Gene Transfer in the Sandhoff Murine Model Using a Specific Recombinant AAV9 Vector

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Gene Transfer in the Sandhoff Murine Model Using a Specific Recombinant AAV9 Vector UNIVERSITE PARIS DESCARTES (PARIS 5) ECOLE DOCTORALE BIOLOGIE ET BIOTECHNOLOGIE B2T THÈSE Présentée pour obtenir le grade de DOCTEUR DE L'UNIVERSITÉ PARIS DESCARTES Spécialité: Biothérapies et Biotechnologies par Natalia Niemir Gene transfer in the Sandhoff murine model using a specific recombinant AAV9 vector Soutenue le 25 novembre 2013 JURY Pr Isabelle DESGUERRE Présidente Pr Thierry LEVADE Rapporteur Dr Jérôme AUSSEIL Rapporteur Dr Caroline SEVIN Examinatrice Dr Pierre Olivier COURAUD Examinateur Dr Catherine CAILLAUD Directrice de thèse Résumé de la thèse La maladie de Sandhoff ou gangliosidose à GM2 variant 0 est une affection à transmission autosomique récessive, due à des mutations du gène HEXB codant la chaine β des hexosaminidases. Elle s’accompagne d’un double déficit en Hex A (αβ) et Hex B (ββ), responsable d’une accumulation de gangliosides GM2, principalement dans le système nerveux central (SNC). Sur le plan clinique, cette maladie débute généralement dans les premiers mois de la vie et conduit au décès vers l’âge de 2-3 ans. Un modèle animal a été obtenu par invalidation du gène HEXB, mimant assez bien la maladie humaine et constituant un bon outil pour les études physiopathologiques et la mise au point d'approches thérapeutiques, sachant que cette maladie évolue inexorablement vers le décès. Au cours de mon projet de thèse, j'ai décidé d'explorer différentes stratégies thérapeutiques, basées soit sur des thérapies moléculaires ciblées, soit sur un transfert de gènes à l'aide d'un vecteur de type AAV. Pour développer la première approche, des études moléculaires préalables ont été réalisées chez des patients français et libanais atteints de maladie de Sandhoff. Nous avons pu montrer qu'en France, 36% des allèles sont porteurs d'une grande délétion de 16 kb, les autres mutations étant assez hétérogènes. A l'inverse, au sein de la population libanaise, tous les patients sont porteurs d'une même mutation d'épissage appelée c.1082+5G>A. Des fibroblastes ont été obtenus pour certains de ces patients et ces cellules ont été utilisées pour tester l'effet d'une molécule, la pyriméthamine, qui a été décrite comme pouvant avoir un effet chaperon sur certaines mutations dans la maladie de Tay-Sachs, une autre forme de gangliosidose à GM2. Chez les patients Sandhoff testés, nous avons pu observer une augmentation de l'activité des hexosaminidases sous l'effet du médicament (analyse faite avec le substrat artificiel), mais des tests métaboliques ont montré que le substrat naturel (GM2) ne peut pas être dégradé. Au final, dans la maladie de Sandhoff, la pyriméthamine n'est pas active sur l'Hex A, mais seulement sur l'Hex S (homodimère αα) qui n'a pas de rôle physiologique connu. L'essentiel de mon projet a été focalisé sur la mise au point d'un transfert de gènes basé sur l'utilisation d'un vecteur AAV9, qui a précédemment démontré sa capacité à transduire le SNC après administration par voie veineuse. Un vecteur AAV9 codant la chaine β des hexosaminidases sous le contrôle du promoteur PGK a donc été construit et il a été administré au niveau de la veine temporale chez des souriceaux Hexb-/- en période néonatale. Un groupe d'animaux a été suivi à long terme afin d'étudier leur survie et leur comportement, un autre a fait l'objet d'études enzymatiques, biochimiques et histologiques. Les animaux injectés ont un allongement significatif de leur espérance de vie (> 500 jours au lieu de 120 jours en moyenne chez des animaux Sandhoff non traités) et leur comportement (rotarod, actimètre, ...) est comparable à celui des animaux normaux. Par ailleurs, l'analyse histologique a montré l'absence de surcharge et de signes de neuroinflammation (astrocytose, microgliose) chez les animaux traités. De plus, l'étude des lipides cérébraux révèle une accumulation nette de GA2 et GM2 chez les souris Sandhoff, mais un profil quasiment normal chez les souris Hexb-/- injectées avec le vecteur thérapeutique. Il est à noter que ces résultats ont été obtenus malgré une restauration enzymatique partielle, liée à la large diffusion du vecteur administré par voie intraveineuse. Ces données encourageantes pourraient permettre une application chez l'homme, après évaluation chez des animaux traités à un âge plus tardif (plus grande pertinence clinique). 2 Remerciements Je tiens à dire en premier lieu que le Doctorat m’a apporté une énorme satisfaction. Le temps passé au sein de l’Institut Cochin, puis de l’Institut Necker, mais aussi au King’s College de Londres et à l’Université de Milan a été une incroyable formation à la vie et un enrichissement, tant sur le plan scientifique que culturel et humain. Il m'est difficile d'exprimer en quelques mots ce que je dois à Catherine Caillaud, ma directrice de thèse. Nous avons passé ensemble quatre années remplies d’aventures (parfois difficiles !) et j’ai toujours pu compter sur votre soutien et vos conseils judicieux. Vous m’avez encouragé dans mes projets au laboratoire et aussi dans d’autres non directement liés à la recherche. Grace à vous, au cours de ma thèse, j’ai pu voyager, créer des collaborations fructueuses, rencontrer des gens fascinants et explorer le monde. Ensemble, nous avons appris que la volonté est le premier pas vers la réussite et que la motivation permet de ressortir de chaque impasse. Je souhaite également remercier : - Laura Rouvière qui a pris soin de mes expériences et de mes animaux quand je ne pouvais pas le faire et qui continue ce beau projet. - Jean-Philippe Puech et Emilie Azouguène pour leur soutien au quotidien et leur précieuse aide tout au long de ma these. Je remercie aussi chaleureusement nos collaborateurs: - Martine Barkats et son équipe: Aurore Besse, Stéphanie Astord, Thibaut Marais pour notre précieux virus, les productions et la grande disponibilité qui nous a permis d’avancer ce projet - Marie Vanier, pour son expertise d’énorme valeur et son excellence dans le domaine de la biochimie des gangliosides - Jonathan Cooper qui m’a accueilli au sein de son laboratoire pendant deux mois, qui m ‘a « adoptée » comme membre de son équipe et initié à l’analyse histopathologique, la vraie. Un grand merci à Lionel Batista, toujours souriant, qui m’a formé pendant mon stage de Master, et qui depuis, suis mes efforts et m’encourage malgré la grande vitesse de sa vie. A Marc, qui m’a donné un coup de main encore et encore, et qui me rappelle à chaque fois le long chemin que j’ai fait depuis mon premier jour au Magistère de Génétique… 3 A l’équipe des animaliers EOPS pour les longues heures que nous avons passées ensemble et pour avoir veillé sur le bien-être de mes animaux. Enfin, je tiens à remercier mes parents: - A mon Père qui n’a pas pu vivre ce moment avec moi mais qui a toujours fait confiance à mes choix et qui m’a appris à assumer la responsabilité de mes décisions. Papa, tu me manques chaque jour… - A ma Mère qui me montre comment être forte. Ainsi que mes amis : - A Marta R. et Marta T, qui ne sont jamais trop loin - A Ania K. pour son regard objectif - A Zuza, avec laquelle j’ai partagé un appartement, mon quotidien et tous les ennuis de la thèse - A tous les gens rencontrés durant ces 6 ans passés en France, pour tous les moments de joie que nous avons partagés. Et à Franck, qui croyait en moi, quand je n’y croyais plus. Merci pour ta compréhension, ta patience et chaque sourire que tu m’apportes. Et pour le coup de fil matinal, chaque jour sans faille, tout au long de la rédaction de ce manuscrit. 4 « Aut viam inveniam aut faciam. » I shall either find a way or make one. Seneca 5 Table of Contents CHAPTER 1 Introduction................................................................................................ 12 1.1 GM2 gangliosidoses.......................................................................................................13 Definition .............................................................................................................................. 14 Cinical forms ......................................................................................................................... 16 Infantile form .....................................................................................................................17 Juvenile and adult forms.....................................................................................................18 Biochemical aspects ............................................................................................................... 20 Hexosaminidases biosynthesis and maturation...................................................................20 Metabolic bases...................................................................................................................... 23 Structure of glycosphingolipids ..........................................................................................23 Biosynthesis of GSLs .........................................................................................................24 Degradation of glycosphingolipids.....................................................................................26 Genetic aspects ...................................................................................................................... 27 HEXA – gene coding for the α subunit of β-hexosaminidases ...........................................27 HEXB – gene coding for β subunit of β-hexosaminidases .................................................27 GM2A - gene coding for GM2 activator protein ...............................................................27
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