Index

Adams, Robert 123, 126–8 contradictions to 176–7, 184 akrasia formula of humanity xli, 178–80, see weakness of will 184–5 amoralism cxix, 266–7 universal law formulation cix–x, Anderson, Clelia 227 172–3, 175–8 Anscombe, G.E.M. 191 see also Kantian ethics Antony, Louise 237 character traits applied ethics xxiv–v and critical character theory 223–4 Aquinas, Thomas cxix and Milgram experiments 202 Aristotle cxxix, 99–100, 192, 196, as objects of evaluation xx–i 216, 268 as probability patt erns 270 art lxxxvii situationist critique of 199–202, att ribution theory 200–2 268–70 and fundamental att ribution see also att ribution theory error 201–2 Chrisman, Matt hew 43 see also character traits xxxi, cvii, 107 autonomy compositionality and feminist ethics 228–31 semantic 40 and oppression 229–31 conceptual-role semantics 49–50 procedural 230–1 consequentialism 92–3, 94–5, 143–65 relational 229 act 144–65 substantive 229–30 demandingness objection to 147–50 axiology cvi–vii and normative uncertainty 155–7 see also value permissiveness objection to 157–8 Ayer, A. J. xxxi–ii, cxx, 38–9 satisfi cing 162–3 scalar 163 Baier, Annett e 222 subjective 154–7 Bailey, Alison 220 and unforeseen consequences 152–5 Bartky, Sandra 227 direct 92 belief-desire psychology 31–2 indirect 92–3 Benn, Stanley 226 and Kantian ethics 182–3 Bentham, Jeremy cxxv rule 163–4 Berker, Selim c see also utilitarianism besires 109 constitution xxii Boyd, Richard 124 constraints Brink, David xlvi–vii and act utilitarianism xxxix brute facts 129–30 agent-centered xxxvi–vii, 157–8, 183 and ethical egoism xxxix–xl care and hybrid monism xliii–iv ethic of 221–3, 224–5, 238–9 and hybrid pluralism xlv–xlvi categorical imperative cxv–vi and Kantianism xl–xli

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and particularism xlviii–ix divine desire theory xliii and pluralistic utilitarianism xlvii divine motivation theory xliii, 131–4 and Rossian pluralism xliv–xlv Doris, John 200 and rule utilitarianism xli–ii double eff ect, doctrine of cxi and theological voluntarism xlii–iii doxastic practice 11–12 constructivism xxxii–iii, cvii–viii, 55, Dreier, James 43 65–73, 124–5 duty cxi–xii Kantian 173–8 perfect v. imperfect cxii objectivity of 174–5 see also obligation procedural 68–73 objections to 72–3 egoism cxii see also contractualism ethical xl, cxii,136 rationalist 66–8 and agent-centered constraints xl objections to 67–8 and agent-centered restrictions xli contractarianism cviii psychological xl, cxii,135 and feminism 216–18, 224–5 emotions contractualism cviii, 90–1, 94 and moral judgments xcix see also constructivism, procedural and objectivity 263–4 control principle cxviii emotivism 38–40 core moral data 8–11, 22–4 and Frege-Geach problem 39–40 Cornell realism xxxv Erikson, Erik 198–9 Cudd, Ann 220 error theory xxxii, cxiii, cxx, 19–25, 37, 55, 58–65 Dancy, Jonathan xlvii–viii, 203–5, 251 and abolitionism 61 Daniels, Norman lxxxii–iv, xcv–viii and companions in guilt 64–5 Darwall, Stephen xxiv explanatory failure of 22–4 decision theory cviii–ix and fi ctionalism 61–2 defl ationism and revisionary moralism 62 semantic 42–4 simplicity of 21–2 truth 41 Estes, Yolanda 227 deontology cix–x Euthyphro dilemma cxi DesAutels, Peggy 233–4 evolution Descartes, Rene lxxvi and ethics 275–87 descriptivism 29–30 evolutionary psychology 275–87 hybrid 44–6 and explanation of moral dilemmas, moral cx judgment 277–87 Dillon, Robin 223–4 exemplars 127, 131 disability experience machine cxiii–iv interpretation and 192–3 experimental ethics 261–70 disagreement 18 and moral intuitions xcix–c, 262–4 xlii, and motivational internalism 264–7 cx–xi, 122–30 and 261 and divine sovereignty 122 and virtue ethics 267–70 and Euthyphro dilemma cxi explanation and Kantianism 136–8 causal v. reason-giving 281–4 and utilitarianism 134–6 explanatory criterion 12–13 see also voluntarism and error theory 22–4

htt p://philosophy.miller.continuumbooks.com © Christian Miller and Contributors (2011) The Continuum Companion to Ethics (London: Continuum Books) Index cxiv, 29–50 Greene, Joshua xcix–c, 164–5, 263 ecumenical 44–6 Guyer, Paul 179 see also noncognitivism externalism Haidt, Jonathan xcix–c epistemological xcviii Hampton, Jean 224–5, 226, 239 hyper 83 Hare, John 138–9 motivational cxviii–ix hedonism cxiii–iv, cxv, 145 reasons cxxiii, 82–3 paradox of cxv see also internalism Herman, Barbara 181, 185, 218 Hobbes, Thomas 86–7, 216–18 fact-value distinction cxv holism feminist ethics 215–40 about practical reasons xlvii, 253–7 and Aristotle 216 Hooker, Brad xlii, 163–4 and autonomy 228–31 human nature and ethic of care 221–3, 224–5 fallen 120–1 v. feminine ethics 215, 222 Hume, David 77–8, 194–6, 210, 222 and gender essentialism 215 Humeanism and Hobbes 216–18 about motivation 31–4 and internalism v. externalism 232–5 Hursthouse, Rosalind 192 and intrinsic value 225–8 hypothetical imperatives cxv–vi, 84–5 and Kant 218–19, 226 see also categorical imperative and moral epistemology 235 and moral psychology 232 ideal observer theory xxxiii, cviii and 235–8 ideationalism 44 and oppression 219–21, 222, 223–4 identity and practical skepticism 238–40 of normative and nonnormative xxii and virtue ethics 223–4 incommensurability cxvi fi ctionalism 61–2 instrumentalism see reason Foot, Philippa cxvi, 84–8, 160–1, 192, internalism 193, 210–11 epistemological xcviii Frege-Geach problem 39–40 and feminist ethics 232–5 Friedman, Marilyn 231 motivational cxviii–ix, 32–4, 106–15, Frye, Marilyn 220 233–5, 264–7 functionalism, moral xxxv and amoralism 266–7 and listlessness 110–15 Gauthier, David 87 reasons cxxii, 82 Gay, John 134–6 see also externalism Geach, Peter 39–40 intuition xcv–vi generalism see particularism moral 262–4 Gibbard, Allan 31, 78 reliability of xcix–c, cxxiv, 264 Gilligan, Carol 221–2 intuitionism cxvii God refl ective equilibrium as xcv–civ as exemplar 127, 131 unavoidable ciii–iv as good 126–8 good Jaggar, Alison 217–18, 238 God as 126–8 Joyce, Richard 19–22 objectivity of 127–8 justice cxvii

htt p://philosophy.miller.continuumbooks.com © Christian Miller and Contributors (2011) The Continuum Companion to Ethics (London: Continuum Books) Index justifi cation minimalism see defl ationism and refl ective equilibrium xciv monism and agent-centered Kant, Immanuel xl–xli, cix–x, constraints xliii–iv cxv–vi, 136–9, 169–83 and agent-centered on duty 171–2 options xliii–iv on good will 169–72 hybrid xliii–iv Groundwork 169–72 Moore, G. E. xlvii, cxix, cxxi on virtue 196–7 moral domain xvi and women 218–19 moral judgments Kantian ethics 168–86 causal v. reason-giving and agent-centered constraints xli explanation of 281–7 and agent-centered options xli correction of 17 autonomy v. heteronomy in 173–4 doxastic character of 10 and consequentialism 182–3 and emotions xcix constructivist approach 173–8, 184 innate 279–80 and divine command theory 136–9 modal force of 10–11 feminist appropriation of 225–8 phenomenology of 9 normative ethics 182–6 practicality of 32–4 objectivity in 174–5 scientifi c explanation of 277–87 realist approach 178–82, 184–5 universality of 279–80 see also categorical imperative moral psychology 98–116 Kitt ay, Eva Feder 223 and feminist ethics 232 Korsgaard, Christine 66–7, 125–6, 175–8 xxx, xxxiv–v, cviii, practical contradiction cxxii–iii, 3–25 interpretation 177 Cornell xxxv and practical identities 178 and inescapability 57 Kantian 178–82, 184–5 Langton, Rae 227–8 and skepticism 285–7 Leopold, Aldo lxxxv–vi moral sense theory 194–6 Lewis, David xxxiii motivation 31–4 listlessness 110–15 multiculturalism 237 literature lxxxvii Murphy, Mark 119–22 Litt le, Margaret 235 Locke, John cxxv Nagel, Thomas cxviii, 107–8 luck, moral cxviii Narayan, Uma 231, 236 Luker, Kristin 229–30 moral xxxiv, cxix, 6, 63, 124–5 McDowell, John 109, 192–3 ontological cxix, 36–7 Mackenzie, Catriona 228–9 natural law theory cxix, 119–22 Mackie, J. L. cxx, 58–60, 62, 124–5, 128 and moral obligation 121 McNaughton, David 109 necessity Mele, Alfred 99–100, 104–6, 110–15 of moral facts 128–30 metaethics xxv Nelson, James Lindemann 234 taxonomy of positions xxvi–xxxv Nietzsche, Friedrich lxxxvii Milgram experiments 202 nihilism, moral cxx Miller, Christian xliii Noddings, Nel 238–9

htt p://philosophy.miller.continuumbooks.com © Christian Miller and Contributors (2011) The Continuum Companion to Ethics (London: Continuum Books) Index noncognitivism xxx–i, cvii, cxviii, agent-centered xxxvi, 146–50 cxx, cxxv–vi agent-favoring 147–50 see also expressivism agent-sacrifi cing 146–7 nonnaturalism and ethical egoism xli v. descriptive xv and hybrid monism xliii–iv identity of nonnormative and xxii and hybrid pluralism xlvi–vii and justifying considerations xxi and Kantianism xl–xli moral xxxv, cxx,6 and particularism xlviii moral domain xvii and pluralistic utilitarianism xlvii nonmoral domains xv–xvi and Rossian pluralism xliv the normative xv–xxii and rule utilitarianism xli–ii normative statuses xviii–xix and theological voluntarism xlii–iii and objects of evaluation xviii and virtue ethics xlix normative ethics xxii–v original position cxxviii monistic v. pluralistic xxxvi–vii taxonomy of theories xxxv–l Paley, William 134–6 normative statuses xviii–xxi Pareto principle 159 axiological xvii–xix Parfi t, Derek 95, 113–14 characterological xx–i parsimony see simplicity criterion deontological xix–xx particularism xlvii–ix, cxxi–ii, 247–58 intrinsic v. instrumental xix and agent-centered Nozick, Robert cxiv constraints xlviii–ix Nussbaum, Martha 227, 236–7 and agent-centered options xlviii Nuyen, R. T. 137 arguments for and against 252–8 and default reasons 203–6 objectifi cation forms of 251–2 sexual 227–8 and reasons holism 253–7 objective prescriptivity 58–9 and virtue ethics 203–6 objectivity see also principles, moral and emotions 263–4 Plato cxi, cxxix, 98, 265 and mind-independence xxviii–xxx pluralism cxxii moral 7–8, 55–8, 123–6, 127–8 hybrid xlvi and realism xxviii–xxx and agent-centered obligation constraints xlvi–vii and egoism 135 and agent-centered options xlvi–vii and law 132 v. relativism cxxii and natural law theory 121 Rossian xliv–v special 183 and agent-centered constraints xlv and value 133 and agent-centered options xlv see also duty practical reason see reason Okin, Susan Moller 237 prima facie duties xlv–vi, cxii open question argument cxxi principles, moral 247–58 oppression contributory 249–50 of women 219–21, 222, 223–4, 229–31 hedged 256–7 see also privilege overall 250 options as practical guides 250–1, 257–8 and act utilitarianism xxxix–xl pro tanto 249–50

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as theoretical standards 248–50, and virtue 203–6 253–7 see also rationality, reason unhedged 255–6 refl ective equilibrium lxxv–civ, cxxiv privilege 220, 224, 239–40 and coherence xcviii see also oppression as epistemological xciii–xciv prostitution 227 as idealization xcii, ciii psychopaths 266–7 as intuitionism xcv–civ and justifi cation xciv quasi-realism 41–4 narrow lxxvi–lxxxiii and creeping minimalism 43 radical wide lxxxiv–xci as subjectively rational cii rape 226 as truth-aimed xciii rationality wide lxxxii–xcii objective v. subjective 79 Reid, Thomas 11–12 procedural v. substantive 113–14 Reidian criterion 11–12, 15–19 of refl ective equilibrium cii relativism, moral xxxii, cxxiv–v and responsibility 89 descriptive v. normative cxxiv–v see also reason, reasons and feminist ethics 235–8 Rawls, John xxxii, lxxv,lxxii, v. pluralism cxxii lxxxviii–xc, cviii, cxvii, cxxiv, religion cxxviii, 68–9, 125 and morality 119–40 realism response dependence xxxii–iv, 64 general xxvi–xxx and virtue ethics 194–6 metaphysical approach xxvi–xxx responsibility and mind independence and rationality 89 xxviii–xxx, 56–7 Ridge, Michael 44–6 moral see moral realism rights cxxv and objectivity xxviii–xxx Ross, W. D. xliv–v, cxii, cxvii, cxxii, reason 249–50 practical 77–95 Ruddick, Sara 239 formal 79–80 Russell, Daniel 197, 207 instrumental 79–80, 84–8 as mental faculty 77–8 Sartre, Jean Paul cx nonmaximizing 83–4, 93–5 Scanlon, Thomas cviii, 78, 185–6 as normative principles 78–81 Scheffl er, Samuel xliv, 149–50, 160–1 substantive 80–1, 88–90 Schroeder, Mark 46–9, 87–8 see also rationality, reasons self-control 99–100 reasons and virtue 196–7 epistemic 65 self-other asymmetry 145–50 justifying v. requiring 83–4 semantics moral cxxiii–iv compositionality in 40 practical xlviii, 81–4, 253–7 conceptual-role 49–50 atomism about xlvii, 253 defl ationist 42–4 default 203–6 descriptivist 29–30 and defeaters 253–4 ideational 44 and enablers 254 sentimentalism cxxv–vi holism about xlvii, 253–7 Sider, Theodore 146–7

htt p://philosophy.miller.continuumbooks.com © Christian Miller and Contributors (2011) The Continuum Companion to Ethics (London: Continuum Books) Index simplicity criterion 14–15 see also consequentialism and error theory 21–2 utility xxxviii–ix Singer, Peter ci–ii, 164–5 Sinnott -Armstrong, Walter 143 value cvi–vii skepticism of humanity 183, 225–8 and moral realism 285–7 incommensurability cxvi practical 238–40 intrinsic v. instrumental viii–xix Slote, Michael 196, 198, 206 and obligation 133 Smith, Michael xxxii, 31–2, 86, 91–2, veil of ignorance cxxviii 107–9, 115, 233 virtue xx–xxi, 196–202 Sobel, David 149 as satis concept 197, 201 sociobiology 275 basic 198–9 Socrates 98, 265 burdened 224 Sorley, W. R. 131 grounds of 208–11 Stoljar, Natalie 228–30 and practical reasons 203–6 subjectivism xxxii, cxxvi and self-control 196–7 supererogation xx, 90, 150–2 situationist critique of 199–202, 268–70 Superson, Anita 226, 234–5, 239–40 and stages of life 197–9 supervenience cxxvi–vii see also character traits of ethical on nonethical xxi–ii, virtue ethics xlix, cxxviii–ix, 190–211 lxxvii,cxxvi–vii, 35–6, 249 and agent-centered options xlix and default reasons 203–6 Tessman, Lisa 224 eudaimonistic 191–4 theory evaluation 11–16 and experimental ethics 267–70 explanatory criterion 12–13 and feminism 223–4 Reidian criterion 11–12, 15–19 and particularism 203–6 simplicity criterion 14–15 response-dependent 194–6 truth v. virtue theory 190 defl ationary theories of 41 virtuous action 206–8 Tuana, Nancy 216, 218–19 and mean 207–8 uncertainty voluntarism, theological xlii–iii normative 155–7 and agent-centered constraints xliii utilitarianism cxxvii–iii and agent-centered options xliii act xxxvii–xl, cxxvii–iii, 144–65 see also divine command theory and agent-centered constraints xxxviii Wallace, R. Jay 98 and agent-centered Watson, Gary 102–4 options xxxviii–xl weakness of will cxxix–xxx, 98–106, and divine command theory 134–6 265 pluralistic xlvii Welchman, Jennifer 198 and agent-centered constraints xlvii Westlund, Andrea 230–1 and agent-centered options xlvii Wielenberg, Erik 129–30 rule xlii–iii, cxxvii Wiggins, David 109 and agent-centered Wilson, E.O. 275 constraints xlii–iii Wood, Allen 179–80, 184–5 and agent-centered options xlii–iii satisfi cing cxxvii Zagzebski, Linda 131–4

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