DOCSLIB.ORG

Social Christianity and the Making of Global Los Angeles

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Social Christianity and the Making of Global Los Angeles University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations 2015 The Politics of Dignity: Social Christianity and the Making of Global Los Angeles Sean Thomas Dempsey University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Dempsey, Sean Thomas, "The Politics of Dignity: Social Christianity and the Making of Global Los Angeles" (2015). Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations. 1683. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/1683 This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/1683 For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Politics of Dignity: Social Christianity and the Making of Global Los Angeles Abstract ABSTRACT THE POLITICS OF DIGNITY: SOCIAL CHRISTIANITY AND THE MAKING OF GLOBAL LOS ANGELES Sean Thomas Dempsey Thomas J. Sugrue This dissertation argues that a new form of social Christianity developed in the postwar decades that had a profound impact on the political and social history of Los Angeles. Rooted in, but distinct from, the Social Gospel tradition of ecumenical Protestantism, this form of social Christianity also included important contributions that cut across denominational lines, especially from Roman Catholics and progressive African American congregations. Intellectually and theologically, postwar social Christianity focused on advancing a range of social thought and policy centered on Christian notions of human dignity and was especially interested in responding to the challenges and possibilities of postwar urban centers such as Los Angeles. The interplay of these Christian ideas, practices, and policies which took root in a multitude of congregations and religiously-affiliated ganizationsor in the globalizing city of Los Angeles created a distinctive strain of postwar urban politics, a “politics of dignity.” This politics of dignity, forged at this vital intersection between postwar social Christianity and the globalizing metropolis of Los Angeles had several characteristics which affected the political and social trajectory of the city and which constitute the heart of this project. First, it created the possibilities for interdenominational and interreligious cooperation on a host urban issues, in part because of postwar theological commitments to interreligious dialogue, ecumenism, and social justice. Second, it was inherently devolutionary, advocating for greater community empowerment and organizing at the grassroots level. Third, it grappled with the increasing pluralism and diversity of Los Angeles by relying on a global and inclusive vision of human community. Fourth, it sought to advance a broad agenda of racial liberalism and economic justice, but in ways that departed significantly from secular counterparts. Lastly, it was internationalist in orientation and increasingly transnational in practice, as post-1965 immigration transformed the religious, racial, and ethnic demographics of Los Angeles. Like Los Angeles itself, the politics of dignity was complex, contradictory and diffuse, but succeeded in offering a moral vision for a city undergoing rapid social change. Degree Type Dissertation Degree Name Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) Graduate Group History First Advisor Thomas J. Sugrue Keywords dignity, ecumenism, Los Angeles, post-1945, Social Christianity, urban Subject Categories History This dissertation is available at ScholarlyCommons: https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/1683 THE POLITICS OF DIGNITY: SOCIAL CHRISTIANITY AND THE MAKING OF GLOBAL LOS ANGELES Sean Thomas Dempsey A DISSERTATION in History Presented to the Faculties of the University of Pennsylvania in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy 2015 Supervisor of Dissertation ______________________ Thomas J. Sugrue David Boies Professor of History and Sociology Graduate Group Chairperson _______________________ Benjamin Nathans Ronald S. Lauder Endowed Term Associate Professor of History Dissertation Committee Thomas J. Sugrue, David Boies Professor of History and Sociology Sarah Barringer Gordon, Arlin M. Adams Professor of Constitutional Law and Professor of History Amy C. Offner, Assistant Professor of History THE POLITICS OF DIGNITY: SOCIAL CHRISTIANITY AND THE MAKING OF GLOBAL LOS ANGELES COPYRIGHT 2015 Sean Thomas Dempsey This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution- NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 License To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-ny-sa/2.0/ iii A.M.D.G. iv Acknowledgments At times, my path through graduate studies has felt like a clichéd old Beatles song, a “long and winding road.” After I received by B.A. in English from Notre Dame back in the 1990s, I nearly began a Ph.D. program in literature, only to discover that my true calling was to the Jesuits. Instead of grad school, I embarked on a long period of study and work, culminating in my ordination to the priesthood in 2008. Only then, after having studied broadly in the fields of philosophy, theology, and American Studies, was it time to think about doctoral studies. And so, at long last, did I finally embark on the path toward a doctorate, not in English, but in my other great love, American history. It’s been worth the wait. Along the way, I have collected more debts, large and small, than I could possibly name or remember, but there are some that stand out. First, to my family, especially my mother, whose love and support I too often take for granted, I am deeply grateful. I am equally thankful for my spiritual family, the Society of Jesus, which over the course of nearly 17 years has provided me with the ride of a lifetime, and to all my brother Jesuits, past and present, who make our life together so much fun. When you’ve been in school as long as I have, you also rack up your share of mentors, so I’ll also limit that long list to just a few standouts. At Saint Louis University, Matt Mancini and Joseph Heathcott shepherded me through my M.A. thesis and helped rekindle my love of history. It was in one of Joseph’s seminars that I first read Tom Sugrue’s work, no doubt planting a seed that only later came to fruition. Elsewhere, the v Jesuit historian Tom Buckley helped guide me into grad school in history, and Michael Engh, also a fellow Jesuit, has long been an inspiration with his work on the religious history of Los Angeles. At the University of Pennsylvania, I’m indebted, of course, to my advisor, Tom Sugrue, whose commitment to top-flight scholarship, social witness, and deep humanity are unmatched and whose encouragement and support of my project never wavered. Similarly, I am thankful for the wisdom and generosity of Sally Gordon and Amy Offner who inspired me more than they know. And to Michael Katz, who left us far too soon, I offer a note of thanks that could never do justice to the man, or to what he meant for my project. Finally, thanks go to my friends, without whom this would have been a dreary enterprise indeed. Special thanks go out to the friends I have made at Penn, including current and future superstars such as Rachel Guberman, Mary Catherine French, Emily Merrill, Adam Goodman, and members of the world’s greatest cohort (2009), who made all of these years of study a little more worthwhile. To all of you, un abrazo. vi ABSTRACT THE POLITICS OF DIGNITY: SOCIAL CHRISTIANITY AND THE MAKING OF GLOBAL LOS ANGELES Sean Thomas Dempsey Thomas J. Sugrue This dissertation argues that a new form of social Christianity developed in the postwar decades that had a profound impact on the political and social history of Los Angeles. Rooted in, but distinct from, the Social Gospel tradition of ecumenical Protestantism, this form of social Christianity also included important contributions that cut across denominational lines, especially from Roman Catholics and progressive African American congregations. Intellectually and theologically, postwar social Christianity focused on advancing a range of social thought and policy centered on Christian notions of human dignity and was especially interested in responding to the challenges and possibilities of postwar urban centers such as Los Angeles. The interplay of these Christian ideas, practices, and policies which took root in a multitude of congregations and religiously-affiliated organizations in the globalizing city of Los Angeles created a distinctive strain of postwar urban politics, a “politics of dignity.” This politics of dignity, forged at this vital intersection between postwar social Christianity and the globalizing metropolis of Los Angeles had several characteristics which affected the political and social trajectory of the city and which constitute the heart vii of this project. First, it created the possibilities for interdenominational and interreligious cooperation on a host urban issues, in part because of postwar theological commitments to interreligious dialogue, ecumenism, and social justice. Second, it was inherently devolutionary, advocating for greater community empowerment and organizing at the grassroots level. Third, it grappled with the increasing pluralism and diversity of Los Angeles by relying on a global and inclusive vision of human community. Fourth, it sought to advance a broad agenda of racial liberalism and economic justice, but in ways that departed significantly from secular counterparts. Lastly, it was internationalist in orientation and increasingly transnational
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The New York City Draft Riots of 1863
    University of Kentucky UKnowledge United States History History 1974 The Armies of the Streets: The New York City Draft Riots of 1863 Adrian Cook Click here to let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Thanks to the University of Kentucky Libraries and the University Press of Kentucky, this book is freely available to current faculty, students, and staff at the University of Kentucky. Find other University of Kentucky Books at uknowledge.uky.edu/upk. For more information, please contact UKnowledge at [email protected]. Recommended Citation Cook, Adrian, "The Armies of the Streets: The New York City Draft Riots of 1863" (1974). United States History. 56. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/upk_united_states_history/56 THE ARMIES OF THE STREETS This page intentionally left blank THE ARMIES OF THE STREETS TheNew York City Draft Riots of 1863 ADRIAN COOK THE UNIVERSITY PRESS OF KENTUCKY ISBN: 978-0-8131-5182-3 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 73-80463 Copyright© 1974 by The University Press of Kentucky A statewide cooperative scholarly publishing agency serving Berea College, Centre College of Kentucky, Eastern Kentucky University, Georgetown College, Kentucky Historical Society, Kentucky State University, Morehead State University, Murray State University, Northern Kentucky State College, Transylvania University, University of Kentucky, University of Louisville, and Western Kentucky University. Editorial and Sales Offices: Lexington, Kentucky 40506 To My Mother This page intentionally left blank Contents Acknowledgments ix
    [Show full text]
  • Autograph Collection
    http://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/c8pv6ps6 No online items Autograph Collection Mario A Gallardo, Clay Stalls William H. Hannon Library Loyola Marymount University One LMU Drive, MS 8200 Los Angeles, CA 90045-8200 Phone: (310) 338-5710 Fax: (310) 338-5895 Email: [email protected] URL: http://library.lmu.edu/ © 2015 Loyola Marymount University. All rights reserved. Autograph Collection 007 1 Autograph Collection Collection number: 007 William H. Hannon Library Loyola Marymount University Los Angeles, California Processed by: Mario A Gallardo, Clay Stalls Date Completed: July 2015 Encoded by: Mario A Gallardo, Clay Stalls © 2015 Loyola Marymount University. All rights reserved. Descriptive Summary Title: Autograph collection Dates: 1578-1959 Collection number: 007 Collector: Charlotte E. Field Collection Size: 4 autograph albums Repository: Loyola Marymount University. Library. Department of Archives and Special Collections. Los Angeles, California 90045-2659 Abstract: This collection consists of autographs of ecclesiastical figures, presidents, entertainers, and other personages, from the late sixteenth century to the mid twentieth century. Languages: Languages represented in the collection: English Access Collection is open to research under the terms of use of the Department of Archives and Special Collections, Loyola Marymount University. Publication Rights Materials in the Department of Archives and Special Collections may be subject to copyright. Unless explicitly stated otherwise, Loyola Marymount University does not claim ownership of the copyright of any materials in its collections. The user or publisher must secure permission to publish from the copyright owner. Loyola Marymount University does not assume any responsibility for infringement of copyright or of publication rights held by the original author or artists or his/her heirs, assigns, or executors.
    [Show full text]
  • The Influence of the Los Angeles ``Oligarchy'' on the Governance Of
    The influence of the Los Angeles “oligarchy” onthe governance of the municipal water department (1902-1930): a business like any other or a public service? Fionn Mackillop To cite this version: Fionn Mackillop. The influence of the Los Angeles “oligarchy” on the governance of the municipal wa- ter department (1902-1930): a business like any other or a public service?. Business History Conference Online, 2004, 2, http://www.thebhc.org/publications/BEHonline/2004/beh2004.html. hal-00195980 HAL Id: hal-00195980 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00195980 Submitted on 11 Dec 2007 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. The Influence of the Los Angeles “Oligarchy” on the Governance of the Municipal Water Department, 1902- 1930: A Business Like Any Other or a Public Service? Fionn MacKillop The municipalization of the water service in Los Angeles (LA) in 1902 was the result of a (mostly implicit) compromise between the city’s political, social, and economic elites. The economic elite (the “oligarchy”) accepted municipalizing the water service, and helped Progressive politicians and citizens put an end to the private LA City Water Co., a corporation whose obsession with financial profitability led to under-investment and the construction of a network relatively modest in scope and efficiency.
    [Show full text]
  • Anrh^At^R Letif Baralb CERAMIC TILE INSTALLED IN
    jal V ^ • >»T • THURSDAY, DECEMBER 7, PACUS TWflSfry-BIGOT illanrbieBtpr , Evpttins V^roUi “4 ' £ 3 ■ M The Ladies ot St. James will Town to Enter Finley of 888 Avery Bt., W«p- About Town have a Christmas party Mon­ plng, estimated the loe* of the Authority Revietps Policy The W esO if day after a btisiness meeting at money and property dantagO to ~^Falr tonight. Xjom In Mi lIanoiiest«r Jayc««k and Jay- Report in Test 8 p.m. in tha upstairs hall at be a total of about $200. morrow fair. EDgh 40 to $0. CM W^ttm will aponaor a Christ- St. James’ School. Students of Three full aeta of hubcaps For tiousing Applicajits anrh^at^r lEtif Baralb mas party for member's chil­ the Beveriy Bollino Byrton Manchester'' once again will valued at $280 were taken from enter its annual report in the 15,541 dren Sunday from S to B p.m. Dance Studio wilt entertain the three cars at Manchester Olds- The Manchester Housing Au­ felt that the length of time on Town and City Reports Contest, Mtmche$ter—“A City of VUlage Charm at the VFW Home, 608 E. Cen­ group. Mrs. Frank Philopena is mobile Inc., 012 W. Center St thority reviewed its aidmlaslon application bad been filed was ter St. There will be cartoons, in charge of arrangements and conducted by the UConn Insti­ The hubcaps were of the wire an'important ffustor and under tute of Public Service. policy for elderly housing appli­ MANCHESTER, C»NN., FRIDAY, DECEMBER 8, 1967 (OlaoMfled Advertiaing oa Page 28) PRK7E SBVBN CXNTB cookies and punch, and a visit Mrs.
    [Show full text]
  • Liturgy Becomes First Subject for Deliberation by Council
    Liturgy becomesfirst subject for deliberation by council 'l'rventy-one VATICAN CITY - l'nthcrs o[ thc gcnelal council opened tlebate on tlle litulgy trt thc {ourth gcneral congregation. Among those 1:articipating in the rliscussion rt thc closecl meeting (Oct. 22) rvere Cardinal Francis Spellman, -.._-_ Archbishop o{ Ncrv York, and Archbishop Ilgidio Vag- nozzi, Apostolic Delegate to the United States. The council prcss office said in a bulletin that the liiurgy rvas schedulcd as tlte first topic lte- ililillililililililfi illillilililillilililmilililillilmllllllllll Relared slory, Page 3 illillillllllllllllllllllllllllllllililllillililllllllllllllllllllll cause the work o{ the eorrncil is tlilccted primalily lorvartl tlte task of an intclnal renerval of tltr: The firsl order of business Church. was lhe reading of lhe names of ihc presenied Fathers elected lo posls on GOVERNOR BACKS CATHOLIC YOUTH WEEK--Governor Mallhew E. Welsh a letler of projecl sacled lit- Thc on the fhree commissions which had rndorsemenl lhis week noting the observrnce of Nafional Catholic Youth Week-Ocfober 28 through prcfnce rurgy consists of a and nol been rnnounced previously. - November i[-io Indianrpolis Dernery Youlh Council Presidenl Jerry Traub of Sl. Philip Neri parish, cight chapters. "to jly::_.:i-rNo raHa, o*Js ER 26,re62 rnd Frfher John Elford, Archdiocesrn CYO Direclor, In hir letler the Governor urges all assisl or,' "' staffpho'o - .t::::ll1jii'::-. ITJ:T::l""l :i i1'-::i1t.i9i { ) 'l '1. IltI CURAIV C'I?IS/S 'I'he A lVord l,'ronl i\rclI(IIOccsc
    [Show full text]
  • Los Angeles from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia "L.A." and "LA" Redirect Here
    Los Angeles From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia "L.A." and "LA" redirect here. For other uses, see L.A. (disambiguation). This article is about the U.S. city. For the county, see Los Angeles County, California. For other uses, see Los Angeles (disambiguation). Los Angeles City City of Los Angeles From top: Downtown Los Angeles, Venice Beach, Griffith Observatory, Hollywood Sign Flag Seal Nickname(s): "L.A.", "City of Angels",[1]"Angeltown",[2] "Lalaland", "Tinseltown"[3] Location in Los Angeles County in the state of California Los Angeles Location in the United States Coordinates: 34°03′N 118°15′WCoordinates: 34°03′N 118°15′W Country United States of America State California County Los Angeles Settled September 4, 1781 Incorporated April 4, 1850 Government • Type Mayor-Council • Body Los Angeles City Council • Mayor Eric Garcetti (D) • City Mike Feuer Attorney • City Ron Galperin Controller Area[4] • City 503 sq mi (1,302 km2) • Land 469 sq mi (1,214 km2) • Water 34 sq mi (88 km2) 6.7% Elevation 233 (city hall) ft (71 m) Population (2012) • City 3,857,799 • Rank 2nd U.S., 48th world • Density 8,225/sq mi (3,176/km2) • Urban 15,067,000[6] • Metro 16,400,000[5] • CSA 17,786,419 Demonym Angeleno Time zone PST (UTC-8) • Summer PDT (UTC−7) (DST) ZIP code 90001–90068, 90070–90084, 90086–90089, 90091, 90093–90097, 90099, 90101–90103, 90174, 90185, 90189, 90291–90293, 91040– 91043, 91303–91308, 91342–91349, 91352– 91353, 91356–91357, 91364–91367, 91401– 91499, 91601–91609 Area code(s) 213, 310/424, 323, 661,747/818 FIPS code 06-44000 GNIS feature 1662328 ID Website lacity.org Los Angeles ( i/lɔːs ˈændʒələs/, /lɔːs ˈæŋɡələs/ or i/lɒs ˈændʒəliːz/, Spanish: Los Ángeles [los ˈaŋxeles] meaning The Angels), officially the City of Los Angeles, often known by its initials L.A., is themost populous city in the U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Challenger Party List
    Appendix List of Challenger Parties Operationalization of Challenger Parties A party is considered a challenger party if in any given year it has not been a member of a central government after 1930. A party is considered a dominant party if in any given year it has been part of a central government after 1930. Only parties with ministers in cabinet are considered to be members of a central government. A party ceases to be a challenger party once it enters central government (in the election immediately preceding entry into office, it is classified as a challenger party). Participation in a national war/crisis cabinets and national unity governments (e.g., Communists in France’s provisional government) does not in itself qualify a party as a dominant party. A dominant party will continue to be considered a dominant party after merging with a challenger party, but a party will be considered a challenger party if it splits from a dominant party. Using this definition, the following parties were challenger parties in Western Europe in the period under investigation (1950–2017). The parties that became dominant parties during the period are indicated with an asterisk. Last election in dataset Country Party Party name (as abbreviation challenger party) Austria ALÖ Alternative List Austria 1983 DU The Independents—Lugner’s List 1999 FPÖ Freedom Party of Austria 1983 * Fritz The Citizens’ Forum Austria 2008 Grüne The Greens—The Green Alternative 2017 LiF Liberal Forum 2008 Martin Hans-Peter Martin’s List 2006 Nein No—Citizens’ Initiative against
    [Show full text]
  • Early Modern Conceptions of Property. Ed. by John Brewer and Susan Staves
    International Review of Social History 43 (1998), pp. 287–314 1998 Internationaal Instituut voor Sociale Geschiedenis BOOK REVIEWS Early Modern Conceptions of Property. Ed. by John Brewer and Susan Staves. [Consumption and culture in 17th and 18th centuries, 2.] Routledge, London [etc.] 1995. xiv, 599 pp. Ill. Maps. £80.00. CARRIER,JAMES G. Gifts and Commodities. Exchange and Western Capital- ism since 1700. [Material Cultures.] Routledge, London [etc.] 1995. xvi, 240 pp. £45.00. In 1982 Neil McKendrick, John Brewer and J.H. Plumb helped to open up a new area of social and cultural history by publishing The Birth of a Consumer Society: The Commercialization of Eighteenth-Century England (London, Europa). There had been earlier studies, but in economic history consumption had clearly caught the imagination less than production. Social historians had focused on the living standards of those who were supposed barely able to survive. But mass production at one end of the economy presupposes mass consumption at least somewhere else, in a domestic or foreign market, among workers or other classes.1 Production was in fact the vantage point of much early research in the history of consumption. The range and quality of goods produced gave at least some information about the buying public. As the title of the seminal work by McKendrick, Brewer and Plumb indicates, one of the questions which prompted the history of consumption is how (and when) mass consumption originated. Once, long ago, goods were typically produced for known customers, on demand and to their specifications, as single items or in small quantities, by workers they knew personally.
    [Show full text]
  • Country Fact Sheet, Democratic Republic of the Congo
    Issue Papers, Extended Responses and Country Fact Sheets file:///C:/Documents and Settings/brendelt/Desktop/temp rir/Country Fact... Français Home Contact Us Help Search canada.gc.ca Issue Papers, Extended Responses and Country Fact Sheets Home Country Fact Sheet DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO April 2007 Disclaimer This document was prepared by the Research Directorate of the Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada on the basis of publicly available information, analysis and comment. All sources are cited. This document is not, and does not purport to be, either exhaustive with regard to conditions in the country surveyed or conclusive as to the merit of any particular claim to refugee status or asylum. For further information on current developments, please contact the Research Directorate. Table of Contents 1. GENERAL INFORMATION 2. POLITICAL BACKGROUND 3. POLITICAL PARTIES 4. ARMED GROUPS AND OTHER NON-STATE ACTORS 5. FUTURE CONSIDERATIONS ENDNOTES REFERENCES 1. GENERAL INFORMATION Official name Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) Geography The Democratic Republic of the Congo is located in Central Africa. It borders the Central African Republic and Sudan to the north; Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda and Tanzania to the east; Zambia and Angola to the south; and the Republic of the Congo to the northwest. The country has access to the 1 of 26 9/16/2013 4:16 PM Issue Papers, Extended Responses and Country Fact Sheets file:///C:/Documents and Settings/brendelt/Desktop/temp rir/Country Fact... Atlantic Ocean through the mouth of the Congo River in the west. The total area of the DRC is 2,345,410 km².
    [Show full text]
  • A History of Armenian Immigration to Southern California Daniel Fittante
    But Why Glendale? But Why Glendale? A History of Armenian Immigration to Southern California Daniel Fittante Abstract: Despite its many contributions to Los Angeles, the internally complex community of Armenian Angelenos remains enigmatically absent from academic print. As a result, its history remains untold. While Armenians live throughout Southern California, the greatest concentration exists in Glendale, where Armenians make up a demographic majority (approximately 40 percent of the population) and have done much to reconfigure this homogenous, sleepy, sundown town of the 1950s into an ethnically diverse and economically booming urban center. This article presents a brief history of Armenian immigration to Southern California and attempts to explain why Glendale has become the world’s most demographically concentrated Armenian diasporic hub. It does so by situating the history of Glendale’s Armenian community in a complex matrix of international, national, and local events. Keywords: California history, Glendale, Armenian diaspora, immigration, U.S. ethnic history Introduction Los Angeles contains the most visible Armenian diaspora worldwide; however yet it has received virtually no scholarly attention. The following pages begin to shed light on this community by providing a prefatory account of Armenians’ historical immigration to and settlement of Southern California. The following begins with a short history of Armenian migration to the United States. The article then hones in on Los Angeles, where the densest concentration of Armenians in the United States resides; within the greater Los Angeles area, Armenians make up an ethnic majority in Glendale. To date, the reasons for Armenians’ sudden and accelerated settlement of Glendale remains unclear. While many Angelenos and Armenian diasporans recognize Glendale as the epicenter of Armenian American habitation, no one has yet clarified why or how this came about.
    [Show full text]
  • Country Fact Sheet
    DRAFT – COUNTRY FACT SHEET DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO April 2007 Research Directorate Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada Disclaimer This document was prepared by the Research Directorate of the Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada on the basis of publicly available information, analysis and comment. All sources are cited. This document is not, and does not purport to be, either exhaustive with regard to conditions in the country surveyed or conclusive as to the merit of any particular claim to refugee status or asylum. For further information on current developments, please contact the Research Directorate. TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. GENERAL INFORMATION 2. POLITICAL BACKGROUND 3. POLITICAL PARTIES 4. ARMED GROUPS AND OTHER NON-STATE ACTORS 5. FUTURE CONSIDERATIONS ENDNOTES REFERENCES 2 1. GENERAL INFORMATION Official name Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) Geography The Democratic Republic of the Congo is located in Central Africa. It borders the Central African Republic and Sudan to the north; Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda and Tanzania to the east; Zambia and Angola to the south; and the Republic of the Congo to the northwest. The country has access to the Atlantic Ocean through the mouth of the Congo River in the west. The total area of the DRC is 2,345,410 km². The climate of the DRC is tropical. The equatorial river basin is hot and humid, the southern highlands are cold and dry, and the eastern highlands are rainy. The wet season north of Equateur province is from April to October, and the dry season is from December to February. The wet season south of Equateur is from November to March, followed by a dry season from April to October.
    [Show full text]
  • Los Angeles Bibliography
    A HISTORICAL BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT IN THE LOS ANGELES METROPOLITAN AREA Compiled by Richard Longstreth 1998, revised 16 May 2018 This listing focuses on historical studies, with an emphasis is on scholarly work published during the past thirty years. I have also included a section on popular pictorial histories due to the wealth of information they afford. To keep the scope manageable, the geographic area covered is primarily limited to Los Angeles and Orange counties, except in cases where a community, such as Santa Barbara; a building, such as the Mission Inn; or an architect, such as Irving Gill, are of transcendent importance to the region. Thanks go to Kenneth Breisch, Dora Crouch, Thomas Hines, Greg Hise, Gail Ostergren, and Martin Schiesl for adding to the list. Additions, corrections, and updates are welcome. Please send them to me at [email protected]. G E N E R A L H I S T O R I E S A N D U R B A N I S M Abu-Lughod, Janet, New York, Chicago, Los Angeles: America's Global Cities, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1999 Adler, Sy, "The Transformation of the Pacific Electric Railway: Bradford Snell, Roger Rabbit, and the Politics of Transportation in Los Angeles," Urban Affairs Quarterly 27 (September 1991): 51-86 Akimoto, Fukuo, “Charles H. Cheney of California,” Planning Perspectives 18 (July 2003): 253-75 Allen, James P., and Eugene Turner, The Ethnic Quilt: Population Diversity in Southern California Northridge: Center for Geographical Studies, California State University, Northridge, 1997 Avila, Eric, “The Folklore of the Freeway: Space, Culture, and Identity in Postwar Los Angeles,” Aztlan 23 (spring 1998): 15-31 _________, Popular Culture in the Age of White Flight: Fear and Fantasy in Suburban Los Angeles, Berkeley: University of California Pres, 2004 Axelrod, Jeremiah B.
    [Show full text]