (1989) (ed.) ‘Introduction’, Labour and Socialist Movements in Europe Before 1914 (Oxford, Berg), p. 8 108. Cited in Kessler Harris, Out to Work, p. 153 109. (1895) ‘The Legal Regulation of Women’s Work’, in Women Workers: The Official Report of the Conference, Nottingham, 22– 25 October 1895 (Nottingham, James Bell), p. 47, Nottingham Local Studies

1 Beginnings

1. Proceedings: Second Biennial Convention of the National Women’s Trade Union League of America (NWTUL), TUC Library Collections, HD6079.US 2. Cited in Gladys Boone (1942) The Women’s Trade Union Leagues of Great Britain and the United States of America (New York, AMS Press, 1968 edition), p. 20. The NWTUL of America was founded in 1903. 3. Harold Goldman (1974) Emma Paterson (London, Lawrence & Wishart), p. 23 4. Sidney & Beatrice Webb (1935) The History of Trade Unionism (London, Green & Co), p. 336; Sally Alexander, ‘ “Bringing Women into Line with Men”; The Women’s Trade Union League: 1874–1921’ in Alexander, Becoming A Woman and Other Essays in 19th and 20th Century Feminist History, (New York, New York University Press), p. 57 5. Goldman, Emma Paterson, pp. 31– 2 6. Labour News, April 1874, reprinted in Goldman, Emma Paterson, pp. 117– 24 7. Alexander, ‘ Bringing Women into Line with Men’, p. 63; Kali Israel (1999) Names and Stories: Emilia Dilke and Victorian Culture (Oxford & New York, Oxford University Press), p. 189 8. Emilia Dilke (1891) ‘Trades Unions for Women’ (reprinted from The North American Review), TUC Library Collections, HD 6079 9. (1900), contributor to ‘Women as Trade Unionists’ in WTUR, January 1900, TUC Library Collections 10. Labour News, April 1874, reprinted in Goldman, pp. 117– 24 11. Teresa Olcott (1976) ‘Dead Centre: The Women’s Trade Union League in London, 1874– 1914’, The London Journal: A Review of Metropolitan Society Past and Present, 2 (1), p. 35 12. Ibid. 13. Women’s Protective and Provident League AR 1875, TUC Library Collections 14. Ibid. 15. For discussion of these ideas, see Rosemary Feurer (1988) ‘The Meaning of “Sisterhood”: the British Women’s Movement and Protective Labor Legislation, 1870– 1900’, in Victorian Studies, Winter 1988, pp. 238– 9; Ruth Livesey (2004) ‘The Politics of Work: Feminism, Professionalism and Women Inspectors of Factories and Workshops’, Women’s History Review, 13 (2), pp. 233– 61 16. BL Hutchins and A Harrison (1926) A History of Factory Legislation, 3rd edn (London, PS King & Son), p. 184 (1st edn 1903) 17. Holloway, ‘“United We Stand” : Class Issues in the Early British Women’s Trade Union Movement’, in Davis, Class and Gender, p. 140 196 Notes

18. Lewenhak, Women and Trade Unions, p. 75 19. BL Hutchins (1914) ‘Women in Trade Unionism’, The New Statesman, 21 February 1914 20. WTUL AR 1908 21. Nottingham & District Trades Union Council, 21 September 1890, 13 October 1890, Nottingham University Manuscripts & Special Collections, Tr M 22. The Reformers’ Year Book, 1904 23. WTUL, December 1907, GTP 300b/49 24. Jenny Johnston (1931) ‘Gertrude Tuckwell’ in The Millgate, GTC, Box 38 25. Israel, Names and Stories, p. 238 26. Dilke, ‘Trades Unions for Women’ 27. Boston, Women Workers, p. 55 28. WW, December 1907. For further discussion of the Tollemache daughters and their suffrage activities in Bath, see June Hannam (2000) ‘“ are Splendid for Any Work”: The Blathwayt Diaries as a Source for Suffrage History’ in Claire Eustance et al. (eds) (2000) A Suffrage Reader: Charting Directions in British Suffrage History (London, Leicester University Press), pp. 53– 68 29. Hannam and Hunt, Socialist Women, p. 35 remind us of the nuances that preclude the ready classification of socialist women into working or mid- dle class and of the significant differences between women’s economic circumstances. 30. Women’s Emancipation Union (1893) ‘The Factory Work of Women in the Midlands’, WEU Tracts, British Library 8416.h.40. See also Maureen Wright (2010) ‘The Women’s Emancipation Union and Radical- Feminist Politics in Britain, 1891– 99’, Gender and History, 22 (2), pp. 382– 406 31. Report of the Royal Commission on the Aged Poor, 1895 (London, Royal Commission on the Aged Poor) 32. Coventry Herald, 9 January 1903, Lowes’ Cuttings, Coventry History Centre 33. Dilke, ‘Trades Unions for Women’ 34. Ibid. 35. Hamilton, Mary Macarthur, p. 57 36. 1909 National Convention NWTUL 37. Mary Macarthur (1918) ‘The Woman Trade Unionist’s Point of View’ in Marion Phillips (ed.) Women and the Labour Party by Various Writers (London, Headley Brothers), pp. 22– 3 38. Ibid. 39. Hamilton, Mary Macarthur, p. 202 40. 1909 National Convention NWTUL 41. Cited in Soldon, Women in British Trade Unions, p. 55 42. The Co- operative News, 27 January 1906; ‘The Women’s Corner’ first appeared in the paper in 1883 and inspired the development of the WCG 43. Ibid. 44. Evidence to the War Cabinet Committee on Women in Industry, 1918, Day 4, Mary Macarthur, National Archives (NA), MUN5/84/342/17 45. This union became the National Union of Gas and General Workers in 1912 and the National Union of General Workers (NUGW) in 1916 46. The Wednesday Herald, Enfield, 24 October 1906 Notes 197

47. Federation Rules 1911, Webb TU Collection, C/111, London School of Economics (LSE) 48. Ibid. 49. Drake, Women in Trade Unions, p. 182 50. Strike benefits were paid by the GFTU to union members involved in offi- cially called disputes 51. WW, March 1908 52. WW, December 1907 53. WTUL Committee Minutes, 18 June 1908; 11 May 1911; 11 January 1917 54. Federation Rules, 1911 55. Drake, Women in Trade Unions, p. 182 56. Ibid. 57. Boston, Women Workers, p. 61 58. Myrtle Whitehead Organisers’ Report, 1915, NWTUL, Reel 10 Library of Congress 59. Macarthur, ‘Trade Unions’ , p. 79 60. Federation AR 1914 61. Halstead Times, 29 June 1907 62. TUC 8th Annual Report, 1875, TUC Library Collections 63. Bath Chronicle, 5 September 1907 64. Federation Rules 1911 65. Thom, Nice Girls and Rude Girls, p. 112 66. New York World, 1 October 1909, GTP, 321/a/29 67. Hyman, The Workers’ Union, p. 15 68. Federation AR 1913 69. Hyman, The Workers’ Union, p. 50 70. Hyman estimates that there were 5,000 women members of the WU at the outbreak of the war; Drake’s figure for December 1914 is 7,500. Hyman, The Workers’ Union, p 87; Drake, Women in Trade Unions, Table 2 71. WTUR, January 1900 72. Hyman, The Workers’ Union, p. 43 73. Webb Trade Union (TU) Collection, A/47/42 74. WTUL AR 1907; Federation AR 1909 75. Carlisle TC Minutes, February 16 1909, Carlisle Archives, DS0 37/1 76. Nottingham & District Trades Union Council, 18 December 1912; 28 May 1913– 18 March 1914, TrM 77. Wolverhampton Express & Star, 20 August 1914 78. WTUL Committee Minutes, 13 May 1909 & 12 March 1914, TUC Library Collections 79. Gordon, Women and the Labour Movement, p. 229 80. See, for example, Hannam & Hunt, Socialist Women 81. WTUL Committee Minutes, 11 November 1909 82. Ibid., 12 October 1911 83. GTP, 27 February, 1908, 216m 84. Federation AR 1913 85. Cited in Lucy Middleton (1977) ‘Women in Labour Politics’ in L. Middleton (ed.) Women in the Labour Movement (London, Croom Helm), p. 26 86. Westminster Gazette, 8 February 1910, GTP 345 87. Hamilton, Mary Macarthur, p. 122 198 Notes

88. Coventry Reporter, 16 September 1911, GTP 345/50 89. The League Leaflet (LL), January 1911. The name was changed to Labour Woman in 1913 90. Labour Woman, March 1914 91. LL, February 1913 92. Ibid. 93. Ibid. 94. Chicago Daily Tribune, 5 October 1909, GTP 321a/35 95. The first part of the NI Act dealt with health insurance. The second part provided unemployment benefit but was initially restricted to certain industries, all of which were heavily dominated by men 96. LL, June 1911 97. WTUR, July 1911 98. WTUL Committee Minutes, 12 October 1911; Hamilton, Mary Macarthur, p. 114 99. WTUL Committee Minutes, 11 April 1912 100. Peter Gordon and David Doughan (2001) Dictionary of British Women’s Organisations 1825– 1960 (London, Woburn Press), p. 111 101. John Saville and James A Schmiechen, ‘Margaret MacDonald’ in Joyce M Bellamy & John Saville (1982) Dictionary of Labour Biography, Volume 6 (Basingstoke, Macmillan), pp. 181– 5 102. WTUL Committee Minutes, 11 October and 8 November 1906, TUC Library Collection, HD 6079 103. Women Workers: The Official Report of the Conference at Nottingham, October 1895, City of Nottingham Local Studies, L33.012 104. Elizabeth Crawford (2001) The Women’s Suffrage Movement: A Reference Guide 1866– 1928 (London & New York, Routledge), p. 166 105. Tribune, Chicago, 8 October 1909, Sewall Belmont House, Washington DC, Scrapbooks, 1909 106. Ibid. 107. ‘Why Women Should Organise’, March 1907, GTP 321/15 108. WTUL Committee Minutes, 13 December 1906 109. Ibid., 12 November 1908 110. Hannam & Hunt, Socialist Women, p. 171 111. Labor Leader, 10 October 1907, GTP, 322/4 112. New York World, 25 March 1907, GTP, 321 113. The Shop Assistant, 1907, GTP, 4 October 1907, GTP, 322/7 114. National Convention, 29 September 1909, Records of the NWTUL of America, Reel 19 115. WW, October 1917 116. ‘The Working Girl Makes the Best Wife’, 1907 GTP 321/a/65

2 Building a Union, 1906– 14

1. Federation AR 1914 2. Federation ARs 1908 & 1914 3. Clegg et al., British Trade Unions since 1889, Volume 1, p. 489; Clegg (1985) Volume 2, p. 568 4. James Hinton (1983) Labour and Socialism: A History of the British Labour Movement 1867– 1974, (Brighton, Wheatsheaf Books), p. 84 Notes 199

5. NFWW Second AR 1908 6. WW, 21 August 1908 7. WTUL AR 1912 8. BL Hutchins (1915) Women in Modern Industry, republished by EP Publishing Ltd, , 1978, p. 84 9. Ibid., p. 85 10. WW, January 1908 11. For detail, see Deirdre Beddoe (2000) Out of the Shadows: A History of Women in Twentieth Century Wales, (Cardiff, University of Wales Press), pp. 31– 7 12. WTUL AR 1906; Theresa Moriarty (2002) ‘Work, Warfare and Wages: Industrial Controls and Irish Trade Unionism in the First World War’ in Adrian Gregory & Senia Pašeta (eds), Ireland and the Great War, (Manchester, Manchester University Press), p. 86 13. WW, September 1907 14. Ursula de la Mare (2008) ‘Necessity and Rage: the Factory Women’s Strikes in Bermondsey, 1911’, in History Workshop Journal, 66, p. 65 15. My calculation based on WW and Federation ARs 16. Federation AR 1912 17. Federation AR 1911 18. Federation AR 1912 19. WTUL AR 1906 20. WTUR, July 1906 21. Edinburgh Trades and Labour Council (T&LC) AR 1907 22. Edinburgh & District T&LC Minutes 4 December 1906 23. WTUR , July 1906 24. WW, September 1907 25. DC Coleman (1969) Courtaulds: An Economic and Social History, Volume 2 (Oxford, Clarendon Press), p. 156; WTUL AR 1906 26. The Wednesday Herald, (Tottenham, Edmonton and Wood Green), 17 October 1906 27. Ibid. 28. Ibid. 29. Ibid. 30. The Wednesday Herald, 24 October 1906 31. The Weekly Guardian, 16 November 1906 32. The Weekly Herald, 23 May 1913 33. Webb TU Collection, A/47, 45, 1914 34. For discussion of the ways that unions used social events to strengthen local branches, see Cathy Hunt (2011) ‘Dancing and Days Out’ 35. Webb TU Collection, A/47, 45 36. Cutting at Enfield Local Studies Library, Evening News, 28 January 1909 (see also GTP 300d) 37. Hinton, Labour and Socialism, p. 84 38. Henry Pelling (1964) A History of British Trade Unionism, (Harmondsworth, Penguin), p. 139 39. WTUL AR 1913 40. Hinton, Labour and Socialism, p. 86 41. Daily Citizen, 17 January 1914, GTP13a 42. Labour Woman, March 1914 200 Notes

43. Boston, Women Workers, pp. 70– 1 44. Thom, Nice Girls and Rude Girls, p. 103 45. Federation AR 1912 46. Webb TU Collection, A/47/44 47. de la Mare ‘Necessity and Rage’ p. 66 48. WTUL AR 1912 49. Webb TU Collection, A/47/44 50. Edinburgh & District T&LC Minute Book, 31 July 1906; 30 November 1909, National Library of Scotland, 4676, 31 July 1906 51. Federation AR 1912 52. Federation AR 1911 53. Nuneaton Chronicle, 23 January 1914. Trade Boards are discussed later in this chapter 54. Ibid. 55. The Clothiers Operatives, recruiting from those working in clothing facto- ries, were able to expand as a result of the 1909 Trade Boards Act. See Clegg (1985) British Trade Unions, Volume 2, p. 86 56. WTUR, July 1912 57. Nuneaton Chronicle, 23 January 1914 58. Nuneaton Chronicle, 30 January 1914 59. Cited in Boone, The Women’s Trade Union Leagues in Great Britain and the United States, p. 59 60. WW, 24 July 1908; 12 June 1908 61. Federation AR 1914 62. Rawlinson & Robinson, ‘The United Turkey Red Strike’, p. 179 63. Ibid., p. 182 64. Forward, 9 December 1911 65. United Turkey Red Company versus George Dallas and Forward, National Library of Scotland, Accession 6088 66. Ibid. 67. Rawlinson & Robinson, ‘The United Turkey Red Strike’, p. 187 68. Federation AR 1912 69. See Pat Thane (2011) ‘The Making of National Insurance, 1911’ in Journal of Poverty and Social Justice, 19 (3), pp. 211– 19 70. The Workers’ Institute was relocated to the Black Country Living Museum and opened in 2009 71. The Chain Makers’ Monument is by artist, Luke Perry. It was unveiled in June 2012. See also Tony Barnsley (2010) Breaking their Chains: Mary Macarthur and the Chainmakers’ Strike of 1910 (London, Bookmark Publications); Jean Debney (2010) Breaking Their Chains: The Story of the Women Chainmakers from Cradley Heath (Warwickshire, Brewin Books) 72. The Chain Making Trade Board met for the first time on 7 January 1910, Sheila Blackburn (2007) A Fair Day’s Wage for a Fair Day’s Work and the Origins of Minimum Wage Legislation in Britain (Aldershot, Ashgate), p. 130 73. WTUL Committee Minutes, 13 December 1906 74. Mary Macarthur (1910) Slaves of the Forge: the Women of Cradley Heath, GTP 200b 75. Shelley Pennington & Belinda Westover (1989) A Hidden Workforce: Homeworkers in England, 1850– 1985, (Basingstoke, Macmillan Education), p. 123; Blackburn, A Fair Day’s Wage p. 131 Notes 201

76. Macarthur, Slaves of the Forge 77. Ibid. 78. Edith Mayell, Tape no 74, Richardson Collection 79. Macarthur, Slaves of the Forge 80. Federation AR 1910– 11 81. Federation AR 1911; WTUL Committee Minutes 16 March 1911 82. LL, June 1912 83. GTP, TUC at Nottingham 1908 525a 84. WTUR, April 1909 85. Nottingham Oral History Transcripts A85/a- c/2, Nottingham Local Studies Library 86. ‘Home Workers of Nottingham’, Sunday Chronicle, 17 November 1909 87. WTUL AR 1911 88. Federation AR 1913 89. Nottingham Daily Express, 21 February 1912 90. Nottingham Guardian, 14 January 1913 91. Macarthur, ‘Trade Unions’ 92. J Ramsay MacDonald (1912) Margaret Ethel MacDonald (London, George Allen & Unwin 1929 edition), pp. 148– 9 93. Federation AR 1912 94. The Act came into force in July 1912 and the first benefits were payable from January 1913 95. Thane, ‘National Insurance’, p. 215 96. Hamilton, Mary Macarthur, pp. 110– 16 97. David Rubenstein (1982) ‘Trade Unions, Politicians and Public Opinion 1906– 14’ in Ben Pimlott & Chris Cook (eds) Trade Unions in British Politics (London, Longman), p. 60 98. Federation AR 1912 99. Hamilton, Mary Macarthur, p. 113 100. Ibid., pp. 113– 14 101. Federation AR 1912 102. This was the subscription under Class B, the category under which the Federation strongly urged women to join 103. Federation AR 1913 104. LL, June 1912 105. Rugby Advertiser, 4 May 1912, GTP 357/26 106. Federation AR 1912 107. Federation ARs 1911 & 1912 108. Federation AR 1914 109. Webb TU Collection, A/47 44 110. Federation AR 1914 111. WTUL AR 1912 112. Webbs, History of Trade Unionism, p. 475; Pelling, History of British Trade Unionism, p. 129 113. Clegg, General Union, p. 68 114. Report of the Departmental Committee on Sickness Benefit Claims under the National Insurance Act, 1914– 16, [Cd 7687] 115. Ibid. 116. Ibid. 117. Webb TU Collection, A/47/44 202 Notes

118. In addition there was the Workers’ Institute, Cradley Heath 119. Margaret Cole (1938) ‘Mary Macarthur’ in Women of Today (London, Thomas Nelson), p. 113 120. WTUL AR 1911 121. WTUL Committee Minutes, 8 December 1910 122. Ibid.

3 The First World War

1. Drake, Women in Trade Unions, p. 182 2. WTUR, April 1916 3. WW, June 1917 4. Federation AR 1914 5. Ibid. 6. Daily Citizen, 23 July 1914, GTP 357/110; Federation AR 1914 7. For a discussion of women’s wartime union membership see Marion Kozak, ‘Women Munition Workers During the First World War with special refer- ence to Engineering’, pp. 300– 5 8. NUGW Executive Committee (EC) Minutes, 9–10 October 1918 9. GWJ, July– August 1924 10. WW, July 1916 11. WW, June 1916 12. WW, May 1918 13. Ibid. 14. Ibid. 15. Ministry of Munitions, Requirements and Statistics Department Weekly Reports, MUN2/27, week ending 23 October 1915, NA 16. Health of Munition Workers Committee, Ministry of Munitions, 1917, Women, Work and Society (WWS), Imperial War Museum (IWM) MUN.V/68 17. Pedersen, Family, Dependence and the Origins of the Welfare State, p. 99; Lewenhak, Women and Trade Unions, p. 152 18. Federation AR 1914; WTUL AR 1916 19. WW, September 1916 20. This is my calculation based on accounts in WW, provincial newspapers and TC records. 217 branches were represented at the Federation’s 1918 confer- ence (WW, October 1918) but there are likely to have been others which did not send delegates 21. Federation AR 1918–1919 22. Angela Woolacott (1994) On Her Their Lives Depend: Munitions Workers in the Great War, (California, University of California Press), p. 18 23. Ibid., p. 17 24. Boston, Women Workers, p. 126 25. Soldon, Women in British Trade Unions, p. 99 26. Report of the Women’s Employment Committee 1919, Appendix on Female Membership of Trade Unions in the UK, 1914 to 1917. See, however, my discussion in the Introduction on the variations in trade union membership numbers discussed in the Introduction Notes 203

27. I. O. Andrews & Margaret A. Hobbs (1921) Economic Effects of the World War Upon Women and Children in Great Britain, (New York, Oxford University Press), p. 89 28. IWM Sound Archive, 826/2;828/2; 3144/2; 566 29. Federation AR 1915 30. WW, July 1917 31. WW, March 1916 32. WW, July 1916 33. WWS/IWM Press cuttings EMP.47.6 34. AW Kirkaldy (1918) Industry and Finance: War Expedients and Reconstruction (London, British Association for the Advancement of Science), p. 78 35. Statement on Women’s Wages prepared for the press, NA, MUN5/83/342/113 36. Woolacott, On Her Their Lives Depend, pp. 24– 5 37. WW, July 1916 38. Midland Daily Telegraph (MDT), 4 September 1917 39. Ibid. 40. WW, August 1917 41. WW, September 1917 42. Report of the War Cabinet Committee on Women in Industry, 1919, cited in Braybon & Summerfield, Out of the Cage, p. 51 43. Working Classes Cost of Living Committee, cited in Woolacott, On Her Their Lives Depend, pp. 117– 18 44. WW, May 1917 45. The Woman’s Dreadnought (WD), paper of the East London Federation of Suffragettes (ELFS) 25 March 1916 46. Gail Braybon (2008) ‘Winners or Losers: Women’s Symbolic Role in the War Story’ in Braybon (ed.) Evidence, History and the Great War: Historians and the Impact of 1914– 18, (New York & Oxford, Berghahn Books) p. 88 47. WW, August 1918 48. Cited in Thom, Nice Girls, p. 114 49. WW, January 1916 50. WW, January 1917 51. WW, January 1918 52. WW, March 1917 53. IWM Sound Archive 828/2 54. Susan Lawrence (1918) ‘The Woman Wage Earner’ in Marion Phillips (ed.) Women and the Labour Party, by Various Writers (London, Headley Bros) p. 6 55. Hinton, Labour and Socialism, p. 98; Mary Davis (1999) : A Life in Radical Politics, (London, Pluto Press), p. 46 56. Hamilton, Mary Macarthur, p. 130 57. WTUL Committee Minutes 6 August 1914 58. Hamilton, Mary Macarthur, p. 130 59. Daily Dispatch, 31 August 1918, GTP 357a/. For statistics see also Federation AR balance sheets, 1918–19 60. Saturday Review, 7 September 1918, GTP 357a/1 61. WW, February 1918 62. Federation AR 1915 63. Ibid. 204 Notes

64. I. O. Andrews, cited in Gail Braybon (1981) Women Workers in the First World War,(London, Croom Helm), p. 44 65. Federation AR 1915 66. Sylvia Pankhurst (1932) The Home Front, (London, The Cresset Library, reprinted 1987), p. 53 67. WD, 3 October 1914 68. WTUR, October 1914 69. Thom, Nice Girls, p. 115 70. Ibid. 71. See Braybon, Women Workers, p. 45 72. Federation AR 1915 73. Daily Sketch, 8 & 22 November 1915, Archive of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance, IWSA 3/59/66 & 68, Library 74. Vera Brittain (1933) Testament of Youth (Brittain, Fontana Paperback edition, 1980, in association with Virago), p. 100 75. Daily Sketch, 8 November 1915, IWSA 3/59/66 76. Daily News, 10 December 1915, IWSA 3/59/70 77. Pankhurst, The Home Front, p. 55 78. WTUR, July 1915 79. WTUL AR 1916 80. Federation AR 1915 81. WTUR, January 1915 82. See, for example, Pedersen, Family, Dependence and the Origins of the Welfare State, p. 100 83. WW, January 1916 84. A. W. Kirkaldy (1916), Labour, Finance and the War, (London, British Association for the Advancement of Science) p. 133 85. WW, January 1916 86. Federation AR 1915 87. Federation AR 1914 88. Federation AR 1915; WW October 1916 89. WW, October 1916 90. WW, March 1917; Thom, Nice Girls, p. 144 91. ‘What Are Women Actually Earning on Munitions Work?’ Press statement copy, MUN5/83/342/113 92. The Shells and Fuses Agreement of March 1915 was followed by the Treasury Agreement 93. Drake, Women in the Engineering Trades, p. 16. In engineering pay agreements were generally made in the districts. 94. War Emergency: Workers’ National Committee, National Conference on War Service for Women, Labour History Archive, Manchester, WNC32/5/47i 95. Cited in Drake, Women in the Engineering Trades, p. 23. Lloyd George was Minister of Munitions from May 1915 to June 1916 when he became Secretary of State for War. He became Prime Minister in December 1916 96. Ibid, p. 30 97. WTUL AR 1916 98. These included those it owned before the war, such as ordnance factories, as well as the National Factories 99. Woolacott, On Her Their Lives Depend, p. 114 Notes 205

100. Kozak, ‘Women Munition Workers During the First World War’ 101. Minutes of Meetings of War Cabinet Committee on Women in Industry 1918, MUN5/84/342/17, NA; Hamilton, Mary Macarthur, p. 161 102. Barrow District ASE Minutes, 3 September 1915, Barrow Archives, BDSO 57 103. Federation AR 1915 104. Hamilton, Mary Macarthur, p. 155. Ministry of Munitions: Reports and Statistics Department Weekly Reports, MUN2/27, NA, week ending 4 December 1915 105. Myra Baillie (2002) ‘The Women of Red Clydeside: Women Munitions Workers in the West of Scotland during the First World War’, PhD thesis, McMaster University, p. 127 106. Drake, Women in Engineering, p. 39 107. WW, November 1916 108. WW, October 1916 109. Ministry of Labour, Munitions Production, LAB2/252/LR19160/2/1918, May 1918, NA 110. WW, January 1916 111. Commission of Enquiry into Industrial Unrest, LG/F/78/5, PA 112. L. Penwarden, IWM Sound Archive 3139/1 113. WW, October 1916 114. WW, March 1918 115. WW, May 1917 116. IWM Sound Archive 3141/1; 3139/1 117. WW, August 1916 118. Ibid. 119. Red Lane Oral History Project, Coventry Archives, 1235/8/1 120. WD, 15 July 1916 121. Federation AR 1915 122. Woolacott, On Her Their Lives Depend, p. 84; WW, November 1916 123. John Burnett (ed.) (1974) Useful Toil: Autobiographies of Working People From the 1820s to the 1920s, (London, Allen Lane), p. 128 124. Elliott, ‘Women in Search of Justice’, p. 3 125. George Hodgkinson, Red Lane Oral History Project, 1983, Coventry Archives 126. ASE Monthly Journal and Report, April 1916 127. Macarthur, ‘The Woman Trade Unionists’ Point of View’, p. 22 128. Cited in Alice Kessler Harris (2007) Gendering Labor History, (Urbana, University of Illinois Press), p. 69 129. Macarthur, ‘The Women Trade Unionists’ Point of View’, pp. 22– 3 130. WTUR, April 1916 131. Ibid. 132. NUGW Quarterly Report & Balance Sheet, March 1916 133. WU Record, 23 September 1915 134. WTUL Committee Minutes 11 November 1915 135. WTUL ARs 1915 &1916 136. WW, May, July, October 1916 137. Baillie, ‘Women of Red Clydeside’, p. 132 138. WW, June 1916 139. Cole, Trade Unions, p. 83 206 Notes

140. Ibid. 141. Joint Committee Minutes, Barrow, BD/50 57 1/8 142. Barrow District ASE Minutes, 16 August 1917 BDS0 57 143. Cited in G.D.H. Cole, Trade Unions, p. 204 144. Clegg, General Union, p. 83 145. WW, January 1916 146. Drake, Women and Trade Unions, p. 78 147. WU Record, August 1916 148. Lewenhak, Women and Trade Unions, p. 156 149. WU Record, September 1915 150. Drake, Women in Engineering, pp. 40, 30 151. Kozak, ‘Women Munition Workers’, p. 319 152. WW, January 1917 153. WU Record, 23 September 1915 154. Drake, Women in Engineering, p. 128 155. Helen Bowen Pease, IWM Sound Archive, 821/20 156. WW, October 1917 157. 14 September to 26 November 1917, MUN 7/259, NA 158. Drake, Women in Engineering, p. 23; Macarthur (1918) ‘The Woman Trade Unionists’ Point of View’ in Phillips, Women and the Labour Party, p. 22 159. Kozak, ‘Women Munitions Workers’, pp. 320– 1 160. LG/F/78/5, PA 161. Ibid. 162. Woolacott, On Her Their Lives Depend, p. 72 163. Minutes of the War Cabinet Committee on Women in Industry, MUN5/84/342/17 164. LG/F/78/5 165. WW, February 1917 166. MUN5/84/342/17, NA 167. WW, December 1917 168. , 7 May 1917 169. Minutes of the War Cabinet Committee on Women in Industry, MUN5/84/342/17 170. WW, August 1917 171. WWS/IWM Health of Munition Workers Committee, Welfare Supervision, MUN.V/53 172. WW, February 1917 173. WW, December 1917; MUN5/84/342/17 174. Hinton, Labour and Socialism, p. 105 175. WD, 25 March 1916 176. WW, May 1917 177. WW, November 1916 178. LAB2/148/9 NA 179. WW, May 1918 180. WW, May 1916 181. WW, December 1917, January 1918 182. WW, January 1918 183. Baillie, ‘ Women of Red Clydeside’ 184. WW, January 1918 Notes 207

185. Baillie, ‘Women of Red Clydeside’, p. 142 186. Ibid., p. 144 187. WW, January 1918 188. See also Chapter 6 189. Hinton, Labour and Socialism, p. 106 190. WTUL AR 1917 191. WW, May 1917 192. Manchester Guardian, 2 September 1918, IWSA 3/74/18 193. Daily News & Leader, 15 August 1918, IWSA 3/70 194. WW, September 1918 195. The Times, 13 September 1918 196. Federation ARs, 1915 & 1918–19 197. NUGW Quarterly Report & Balance Sheet, March 1921, Working Class Movement Library, Salford 198. Elliott, ‘Women in Search of Justice’, p. 11 199. WW, July 1917 200. Hamilton, Mary Macarthur, p. 161 201. WW, July 1918

4 The Final Phase, 1918– 21

1. Braybon, Women Workers, p. 205 2. The Bristol Evening News, 1 January 1917 3. WW, December 1918 4. Dorothy Elliott, ‘Women in Search of Justice’, p. 9 5. Ibid., p. 10 6. This was later raised to 25 shillings, and the male rate to 29 shillings. 7. Cited in Thom, Nice Girls, p. 187 8. MUN5/92, NA; quote from Manchester Guardian, 19 November 1917, EMP.47.6 9. Hamilton, Mary Macarthur, cited in Braybon and Summerfield, p. 121 10. WW, February 1919 11. Thom, Nice Girls, p. 190; WW, February & March 1919 12. WW, March 1919 13. Scottish TUC Annual Report 1918 14. Federation AR 1918–19 15. WW, January 1919 16. The Newcastle Daily Chronicle, 13 December 1918 17. Ibid., 6 January 1919 18. The News (Barrow) 7 December 1918 19. Ibid., 22 February 1919 20. Ibid. 21. WW, January 1919 22. WW, June 1919 23. WW February 1919 24. Elliott, ‘Women in Search of Justice’, p. 10 25. Braybon & Summerfield, Out of the Cage, p. 121 26. Weekly Dispatch, 6 April 1917, IWSA 3/70/95 27. WW, July 1917 208 Notes

28. WW, November 1918 29. WTUAC Minutes, 1 January 1919 30. Ibid. 31. Newcastle Daily Chronicle 15 January 1919 32. Federation AR 1918–19; Elliott, ‘Women in Search of Justice’, p. 16 33. Lewenhak, Women and Trade Unions, p. 178 34. WU Record, March 1921 35. GWJ, March–April 1922 36. Lewenhak, Women and Trade Unions, p. 166 37. WW, March 1919 38. WW, February 1919 39. WW, January & June 1920 40. WTUL AR 1919 41. WW, August 1919 42. WW, October 1919 43. WW, March 1920 44. WW, October 1919 45. WW, March 1919 46. Thom, Nice Girls, p. 40; Jane Lewis (1984), Women in England, 1870– 1950 (New York, Harvester Wheatsheaf), p. 182 47. Kessler Harris, Gendering Labor History, pp. 54– 60 48. Cited in Mary Agnes Hamilton (1924) Margaret Bondfield, London, Leonard Parsons, p. 114 49. Weekly Dispatch, 6 April 1917, IWSA 3/70/95 50. Macarthur, ‘The Woman Trade Unionist’s Point of View’, p. 24 51. Mary Macarthur (1917) ‘The Future of Women in Industry’ in Problems of Reconstruction, Lectures and Addresses with an intro by the Marquess of Crewe (London, Fisher Unwin) 52. In 1917 the Federation voted to affiliate with the LP, giving it the right to field a Parliamentary candidate 53. WW, August 1918 54. Ibid. 55. Ibid. 56. MUN5/84/342/17, NA 57. Macarthur, ‘The Woman Trade Unionist’s Point of View’, p. 25 58. Ibid. 59. WU Record, July 1919 60. MUN 5/84/342/17, NA 61. Pedersen, Family, Dependence and the Origins of the Welfare State, pp. 100– 1 62. RPWPA (no. 3) Second Reading, 2 June 1919, Hansard, http://hansard. millbanksystems.com/commons/1919/jun/02/restoration 63. Federation AR 1918–19 64. WU Record, July 1916 65. Macarthur, ‘The Woman Trade Unionist’s Point of View’, p. 25 66. First International Congress of Working Women, Washington DC, 1919, Records of the NWTUL of America, Reel 25 67. WW, August–September 1920 68. WW, October 1918 69. Federation AR, 1918–19 Notes 209

70. WW, August–September 1920 71. H A Clegg, General Union, p. 63. In 1910 its membership, as the GW, was 32,000 72. WW, January 1921 73. Lewenhak, Women in Trade Unions, p. 172 74. Gertrude Tuckwell, ‘Reminiscences’, p. 282 75. Margaret Bondfield, A Life’s Work, p. 60 76. The ASE remained all- male until 1943 77. NFGW Annual Meeting, 15 August 1918, bound with NFGW First Report and Balance Sheet 78. WW, August–September, 1920 79. Ibid. 80. Lewenhak, Women and Trade Unions, p. 172 81. NUGW Executive Committee Minutes, 11 August, 1919 82. Ibid, 22 January 1919 83. WW, August–September, 1920 84. Ibid. 85. Ibid. 86. Ibid. 87. NUGW Women Workers’ Section First Report & Balance Sheet for Year Ended 31 December 1921, TUC Library Collections 88. Ibid. 89. Federation AR 1918–19; NUGW Executive Committee Minutes, 27 September 1918 90. Clegg, General Union, p. 102 91. Federation AR 1918–19 92. Blackburn, A Fair Day’s Wage, p. 179 93. General Workers’ Journal (GWJ), July–August 1922 94. NUGW Women Workers’ Section First Report & Balance Sheet, 1921 95. WW, April 1921 96. GWJ, May–June 1922 97. Ibid. 98. Clegg, General Union, p. 103 99. Ibid; The WU lost 69 per cent of its members during the same period 100. NUGW Reports & Balance Sheets 1921 & 1922 101. GWJ, July– August 1924 102. Ibid. 103. From this point the NUGW became the National Union of General and Municipal Workers 104. GWJ, March–April 1922 105. GWJ, July–August 1922 106. Ibid. 107. GWJ, September–October 1923 108. NUGW Women Workers’ District First Report & Balance Sheet, Year Ended 31 December 1921 109. NUGW National EC Minutes, 14 March 1923 110. GWJ, July–August 1924 111. NUGW Reports & Balance Sheets, 1921 to 1924 112. GWJ September– October 1924 210 Notes

113. Clegg, General Union, pp. 114– 15; Lewenhak, Women and Trade Unions, p. 195 114. WTUL EC Minutes, 10 February 1921 115. Ibid., 10 October 1918 116. WTUL AR 1921 117. The first two women elected were Margaret Bondfield and Julia Varley 118. WTUL Committee Minutes, 10 February 1921; Lewenhak, Women in Trade Unions, p. 175 119. WTUL AR 1921 120. Lewenhak, Women and Trade Unions, p. 187 121. Elliott, ‘Women in Search of Justice’, p. 1 1

5 Organisers and Activists

1. WW, April 1917 2. WW, December 1917 3. WW, April 1917 4. WW, May 1917 5. Gertrude Tuckwell (1931), Constance Smith, A Short Memoir (London, Duckworth), p. 29 6. Edith Mayell, No 74, Richardson Collection. 7. Reformers’ Year Book, 1906; WW, October 1907, April 1908 8. Federation AR 1914 9. WW, 31 July 1908 10. WU Record, August 1916 11. Cole, ‘Mary Macarthur’, p. 94 12. Hamilton, Mary Macarthur, p. 7 13. National Amalgamated Union of Shop Assistants, Warehousemen and Clerks 14. Bondfield, A Life’s Work, p. 54 15. Gertrude Tuckwell, ‘Reminiscences’, p. 194, GTP, Box 39 16. Lady Dilke (1891), Trades Unions for Women, p. 11 17. Address to the NWTUL of America, 29 September 1909, cited in Hamilton, Mary Macarthur, p. 35 18. Lewenhak, Women and Trade Unions, p. 161 19. WW, 30 December 1908; see also Cathy Hunt (2013) ‘Binding Women Together: Mary Macarthur and The Woman Worker, September 1907 to May 1908, in Media History, 19 (2), pp. 478– 96 20. Jewson became a Labour MP in 1923, Phillips in 1929 21. WW, February 1921 22. Holborn & Finsbury Guardian, 15 September 1911 23. The Times, 14 November 1911 24. LL, June 1912 25. Federation AR 1913 26. Bondfield, A Life’s Work, pp. 59– 60 27. IWM Sound Archive, 821/20 28. WW, March 1921 29. A report in WW of February 1917 tells of a similar event, at which Helena Flowers used her organising skills to persuade workers back to work after a disturbance caused by the dismissal of a woman. Notes 211

30. WW, July 1918 31. WW, October 1918 32. IWM Sound Archive 821/20 33. Some organisers’ salaries were provided by WTUL supporters and benefactors 34. Federation AR 1912; Bridport News, 16 February 1912 35. Joyce Bellamy et al., ‘Julia Varley’, Dictionary of Labour Biography, Volume 4 (1977), pp. 216– 21 36. WTUR, January 1909 37. MDT, 25 July 1908 38. Northampton Daily Chronicle, 23 September 1911 39. Nield Chew, Ada Nield Chew, p. 28 40. Census of England and Wales, 1911 41. WTUL Committee Minutes, 11 May 1911 42. WTUL Committee Minutes, 12 December 1912; 9 January 1913 43. WW, July 1917 44. WW, August– September 1920 45. Federation AR 1913 46. WU Record, August 1919 47. WW, August 1918 48. Federation AR 1915. Ada Newton’s married name was Shepherd 49. Nield Chew, Ada Nield Chew, p. 34 50. WTUL Committee Minutes 15 June 1911, 20 June 1912 51. Hamilton, Mary Macarthur, p. 73 52. Nield Chew, Ada Nield Chew, pp. 34– 5 53. J. M. Bellamy & J. Saville (1977) Dictionary of Labour Biography, Volume 4 (London: Macmillan, 1972– 2000), pp. 69– 74 54. WTUL Committee Minutes, 23 June 1909 55. Federation AR 1911 56. The National Council Versus Miss Hedges, GTP 357/161 57. WTUL Committee Minutes, 23 June & 8 July 1909 58. WW, December 1907 59. WU Record July 1915 60. WU Record, July 1914 61. WW, September 1907 62. WW, September to December 1907 63. Federation AR 1913 64. Federation AR 1914 65. LL, February 1913; Federation AR 1914 66. Federation Rules 1911, Webb TU Collection, LSE, C/111 67. Ibid. 68. Ibid. 69. See also Chapters 1 & 6 70. Northampton TC AR 1912, Northampton Archives NTC1 71. Bournville Works Magazine, November 1907; WW, September 1907 & March 1908 72. WW, December 1907; The Bath Chronicle, 5 September 1907 73. The Bath Chronicle, 2 September 1907; Federation AR 1908 212 Notes

74. Federation AR 1909 75. Elizabeth Crawford (2006) Women’s Suffrage Movement in Britain and Ireland: A Regional Survey (New York, Routledge); June Hannam (2000) ‘“Suffragettes Are Splendid for Any Work”: The Blathwayt Diaries as a Source for Suffrage History’ in Claire Eustance et al. (eds) A Suffrage Reader: Charting Directions in British Suffrage History (London, Leicester University Press), p. 57 76. Webb TU Collection, A/47, 43– 45 77. Ibid. 78. Drake, Women in Trade Unions, pp. 182– 3 79. Elliott, ‘Women In Search of Justice’, p. 8 80. WTUL Committee Minutes, 1907– 13 81. Mrs Connie Lewcock (née Ellis), The Brian Harrison Interviews, Women’s Library, 85UF/B/084 82. Dorothy Elliott, ‘In Search of Justice’, p. 8 83. Ibid. 84. WW, November 1917 85. WW, August 1917 86. See Chapter 2. 87. LAB2/162/IC110/1914 NA; Census England and Wales, 1911 88. WW, October 1916 89. Ibid. 90. Theresa Moriarty (1998) ‘Delia Larkin: Relative Obscurity’ in Donal Nevin (ed.) James Larkin: Lion of the Fold (Dublin, Gill & Macmillan, 2006 edition), p. 435; Lewenhak, Women and Trade Unions, p. 159 91. Irish TUC & Labour Party Report of the 22nd Annual Meeting, August 1916 92. Dublin Express 1 January 1917, WWS/IWM Press Cuttings EMP 47.6 93. WW, June 1917 94. WTUL Committee minutes, 11 October 1917 95. WW, October 1916 96. Moriarty, ‘Work, Warfare and Wages’, p. 86 97. WW, July 1917 98. Mansion House is the official residence of the Lord Mayor of Dublin; Dublin Daily Express, 28 May 1917 99. Ibid. 100. WW, October 1919 101. WW, June 1918 102. WW, 1917– 19 103. WW, December 1916 104. WW, June & July 1918 105. Federation AR 1918–19 106. See Lewenhak, Women and Trade Unions, pp. 159–60 107. WW, July 1918 108. Holborn & Finsbury Guardian, 21 April 1911 109. Ibid. 110. Ibid., 19 May 1911; Federation AR 1911 111. WTUL Committee Minutes, 9 November 1911 112. Ibid. 113. Burnett, ‘Rosina Whyatt’, p. 130 114. Thom, Nice Girls, p. 112 Notes 213

115. Shop stewards’ names come mostly from WW 116. WW, July 1916 117. WW, November 1916 118. Baillie, ‘Women of Red Clydeside’, p. 169 119. WW, October 1918 120. WW, March 1918 121. WW, October 1917 122. WW, February 1918 123. WW, August–September 1920 124. NUGW Quarterly Reports & Balance Sheets, 1921 125. GWJ, January–February 1923 126. GWJ, September–October 1923 127. WW, October, 1920; Braybon, Women Workers, p. 198 128. Bondfield, A Life’s Work, p. 59 129. WW, July 1917; Tuckwell, ‘Constance Smith’, p. 28 130. WW, August– September, 1920 131. Cited in Pamela Graves (1994) Labour Women: Women in British Working- Class Politics, 1918– 1939 (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press), p. 18 132. WW, December 1919 133. WW, October 1920 134. Pease, IWM Sound Archive, 821/20

6 Coventry: A Case Study

1. MDT, 26 May 1906 2. Charles Bray (1857) The Industrial Employment of Women (London, Longman) 3. These ideas are explored by Anna Davin in ‘Imperialism and Motherhood’ in History Workshop Journal, 5 (Spring, 1978) pp. 9– 65 4. WW, February 1916 5. Report of the Royal Commission on the Aged Poor, Volume 2, 1895 6. Coventry & District Trades and Labour Council Annual Report (CTC) 1890, MSS.5/4/AN/ 1i- ii, Modern Records Centre (MRC) 7. David Thoms & Tom Donnelly (1986) ‘Coventry’s Industrial Economy, 1880– 1980’, in Bill Lancaster & Tony Mason (eds) Life and Labour in a 20th Century City: The Experience of Coventry (Coventry, Cryfield Press), p. 12 8. Frederick Smith (1945) Coventry, 600 Years of Municipal Life, City of Coventry, p. 171 9. Census of England and Wales, 1901 10. Ibid. 11. Brad Beaven & John Griffiths (2004) ‘Urban Elites, Socialists and Notions of Citizenship in an Industrial Boomtown: Coventry, c 1870– 1914 in Labour History Review 69 (1), April 2004, pp. 3– 18 12. Ibid., p. 5 13. Ibid., p. 13; Coventry Herald, 15 November 1902 14. Ibid., 12 April 1901 15. Beaven & Griffiths, ‘Urban Elites’, pp. 10–11 16. Report of the Royal Commission on the Aged Poor, p. 893 17. Cited in Alexander, Becoming A Woman, p. 69 214 Notes

18. Kessler- Harris, Gendering Labor History, p. 26 19. MDT, 25 May 1906 20. CTC AR 1906, Board of Trade Library Collection, MRC 21. Women’s Emancipation Union (1893) ‘The Factory Work of Women in the Midlands’, A Paper read at the London Conference, 16 March 1893, Women’s Emancipation Union Tracts 22. The Manchester Chronicle, 24 October 1907, GTP 300b. See Introduction, p. 4 23. WTUR, January 1895 24. Ibid. 25. Ibid. 26. Ibid. 27. Kessler Harris, Out to Work, p. 153 28. Report of the Royal Commission on the Aged Poor, Volume 2 29. WTUR, July 1897 30. CTC AR 1904. MSS.5, MRC 31. WTUR, 18 November 1906 32. CTC AR 1906 33. 1908 TUC Report, TUC History Online www.unionhistory.info/reports/ 34. Sunday Chronicle, 20 September 1908, GTP 300c 35. GTP 504a; Boston, Women Workers, p. 87 36. WW, 25 November 1908 37. Ibid. 38. WTUR, April 1907 39. MDT, 5 February 1908 40. Cathy Hunt, ‘Tea and Sympathy’ 41. Mary E. Dreier (1921) ‘Expansion Through Agitation and Education’ in Life and Labor, June 1921, cited in Boone, Women’s Trade Union Leagues in Great Britain and the United States of America, p. 164 42. Hunt, ‘Dancing and Days Out’ 43. WW, March & April 1916 44. WW, March & May 1908 45. WW, March 1908 46. MDT, 8 January 1912 47. WU Record, November 1918 48. Federation AR 1913 49. Ibid.; CTC AR 1914, MRC 50. MDT, 1 December 1913 51. Coventry Times, 15 December 1913 52. Federation AR 1914 53. WTUR, October 1907 54. Federation AR 1914 55. Frank Carr (1978) ‘Engineering Workers and the Rise of Labour’, PhD, University of Warwick, p. 31; WU Record, November 1918 56. Federation AR 1914 57. Ibid. 58. Figure cited in Josie Castle, ‘ Factory Work for Women: Courtaulds and GEC between the Wars’ in Lancaster & Mason (eds.) Life and Labour, p. 137 59. GTP 357b 60. MDT, 11 December 1913 Notes 215

61. Frank Carr (1978) ‘Engineering Workers and the Rise of Labour’, PhD, University of Warwick, p. 37 62. D.C. Coleman, Courtaulds, p. 163 63. Mayell, Richardson Collection 64. WW, November 1907 65. 16 September 1911, GTP, 345/50 66. Coventry Herald, 6–7 June 1913 67. Federation ARs 1912, 1913 68. WTUR, July 1912 69. Ibid. 70. Coventry Sentinel Cuttings, Coventry History Centre, JN335 71. See Chapter 1 72. Mayell, Richardson Collection 73. MDT 8 September, 1914; WW, June 1917 74. Anderson & Markham (1916) Report on Industrial Welfare Conditions in Coventry, Advisory Committee on Women’s War Employment (Industrial), WWS/IWM EMP.45 75. Monthly Reports on Labour in Government Establishments, MUN5/101/ 360/101, NA 76. Report on Industrial Welfare Conditions in Coventry 77. Ibid. 78. Ibid. A 1916 Ministry of Munitions’ weekly Labour Report stated that women ‘constantly arrive [at work] with their clothes torn in the struggle for a tram, the satchel in which they bring their tea being sometimes torn away’. The Report emphasised that the workers ‘in this instance were of an exceptionally refined type to whom such rough handling would be alto- gether unfamiliar’, and cited it as an example of women workers’ ‘cheerful resolution in meeting conditions of great discomfort’ when travelling to and from work. MUN2/27, week ending 12 February 1916 79. WW, January 1917 80. Red Lane Reminiscences (1983) printed by Coventry Resource & Information Service 81. WW, February 1917; WU Record, November 1917, February 1918 82. MDT, 28 October 1919 83. WW, March 1917 84. Red Lane Oral History Project 85. Coventry ASE Minute Books, Coventry Archives, PA1243/10- 13 86. Ibid., 18 June 1915, Coventry Archives, PA1243/ 10- 13 87. Ibid., 16 November 1915 88. Ibid., 26 May 1916 89. Ibid., 30 May 1916 90. MUN2/27, week ending 20 November 1915 91. WW, February 1917; February 1916; January 1917 92. Ibid., 7 March 1916 93. MDT, 14 January 1916 94. ASE Minutes, 11 January 1916; 25 September 1917 95. WW, February 1917 96. WW, March 1917 97. WW, March 1918 216 Notes

98. WW, July 1918 99. May Ford, no. 64 Richardson Collection 100. Red Lane Oral History Project 101. Industrial Welfare Conditions in Coventry 102. WW, December 1916 103. WU Record, May 1916 104. WU Record, May 1916 105. Dublin Daily Express, 28 May 1917 106. John A. Yates (1950) Pioneers to Power (Coventry, Coventry Labour Party), p. 62; The Times, 1 December 1917 107. Hinton, The First Shop Stewards’ Movement, p. 224 108. MDT, 1 December 1918; The Women’s Party (the re- named WSPU) was launched by Emmeline and in the autumn of 1917 with the patriotic slogan ‘Victory, National Security and Progress’. See June Purvis (2002) : A Biography (London, Routledge) p. 301 109. Co- operative News (Women’s Corner), 12 January 1918, IWSA, 3/64 110. Coventry and Warwickshire Graphic, 23 November 1917; WW, December 1917 111. MDT, 11 November 1917 112. Jeffrey Haydu (1988) Between Craft and Class: Skilled Workers and Factory Politics in the United States and Britain, 1890– 1922 (Berkeley, University of California Press), p. 160 113. NFGW Annual Report & Balance sheet, Year Ending 30 June 1918 (see Chapter 4) 114. WU Record, August 1918 115. MDT, 6 January 1919 116. Ibid. 117. WW, February 1919 118. MDT, 6 January 1919 119. WW, February 1919 120. MDT, 8 January 1919 121. MDT, 14– 16 February 1920 122. Ibid. 123. Ibid. 124. WW, July 1919 125. WW, June and July 1919 126. MDT, 27 April 1921 127. Lewenhak, Women and Trade Unions, p. 178 128. NUGW Report & Balance Sheet, March 1921 129. NUGW Report & Balance Sheet, June 1924 130. WW, May 1908 131. Carr, ‘Engineering Workers’, p. 75 132. NUGW Report & Balance Sheets, 1921 133. Hyman, The Workers’ Union, p. 145 134. National Amalgamated Union of Shop Assistants, Warehousemen and Clerks, Minutes 1931– 2, MSS.1178/1/1, MRC 135. Marjorie Lodge (1986) ‘Aspects of Infant Welfare in Coventry 1900– 40’ in Lancaster & Mason, Life and Labour 136. MDT, 19 March 1920 137. CTC AR, 1933, Board of Trade Library Collection, MRC Notes 217

Conclusion

1. WW, August– September 1920 2. Tuckwell, ‘Reminiscences’, p. 282 3. Gerry Holloway (1998) ‘Let the Women Be Alive! The of the Married Working Woman in the Industrial Women’s Movement, 1890– 1914’ in Eileen Janes Yeo (ed.), Radical Femininity: Women’s Self- Representation in the Public Sphere (Manchester, Manchester University Press), p. 179; Pedersen, Family, Dependence and the Origins of the Welfare State, p. 101 4. Macarthur in Problems of Reconstruction, Lectures and Addresses, introduction by the Marquess of Crewe (London, Fisher Unwin) 5. The Women’s Industrial League sought, in the immediate post war period, to obtain equal opportunities, pay and training for women in all occupations 6. Macarthur, ‘The Woman Trade Unionist Point of View’, pp. 18– 19 7. MUN5/84/342/17, NA 8. See Chapter 6 9. Kessler Harris, Gendering Labor History, p. 76 10. Drake, Women in the Engineering Trades, p. 13 11. NFGW First Annual Report & Balance Sheet for Year Ending June 1918 12. Drake, Women in Trade Unions, p. 97 13. GWJ, September– October 1924 14. WW, February 1918 15. WW, July 1916 16. Hyman, The Workers’ Union, p. 50 17. Macarthur, ‘The Woman Trade Unionist Point of View’, p. 21 18. Ibid. 19. Minutes of the Executive Council Meetings (NFGW) and Inaugural and Special General Council Meetings and Annual Report & Balance Sheet for Year Ending 30 June 1918 20. Ibid . Select Bibliography

Collections and archives (and the main material consulted)

Barrow Archive and Local Studies Centre: Barrow ASE District & Joint Committee Minutes Birmingham Archives and Heritage Service: Birmingham Trades Council Minutes and Annual Reports Bradford Archives: Bradford Trades Council Records Carlisle Archives Centre: Carlisle Trades Council Records Coventry History Centre: ASE Minutes; Red Lane Oral History Project Coventry University Library: The Kenneth Richardson Collection Enfield Local Studies Library and Archive Glasgow Caledonian University Archives: Glasgow United Trades Council Annual Reports; Scottish TUC Annual Reports Imperial War Museum, London: Women, War and Society 1914– 1918; Sound Archive The John Rylands Library, University of Manchester: International Woman Suffrage Alliance (IWSA) Labour History Archive and Study Centre, People’s History Museum, Manchester: Standing Joint Committee on Industrial Women’s Organisations; National Conference on War Service for Women Library of Congress, Washington DC: National Women’s Trade Union League of America Records; Women’s Trade Union League and Its Leaders London School of Economics: Webbs’ Trade Union Collection Modern Records Centre, University of Warwick: WU Annual Reports, ASE Monthly Journal & Reports, CTC Annual Reports, Board of Trade Library Collection National Archives (NA): Ministry of Munitions; Ministry of Labour National Library of Scotland: Edinburgh & District Trades and Labour Council records; ASE Minutes; Printing and Kindred Trades Federation Minutes; United Turkey Red Company v George Dallas & Forward Northampton Records Office: Northampton Trades Council records Nottingham Local Studies: Nottingham Trades Council Annual Reports; Women Workers’ Conference 1895; Nottingham Workers Oral Transcripts Nottingham University Manuscripts and Special Collections: Nottingham and District Trades Union Council Minutes Parliamentary Archives (PA): The Lloyd George Papers Sewall Belmont House, Washington DC: Suffrage Scrapbooks Sheffield Archives and Local Studies: Sheffield Trades and Labour Council records; Sheffield Federated Trades Council records TUC Library Collections, London Metropolitan University: Gertrude Tuckwell Papers (GTP), National Federation of Women Workers Annual Reports; Rules of the National Federation of Women Workers; Records of the Women’s Protective and Provident League/Women’s Trade Union League; Women’s Trade Union Review; The Woman Worker; unpublished autobiography of Dorothy Elliott, ‘Women in Search of Justice’; J.J. Mallon Anti- Sweating League and Trade

218 Select Bibliography 219

Boards Files; Mary Macarthur Papers; Mary Macarthur Holiday Trust Archive; TUC Annual Reports; National Union of General Workers, Women Workers’ Section, First Report and Balance Sheet for Year Ended 31 December 1921; Proceedings of Second Biennial Convention of the National Women’s Trade Union League of America, 1909; Irish TUC & Labour Party Reports, 1916– 1920 Wolverhampton Archives and Local Studies: The Wolverhampton Worker, Organ of the Wolverhampton & Trades and Labour Council; Labour Representation Committee Minutes The Women’s Library: Autograph Letter Collection: Suffrage and Women in Industry; Brian Harrison Taped Interviews Working Class Movement Library, Salford: Executive Committee Minutes of National Union of Gas Workers and General Labourers; NUGW Quarterly Balance Sheets; General Workers’ Journal; General Federation of Trade Unions, Proceedings and Reports, 1906 to 1921; National Federation of General Workers’ Executive Council Minutes, General Meetings, Reports and Balance Sheets from 1918 to 1921

Contemporary publications/reports

I.O. Andrews & Margaret Hobbs (1921) Economic Effects of the World War upon women and children in Great Britain (Washington DC, Byron S. Adams) Clementina Black (1915) Married Women’s Work (London, G. Bell) Charles Bray (1857) The Industrial Employment of Women (London, Longman) Census of England and Wales Commission of Enquiry into Industrial Unrest: Summary of the Reports (1917) (HMSO) Marquess of Crewe (Introduction) (1917), Problems of Reconstruction. Lectures and Addresses delivered at the summer meeting at the Hampstead Garden Suburb (London, Fisher Unwin) Emilia Dilke (1892) Trades Unions for Women, Women’s Trade Union League, TUC Library Collections Barbara Drake (1918) Women in the Engineering Trades: A Problem, A Solution and some Criticisms: being a Report based on an Enquiry by a Joint Committee of the Labour Research Department and the Fabian Women’s Group (London, Labour Research Department) B. L. Hutchins (1915) Women in Modern Industry (1915) (West Yorkshire, EP Publishing, 1978 reprint) B. L. Hutchins (1907) Home Work and Sweating: The Causes and the Remedies (London, ) A. W. Kirkaldy (1918) Industry and Finance: War Expedients and Reconstruction (being the results of enquiries arranged by the section of Economic Science and Statistics of the British Association during the years 1916 and 1917) (London, British Association for the Advancement of Science) A. W. Kirkaldy (1916) Labour, Finance and the War (London, British Association for the Advancement of Science) Richard Mudie- Smith (compiled) (1906) Handbook of The “Daily News” Sweated Industries Exhibition (London, Burt & Sons) Marion Phillips (1918) Women and the Labour Party, by Various Women Writers (London, Headley Bros) Marion Phillips (1918) Women and the Labour Party (London, Headley Bros) 220 Select Bibliography

Reformers’ Year Books Report of the Departmental Committee on Sickness Benefit Claims under the National Insurance Act, 1914–16 (HMSO) Report of the War Cabinet Committee on Women in Industry (1919) (HMSO) Report of the Women’s Employment Committee 1919 (HMSO) Report of the Royal Commission on the Aged Poor 1895 (HMSO) Report of the Royal Commission on Labour 1892– 4 (HMSO) TUC Annual Reports Gertrude M. Tuckwell (1894) The State and its Children (London, Methuen) Gertrude M. Tuckwell (1903) Industrial Work and Industrial Laws (London, The Industrial Law Committee) Gertrude M. Tuckwell (1908) Woman in Industry From Seven Points of View (London, Duckworth & Co) Women’s Emancipation Union Publications Women Workers: The Official Report of the Conference (National Union of Women Workers), 1895 (Nottingham, James Bell)

Newspapers and journals

In addition to those listed here, local newspapers are referenced throughout the text.

ASE Monthly Journal and Report Bournville Works Magazine Clarion Common Cause Co- operative News Cotton Times Forward General Workers’ Journal The Guardian Justice Labour Woman League Leaflet The New Statesman The Scotsman The Times Votes for Women Woman’s Dreadnought Women’s Industrial News Women’s Trade Union Review Woman Worker Workers’ Union Record

Secondary works

Sally Alexander (1995) Becoming a Woman and Other Essays in 19th and 20th Century Feminist History (New York, New York University Press) Select Bibliography 221

Betty Askwith (1968) Lady Dilke: A Biography (London, Chatto and Windus) Lord Askwith (1920) Industrial Problems and Disputes (London, John Murray) George J. Barnsby (1989) Birmingham Working People: A History of the Labour Movement in Birmingham 1650– 1914 (Wolverhampton, Integrated Publishing Services) George J. Barnsby (1980) Social Conditions in the Black Country, 1800– 1900 (Wolverhampton, Integrated Publishing Services) Tony Barnsley (2010) Breaking Their Chains: Mary Macarthur and the Chainmakers’ Strike of 1910 (London, Bookmarks) Brad Beaven & John Griffiths (2004) ‘Urban Elites, Socialists and Notions of Citizenship in an Industrial Boomtown: Coventry, c 1870– 1914 in Labour History Review, 69 (1) April 2004, 3– 18 Deirdre Beddoe (2000) Out of the Shadows: A History of Women in Twentieth Century Wales (Cardiff, University of Wales Press) Joyce Bellamy & John Saville ( 1972– 87) Dictionary of Labour Biography, Volumes 1 to 8 (London, Macmillan) Sheila Blackburn (1987) ‘Employers and social policy: Black Country Chain- Masters, the Minimum Wage Campaign and the Cradley Heath Strike of 1910’ Midland History 12, 1987, 85– 102 Sheila Blackburn (1988) ‘Working Class attitudes to social reform: Black country Chainmakers and Anti-sweating Legislation 1880– 1930 in International Review of Social History, 33, April 1988, 42– 69 Sheila Blackburn (1997) ‘No Necessary Connection with Homework: Gender and Sweated Labour 1840– 1909’ in Social History, 22, October 1997, 269– 85 Sheila Blackburn (2007) A Fair Day’s Wage for a Fair Day’s Work? Sweated Labour and the Origins of Minimum Wage Legislation in Britain (Aldershot, Ashgate) Rosemarie Bodenheimer (2002) ‘Autobiography in Fragments: The Elusive Life of Edith Simcox’ in Victorian Studies, 44 (3), Spring 2002, 399–422 Margaret Bondfield (1949) A Life’s Work (London, Hutchinson) Gladys Boone (1942) The Women’s Trade Union Leagues of Great Britain and the United States of America (New York, AMS Press) Joanna Bornat (1986) ‘“What About That Lass of Yours Being in the Union?”: Textile Workers and their Union in Yorkshire, 1888– 1922’ in Leonore Davidoff & Belinda Westover (eds) (1986) Our Work, Our Lives, Our Words: Women’s History and Women’s Work (Basingstoke, Macmillan) Joanna Bornat (1986) ‘Lost Leaders: Women, Trade Unionism and the Case of the General Union of Textile Workers, 1875– 1914’ in Angela V. John (ed.) (1986) Unequal Opportunities: Women’s Employment in England 1800– 1918 (Oxford, Blackwell) Sarah Boston (1980) Women Workers and the Trade Unions (London, Lawrence & Wishart) Gail Braybon (1981) Women Workers in the First World War: the British Experience (London, Croom Helm) Gail Braybon (2008) (ed.) Evidence, History and the Great War: Historians and the Impact of 1914– 18 (New York, Berghahn Books) Gail Braybon & Penny Summerfield (1987) Out of the Cage: Women’s Experiences in Two World Wars (London, Pandora) Vera Brittain (1933) Testament of Youth, (London, Virago, Fontana Paperback edition, 1980) 222 Select Bibliography

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Unpublished dissertations

Myra Baillie (2002) ‘The Women of Red Clydeside: Women Munitions Workers in the West of Scotland during the First World War’, PhD thesis, McMaster University Frank Carr (1978) ‘Engineering Workers and the Rise of Labour in Coventry 1914– 39’, PhD thesis, University of Warwick Cathy Hunt (2003) ‘Alice Arnold of Coventry: Trade Unionism and Municipal Politics 1918– 39’, PhD thesis, Coventry University Marion Kozak (1976) ‘Women Munition Workers During the First World War with special reference to Engineering’, PhD thesis, University of Hull Deborah Thom (1975) ‘Women Workers in the Woolwich Arsenal in the First World War’, MA thesis, University of Warwick Index

A B Aberdeen, 79 Baillie, Myra, 79, 85, 92, 135 Acton, 64, 135 Banbury, 37, 53 Adam, Nancy, 64, 97 Barker, Lilian, 90 Adult Suffrage Society, 40 Barrow in Furness, Advisory Committee on Women’s and First World War, 68, 76, 79, War Employment, 150–1 82, 85, 88, 92–3, 122, 130, Albert Hall, London, 97, 109 132, 155 Alexander, Sally, 24 collapse of wartime Federation Amalgamated Clothiers’ Union, 52 membership, 97–8 Amalgamated Society of Dyers, NUGW branch, 159 Bleachers, Finishers and post-war unemployment in, 98 Kindred Trades, 53 pre-war organising in, 35, 38, Amalgamated Society of Engineers 44, 122 (ASE), see also engineers Barry, Marion, 143 alliance with Federation, 64, 84–7, Basch, Francoise, 18 88, 92, 107–8, 164–5 Bath, 28, 34, 65, 127–8 at Beardmore’s, 79, 85, 92 Beard, John, 107–8, 156 in Barrow, 79 Beardmore & Company, 79, 85, in Coventry, 152–4, 158 90, 91–2 in Glasgow, 79, 85 Belfast, 45 in Manchester, 153 Belmont, Alma, 40 membership of (in 1910), 10 Bennett, Louie, 131, 133 American Federation of Labor, Bermondsey 141, 164 Federation branch, 49–50, 61, 62 Anderson, Adelaide, 155 pre-war organising in, 45, 124, Anderson, Will, 37, 93, 108–9, 117 128–9 Anti-Sweating League see National Besant, Annie, 21 Anti-Sweating League Birmingham, 32, 63, 89, 98, 99, 100, apprenticeships, 18 109, 110, 116, 118 Approved Societies, 13, 59–63, 110, Kynoch’s, 83, 98 117, 129, 150 Birmingham & District Joint Arch, Joseph, 25 Engineering Trades Armistice, 136, 162 Committee, 156 Armstrong Whitworth Black Country Living Museum, 55 Manchester, 14, 91 Board of Trade, 16, 67 Newcastle, 68, 76, 90, 135 arbitration, 47, 51, 79 Arnold, Alice, 151–2, 157, 158, Bondfield, Margaret 159, 160 and Susan Lawrence, 120–1 Arnott, Jeannie, 66, 71, 91, 101, and suffrage, 40 109, 138 as Assistant Secretary of Shop Ayr, 91, 118 Assistants’ Union, 117, 119

228 Index 229

as close associate of Mary Central Committee of Women’s Macarthur, 37, 120 Training and Employment, 137 as Organising Secretary of the chain making, 54–7 Federation, 8, 71, 84, 116, Cradley Heath dispute 1910, 43, 121, 130 54–7, 163 as Parliamentary Secretary, 114 establishment of trade board, 55 at International Congress of Chain Makers’ Festivals, 55 Working Women, 105 Chevenix, Helen, 131 autobiography, 8 Churchill, Winston, 96 chair of TUC General Council, Clarion, 3 114, 115 Clark, Isabel, 82, 152, 154 election as Labour MP, 37, Clarke, Kate, 82 114, 137 Cleator Mills, Cumbria, 75 in Coventry, 38, 149, 155 Clegg, H.A., Fox, Alan & Thompson, in NUGW (as Chief Women’s A.F., 20 Officer), 8, 106, 109, 112, 137 Clerkenwell, 46 merger with NUGW, 107 Clydeside, 85 move into trade unionism, Clydeside Workers’ Committee, 10–11, 117 92, 135 selected to magistracy, 138 Clynes, J.R., 107, 109 Boston, Sarah, 33, 49, 145 Codrington, Miss, 109 Bournville, 32, 56, 127 Cole, G.D.H., 85 Bournemouth, 137 Cole, Margaret, 63, 107 Bowen Pease, Helen, 88, 121, 138 Coleman, D.C., 148 Bradford, 21, 91, 122 Colwyn Bay, 101 Bramley, Fred, 100 Commission of Enquiry into Brassworkers’ Society, 144–5, 163 Industrial Unrest, 81, 88–9, 92 Bray, Charles, 139 Co-operative News, 30 Braybon, Gail, 71, 95 conscription, 76, 79, 92, 156 Bridport, 122, 126 Cork, 133 Bristol, 65, 66, 94, 95, 109 cost of living Brittain, Vera, 74–5 during First World War, 70, 79, Brown, Agnes, 46, 124 89, 94 Bryant and May Match Women’s factory girl’s budget, 1910, 15 Strike, 21 cotton industry, Lancashire, 17, 20, 22 Buckley, Mrs, 98, 133 Courtaulds (Halstead) (see also Courtaulds, Coventry), 33, C 42, 46 Cadbury, Edward, 32 Coventry, see also Arnold; Clark; Cadbury et al., 15, 16, 18 Ford; Givens; Hurlston; Mayell; Calthrop, Eleanor, 130 Morris; Williams, 5, 7, 117, Cambridge, 101 139–60 Camden, 133 Ada Nield Chew in, 147 Canning, Kathleen, 16 Alfred Herbert, 152 Carlisle, 35, 44, 88 ASE in, 152–4, 158 Carr, Frank, 148 Bushell’s box makers firm, 19 Central Committee for the Coventry Chain, 147, 148, 152 Employment of Women, 73 Courtaulds, 148–9 230 Index

Coventry – continued D Cramps & Sons, 147 Dallas, George, 37, 53–4 cycle industry, 140–2 Darlington, 13, 82, 122 domestic workers, see Coventry & Davies, Bessie, 72 District Domestic Helpers’ Davis, W.J., 144 Scheme Dawson, Helen, 145, 150 Dunlop, 143 de la Mare, Ursula, 45, 50 elastic web weaving, 140 Defence of the Realm Act, 72–3 engineers’ strike, 155–6 Derry, 45, 133 Federation branch origins, 143–5 Despard, Charlotte, 40, 124 Federation personnel, 149 Dicks, Esther (married name Young), First World War, 70, 81, 82, 84, 32, 36, 48, 124, 126, 129, 148 132, 150–6 Dilke House, 137 J&J Cash, 148 Dilke, Charles, 27 Margaret Bondfield in, 38, Dilke, Emilia, 24, 26, 27, 29, 119 149, 155 dilution, 77–9, 92 Mary Macarthur in, 142, 143–4 Dock, Wharf & Riverside Workers’ Ministry of Munitions, 152, Union, 67 153, 154 domestic ideology, 14–15 NUGW in, 159–60 domestic work, 38, 100, 101, 141, Ordnance Factory, 151, 152, 157–8, 165 153, 154 Drake, Barbara population increases, 140, 151 on Federation, 2, 87, 88, 129, 164 Rudge Whitworth, 151 on Federation membership Siddeley Deasy, 154 numbers, 13 silk ribbon weaving, 139, 140, 146 on women’s trade unionism, 9, 16, textile industry, post-war, 20, 21 157–8, 159 Dreier Robins, Margaret, 53 trades council, 140, 142, 143, 144, Dreier, Mary, 146 146, 148, 150, 153, 160 dressmakers, 18, 32, 44, 45, 46 watch making, 140, 159 Dublin, 45, 101, 131–3 White & Poppe, 154 Lock Out, 1913, 131 women’s post-war unemployment, Dudley Port, 111 156–8 Duncan, Charles, 87–8, 167 Women’s Party in, 155–6 Dundee, 29–30 Workers’ Union in, 146, 147, 148, 150, 151, 152, 154, 155, 156, E 157–8, 159–60 East London Federation of Coventry & District Domestic Helpers’ Suffragettes, 73 Scheme, 157–8 Easter Rising, 131 Cox, Mr, 127 Edinburgh, 46 Cradley Heath, 41, 43, 54–7, 163 Edith Mayell, 7, 149 chain makers’ dispute, 43, Edmonton 54–7, 126 organisation of Federation branch hollow ware dispute, 57 in, 126, 128–9 Cradley Heath Workers’ Institute, strike at Eley’s, 31, 32, 46–9 55, 57 Elliott, Dorothy Crewe, 18 as Federation organiser, 94, 95–6, Croydon, 71 99, 100–1, 115, 129, 130 Index 231

as war worker, 83 Ford, Isabella, 24 at LSE, 130 Ford, May, 7, 19, 154 Chief Women’s Officer, NUGW, 8 Forward, 9, 20, 53–4 memoirs, 8 post-war organising, 95–6, 99, 100 G with NUGW, 8, 109, 115 Galway, Mary, 45 engineering, 5, 6, 35 Gas Workers and General Labourers’ engineers (male), see also Union, 21, 31, 35, 67 Amalgamated Society of General Federation of Trade Unions, Engineers, 77–88 32, 39, 60 national strike of, 1917, 92 general unions formation of, 21, 25, 31, 36 F growth of, 43 ‘factory girl’s’ budget, 1910, 15 in First World War, 67, 86–8 factory inspectors, 19–20, 27, 155 women’s membership of, 12–13, 35 family wage, 3, 15, 26, 34, 42 Gertrude Tuckwell Papers, 6 Farren, Thomas, 131 Gillette Safety Razor Works, 50 Fawcett, Harriet Givens, Henrietta, 151, 152, 153, 154, as Federation National Organiser, 165 156, 157, 158, 160 at Federation conference, 72–3, 109 Givens, Walter, 153, 154, 158 organising in Birmingham, 116 Glasgow organising in Newcastle, 14, 68, Federation office in, 37, 61, 63, 118 91, 135 Beardmore’s, 79, 85, 90, 91–2 resignation as Federation National pre-war Federation branch, 45 Organiser, 110 shop stewards, 135 as secretary of Federation’s York unemployment at start of war, 73 branch, 138 Golders Green, 38 Fawcett, Millicent, 71 Gompers, Samuel, 141 Federation see National Federation of Gordon, Eleanor, 36 Women Workers Gore-Booth, Eva, 41 Female Umbrella Makers’ Union, Govan, 37 New York, 24 Government post-war employment First World War, 4–5, 64–94, see training schemes, 101 also munitions, dilution and Graham, Belle, 88 Coventry Grantham, 80 cost of living during, 70, 79, 89, 94 Great Western Cotton Works, Enquiry into Industrial Unrest, 81, Bristol, 65 88, 89, 92 Gretna, 88, 133 women’s employment and wages, Griffiths, Sarah, 148, 149, 160 72–82 unemployment at the start of the H war, 73–4 Hackney, 38 Flattery, Mrs, 112 Hallas, Eldred, 100 Flowers, Helena Halstead, 33, 42, 46 as Assistant Secretary of Federation, Hamilton, Mary Agnes 32, 51, 126 Beardmore strike, 79, 107 becomes joint secretary of on Federation, 104 Federation, 125 on Macarthur, 8, 17, 30, 37, 72, 124 organising in Ireland, 131–3 wartime cost of living, 94 232 Index

Hart & Levy, Nuneaton, 51–2 J Hayes, 88, 121 J&J Cash silk weaving firm Health of Munition Workers’ (Coventry), 146 Committee, 66, 89 Jewson, Dorothy, 37, 120, 135 Hedges, Louisa as Labour MP, 137 as Dressmakers’ secretary, 32, 46 Johnson, Miss, 128 as Federation General Jute and Flax Workers’ Union, 29 Secretary, 125 jute industry, 29–30, 35, 44, 45 as Federation organiser, 122 dismissal from Federation, 125 K in Coventry, 122–3, 145 Keighley, 37 salary, 129 Kellaway, Frederick, 93 Hendon Aircraft Company, 83 Kelly, William, 104 Hereford, 66 Kessler-Harris, Alice, 12, 102, 143, 164 Hinton, James, 49 Kilburnie, 9 historiography and method, 7–10 King, Louie, 48, 126, 128–9 Hodgetts, W.J., 61, 150 Kirkaldy, A.W., 69, 76 hollow ware dispute, 57 Kirkwood, David, 85 Holloway, Gerry, 26, 161 Kozak, Marion, 87 Horan, Alice, 115, 137 Howarth, Miss, 95, 109, 110 L Hull, 71, 102 labour exchanges Hunter, Mrs, 36 and post war unemployment, 98, Hurlston, Amy 100, 101, 115, 157 class and occupation, 28 and women war workers, 72, work and trade unionism in 82, 151 Coventry, 19, 140–3 Labour Party, 37, 38, 59, 90, 103, Hutchins, Barbara 104, 162, 163 and branch organisation, 33, 128 Labour Party Conference, 138 with A. Harrison, 26 labour unrest 1910–14, 4, 49–52 women workers, 17, 44 lace making industry, 54, 57–8, 63 Lancashire I and cotton, 17, 20, 65 Idris Factory, Camden, 133–4 and Federation, 33, 46, 65, 124 Imperial War Museum, 67 and NUGW, 112 , 33, 37, Lancaster, 68 53, 130 Lansbury, George, 134 Industrial feminism, 11 Larkin, Delia, 131 Industrial Law Committee, 37 laundry workers, 44, 45, 61, International Congress of Working 65, 76, 101 Women, 105 Lawrence, Susan Ipswich, 61 and NI campaign, 60 Ireland, see also individual place- and Federation’s War Workers’ names, 45, 66, 67, 98, 101, Campaign, 69, 72 131–3, 155 and post-war attacks on women’s Irish TUC, 131 wages, 97 Irish Women Workers’ Union, 131–3 as close associate of Macarthur, Israel, Kali, 24 37, 120 Index 233

as Labour MP, 37, 137 and ILP, 37 introduction to trade unionism, 10, and Ireland, 45, 131 120–1 and Mecklenburgh Square, 37, 117 organising with LCC school and merger with NUGW, 106–9, cleaners, 120 161, 164 League Leaflet, 38, 39 and middle class women’s voluntary Leaving Certificates, 80 war work, 74–5 Leeds, 66, 101, 104, 109 and National Insurance, 39, Lees, Miss, 109 59–60, 62 Leicester, 50 and pre-war industrial unrest, 49 Lewcock, Connie, 130 and suffrage, 40–2 Lewenhak, Sheila and Trade Boards, 55, 58 on Bondfield, 114–15 and War Emergency Workers’ on Federation, 66, 107, 108 Committee, 78 on Macarthur, 10, 120 and wartime voluntary work, 74–5 on Varley, 87 and welfare in wartime factories, 89 Lewis, Jane, 102 and WLL, 37–9 Lewis, Mrs, 102 as Federation President, 31 Llanelli, 80 as Parliamentary candidate, 37, Lloyd-George, David, 59, 70, 78, 96 103, 108, 115 London, 44, 45, 46, 47, 54, 62, 64, 65 at Gretna, 88 East End, 120–1, 136, 138, 146 at International Congress of Londonderry, see Derry Working Women, 105 LCC, 120 becomes Federation General Lowin, Annie, 32, 123, 133–4 Secretary, 125 daughter (Nancy), 120, 124 M death, 106, 114, 120 Macarthur, Mary, see also National dispute with Louise Hedges, 125 Federation of Women Workers, editor of Woman Worker, 120 1, 2, 11–12 evidence to War Cabinet and ASE, 84, 88, 93, 107 Committee on Women in and beginnings of Federation, 23, Industry, 103, 162–3 29–30, 46 in Coventry, 143–4 and ‘Bundle of Sticks’, 11, 94 introduction to trade unionism, and Brassworkers, 144–5 10, 118–19 and Central Committee of Women’s leadership style, 124–5 Training and Employment, 137 marriage, 37, 124 and Central Munitions Labour national influence, 64, 65, 77, 79, Supply Committee, 78 161, 164, 166–7 and close associates, 118–21, 137 on belief in trade unionism, 57 and disputes 33, 45, 47–8, 49, 79, on Federation’s ‘alliance’ with 90, 91, 92, 93 ASE, 84, 88 and Edmonton branch, 46–8 on motherhood and work, 105 and end of WTUL, 114 on single sex organisation, 166 and Federation staff, 94, 118–20, on post war industrial reconstruction 124–6, 129 and women’s employment, and First World War 64–5, 70, 72–4, 103–6, 162–3 77, 78, 79, 88, 90, 91, 92, 93 on protective legislation, 17 234 Index

Macarthur, Mary – continued Ministry of Labour, 91, 123, 131 on purpose of Federation, 23, 30, Ministry of Munitions, see also 34, 42, 142, 166 Coventry on women’s low pay and sweating, and dilution, 78–81 17, 30, 36, 70, 120 and labour movement, 104, 164 on women’s need for trade and women war workers, 66, 69, unionism, 2–4, 142 77, 93, 96 salary, 32, 134 Health of Munition Workers’ visits United States, 23, 40, 41, 150 Committee, 89 MacDonald, Margaret in Ireland, 132 and motherhood, 16 Ministry of Reconstruction Report and National Insurance, 39 of the Women’s Employment and National Union of Women Committee, 12 Workers, 39 mixed sex general unions, 78–81 and Trade Boards, 58 Moore, Mildred, 11 and Woman Worker, 38 Moore, Sian, 21 MacDonald, Ramsay, 20–1 Morgan, Carol, 18 Maclean, Kate, 46 Moriarty, Theresa, 132 Maclenan, Alice, 124 Morris, George, 148, 151 magistracy, 138, 160 motherhood, 3, 16, 17, 105, 140, 162 Main, Jessie, 125 and war working, 70 Malkiel, Theresa, 18 Moulder, Priscilla, 19–20 Mallon, J.J., 2, 37, 117, 134 Municipal Employees’ Manchester (Armstrong Whitworth), Association, 112 14, 91 Munitions, see also First World War, Manchester, 14, 91, 93, 153 and dilution Manchester Women’s Trade & Labour and health, 82–3, 89 Council, 41 and wages, 69–70, 77–82, 86–7 Mansfield, 50 and women workers, 14, 65–6, 79, Markham, Violet, 155 91, 129–30 Marland-Brodie, Annie, 28, 46 Central Munitions Labour Supply Mary Macarthur Memorial Fund, 120 Committee, 78 Mary Macarthur Memorial Park, 55 definition of, 69 Match Women’s Strike, 1888, 21 dilution, 77–9 maternalist politics, 16 in Coventry, 150–1 Mathews, May, 130 Leaving Certificates, 80 Mayell, Edith, 7, 117, 149 local tribunals, 5, 80–1 Mecklenburgh Square, 37, 61, Munitions of War Act, 79, 91 117–18, 137 Musson, A.E., 11 Merthyr Tydfil, 45 metal industries, 44, 45, 144, N 157, 163 National Amalgamated Union of , 130 Labour, 67, 112 Middleton, Mary, 38 National Anti-Sweating League, 2, 37, Midland Engineering Employers’ 58, 117 Federation, 86, 100 National Factories, 66, 69, 77, 80, 88, Mills, Mrs, 38, 82 97, 132, 151, 155 Millwall, 13 and agreement with Federation in Miners’ Federation, 10, 41 Ireland, 132 Index 235

National Federation of General in Ireland, 45, 101, 131–3 Workers, 104–5, 156 local and branch activity see place refusal to allow Federation to names and strikes and disputes affiliate, 107–8, 167 occupations recruiting from, 44–6 National Federation of Women origins of, 1–10, 28–31 Workers (Federation) management and organisation, alliance with ASE, 83–6, 164 31–4, 44–9, 126–9 amalgamation with NUGW, 2, 5–6, marriage dowry, 31, 34–5 65, 106–14, 161 membership classes, 31 and family wage, 3 membership numbers, 10, 12–14, and First World War, 64–94, 150–6, 43, 59, 65 164–5 merger with NUGW, and Labour politics, 36–40 see amalgamation with NUGW and legislative change, 54–62 National Insurance Campaign, and post war industrial 58–62 reconstruction, 102–6 offices, national and regional, 31, and post war unemployment, 33, 37, 46, 58, 61, 63 95–102 organisers and activists, 31–3, 44, and pre-war industrial unrest, 49–54 52–4, 116–38 and suffrage, 40–2 and the magistracy, 138 and Woman Worker, 7, 17, 19, 97, and marriage, 124–5 101, 111 and pay, 129–30 and Women’s Labour League, 6, post-war organising, 99–101, 123–7 37–40 pre-war organising, 43–63 Approved Society, 60–3, 110, 117, relationship with WTUL, 23, 129, 150 28–32, 117 badge and motto, 43, 168 retention of staff, 123–6 branch development, structure and seeks affiliation with GFTU, 32 organisation, 31–4, 44–9, 64–7, shop stewards, 133–6 126–9, 166 socials, 48, 126, 155 branches become NUGW women’s strikes see strikes and disputes branches, 136 War Workers’ Campaign, 13, 69, campaigns, see also National 75–7, 84–5 Insurance and War Workers’ welfare, 89–90 Campaigns, 54–62, 75–7, National Insurance Bill, 1911, 39, 54, 96–7, 161 58–62 clothing and savings clubs, 60, 63 National Insurance Act, 1911, 54, 59, conferences, 72, 106, 109, 121, 123, 62, 110 125, 126, 136, 138 administration through Approved contraction of organising team, Societies, 59, 129 post 1918, 136–7 National Insurance see National defence of munitions workers, Federation of Women Workers 79–82 (campaigns) end of independent existence, National Labour Women’s 106–9, 161 Conference, 111 Executive, 32 National Union of General Workers finances, 63, 73, 94 (NUGW), 2, 123, 161 honorary members, 33, 127, 129, and First World War 67, 85, 86–8 130, 133 balance, 1921, 94 236 Index

National Union of General Workers Northampton, 114, 123, 127 (NUGW) – continued Nottingham, 26, 147 becomes National Union of lace trade in, 54, 57–8 General and Municipal Federation office in, 63, 118 Workers, 112 Nuneaton, 9, 51–2 end of Women’s Department, 114 Federation’s merger with, 6, 46, 95, O 106–9, 136, 165 O’Grady, Jim, 104–5 Federation staff retained by O’Reilly, Leonora, 30 NUGW, 109–10 Olcott, Teresa, 25 in Coventry, 139, 159–60 Oliver, Miss, 150 loss of members 1920–3, 111 Ordnance Works, see Coventry journal of, 110, 111, 112 organisers see under National membership, 35 Federation of Women Workers women’s branches, 109–11 (organisers and activists) Women’s Section, 110–14, Orleck, Annelise, 11 115, 136 Osgood Andrews, Irene, 67 National Union of Women’s Out of Work Donation, 99, Suffrage Societies, 128 101, 156 National Union of Women Workers, 39, 117 P National Women’s Trade Union Paisley, 50 League of America Pankhurst campaigns, 11 Christabel, 93 Macarthur addressing, 23, 29, 34 Emmeline, 93 organisers, 15, 30, 33, 53, Sylvia, 73–4, 75 84, 146, 164 Park Royal, 64 Neilston, 61 Paterson, Emma, 23–6, 27, 34, 107 Nestor, Agnes, 84 Pearson, Mrs, 89, 91, 99, 109 New Cross, 68 Pedersen, Susan, 66, 104, 162 New Unionism, 21, 25, 31 Pelling, Henry, 62 Newcastle upon Tyne Penwarden, Mrs, 82 and war, 14, 65, 68, 76, 88, 90, People’s Suffrage Association, 37, 91, 116, 124, 130, 135 40, 117 pre-war organising in, 126 Perole, Marie, 131 post-war membership, 97, 100 Perth, 73 Newnham College graduates, 117, Phillips, Marion, 37, 39 120, 121 as Federation Organising Secretary, Newton, Ada (married name 120 Shepherd), 42, 46, 65, 122, as secretary of WLL, 124 124, 126 Poor Law Guardians, 28, 140, 149 New York, 15, 18, 24 , 13 Nield Chew, Ada Poplar, 146 as tailoress, 16, 18 Portsmouth, 36 as WTUL organiser, 8, 10, 28, 35, post war economic boom, 99 40, 122, 123, 124, 125 Potteries, Staffordshire, 27 in Coventry, 147 Preston, 46 Nine Elms, 124 Putney, 137 Index 237

Q Sloan, Isabel Queen Mary’s Needlework Guild as Federation Assistant (later Queen’s Work for Women Secretary, 123 Fund), 73 as Federation organiser, 36, 38, 49, Queen Mary’s Workrooms, 137 51–2, 71, 82, 90 as WTUL typist, 123 R employment with Ministry of Raw, Louise, 21 Labour, 137 Rawlinson, George & Robinson, in Coventry, 147, 153, 155 Anna, 7 in Ireland, 132 Reddish, Sarah, 28 salary with WTUL, 129 Redditch, 65–6 Sloane Street, 27, 118 Reid, Alastair, J., 10 Smith, Constance, 117, 137 Report on the Condition of Woman Smyth, Ellen, 32, 44 and Child Wage Earners, US, 22 Soldon, Norbert, 67 Restoration of Pre-War Practices, 104, Special Arbitration Tribunal for 105, 158, 162 Women’s Wages, 80, 92, 154 Reynolds, Melanie, 21 ‘speeding up’, 19 Richardson, Kenneth, 7 Standing Joint Committee Roper, Esther, 41 of Industrial Women’s Royal Commission on the Aged Poor, Organisations, 90, 106, 137, 28, 140 164, 166 Rugby, 61 Stansell, Christine, 15 Ruskin College, 137 Stepney, 50, 128 Stourbridge, see Mary Macarthur as S Parliamentary Candidate Sanger, Sophy, 117 strikes and disputes, 49–52, 88–93 Schneiderman, Rose, 15, 163–4 Ayr, 91 Scotland, see also individual place Bermondsey, 45 names, 30, 45, 53, 54, 73, 79, Bradford, 91 85, 92, 97, 99 Bridport, 122 Sheffield Camden, 133–4 confectionery workers, 44 Carlisle, 44 Federation conference in, 106, 123 Cradley Heath, 54–7 Federation office in, 63 Dundee, 29 Federation organising, 99, 118, 138 Edmonton, 31, 32, 46–9 NUGW branch, 109, 159 Govan, 37 Will Anderson parliamentary Kilburnie, 9 seat, 108 Leicester, 50 Shepherd, Ada (nee Newton), Manchester , 91 see Newton Mansfield, 50–1 shirtwaisters’ strike, New York Millwall, 13 City, 18 Neilston, 61 Shop Assistants’ Union, 28, 45, 117, Newcastle upon Tyne, 90–1 118, 119, 159 Northampton, 123 shop stewards, 67, 85, 90, 133–6 Nuneaton, 9, 51–2 Shop Stewards’ Movement, 92, 135 Pontefract, 13 Silcock, Helen, 28 Swansea, 18 238 Index strikes and disputes – continued Transport & General Workers’ United Turkey Red, 53–4 Union, 159 Wellingborough, 61 (TUC), 2, 13, suffrage, 40–2 28, 34, 55, 61, 127, 128 American suffrage campaigning, 40 1908 Congress, 144–5 Swansea, 18 and start of war, 72 sweating, 66 General Council of, 114 definition, 4 WTUL as Women’s Group, 114–15 exhibitions, 17 TUC Library, 6 Mary Macarthur and Tuckwell, Gertrude ‘supersweating,’ 17 as Federation President, 4, 29, 106 Symons, Madeleine, 88, 106, 109, 121 as WTUL President, 6, 119 as close associate of Macarthur, 120 campaigning, 20, 27, 34 as head of Federation’s Negotiations end of WTUL, 114 Department, 121 magistracy, 37 Mecklenburgh Square, 117 T memoirs, 8 tailoring, 18 on Federation merger with Tawney, R.H., 117 NUGW, 107 Teichmann, Mrs, 32 Turner, John, 118 Textile Operatives Society of Ireland, 45 U Thane, Pat, 14 unemployment, women’s post war, 5, Thom, Deborah, 10, 34, 49, 74, 102, 95–102, 110–12, 156–8 134 Unemployment Insurance Act, 1920, Thorne, Will, 35, 85, 107 110 Tillett, Ben, 141 United Turkey Red Company, 53–4 Tollemache, Miss, 28, 127, 128 toy balloon making, 20 V TNT, see health under munitions Vale of Leven, 7, 53–4 Trade Boards, 55–8, 65, 71, 73, 100, Varley, Julia 101, 102, 110 as organiser with WTUL, 13, 122 Trade Boards Act, 1909, 19, 51, 54 branch secretary with Weavers & trades councils, see also under Textile Workers’ Union, 122 Coventry, 7, 38 in Coventry, 148, 155 Belfast, 45 in Cradley Heath, 126 Carlisle, 35–6 in Portsmouth, 36 Darlington, 13, 122 leaves Federation, 125–6 Dublin, 131 views on motherhood, 105 Edinburgh, 46 with Workers’ Union, 35–6, 87, Northampton, 127 108, 126 Nottingham, 26–7, 36, 58 Vickers, 68, 76, 85, 98 Nuneaton, 51–2 victimisation, 8, 32, 49, 53, 58, 101, Paisley, 50 128, 133, 135, 165 Wolverhampton, 36 trade union membership, see also ASE, W Federation, NUGW, WU, 10, wages, 16–20, 69–70, 72–82, 86–7, 97 12–14, 16, 20–1, 43, 67, 100, Wages (Temporary Regulations) 107, 111 Act, 105 Index 239

Wain, J.E., 127 Women’s Party, 93, 155 Wales, see also individual place Women’s Protective and Provident names, 45, 66, 67, 80, 101 League (see also Women’s Trade Walker, Mr, 37 Union League), 24–7 Wapping, 97 Women’s Social & Political Union, 40, War Cabinet Committee on Women 128, 150 in Industry, 12, 103–4 Women’s Suffrage Association, 24 War Emergency Workers’ National Women’s Trade Union Advisory Committee, 78 Committee, 96, 99, 106, 164 Waring & Gillow, 137 Women’s Trade Union League see also Waterford, 98, 133 Tuckwell; Macarthur; National Weaver, Ethel, 65, 111, 112, 113, 115, Federation of Women Workers; 165 Women’s Protective and Weavers and Textile Workers’ Union, Provident League, 1–29 122 and First World War, 75, 84–5 Webb, Beatrice, 15, 22, 119 becomes Women’s Group of TUC Webb, Sidney, 16 General Council, 114–15 Webbs (Beatrice & Sidney), 24, 62 leadership, 27–9 Wednesbury, 43 Mary Macarthur as Secretary, 119 welfare supervisors in wartime organisers, 8, 19, 28, 31, 35–6, factories, 89–90 39, 46, 48, 122–3, 126, Wellingborough, 61 142–3, 148 Wexford, 133 origins of, 23–30 Whitehead, Myrtle, 33 records of, 6–7 Whyatt, Rosina, 83 working with Federation, 28–32, 34, Widdrington, P.E.T., 145 37, 40, 43, 49–50, 57–8, 60, 65, Wigan, 65 75, 117–18, 122, 126, Wilkinson, Gertrude, 99, 109, 138 Women’s Trade Union League of Willesden, 137 America see National Women’s Williams, Mrs, 148, 149 Trade Union League of America Wolverhampton, 36 Women’s Trade Union Review, 7, 22, 28, Woman Worker, 7, 17, 19, 97, 101, 39, 60, 84 111, 136, 137 women’s wages before First World and war, 66, 68, 76, 81, 85, 86, 91, War, 16–20 92, 123, 124, 130, 131, 133 Women’s Work and Wages, 15, 16, 18 ceases production, 1921, 112 women’s work, attitudes towards, Macarthur as editor, 120 17–20 Song of the Organiser in, 138 Women’s War Register, 74 Woman’s Corner (Co-operative News), Woolacott, Angela, 89 30 Woolwich Arsenal, 77, 81, 82, 90 Woman’s Dreadnought, 73, 82, 124 loss of members after the war, 97 Women’s Co-operative Guild, 6, 166 march of women workers from, Women’s Emancipation Union, 28, 95–6 142 Workers’ Union (WU), see also Women’s Employment Committee, 12 Coventry, Duncan and Varley Women’s ILP Guild, 37 and First World War, 67, 85–6, Women’s Industrial League, 162 94, 149 Women’s Labour League, 6, 33, 37–40, antagonism with Federation, 86–8, 46, 124, 127, 149, 151, 166 107–8, 147–8, 150 240 Index

Workers’ Union (WU) – continued restoration of pre-war practices, founded, 21, 31 104–5, 161 in Nottingham, 36 rivalry with other unions, 86–8 in Portsmouth, 36 shop stewards, 134 in Wolverhampton, 36 membership, 12, 146 Y organisers, 124–6, 134 York, 109, 138 Record, 118 Young, Lois, 147