Pages 1–5 1mvz Evolutionary trace report by report maker October 23, 2009

4.3.3 DSSP 4 4.3.4 HSSP 4 4.3.5 LaTex 4 4.3.6 Muscle 4 4.3.7 Pymol 4 4.4 Note about ET Viewer 4 4.5 Citing this work 4 4.6 About report maker 5 4.7 Attachments 5

1 INTRODUCTION From the original Protein Data Bank entry (PDB id 1mvz): Title: Nmr solution structure of a bowman birk inhibitor isolated from snail medic seeds ( scutellata) Compound: Mol id: 1; molecule: bowman-birk type protease inhibitor, (msti); chain: a; synonym: msti Organism, scientific name: Medicago Scutellata; CONTENTS 1mvz contains a single unique chain 1mvzA (62 residues long). 1 Introduction 1 This is an NMR-determined structure – in this report the first model in the file was used. 2 Chain 1mvzA 1 2.1 Q6A4J9 overview 1 2.2 Multiple sequence alignment for 1mvzA 1 2.3 Residue ranking in 1mvzA 1 2.4 Top ranking residues in 1mvzA and their position on 2 CHAIN 1MVZA the structure 1 2.1 Q6A4J9 overview 2.4.1 Clustering of residues at 26% coverage. 1 2.4.2 Possible novel functional surfaces at 26% From SwissProt, id Q6A4J9, 100% identical to 1mvzA: coverage. 2 Description: Trypsin inhibitor. Organism, scientific name: Medicago scutellata (Snail medic). 3 Notes on using trace results 3 : Eukaryota; Viridiplantae; Streptophyta; Embryophyta; 3.1 Coverage 3 Tracheophyta; Spermatophyta; Magnoliophyta; eudicotyledons; core 3.2 Known substitutions 3 eudicotyledons; ; eurosids I; ; ; Papilionoi- 3.3 Surface 3 deae; ; Medicago. 3.4 Number of contacts 3 3.5 Annotation 3 3.6 Mutation suggestions 3 2.2 Multiple sequence alignment for 1mvzA 4 Appendix 3 For the chain 1mvzA, the alignment 1mvzA.msf (attached) with 134 4.1 File formats 3 sequences was used. The alignment was downloaded from the HSSP 4.2 Color schemes used 4 database, and fragments shorter than 75% of the query as well as 4.3 Credits 4 duplicate sequences were removed. It can be found in the attachment 4.3.1 Alistat 4 to this report, under the name of 1mvzA.msf. Its statistics, from the 4.3.2 CE 4 alistat program are the following:

1 Lichtarge lab 2006 Fig. 1. Residues 1-62 in 1mvzA colored by their relative importance. (See Appendix, Fig.5, for the coloring scheme.)

Format: MSF Number of sequences: 134 Total number of residues: 7740 Smallest: 49 Largest: 62 Average length: 57.8 Alignment length: 62 Average identity: 57% Most related pair: 98% Most unrelated pair: 12% Most distant seq: 39%

Furthermore, <1% of residues show as conserved in this ali- Fig. 2. Residues in 1mvzA, colored by their relative importance. Clockwise: gnment. front, back, top and bottom views. The alignment consists of 51% eukaryotic ( <1% vertebrata, 50% plantae) sequences. (Descriptions of some sequences were not rea- dily available.) The file containing the sequence descriptions can be found in the attachment, under the name 1mvzA.descr.

2.3 Residue ranking in 1mvzA The 1mvzA sequence is shown in Fig. 1, with each residue colored according to its estimated importance. The full listing of residues in 1mvzA can be found in the file called 1mvzA.ranks sorted in the attachment.

2.4 Top ranking residues in 1mvzA and their position on the structure In the following we consider residues ranking among top 26% of residues in the protein (the closest this analysis allows us to get to 25%). Figure 2 shows residues in 1mvzA colored by their importance: bright red and yellow indicate more conserved/important residues (see Appendix for the coloring scheme). A Pymol script for producing this figure can be found in the attachment.

2.4.1 Clustering of residues at 26% coverage. Fig. 3 shows the top 26% of all residues, this time colored according to clusters they belong to. The clusters in Fig.3 are composed of the residues listed in Table 1. Fig. 3. Residues in 1mvzA, colored according to the cluster they belong to: Table 1. red, followed by blue and yellow are the largest clusters (see Appendix for the coloring scheme). Clockwise: front, back, top and bottom views. The cluster size member corresponding Pymol script is attached. color residues red 13 8,9,12,14,22,24,26,31,35,38 50,52,57 blue 3 17,19,20 2.4.2 Possible novel functional surfaces at 26% coverage. One group of residues is conserved on the 1mvzA surface, away from (or Table 1. Clusters of top ranking residues in 1mvzA. susbtantially larger than) other functional sites and interfaces reco- gnizable in PDB entry 1mvz. It is shown in Fig. 4. The residues belonging to this surface ”patch” are listed in Table 2, while Table

2 Table 3. continued res type disruptive mutations 31 C (R)(E)(K)(FWH) 20 P (Y)(R)(H)(T) 19 P (R)(Y)(H)(K) 50 C (R)(K)(H)(FW) 24 C (K)(E)(QR)(M) 17 S (FW)(H)(Y)(R) 26 D (R)(H)(Y)(FW) 57 C (R)(K)(FWH)(M) 12 C (R)(K)(H)(FEW) 14 C (K)(R)(E)(Q)

Table 3. Disruptive mutations for the surface patch in 1mvzA.

3 NOTES ON USING TRACE RESULTS 3.1 Coverage Trace results are commonly expressed in terms of coverage: the resi- due is important if its “coverage” is small - that is if it belongs to Fig. 4. A possible active surface on the chain 1mvzA. some small top percentage of residues [100% is all of the residues in a chain], according to trace. The ET results are presented in the form of a table, usually limited to top 25% percent of residues (or 3 suggests possible disruptive replacements for these residues (see to some nearby percentage), sorted by the strength of the presumed Section 3.6). evolutionary pressure. (I.e., the smaller the coverage, the stronger the Table 2. pressure on the residue.) Starting from the top of that list, mutating a res type substitutions(%) cvg antn couple of residues should affect the protein somehow, with the exact 22 C C(99). 0.03 S-S effects to be determined experimentally. 35 C C(99). 0.05 S-S 3.2 Known substitutions 38 C C(98).G 0.07 S-S 8 C C(96)N(1).(2) 0.08 S-S One of the table columns is “substitutions” - other amino acid types 31 C C(98)N. 0.10 S-S seen at the same position in the alignment. These amino acid types 20 P P(98)A. 0.11 may be interchangeable at that position in the protein, so if one wants 19 P P(97)STA 0.13 to affect the protein by a point mutation, they should be avoided. For 50 C C(95)DMT(2)N 0.14 S-S example if the substitutions are “RVK” and the original protein has 24 C C(98)YH 0.16 S-S an R at that position, it is advisable to try anything, but RVK. Conver- 17 S S(93)R(1)M(2) 0.18 sely, when looking for substitutions which will not affect the protein, Q(1)KD one may try replacing, R with K, or (perhaps more surprisingly), with 26 D D(94)N(2)LB(1)Q 0.19 V. The percentage of times the substitution appears in the alignment Z is given in the immediately following bracket. No percentage is given 57 C C(85).(12)D(2) 0.21 S-S in the cases when it is smaller than 1%. This is meant to be a rough 12 C C(90)A(6)QT(1)D 0.23 S-S guide - due to rounding errors these percentages often do not add up 14 C C(96)YT(1)IS 0.24 S-S to 100%. 3.3 Surface Table 2. Residues forming surface ”patch” in 1mvzA. To detect candidates for novel functional interfaces, first we look for residues that are solvent accessible (according to DSSP program) by ˚ 2 Table 3. at least 10A , which is roughly the area needed for one water mole- res type disruptive cule to come in the contact with the residue. Furthermore, we require mutations that these residues form a “cluster” of residues which have neighbor A˚ 22 C (KER)(FQMWHD)(NLPI)(Y) within 5 from any of their heavy atoms. 35 C (KER)(FQMWHD)(NLPI)(Y) Note, however, that, if our picture of protein evolution is correct, 38 C (E)(KR)(FMWD)(H) the neighboring residues which are not surface accessible might be 8 C (R)(E)(K)(FWH) equally important in maintaining the interaction specificity - they should not be automatically dropped from consideration when choo- continued in next column sing the set for mutagenesis. (Especially if they form a cluster with the surface residues.)

3 3.4 Number of contacts Another column worth noting is denoted “noc/bb”; it tells the num- ber of contacts heavy atoms of the residue in question make across the interface, as well as how many of them are realized through the backbone atoms (if all or most contacts are through the backbone, COVERAGE mutation presumably won’t have strong impact). Two heavy atoms are considered to be “in contact” if their centers are closer than 5A˚ . V 100% 50% 30% 5% 3.5 Annotation If the residue annotation is available (either from the pdb file or from other sources), another column, with the header “annotation” appears. Annotations carried over from PDB are the following: site

(indicating existence of related site record in PDB ), S-S (disulfide V bond forming residue), hb (hydrogen bond forming residue, jb (james RELATIVE IMPORTANCE bond forming residue), and sb (for salt bridge forming residue).

3.6 Mutation suggestions Fig. 5. Coloring scheme used to color residues by their relative importance. Mutation suggestions are completely heuristic and based on comple- mentarity with the substitutions found in the alignment. Note that they are meant to be disruptive to the interaction of the protein 4.2 Color schemes used with its ligand. The attempt is made to complement the following The following color scheme is used in figures with residues colored properties: small [AV GSTC], medium [LPNQDEMIK], large by cluster size: black is a single-residue cluster; clusters composed of [WFYHR], hydrophobic [LPVAMWFI], polar [GTCY ]; posi- more than one residue colored according to this hierarchy (ordered tively [KHR], or negatively [DE] charged, aromatic [WFYH], by descending size): red, blue, yellow, green, purple, azure, tur- long aliphatic chain [EKRQM], OH-group possession [SDETY ], quoise, brown, coral, magenta, LightSalmon, SkyBlue, violet, gold, and NH2 group possession [NQRK]. The suggestions are listed bisque, LightSlateBlue, orchid, RosyBrown, MediumAquamarine, according to how different they appear to be from the original amino DarkOliveGreen, CornflowerBlue, grey55, burlywood, LimeGreen, acid, and they are grouped in round brackets if they appear equally tan, DarkOrange, DeepPink, maroon, BlanchedAlmond. disruptive. From left to right, each bracketed group of amino acid The colors used to distinguish the residues by the estimated types resembles more strongly the original (i.e. is, presumably, less evolutionary pressure they experience can be seen in Fig. 5. disruptive) These suggestions are tentative - they might prove disrup- tive to the fold rather than to the interaction. Many researcher will 4.3 Credits choose, however, the straightforward alanine mutations, especially in 4.3.1 Alistat alistat reads a multiple sequence alignment from the the beginning stages of their investigation. file and shows a number of simple statistics about it. These stati- stics include the format, the number of sequences, the total number of residues, the average and range of the sequence lengths, and the 4 APPENDIX alignment length (e.g. including gap characters). Also shown are 4.1 File formats some percent identities. A percent pairwise alignment identity is defi- ned as (idents / MIN(len1, len2)) where idents is the number of Files with extension “ranks sorted” are the actual trace results. The exact identities and len1, len2 are the unaligned lengths of the two fields in the table in this file: sequences. The ”average percent identity”, ”most related pair”, and ”most unrelated pair” of the alignment are the average, maximum, • alignment# number of the position in the alignment and minimum of all (N)(N-1)/2 pairs, respectively. The ”most distant • residue# residue number in the PDB file seq” is calculated by finding the maximum pairwise identity (best • type amino acid type relative) for all N sequences, then finding the minimum of these N numbers (hence, the most outlying sequence). alistat is copyrighted • rank rank of the position according to older version of ET by HHMI/Washington University School of Medicine, 1992-2001, • variability has two subfields: and freely distributed under the GNU General Public License. 1. number of different amino acids appearing in in this column of the alignment 4.3.2 CE To map ligand binding sites from different source structures, report maker uses the CE program: 2. their type http://cl.sdsc.edu/. Shindyalov IN, Bourne PE (1998) • rho ET score - the smaller this value, the lesser variability of ”Protein structure alignment by incremental combinatorial extension this position across the branches of the tree (and, presumably, (CE) of the optimal path . Protein Engineering 11(9) 739-747. the greater the importance for the protein) 4.3.3 DSSP In this work a residue is considered solvent accessi- • cvg coverage - percentage of the residues on the structure which 2 ble if the DSSP program finds it exposed to water by at least 10A˚ , have this rho or smaller which is roughly the area needed for one water molecule to come in • gaps percentage of gaps in this column the contact with the residue. DSSP is copyrighted by W. Kabsch, C.

4 Sander and MPI-MF, 1983, 1985, 1988, 1994 1995, CMBI version 4.5 Citing this work by [email protected] November 18,2002, The method used to rank residues and make predictions in this report http://www.cmbi.kun.nl/gv/dssp/descrip.html. can be found in Mihalek, I., I. Res,ˇ O. Lichtarge. (2004). ”A Family of Evolution-Entropy Hybrid Methods for Ranking of Protein Residues 4.3.4 HSSP Whenever available, report maker uses HSSP ali- by Importance” J. Mol. Bio. 336: 1265-82. For the original version gnment as a starting point for the analysis (sequences shorter than of ET see O. Lichtarge, H.Bourne and F. Cohen (1996). ”An Evolu- 75% of the query are taken out, however); R. Schneider, A. de tionary Trace Method Defines Binding Surfaces Common to Protein Daruvar, and C. Sander. ”The HSSP database of protein structure- Families” J. Mol. Bio. 257: 342-358. sequence alignments.” Nucleic Acids Res., 25:226–230, 1997. report maker itself is described in Mihalek I., I. Res and O. http://swift.cmbi.kun.nl/swift/hssp/ Lichtarge (2006). ”Evolutionary Trace Report Maker: a new type of service for comparative analysis of proteins.” Bioinformatics 4.3.5 LaTex The text for this report was processed using LATEX; 22:1656-7. Leslie Lamport, “LaTeX: A Document Preparation System Addison- Wesley,” Reading, Mass. (1986). 4.6 About report maker 4.3.6 Muscle When making alignments “from scratch”, report report maker was written in 2006 by Ivana Mihalek. The 1D ran- maker uses Muscle alignment program: Edgar, Robert C. (2004), king visualization program was written by Ivica Res.ˇ report maker ”MUSCLE: multiple sequence alignment with high accuracy and is copyrighted by Lichtarge Lab, Baylor College of Medicine, high throughput.” Nucleic Acids Research 32(5), 1792-97. Houston. http://www.drive5.com/muscle/ 4.7 Attachments The following files should accompany this report: 4.3.7 Pymol The figures in this report were produced using Pymol. The scripts can be found in the attachment. Pymol • is an open-source application copyrighted by DeLano Scien- 1mvzA.complex.pdb - coordinates of 1mvzA with all of its tific LLC (2005). For more information about Pymol see interacting partners http://pymol.sourceforge.net/. (Note for Windows • 1mvzA.etvx - ET viewer input file for 1mvzA users: the attached package needs to be unzipped for Pymol to read • 1mvzA.cluster report.summary - Cluster report summary for the scripts and launch the viewer.) 1mvzA 4.4 Note about ET Viewer • 1mvzA.ranks - Ranks file in sequence order for 1mvzA Dan Morgan from the Lichtarge lab has developed a visualization • 1mvzA.clusters - Cluster descriptions for 1mvzA tool specifically for viewing trace results. If you are interested, please • 1mvzA.msf - the multiple sequence alignment used for the chain visit: 1mvzA http://mammoth.bcm.tmc.edu/traceview/ • 1mvzA.descr - description of sequences used in 1mvzA msf • The viewer is self-unpacking and self-installing. Input files to be used 1mvzA.ranks sorted - full listing of residues and their ranking with ETV (extension .etvx) can be found in the attachment to the for 1mvzA main report.

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