Investigation of Groundwater and Artificial Recharge Areas in Dhule District (M
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INVESTIGATION OF GROUNDWATER AND ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE AREAS IN DHULE DISTRICT (M. S.) A REPORT OF MINOR RESEARCH PROJECT File No. No. 23-360/07 Date: - 15/04/2008 SUBMITTED TO UNIVERSITY GRANTS COMMISSION, WESTERN REGIONAL OFFICE, GANESHKHIND, PUNE - 411007. BY PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR MR. SUNIL C. GORANE ASSISTANT PROFESSOR P.G. DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY S. P. D. M. ARTS, S. B. B. & S. H. D. COMMERCE AND S. M. A. COLLEGE, SHIRPUR, DIST. DHULE (M. S.) PIN-425405 2013 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT It’s my great pleasure to express sincere thanks to The Deputy Secretary, University Grants Commission, Western Regional Office, Pune and the University Grants Commission, New Delhi for giving me an opportunity to work on Minor Research Project. I am highly obliged to Hon’ble. Tusharji Randhe, President, Kisan Vidya Prasarak Sanstha, Shirpur and Dr. S. N. Patel, Principal, S.P.D.M. Arts, S. B. B. and S. H. D. Commerce and S. M. A. Science College, Shirpur, Dist. Dhule for providing facilities and reliving me time to time to complete this work. I am highly indebted to Prin. Dr. Y. V. Patil, Head, Department of Geography, Kisan College, Parola Dist. Jalgaon for his inspiring and persistent guidance. I am thankful to Librarians of S.P.D.M. College, Shirpur, Kisan Arts, Commerce and Science College, Parola, Z. B. Patil College Dhule, Jaikar Library, University of Pune; Water and Land Management Institute, Aurangabad, Ground Water survey and Development Agency Pune, Rajasthan University, Jaipur, S.S.V.P.S.’s Late Dr. P. R. Ghogrey Science College, Dhule, and College of Agriculture, Dhule who have permitted to use their valuable libraries. I express my thanks to the Senior Geologist, Yogesh Pacchapurkar (Jr. Geologist) Ground Water survey and Development Agency, Dhule and Director, Ground Water survey and Development Agency, Pune for allowing me to study books, maps, data etc. related to the study region. I must remember various officers of Departments of Irrigation, Departments of Agriculture, M. S. E. D. Co. and Zilla Parishd, Dhule who have provided me data regarding medium and minor irrigation projects with valuable guidance. I am thankful to Hon’ble. Suresh Khanapurkar (Retd. Sr. Geologist), Hon’ble. Chaitram Pawar and Hon’ble. Dr. Dhananjay Newadkar has shown me different approaches towards water conservation. I am grateful to Vikram Agone and Yogesh Mahajan who have prepared the maps using remote sensing and GIS techniques. Prof. Shrikant Mahajan and Prof. B. P. Patil have helped me to complete tedious job of typing and setting. I express my gratitude to Prof. Manisha Patil, , Dr. B. D. Patil, Dr. Shivaji Patil, Dr. R. J. Borase, Dr. Mrs. P. P. Jangale, Prof. R. M. Wadile, Dr. P. Y. Magare and Prof. B. N. Girase for their kind cooperation at various stages of the research. I am thankful to Prof. M. B. Chavan (Chairman, BOS NMU, Jalgaon) for his expert advice. I am also thankful to Prof. S. N. Shelar and Prof. V. M. Patil for careful proof reading of manuscript. Prof. Dinesh B. Patil co-operated me to analyze data with the help of statistical techniques. I am grateful to Mr. Prakash Pawar and his family for their moral support in Dhule city. My special thanks to Daksha Printers and Mr. Dhanraj Jamadar, Mumbai for printing colorful maps. I am highly indebted to my father Late C. D. Gorane and mother Smt. Latabai C. Gorane for their kind blessings. I must mention here my special thanks to my wife Archana, lovely daughters Shreya and Janhavi, son Madhav who stood with me in my times of need and in the absence of whose co-operation this work could never have been possible. Place: Shirpur Date: Sunil Chunilal Gorane CONTENTS PAGE CHAPTER TITLE NO. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I-II LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS IV-V LIST OF TABLES VI-VII LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHS VIII-IX LIST OF APPENDICES X ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATION XI 1 INTRODUCTION 1 – 17 ENVIRONMENTAL PROFILE OF THE STUDY 2 18 – 37 AREA 3 SURFACE AND GROUND WATER RESOURCES 38 – 62 IMPACT OF GEOMORPHIC FACTERS ON WATER 4 63 – 98 RESOURCES IN DHULE DISTRICT 5 POTENTIAL ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE ZONES 99 – 107 QUALITY, PROBLEMS AND MANAGEMENT OF 6 108 – 136 WATER RESOURCES 7 DISCUSSION, CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS 137 – 152 PHOTOGRAPHS 153 – 166 BIBLIOGRAPHY 167 – 187 APPENDICES 188 – 213 * * * * * * * * LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS / MAPS Sr. No. Fig. No. Illustration /Map Page No. 1 2.1 Dhule District : Location 19 2 2.2 Dhule District : Physiography 21 3 2.3 Dhule District : Geology 23 4 2.4 Dhule District : Drainage 29 5 2.5 Dhule District : Soil Types 32 6 2.6 Dhule District : Land Use/ Land Cover 35 7 3.1 Dhule District : Medium Irrigation Projects 43 8 3.2 Dhule District : Tehsil wise Well Density 56 9 3.3 Flow Chart for Groundwater Potential Zone Map 59 10 3.4 Dhule District : Groundwater Potential Zones 60 11 4.1 Dhule District : Slope 66 12 4.2 Dhule District : Lineaments 67 13 4.3 Dhule District : Lineament Density 68 14 4.4 Dhule District : Geomorphology 73 15 4.5 Dhule District : Location of Observation Wells 76 16 4.6 Hydrogeomorphic Section-I Part 1/4 78 17 4.7 Hydrogeomorphic Section-I Part 2/4 79 18 4.8 Hydrogeomorphic Section-I Part 3/4 80 19 4.9 Hydrogeomorphic Section-I Part 4/4 81 20 4.10 Hydrogeomorphic Section-II Part 1/4 83 21 4.11 Hydrogeomorphic Section-II Part 2/4 84 22 4.12 Hydrogeomorphic Section-II Part 3/4 85 23 4.13 Hydrogeomorphic Section-II Part 4/4 86 24 4.14 Hydrogeomorphic Section-III Part 1/5 88 25 4.15 Hydrogeomorphic Section-III Part 2/5 89 26 4.16 Hydrogeomorphic Section-III Part 3/5 90 27 4.17 Hydrogeomorphic Section-III Part 4/5 91 28 4.18 Hydrogeomorphic Section-III Part 5/5 92 29 4.19 Hydrogeomorphic Section-IV Part 1/2 95 30 4.20 Hydrogeomorphic Section-IV Part 2/2 96 31 4.21 Hydrogeomorphic Section-V 97 32 4.22 Hydrogeomorphic Section-VI 98 33 5.1 Dhule District : Morphological Classification 102 34 5.2 Flow Chart For Artificial Recharge Zones 104 35 5.3 Dhule District : Artificial Recharge Zones 107 36 6.1 Dhule District : P H 110 37 6.2 Dhule District : Electric Conductivity 111 38 6.3 Dhule District : Total Hardness 113 39 6.4 Dhule District : Fluoride 115 40 6.5 Dhule District : Sodium Absorption Ratio 117 41 6.6 Dhule District : Water Quality Index 120 42 6.7 Dhule District : Problems of Water Resources 125 43 6.8 Tehsil wise Frequency Curve of Annual Rainfall 128 44 6.9 River Linking No. 1 135 45 6.10 River Linking No. 2 135 LIST OF TABLES Sr. Table Page Title of the Table No. No. No. Mean Monthly Maximum and Minimum 3 2.1 25 Temperature at Dhule 4 2.2 Tehsil wise Mean Monthly Rainfall (mm) 26 5 2.3 Statistical Constants of Annual Rainfall 27 6 2.4 Mean Monthly Relative Humidity (%) at Dhule 28 7 2.5 Land use / Land Cover Pattern of Dhule District 35 8 3.1 Rivers at a glance – Dhule District 39 Salient Features of Medium Irrigation Projects in 9 3.2 42 Dhule District Tehsil wise distribution of Minor Irrigation Projects 10 3.3 45 in Dhule District 11 3.4 Tehsil wise Yield of Rainfall 48 12 3.5 Yield and Utilization of Water Resources 49 Water Requirement of Urban Population in Dhule 13 3.6 51 District Water Requirement of Rural Population in Dhule 14 3.7 51 District 15 3.8 Agricultural water Requirement in Dhule District 52 Tehsil wise Live stock Water requirement in Dhule 16 3.9 54 District 17 3.10 Tehsil wise Distribution of wells 56 18 3.11 Weightage Assigned to Various Thematic Maps 58 19 3.12 Groundwater Potential Zones of Dhule District 61 20 3.13 Tehsil wise Groundwater Assessment 62 21 4.1 Area Under Slope in Dhule District 66 22 4.2 Hydrological Properties of Rocks and Sediments 71 23 4.3 Hydrogeomorphic Units of Dhule District 74 24 5.1 Area Under Morphological Zones in Dhule District 101 25 5.2 Weightage Assigned to Various Thematic Maps 105 26 5.3 Area Under Recharge Zones in Dhule District 106 Drinking Water Standards Prescribed by B. S. I., I. 27 6.1 109 C. M. R. and W. H. O. Ground water classification based on Electric 28 6.2 111 Conductivity (EC) 29 6.3 Distribution of Total Dissolved Solids 112 30 6.4 Distribution of Total Hardness 112 31 6.5 Degree of Hardness in terms of Calcium Carbonate 113 Health Impacts from Long-term use of Fluoride- 32 6.6 115 bearing Water 33 6.7 SAR Hazard of irrigation water 116 Water Quality Parameters, their ICMR / WHO 34 6.8 119 Standards and Assigned Unit Weights Number of Villages in Different Water Quality 34 6.9 120 Index Classes 35 6.10 Villages Facing Scarcity of Drinking Water 122 Basin wise Availability of Water and Utilization in 36 6.11 122 Maharashtra 37 6.12 Probabilities of Normal Rainfall and Drought Years 127 Availability of Rainwater through Roof Top 38 6.13 131 Rainwater Harvesting 39 6.14 Proposed River Linking Projects in Dhule District 136 LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHS Photo Page Titles of the Photographs No. No. 1 Partially developed columnar joints near Louki, Shirpur Tehsil 153 2 Deeply weathered hill along NH3 in Shirpur Tehsil 153 Deeply weathered hill with angular fragmentation near Sangvi 3 153 village 4 Physical weathering through spheroidal exfoliation 154 5 Weathered parent rock along with sediment deposition.