The New Brain Sciences: Perils and Prospects Edited by Dai Rees and Steven Rose Index More Information

Cambridge University Press 0521830095 - The New Brain Sciences: Perils and Prospects Edited by Dai Rees and Steven Rose Index More information

Index

abandonment, fear of, 140 analogies for self, 81–3 Abbott, Alison, on psychopathy, 230 anatomical model, brain, 5 abnormalities, genetic, 188 Anderson, S. W., prefrontal cortex injury research, 192–3 cases, 77–9 acetylcholine, Alzheimer’s disease, 171 animals Acheulian tool culture, 37 breeding, 153 action, 21–3 consciousness, 67 AD/HD see attention deficit hyperactivity eggs, therapeutic cloning, 220–1 disorder Huntington’s disease model, 204, addiction 205–6 free will and, 91, 93 stem cells from, 202, 209, 217 see also dependence announcements (media), genes for behaviour adolescents and intelligence, 191–2 AD/HD study, 260–2 antidepressants life concerns study, 259–60 marketing, 232 adoption studies, attention deficit selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors hyperactivity disorder as, 235 adult brain, stem cells, 196–7, 217 short-term benefits vs. quality of life, advertising, direct-to-consumer, 241 240 aeroplanes, construction for explanation, 179 anti-social behaviour, 117–18 affluent phenotype, 154 paedophilia, 119–20, 121–2 aggression, 11 see also psychopathy biological determinism, 129, 136–7 anxiety, drug marketing, 232–4, 237–8 frontal lobe and, 137 anxiolytics (term), 237 incidence in families, 117–18 apes, cultures, 43 as learned response, 116 aphasia, communication without language, AI (artificial intelligence), 42 48–9 alcohol see drinking appeasement, domestic violence, 145 algorithms (Marr level), 175 aquatic brain, 39–40 alprazolam, marketing, 234, 240–1 artificial intelligence, 42 Alzheimer’s disease, 6 association zones, cerebral cortex, 40 stem cells and, 208 atomism, 17 tissue transplantation, 171 attachment dysfunction, effect on American Psychiatric Association, diagnosis orbitofrontal cortex, 140 of AD/HD, 249–50 attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, 7, American Society for Neuroscience, 4 249–62, 270 amnesia, from neurosurgery (H.M. case), 168 adolescence study, 260–2 ‘Amo ergo sum’, 69 assessment and intervention, 251–4 amygdala, 137 cultural trends, 259–60 anaemia (sickle-cell disease), malaria and, diagnosis, 249–51 153 Austen, Jane, 63

286 index

australopithecines, 36 blueprint, genes as, 160, 161 autocueing Bluestone case (femicide), newspaper memory, 43–4 coverage, 132 mimesis, 46 body consciousness, 65 autologous cells, therapeutic cloning, body language, 46–9 216 Bolognese stone analogy, 82 automatism, 109–10 botany, holistic approach, 17 Bowman case (femicide), newspaper bachelors, femicide, 136 coverage, 132 Baldwin, S., on medication of attention brain, 3, 5 deficit hyperactivity disorder, adult, stem cells, 196–7, 217 258 as agent (Blakemore), 22–3, 31–2 Barkley model, attention deficit anatomy, violence, 137 hyperactivity disorder, 256 aquatic, 39–40 Bateson, Patrick, 12, 267, 269 as centre of self, 86–7 Design for a life (Bateson and Martin), developmental damage, child abuse, 150 139–40 on heritability of IQ, 183 electrophysiological models, 5 behaviour emergence of self, 76–7 genetics, 190–1 metabolism, 37 heritability, 158 plasticity, 169–70 irrational, 149 proportion of genes, 189 behavioural genetics, 8, 116–18 tissue transplantation, 171–2 criminality and, 192 see also degenerative brain diseases on effect of violence on children, 146–7 brain death, 72–3, 272 femicide, 137 breeding, 153–4 mouse, 193 for export, 159 responsibility and, 118–22, 192 heritability and, 157 screening for violence, 147 see also natural selection social effects, 181–90, 270 broadcast media behavioural synthesis (brain function), announcements of genes for behaviour 256 and intelligence, 191–2 benzodiazepines see also press dependence, 234–5, 238 buspirone, 235 marketing, 232 non-medical use, 235 Canada Bernstein, Basil, on education, 262 familicide, 142 Bickerton, D., on Homo erectus and R.v.Parks, 109–10 language, 45 R.v.Stone, 110–13 Biko, Steve, 63 castration biobabble, 233, 245 ‘chemical’, 143, 145–6 bioethics see ethics sex offenders, 143 biotech companies, stem cell therapy, causation 210–11 determinism, 89–90 Bjorklund, A., 211 explanation and, 23–5 black consciousness, 62 law and, 128–9 Blakemore, Colin, 22–3, 26, 31–2 cell lines, 198–9 blame, attention deficit hyperactivity from tumours, 212 disorder, 251 viruses, 201–2 Blank, R. H., quoted, 72 cerebellum, association zones, 40

index 287

cerebral cortex computer games, 116 association zones, 40 computer screens, 57, 58 capacity trade-offs, 55 conceptionalist view, pre-implantation ‘ceteris paribus’ fallacy, 175–6 embryo, 214 Chadwick, D. J., Neural Transplantation, conditionally immortal stem cells, 200–1 211 confidentiality of data, pharmaceutical Chalmers, David, on physics, 20–1 companies, 243 character, criminal liability and, 114–15 congenital abnormalities, 188 child abuse, 64 research, 192–3 developmental brain damage, 139–40 consciousness children animals, 67 anti-violence programmes, 146–7 as cognition, 66 body skills, 47 criminal acts and, 108–10 domestic violence and, 138–40 definition of, 60 as drug market, 244 emergence, 10, 33 drug trials, 245 environmental, 64–5, 70 high intelligence, 183 interest as career-limiting move, 66 homicide against, 142–3 intermediate-term, 56–7 speech development, 50 physics and, 20–1 views on attention deficit hyperactivity searchlight analogy (Francis Crick), 67 disorder, 260–2 social approach, 59–65 see also attention deficit hyperactivity walking, 113 disorder consciousness-raising groups, 63 chimpanzees, self-recognition of face, 74–5 consensus, on pre-implantation embryo, chromosomal instability, stem cells, 202–3 214–15 Churchland, Patricia, 66 consent cinema, mimesis versus language, 51–2 degenerative brain diseases, 209 civil law government by, 103–4 juries (USA), 224 pre-implantation embryo use, 214 liability, 126 consequences, responsibility and, 126, 163 Clarke, Angus, 12, 270 constitutive reductionism, 174 classes, social, ‘unfitness to breed’, 185 construction of machines, for explanation, clinical trial organisations (CROs), 242 42 clinical trials see drug trials continuum of violence, 147 cloning, 12, 196 sexual, 133 reproductive, 196, 219–20 conversations, consciousness of, 56–7 therapeutic, 196, 213–14, 218–22 convicts, homicide cognition childhood trauma, 140 attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, previous history, 138 254–6 risk assessment, 144 consciousness as, 66 Cooper, Paul, 13, 270 Coleman, Lee, 223 children’s views on attention deficit coma, criminal law and, 108 hyperactivity disorder, 260–2 commercial research Core Assessment Protocols for Intracerebral stem cell therapy, 210–11 Transplantation (CAPIT), 209 see also pharmaceutical companies Corlett, Thomas, femicide, 145 committees, ethics, 273 Cornwell, John, 13, 269 communication, need for foreknowledge, cosmetics, psychotropic drugs as, 247 94 ‘could have done otherwise’, determinism computational theory (Marr level), 175 vs., 90–1

288 index

courts debates Prozac case, 223–31 public, 271–5 sexual reputation, Lees on, 133 scientific, nature vs. nurture, 152 cows declaratory punishment, 114 breeding and heritability, 157 defensive practice, social work and breeding for export, 159 education, 127–8 craving, drugs, 91 degenerative brain diseases Crick, Francis, 66, 67 consent, 209 on free will, 68 stem cell repair, 195–12 searchlight analogy of consciousness, 67 see also Alzheimer’s disease; criminal justice system, apparent lenience, Parkinson’s disease 231 demand (public), stem cell therapy, 208–9 criminal law Dennett, Daniel, 66 offence vs. harm, 104 Denver/New York transplant trial, responsibility and, 11, 103–22, 123–30, Parkinson’s disease, 208–9 163, 268–9 dependence criminality benzodiazepines, 234–5, 238 behavioural genetics and, 192 selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors Headstart programme vs., 155 and, 238, 240 criminology, biological, 118, 135–43 see also addiction ‘crooked thoughts and molecules’, depression, 6–7, 121 224–5 drug marketing, 232–3 cultural comparisons, femicide, 142–3 DSM-III (Diagnostic and Statistical cultural effects Manual), 233–4 drug marketing, 248 transcranial magnetic stimulation personal development, 154 (TMS), 172 cultural trends, attention deficit Descartes, Rene,´ 69 hyperactivity disorder, 259–60 Damasio on, 66 culture, evolution of, 40–1 soul, 229–30 cyborgery, 9 desires, free will and, 90–1 determinism, 88–100, 116, 230, 266–7 Daly, M., on familicide, 136 developmental brain damage, child abuse, Damasio, Antonio 139–40 on brain dysfunction, 230–1 Devlin, Patrick, Baron, on provocation, on ‘error’ of Descartes, 66 123–4 The Feeling of What Happens, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, 7, 233–4, 70, 78 240 damselfish experiment, 226 hyperkinetic disorders, 250 Darwin, Charles, 29 paedophilia, 119 successors, 185–6 differentiation, stem cells, 196 see also natural selection dilemma, sceptical, on free will, 88–93 data confidentiality, pharmaceutical dimensions, biochemical variation, 247 companies, 243 diminished responsibility, 123–5, 163, 268–9 Dawkins, Richard, 22, 26, 151–2 Corlett case, 145 on philoprogenitiveness, 68 genetic abnormality, 97, 100 de Wert, Guido, 12, 270 inhibitory mechanisms, lack, 93 deafness, communication without legal defence, 121 language, 49 prefrontal cortex injuries, 77–9 death, redefinition, 72–3 ‘Twinkie’ defence, 149–50 death penalty, 125 see also addiction

index 289

dimmer switch analogy (Greenfield), 67 Dudai, Yadin, 12 disaffection, attention deficit hyperactivity on frontal lobotomies, 269–70 disorder, 251 Dunnett, S. B., 211 discrete disorders, biochemical variation vs., Dutton, D., homicide convicts, childhood 247 trauma, 140 disease, genetics, 187–8 dyslexia, 126 dispositions, innate, 97–8 dissociation, criminal acts, 110–13 EBSD (emotional, behavioural and social distributed systems, human mind, 35–6 difficulties), 250 divorce, biology of, 8 Ecclesiastes, quoted, 170 doctors Edelman, Gerald, 61, 67 legal responsibility, 127 education, 54 marketing and, 238 liability of teachers, 127–8 senior, pharmaceutical companies and, see also attention deficit hyperactivity 246 disorder see also marketing Eibl-Eibesfeldt, I., on social rituals, 48 dogs, 153 Einstein, Albert, 30, 31–2 domestic violence, 132–3 electromagnetic intervention, brain, 172–3 appeasement, 145 electrophysiology, brain models, 5 children and, 138–40 Eli Lilly (pharmaceutical company), 223, see also child abuse; marital femicide 224 Donald, Merlin, 10, 267 marketing of Prozac, 224, 226 donors, multiplicity, fetal grafts, 198 withdrawal of funding from Hastings dopamine, 197, 255 Center, 242 dopamine receptor, in novelty-seeking, Eliot, George, 63 170–1 embryo, pre-implantation, 214–18 drama, mimesis vs. language, 51–2 embryonic stem cells, 196, 270, 272 dreams, 109 Bjorklund et al. on, 211–12 dressing, provocative, rape education on, 146 research ethics, 213–22, 270 drinking emergence free will and, 93 of consciousness, 10, 33 homicide, 124–5 of self, 76–7 responsibility, 125 emotional, behavioural and social and serotonin, 138 difficulties (EBSD), 250 driving (car), learned responses, 113 emotions, 69–70, 149, 150–1, 268 driving metaphor, 22–3 women and, 69 Drosophila (fruit fly), genetics, 193 England drug dealers, 126 child homicide, 142 drug trials screening for violence, 144 children, 245 environment control by pharmaceutical companies, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, 246 253–4, 257–8 ghostwriting, 13 factors shared vs. not shared, 183 as marketing, 238–40 genetics vs., 152–60 drugs environmental consciousness, 64–5, 70 craving, 91 epigenetic cell lines, 198 on serotonin, 138 epilepsy DSM-III (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, communication without language, 48–9 3rd edn), 240 neurosurgery case, 168 drug marketing and, 233–4 essences, genes as, 98–9

290 index

ethics, 8–10, 85–6 familicide debates, 272–3 evolutionary psychology, 136 fetal grafts, 198 Wilson and Daly on, 142–3 as law, 274, 275 families, aggression incidence, 117–18 neurobiology on, 72–3, 84–7 family discord, attention deficit Nuffield Council on Bioethics, 193–4 hyperactivity disorder, 250 reproductive technologies, 85 Fanon, Franz, Wretched of the Earth, 62–3 self and, 73–80 fatalism, determinism vs., 95–6 self-reference, 73 fatty foods, 150 stem cell therapy and research, 208, fear 213–22, 270 of abandonment, homicide and, 140 surveillance of experiments, 273 of child murder, 150 Sweden, investigations of research, of femicide, 134 273–4 of litigation, screening for violence, 144 Europe, research policies, 275 of school failure, 259–60 European Court of Human Rights, on state femicide, 131–9 liability, 128 feminism European Science Foundation, 274 consciousness and, 63–4 evidence embryo research ethics, 218–19 for attention deficit hyperactivity on violence against children, 139, disorder, 254–6 146–7 incomplete in drug trials, 238–40 on violence against women, 133–4, evolution 135–6, 147 of consciousness, 10, 33 fertility, intelligence and, 184 free will and, 267 fetal stem cells, 196, 197–8 human timeline, 162 double-blind trial, 212 evolutionary ethics, 85 ethics, 217 evolutionary psychology, 8, 135–7, 150 immunosuppression for grafts, 203 intelligence, 184–6 Parkinson’s disease, 171, 197–8, 206 violence, 136–7, 141–3 safety, 201 exhibitionists (flashers), and fear of type selection, 207 femicide, 134 viruses, 201 exograms, 56 ‘fetalism’, 218 expert systems, 42 fire, domestication, 37, 41 explanation fish experiment, 226 hierarchy, 30 5-HT see serotonin nature of, 23–5 flashers (exhibitionists), and fear of femicide, explanatory reductionism, 174 134 export, breeding for, 159 flight, construction for explanation, 179 external memory devices, 38, 52–6 fluoxetine see Prozac external working memory field, 57–8 fluvoxamine, Japan, 236 Fodor, Jerry, on subjectivity, 67 face, self-recognition of, 74–5 food factum vs. verum (Vico), fatty, 150 interchangeability, 178–9 pre-processing, 37 Falconer, R. v. (Australia), 111–13 foreknowledge fallacies, neuroscience application, free will and, 93–6 173–8 genetics and, 96–100 familial incidence, attention deficit FOXP2 gene, 188 hyperactivity disorder, 255 fraud, as planned action, 107

index 291

free will, 68 disease, 187–8 Crick, Francis, on, 68 environment vs., 152–60 determinism vs., 88–100, 230, 266–7 free will and, 88, 93, 96–100 development of concept, 69 insects, 190, 193 evolution and, 267 intelligence, 181–90, 191–2, 270 Pinker, S., on, 68 personality, 190–1 freedom, 266–7 responsibility and, 118, 149–63, 267 Singer, Wolf, on, 71 Gerard, Ralph, ‘crooked thoughts and Freeman, Joe, for defence in Prozac case, molecules’, 225 227–8 Germany, emigration of scientists, 274 Freeman, Walter, How Brains Make Up their germline Minds,70 changes, 202, 209 Freud, Sigmund, 60–1 gene therapy, 216 Frith, U., on social dysfunction in children, ghostwriting, drug research, 13, 242–3 258–9 Glaxo SmithKline (pharmaceutical frontal lobe company), paroxetine, 237 aggression and, 137 global market, 243–4 attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, gold analogy, essentiality, 98 254–6 Goleman, Daniel, Emotional Intelligence,70 frontal lobotomy, 167–8, 269–70 Goode, J. A., 211 Fuller, Ray, 224, 225, 226 gorillas, date of divergence from humans, functional magnetic resonance imaging 36 (fMRI), 74, 75, 173 Gould, Stephen J., Mismeasure of Man, 186 funding, commercial pressure, 240–1, 242 government, 13 Gray, J. A., 211 Galton, Francis, successors, 185–6 Greenfield, Susan, 67 gambling, 150 dimmer switch analogy, 67 gastrointestinal–brain metabolic trade-off, 37 growth factors, 198 gender relations, cultural changes, 64 gene therapy, 169–71 habit-forming drugs see addiction; cell lines, 199 dependence germline, 216 Hameroff, Stuart, 67 generalised anxiety disorder (GAD), drug hardware implementation (Marr level), 175 marketing, 237 harm, offence vs. (criminal law), 104 generalism, human mind, 38–9 Hart, H. L. A., on voluntary acts, 108 genes Hastings Center, withdrawal of funding by as agents (Dawkins), 22, 64, 151–2 Eli Lilly, 242 as blueprint, 160, 161 Headstart programme (USA), 154–5 brain development, 189 Healy, David, 13, 270 as essences, 98–9 heart attack, rat model, 206 sought-for characteristics, 152–60, height, heritability, 156–8 191–2 heritability, 156–9 genetic engineering, cell lines, 199 IQ, 157, 182–3 genetic switches, 200–1 traits for fitness, 184 genetics hierarchy of explanations, 30 attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, hippocampus 255 association zones, 40 behaviour, 190–1 fetal stem cell type selection, 207 see also behavioural genetics heart attack model, 206 bioethics, 85 Hitch–Baddeley model, memory, 177, 178

292 index

H.M. (case), amnesia from neurosurgery, 168 Kircher on, 75 Hodges, Helen, 12, 270 psychopathy and, 230 Hodgson, David, retributive justice theory, stem cell treatment assessment, 210 231 immortalisation of cell lines, 199 holism, 17–18 use of viruses, 201–2 homicide, 123–5 see also conditionally immortal stem against children, 142–3 cells Dan White case, 149–50 ‘immortomouse’, 201, 207, 211 Prozac case, 223–31 immune rejection, stem cells, 203 see also convicts, homicide; femicide impulse control see self-control hominids, 36–8 impulsiveness, WHO criteria for cultures, 43 hyperkinetic disorder, 250 Homo erectus, 36–7 in vitro fertilisation (IVF), 218 language evolution, 44–5 spare embryos, 215–18 Homo habilis,36 inborn errors of metabolism, 190 ‘honour crimes’, Jordan, 143 indeterminism, free will vs., 91–2 Hooke, Robert, Hypothetical Explanation of individualisation, 141 Memory (Royal Society lecture), 82 medicalisation of attention deficit hormones hyperactivity disorder, 256–62 ovulation for research, 219 industry post-traumatic stress disorder, neurogenetic–industrial complex, long-term effects, 140 7–8 therapy, 143, 145–6 see also pharmaceutical companies Hostess Twinkies, 149–50 inequality, women with men, violence House of Lords, Appellate Committee on correlation, 133–4 state liability, 127–8 infertility, embryo research, 215 Human Genome Project, 174 information, as basis for reductionist human rights explanations, 32 attention deficit hyperactivity disorder inhibitory mechanisms, lack, 93 and, 258 innate dispositions, 97–8 state liability, 128 innate skills, 38 Humphrey, Nick, Consciousness Recovered, innovations, bioethics and, 85–6 69 insanity defence, 120–1 Huntington’s disease and stem cells, 6, 209 insects, genetics, 190, 193 animal model, 204, 205–6 instinctual skills, 38 5-hydroxytryptamine see serotonin instrumental use, embryos, 218–19 hyperactivity see attention deficit integrity, external memory devices as hyperactivity disorder threat to, 55 hyperkinetic disorders (WHO criteria of), 250 intelligence hyperkinetic reaction of childhood, 249 genetics of, 181–90, 191–2, 270 hypersensitivity to environment, attention IQ vs., 183–4 deficit hyperactivity disorder, 253–4 overvaluation of, 186 hypoglycaemia, 108 see also IQ intention, criminal, 105 idiots savants, musical ability, 155 intermediate-term governance, 56–7 IGF2R locus, 188 internalised speech, attention deficit illiteracy, 126 hyperactivity disorder and, 256 imaging of brain, 4, 81 interventions, irreversible, 167–79 functional magnetic resonance imaging, invention, lexical, 45, 50 74, 75, 173 involuntary acts, 107–8

index 293

IQ left-over embryos, ethics, 215–18 genetics, 187 legal aspects see civil law; criminal law; law Headstart programme, 154–5 legal responsibility, moral responsibility vs., heritability, 157, 182–3 113–14 intelligence vs., 183–4 legitimisation of innovations, bioethics, twin studies, 182–3 85–6 Irigary, Luce (philosopher), 65 ‘level’ fallacy, 174–5 irrational behaviour, 149 leverage, of publishing media, 240–1 IVF (in vitro fertilisation), 218 lexical invention, 45, 50 spare embryos, 215–18 liability, 126 see also responsibility Jessel, David, Mind to Crime, 230 life-concerns study, adolescents, 259–60 Johnson, Samuel, ‘Divide and conquer’, 175 lifestyle agents, psychotropic drugs as, 247 jokes, 66 lifestyle risk factors, drugs for, 243–4 journalists, 272 light-stimulated electrical abnormalities, drug company material and, 242 genetics, 188 Tracy Thompson on Prozac, 225–6 Lilly see Eli Lilly journals (academic) limbic system, 137 ghostwriting of drug research, 13, 242–3 Lindvall, O., 211 leverage, 240–1 lipid levels, genetics, 190 juries, civil actions, in USA, 224 Lipton, Peter, 11, 266–7 jury system, 124 literacy, 55 justice see criminal law see also illiteracy litigation, fear of, screening for violence, 144 Kandel, Eric, 71, 175–6 lobotomy, frontal, 167–8, 269–70 Kelvin, William Thomson, Lord, 130 Scoville on, 167 kinematic imagination, 47 local authorities, House of Lords Appellate Kircher, T. T. J., on brain imaging ﬁndings,75 Committee on liability, 127–8 Koch, searchlight analogy of consciousness, Lodge, David, 59, 61 67 Lombroso, Cesare, criminology theories, Kollek, Regine, 10–11, 268 118, 135 Kosslyn, Stephen M., self and neuroscience, London Rape Crisis Centre, on provocative 75, 76 dressing, 146 London Underground analogy (John Ziman), laboratories, demand for treatment, 208–9 20 language long-term potentiation (LTP), synapses, 176, as brain specialism, 39 177 development, 41–3, 44–52, 162–3 Lukacs,´ George, History and Class laughter, as punishment, 48 Consciousness,62 law ethics as, 274 machines, construction for explanation see also civil law; criminal law magnetic ﬁeld strengths, fMRI, 173 laws (natural), determinism, 89–90 magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) learned responses, 113 functional (fMRI), 74, 75, 173 aggression as, 116 stem cell treatment assessment, 210 learning magnetic stimulation, transcranial (TMS), long-term potentiation of synapses, 176, 172–3 177 malaria, sickle-cell anaemia and, 153 personal development, 154 male despondent killers, Wilson and Lees, Sue, 133, 148 Daly on, 142–3

294 index

males, intellectual impairments, 184–5 Middle Ages, factum vs. verum manslaughter, murder vs., 123–5 interchangeability, 178–9 Mao Tse-Tung, 62 middle class, domestic violence, 147 MAOA gene, 188 Midgley, Mary, 267 map analogy, 18–21, 29 migration, of stem cells, 206, 212 marital femicide, 131, 145 mimesis, 46–9 evolutionary psychology, 136 modern, 51–2 in USA, 142 oral cultures, 51 markers (proxy markers), stem cell mnemonic methods, ancient Greece, 47 treatment assessment, 210 model/metaphor fallacy, 176–8 marketing of psychotropic drugs, 232–48, Moir, Anne, Mind to Crime, 230 270 molecular biology, 174 for children, 244 monism, 17 clinical trials as, 238–40 Moniz, Egas, 167–8 cultural effects, 248 monoamine oxidase gene defect, 117, 118 negative, 242 mood fluctuations, patient presentations, physicians and, 238 236 Prozac, 238 moral philosophy, on character, 114 Marr, D., analysis of levels, 175 moral responsibility, legal responsibility vs., Martin, Paul, Design for a Life (Bateson and 113–14 Martin), 150 moral self, 77–80 Marx, Karl, 60–2, 64–5 moratoria, stem cell research, 217–18 maternal nutrition, 154 motivational appraisal (brain function), 256 mathematics, 39 motivations, temperament, 76 McCall Smith, Alexander, 11, 269 motor brain, evolution, 39–40 Media, announcements of genes for motor car analogy, development, 161 behaviour and intelligence, 191–2 mouse see also press (public); publishing media behavioural genetics, 193 medical writing agencies, 242–3 NR2B transgene, 169–70 medicalisation see also ‘immortomouse’ attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, Mousterian culture, 37 256–62 movement disorder, attention deficit of conduct, 115 hyperactivity disorder, 255 memory multimodal management, attention deficit autocueing, 43–4 hyperactivity disorder, 251–4 external devices, 38, 52–6 multiplicity Hitch–Baddeley model, 177, 178 of disciplines, 25 long-term potentiation of synapses, 176, of donors, fetal grafts, 198 177 multipotency, stem cells, 196 retrievability, 46 murder, manslaughter vs., 123–5 see also working memory see also homicide mens rea, 104–5 music, 39 Prozac case, 228–31 ability, 155–6 metabolic trade-off, gastrointestinal–brain, score analogy, 161 37 myopia, 155 metaphors myth, 49 fallacy, 177–8 for self, 81–3 Napoleon Bonaparte, 29 methylphenidate see Ritalin narrative thought, 50–2 microcephaly, gene mutations, 188 national comparisons, femicide, 141–3

index 295

natural laws, determinism, 89–90 non-verbal representational skills, 45–6 natural selection, 151–2 noradrenaline (norepinephrine), 140 consciousness, 33 normal range differences, intelligence, 181, intelligence, 184–6, 189–90 187 nature vs. nurture, 152–60 novelists NECTAR (Network of European CNS approach to consciousness, 59, 61 Transplantation and Restoration), pre-feminist, 63 209, 212 novels, 54 negative marketing, 242 novelty-seeking, dopamine receptor, 170–1 neocortex, association zones, 40 NR2B (NMDA receptor subunit 2B), 169–70, nerve growth factors 176 cell lines producing, 199 Nuffield Council on Bioethics, 193–4 genes, 189 nutrition Netherlands, emigration of scientists from, maternal, 154 274 social changes, 150 Network of European CNS Transplantation and Restoration (NECTAR), 209, objectivism 212 on consciousness, 67 networks subjectivity vs., 67, 104–5 cognitive–cultural, 35–6, 58 obsessive–compulsive disorder, drug neurons, 160–1 marketing, 234 neural modules, specialism, 39–40 offence, harm vs., in criminal law, 104 neural nets, 42, 43 opera, mimesis vs. language, 51–2 neurobiology opportunism, human evolution, 162–3 consciousness and, 65–8 orang-utans, 36, 74–5 criminality and, 135–43 orbitofrontal cortex, attachment ethics and, 72–3, 84–7 dysfunction, 140 legal counsel describing, 226–8 see also prefrontal cortex leveraging for marketing, 244 organ transplantation, 72–3, 272 overconfidence, 167–79 origins timeline, 36–8 on responsibility, 129 overgrowth, stem cells, 199–201 neuroendocrinology, brain models, 5 neuroethics see ethics paedophilia, 119–20, 121–2 neurogenetic–industrial complex, 7–8 pain, NR2B (NMDA receptor subunit 2B), neurons, networks, 160–1 169–70 neurosurgery, overconfidence, 167 Palmer, C., 136, 141, 146 neurotechnology, 6–8 pancreatic islet cells, pigs, retrovirus neurotransmitters transmission, 202 noradrenaline, 140 panic disorder, drug marketing, 234, 240–1 in post-traumatic stress disorder, 140 parallelism, psychophysical, 75–6, 81 violence, 137–8 parents, essentiality, 98 see also dopamine; serotonin Parkinson’s disease, 6 newspaper coverage, of femicide, 131–2 Denver/New York transplant trial, niche-picking, 162 208–9 NMDA receptor, 169–70, 176 fetal stem cells, 171, 197–8, 206 Nobel prize winners stem cells, 206–7 Egas Moniz, 168 tissue transplantation, 171 Eric Kandel, 176 Parks, R. v. (Canada), 109–10 nomenclature changes, attention deficit paroxetine, 236, 237 hyperactivity disorder, 249–51 partner killing see marital femicide

296 index

passivity, 22–3 politics patient groups, role in marketing, 241–2 of consciousness, 59–65, 267–8 peasants (China), 62 on criminal justice, 106 Penrose, Roger, 66 femicide, 134 ‘Perils and Prospects of the New Brain genetics and intelligence, 192 Sciences’ (meeting), 9 government, 13 personality tendencies as biology, 8 disorder see psychopathy violence and, 141, 143–8 free will and, 97 popularisation, 83 genetics, 190–1 populations, genes for intelligence in, 191–2 heritability, 157 positron emission tomography (PET), stem Pfizer (pharmaceutical company), sertraline cell treatment assessment, 210 for post-traumatic stress disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder 237 domestic violence, 139 pharmaceutical companies drug marketing, 234, 237 marketing, 232–48 long-term effects, 140 medicalisation of attention deficit symptoms, 139 hyperactivity disorder, 258 potentiality arguments, pre-implantation stem cell therapy, 210–11 embryo, 214 see also Eli Lilly Potter, John W. (judge, Prozac trial), 224–5 philoprogenitiveness, sociobiology on, 68 poverty, women and children, 63 ‘philosopause’, 66 pragmatism, 92 phonological loop, Hitch–Baddeley memory pre-differentiated cells, transplantation, 207 model, 177 pre-processing, food, 37 phrenology, 67–8, 118 precursor cells, 196 physicians see doctors prefrontal cortex, 40 physics, 20 attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, causation and, 24–5 254–5 David Chalmers on, 20–1 frontal lobotomy, 167–8, 269–70 piano playing, 113, 156 injuries, 77–9 pig see also orbitofrontal cortex breeding and heritability, 157 pre-implantation embryo, 214–18 grafts, 171, 202 prejudice, intelligence and, 186 Pilcher, Helen, 270 prescribing practice, 236 Pinker, S., 66, 67 attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, on free will, 68 252–3 on Homo erectus and language, 45 press placebos, stem cell treatment assessment, announcements of genes for behaviour 209–10 and intelligence, 191–2 placidity, amygdala, 137 femicide cases, 132 planned actions leverage, 240–1 criminal law and, 107 on trial of stem cell therapy, 212 provoked, 112 primitive streak, 215 plasticity, brain, 169–70 prison populations, 126–7 pluralism, 30–2 privacy, criminal law and, 104 twenty-first-century human model, 27 private sector, stem cell therapy, 210–11 pointers (dogs), 153 progenitor cells, 196 police, House of Lords Appellate Committee proletariat, 62 on liability, 127–8 proportionality, embryo research ethics, 215, political maps, analogy, 18–19 219

index 297

provocation, to violence, 112–13, 123–4, 125 rating scales, drug trials, 239–40 provocative dressing, rape education on, 146 ‘rational’ drugs, 7 proxy markers, stem cell treatment re-education, of violent men, 146 assessment, 210 re-enactment, 50–1 Prozac, 6–7, 12, 223–31, 242, 269 reading, 54–5 marketing, 238 reconstitution (brain function), 256 psychiatrists, witnesses on diminished reductionism, 5–6, 7, 17–33, 80, 84, 267 responsibility, 124 ‘level’ fallacy, 174 psychoanalysis, 60–1, 244–5 seventeenth-century human model, 24 psychobabble, 233, 244–5 Rees, Sir Dai, 265 psychology, on character, 114–15 reification, Steven Rose on, 228 psychometrics, 8, 183–4 rejection, immune, stem cells, 203 psychopathy (personality disorder), 119, religious tendencies as biology, 8 121–2 repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation, imaging and, 230 173 Prozac case, 228–9 reproductive cloning, 196, 219–20 psychopharmacogenetics, 7 reproductive technologies, bioethics, 85 psychophysical parallelism, 75–6, 81 reprogramming, somatic cells, 221 psychosurgery, 167–8 research psychotropic drugs see marketing of commercial, on stem cells, 210–11 psychotropic drugs see also pharmaceutical companies public relations agencies, reviews of Prozac congenital abnormalities, 192–3 Backlash, 242 ethics, embryonic stem cells, 213–22, publishing media 270 announcements of genes for behaviour ghostwriting, 13, 242–3 and intelligence, 191–2 government policies, 273–4 leverage of, 240–1 responsibility, 11 see also press attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, punishment, 103, 163 257 purpose, responsibility and, 23 behavioural genetics and, 118–22, 192 quality of life, short-term benefits vs., consequences and, 126, 163 antidepressants, 240 genetics vs., 118, 149–63, 267 law and, 11, 103–22, 123–30, 163, R.v.Falconer (Australia), 111–13 268–9 R.v.Parks (Canada), 109–10 purpose and, 23 R.v.Stone (Canada), 110–13 scientists, 273–4 Radford, Lorraine (sociologist), 11, 269, 270 see also diminished responsibility radical feminism, on violence against retrievability women, 133 external storage, 53 randomised trials see drug trials memory, 46 rape, 64, 105 retroviruses, 201–2 education on, 146 Reuter, Iris, 270 evolutionary psychology, 136 rhythm, supramodality, 46–7 rat Ritalin (methylphenidate), 7, 8, 13, 252–3 conditionally immortal cell lines in, 201 views of children on, 260–1 heart attack model, 206 Rose, Hilary, 10, 267–8 maze ability, genetics vs. environment, Rose, Steven, 71–2, 228, 271 159 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, Social Contract, stroke model, 203 69

298 index

Rutter, M., resilience of children and therapeutic drugs, marketing of, domestic violence, 139 235–8 see also selective serotonin reuptake safety, of stem cells, 199–203 inhibitors scales (rating scales), drug trials, 239–40 violence, 137–8 sceptical dilemma, on free will, 88–93 sertraline, in post-traumatic stress disorder, schizophrenia, 171, 188 237 ‘Science and Human Agency’ (meeting), 9 sex offenders, 143, 144 Scottish law, diminished responsibility in, sexual drives, 119 123 sexual harassment, 64 Scoville, W. B., 167 sexual proprietariness, femicide and, 136–7, screening for violent predisposition, 143–5, 142–3 147, 270 sexual reputation in courts, Lees on, 133 feminism on, 147 sexual selection, intelligence, 185 sea hare, research on, 175–6 sexual violence continuum, 133 searchlight analogy of consciousness, 67 Sharpe, Tom, 20 Sedley, Lord Justice Stephen, 268–9 sheepdogs, 153 Segal, Lynne, on fear of femicide, 134 short-sightedness, 155 selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors short-term benefits vs. quality of life, as anxiolytics, 237–8 antidepressants, 240 in Japan, 236 sickle-cell anaemia, malaria and, 153 marketing, 232, 235–6, 238 Singer, Isaac Bashevis, on free will, 92 psychoanalysis vs., 61 Singer, Wolf, on freedom, 71 short-term benefits vs. quality of life, single men, femicide, 136 240 sisters, killing of, in Jordan, 143 suicides, misleading data, 246 sketch pad, visuospatial, Hitch–Baddeley see also Prozac memory model, 177 self Slee, R., on attention deficit hyperactivity criminal acts, 107 disorder, 256–7 ethics and, 73–80 sleep, criminal law and, 109–10 self-concept, 75 slippery slope arguments, in embryo self-control, 111–12 research ethics, 216, 219–20 attention deficit hyperactivity disorder smart drugs, 8 and, 254, 257 ‘smart mouse’ (NR2B transgenic mouse), internalised speech, 256 169–70 lack as exculpation, 120, 124–5 Smith, Paul, for plaintiffs in Prozac trial, see also diminished responsibility 226–7 Prozac and, 223–31 social causes, attention deficit hyperactivity self-esteem, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, 250, 256–62 disorder and, 254 social constructionism self-processes, 74 attention deficit hyperactivity disorder self-reference, neuroethics, 73 and, 257 self-reliance, adolescents, 260 violence against women, 133 ‘selfish genes’ (Dawkins), 22, 64, 151–2 Social Darwinism, 34, 64 serotonin social effects, behavioural genetics, 181–90, homicide convicts, childhood trauma, 270 140 social phobia, drug marketing, 234 journalist on, 225–6 social policy, genetics and intelligence, 192 legal counsel on, 227 social self, 77–80 monoamine oxidase gene defect, 117 social services, legal responsibility, 127–8

index 299

society, need for foreknowledge, 94 supramodality, mimesis, 46–7 sociobiology, 64, 71–2 surveillance of research, 273 on philoprogenitiveness, 68 Sutherland, Stuart, ‘The Enemy Within’, 150 somatic cells, reprogramming, 221 Sweden somnambulism, 109–10 emigration of scientists, 274 soul, 25–7, 229–30 investigations of research ethics, seventeenth-century human model, 26 273–4 spare embryos, ethics, 215–18 Uppsala University code of ethics, 273 specialisation, human mind, 38 switches, genetic, 200–1 SSRIs see Prozac; selective serotonin Switzky, H. et al., on attention deficit reuptake inhibitors hyperactivity disorder, 257 Star, Susan Leigh, on psychophysical symbolic value, pre-implantation embryo, parallelism, 81 214 state welfare, violence and, 141 symbols, 38, 41–3, 54, 55–6 status of women, violence correlation, synapses 133–4 genes, 189 stem cells, 12, 171–2, 195–212 long-term potentiation, 176, 177 from adult brain, 196–7, 217 see also neurotransmitters; serotonin clinical development, 208–11 conditionally immortal, 200–1 tautology, in sceptical dilemma, 89–90 effectiveness, 203–8 team approach, attention deficit efficacy assessment, 209–10 hyperactivity disorder, 251–2 Parkinson’s disease, 206–7 technologies range of diseases, 207 neurotechnology, 6–8 research moratoria, 217–18 reproductive, bioethics, 85 see also embryonic stem cells; fetal television, leverage, 240–1 stem cells temper, 124–5, 145 Stone, R. v. (Canada), 110–13 temperament, 76 Stone Age, human adaptation for, 34–5 temperature-sensitive genes, 200–1 storytelling, 50–2 testosterone, 129 Strawson, Galen, on freedom, 230 and violence, 138 striatum, 197 tests (educational), UK, 260 attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, tests (genetic), Nuffield Council on Bioethics 255 on, 193–4 strict liability, 114 tests (psychological) stroke, stem cells in treatment of, psychometrics, 8, 183–4 203–6 see also IQ rat model , 203 theatre, mimesis vs. language, 51–2 subjectivity, 32–3 theoretic culture, 52–6 measures in drug trials, 239–40 therapeutic cloning, 196, 213–14, 218–22 objectivism vs., 67, 104–5 Thinker, The, 27–30 subsidiarity principle, embryo research Thompson, Tracy (journalist), on Prozac, ethics, 216–18, 220–1 225–6 substantia nigra, 197 Thornhill, R., 136, 141, 146 sugar, 150 thrifty phenotype, 154 suicide(s) tics, 108 femicide with, 132 tissue transplantation, brain, 171–2 SSRIs, misleading data, 246 tool-making, Mousterian culture, 37 ‘super-mouse’ (NR2B transgenic mouse), tool use, 37, 41 169–70 totipotency, 195

300 index

tranquillisers Vieraitis, L., status of women vs. violence described as anxiolytics, 237 incidence, 133–4 marketing, 232 violence, 11 transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), automatism, 109–10 172–3 evolutionary psychology, 136–7, 141–3 transgenic mouse, NR2B, 169–70 feminism on, 147 transplantation, brain tissue, 171–2 screening for predisposition, 143–5, 147, see also stem cells 270 trauma (psychological), attention deficit serotonin, 137–8 hyperactivity disorder, 250 state welfare and, 141 treatment for violent predisposition, 143–4 testosterone, 138 trials see drug trials against women, 11, 133–4 tumours, stem cells, 199–201, 211–12 see also child abuse; dissociation; twin studies domestic violence; femicide; attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, homicide; temper 255 virtual lesion technique, transcranial IQ, 182–3 magnetic stimulation as, 172–3 ‘Twinkie’ defence, 149–50 viruses animal eggs, therapeutic cloning, 221 underclasses in stem cells, 201–2, 209 ‘unfitness to breed’, 185 visuospatial sketch pad, Hitch–Baddeley violence screening, 147 memory model, 177 understanding, lack as exculpation, 120 voluntary acts United Kingdom criminal law, 106–8 attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, drinking, 125 prescribing practice, 252 voyeurs, and fear of femicide, 134 educational testing, 260 see also England Walker, on domestic appeasement, 145 United States of America walking attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, bipedal, heritability, 158 prescribing practice, 252 consciousness, 113 Headstart programme, 154–5 Wesbecker, Joe, in Prozac case, 223–31 juries in civil actions, 224 Westerholm, Barbro, 265 marital femicide, 142 White, Dan, homicide case, 149–50 unmarried men, femicide, 136 wife-killing see marital femicide Upjohn (pharmaceutical company), Williams, M., 133–4 alprazolam marketing, 234, 240–1 Wilson, Edward O., 71, 85 Uppsala University, code of ethics, 273 Wilson, M., on familicide, 142–3 user groups, role in marketing, 241–2 Wittgenstein, Ludwig, on word definition, 42 uxoricide see marital femicide women emotion and, 69 Valium inequality with men, 133–4 dependence, 234–5 social constructionism, 133 marketing, 232 violence against, 11 variability, human biochemistry, 247 see also domestic violence; femicide venlafaxine, generalised anxiety disorder words, 50 (GAD), 237 working memory, attention deficit verum vs. factum (Vico), interchangeability, hyperactivity disorder and, 256 178–9 see also external working memory field

index 301

World Health Organisation, hyperkinetic X chromosome, intellectual impairments, disorders, 250 184–5 World Trade Center bombing (11 September xenotransplantation (animal stem cells), 2001), 237 202, 209, 217 writing, development, 162–3 XYY chromosomal abnormality, 118, writing agencies, medical, 242–3 135 Wyeth (pharmaceutical company), venlafaxine for generalised anxiety Ziman, John, London Underground disorder (GAD), 237 analogy, 20