1 Human Mobility and Human Rights in the COVID-19 Pandemic: Principles

Human mobility and human rights in the COVID-19 pandemic: Principles of protection for migrants, refugees, and other displaced persons

Developed under the auspices of:

April 2020

1. Equal treatment and non-discrimination

State policies responding to COVID-19 must guarantee equal and non-discriminatory treatment of all persons, irrespective of their immigration and citizenship status or the fact of their displacement.

2. Right to health

States must respect the right to health of migrants, refugees, and other displaced persons, including by ensuring that the provision of essential medicines, prevention, and treatment are provided in a non-discriminatory manner.

3. State obligations to combat stigma, racism and xenophobia

States should ensure that neither their actions nor the actions of others stigmatize or incite violence against persons on account of their actual or perceived health status, in particular when such stigmatization is linked to nationality or immigration status.

4. Restrictions on movement between States

States are required to ensure that restrictions on mobility adopted in response to COVID-19 respect the rights of all persons to leave any State and to re-enter their home States.

5. Restrictions on movements within States

In responding to the COVID-19 pandemic, States must respect the liberty of movement of all persons within their territory.

1 6. Non-return and access to territory

A State’s pursuit of legitimate health goals must respect the fundamental principle of non- refoulement, including non-return to a real risk of persecution, arbitrary deprivation of life, torture, or other cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment.

7. Enforcement of immigration law, including detention

States may not enforce immigration laws in a manner that increases the risk of transmission of COVID-19, and such enforcement must comport with fundamental norms of due process. Detention of migrants, refugees, and other displaced persons is impermissible where such detention would expose them to serious risks to their health and life due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

8. Right to protection of life and health for persons in camps, collective shelters, and settlements

States must take effective measures to mitigate COVID-19 transmission among migrants, refugees, and other displaced persons living in camps, collective shelters, and settlements.

9. Right to information

Migrants, refugees, and other displaced persons have a right to information about COVID-19, including information related to symptoms, prevention, control of spread, treatment, and social relief. The internet is an indispensable source of information, and blocking or interfering with access during a pandemic is not justifiable.

10. Protection of privacy

In responding to COVID-19, States must protect the right to privacy of migrants, refugees, and other displaced persons, including their right to control the release of personal medical information.

11. Gender considerations

States must ensure the protection of the rights of displaced women, girls and gender-non- conforming people, and should identify and mitigate particular threats to their health, safety, and well-being in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic.

2 12. Marginalized groups

Certain groups among migrant, refugee, and other displaced populations require special attention in the context of COVID-19, particularly when it comes to protecting the right to health, access to information, and the prohibition on discrimination. These include older people, persons with disabilities, and children.

13. Labor rights of workers

States must observe the labor rights of migrants, refugees, and other displaced persons working in essential occupations and industries, and in particular take measures to protect their health. States must provide assistance to migrants, refugees, and other displaced persons who lose their jobs and incomes due to the COVID-19 pandemic to the same extent that such protection is afforded to nationals.

14. Rights and their limitations

Any restrictions on rights must be provided by law and be reasonable, necessary, and proportionate. Rights may not be suspended except in a publicly declared emergency threatening the life of the nation, and only if strictly required by the situation. Any such suspension must be consistent with the State’s other international legal obligations.

3 Human mobility and human rights in the COVID-19 pandemic: Principles of protection for migrants, refugees, and other displaced persons

Developed under the auspices of:

April 2020

Introduction

In responding to the COVID-19 pandemic, many States have taken harsh and unprecedented measures against migrants, refugees, and other displaced persons. These have included border closures, quarantines, expulsions, and lock-downs of migrant worker communities and refugee camps. Migrants, refugees, and other displaced persons have also been excluded from programs adopted by States to secure the health and economic well-being of those within their borders. Actions taken to control and prevent the spread of the virus and to ameliorate the massive harms inflicted by the pandemic must be consistent with established international human rights norms. These norms – including those of non-discrimination, rights to health and to information, due process, and non-return to risks of serious harm – apply to all persons, irrespective of their immigration status.

The following principles derive from international treaties and instruments, customary international law, decisions of UN treaty bodies, and guidelines widely accepted by the international community. They are further informed by decisions of human rights bodies at the regional level and regional inter-State agreements. The principles are offered to inform and guide State action, to assist international organizations, and to provide a basis for advocacy and education.

The current crisis demands robust and effective action. But turbulent times do not justify claims that rights can be dispensed with or set aside because they are considered inconvenient to the pursuit of controlling the virus. It is precisely in such times that international human rights do their most important work, reminding us of the core principles of the humanity we are struggling to preserve.

1. Equal treatment and non-discrimination

State policies responding to COVID-19 must guarantee equal and non-discriminatory treatment of all persons, irrespective of their immigration and citizenship status or the fact of their displacement.

The threat of COVID-19 knows no boundaries – no borders of geography, class, race, age, gender, sexual orientation, status, or situation. This means ensuring access to medical assistance, testing,

4 and health care for all who are or may be at risk, as well as access to State programs adopted to ameliorate the economic hardships imposed by the pandemic. Not to address the health needs of migrants, refugees, or other displaced persons on grounds of their origin or status would, in addition to increasing the risk of further spread of COVID-19, constitute discrimination because it would be unreasonable, disproportionate, pursue no legitimate goal, and threaten the well-being of the entire community.

The principle of non-discrimination also mandates proactive measures to bring the necessary health services and other vital life-saving services, such as food and housing, to marginalized communities, including those whose displacement, voluntary or involuntary, has separated them from traditional means of support. A proactive approach will necessarily benefit the community as a whole by reducing the risks of transmission by and among those who otherwise might be unable – due to lack of resources, illness, disability, or other circumstances – to stop work, self- isolate, or independently access health services.

(Sources: International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) arts. 2(1), 26; International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) art. 2(2); International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (CERD) art. 1(1); Charter of the United Nations, preamble, arts. 1(3), 55; Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), art. 2(1); Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees (Refugee Convention), art. 3; Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement, principle 1(1).)

2. Right to health

The right to health is widely recognized in international law. States have an obligation to provide access to existing health care services that are reasonably available when lack of access to that health care could expose an individual or community to a risk that can result in loss of life. Access to food, water and sanitation, safe shelter and education are recognized as part of realizing the right to health. These obligations, crucial in the current COVID-19 pandemic, are owed to all persons, including migrants, refugees, and other displaced persons, as well as stateless persons whose lack of effective nationality must not preclude them from enjoying the right to health. The right to effective and respectful health services are best achieved by measures that take into account the views of affected populations.

(Sources: UDHR art. 25; ICESCR art. 12; CERD 5(e)(iv); UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, General Comment No. 14 on the right to the highest attainable standard of health; UN Human Rights Committee, CCPR Nell Toussaint v Canada (2018), para 11.)

5 3. State obligations to combat stigma, racism and xenophobia

International human rights norms prohibit States from targeting or discriminating against particular groups based on their status, including actual or perceived health status. Numerous instances of stigmatization and racist or xenophobic violence have been directed against people based, in particular, on their Asian descent or the perception that they were a source of COVID-19 infection. Stigma can operate as a significant barrier to seeking health care – a result that endangers both the groups that are targeted and the public at large. Thus, States must refrain from measures that foster or perpetuate stigma, and they should ensure that public health responses to COVID-19 are inclusive of and respect the rights of marginalized groups, including migrants, refugees, and other displaced persons. In addition, States should take proactive steps to combat stigma and discrimination on the part of third parties, such as service providers, private sector employers, the media, and community members. These could include a range of efforts aimed at public education and communications to underpin the fact that viruses are not synonymous with nationality. The availability of accurate and timely information about the disease and how it can be transmitted is also critical in both realizing the right to health and combating stigma.

(Sources: UDHR art. 2(1); ICCPR art. 2(1); ICESCR art. 2(2); ICERD arts. 1.1, 2, 4; Refugee Convention art. 3; CERD Committee General Recommendation No. 30 (2005.))

4. Restrictions on movement between States

States are required to ensure that restrictions on mobility adopted in response to COVID-19 respect the rights of all persons to leave any State and to re-enter their home State.

The right of all persons to leave any State and the right to re-enter one’s home State (including one’s state of habitual residence) may be restricted only in exceptional circumstances. Restrictions of these rights adopted to prevent or contain the spread of COVID-19 must be authorized by law and must be necessary and proportionate to the legitimate aims of protecting public health and the rights of others.

In many cases, there are more effective disease-control measures than border closures. Furthermore, border closures can endanger mobile populations and impede the movement of medical supplies. Where necessary to protect public health, border closures should be subject to exceptions for compelling humanitarian and compassionate needs and that ensure that a State’s international obligations can be respected (including the right to seek and enjoy asylum).

(Sources: UDHR arts., 13(2), 29(2); ICCPR art.12(2)-(4); UN Human Rights Committee, CCPR General Comment No. 27; WHO, International Health Regulations (2nd ed.) arts. 23, 32.)

6 5. Restrictions on movements within States

In responding to the COVID-19 pandemic, States must respect the liberty of movement of all persons within their territory.

All persons, including migrants, refugees, and other displaced persons, are guaranteed free movement within States. In adopting measures to prevent and control the spread of COVID-19, States have adopted a wide range of limits on free movement. International law does not forbid policies requiring social distancing in public, self-isolation at home or curfews, where demonstrably necessary to the health of individuals and the community. Quarantines restricting freedom of movement and requiring residence at designated places may also be permissible, provided they do not constitute arbitrary detention. The cordoning off of areas – preventing either exit or entrance – must also meet requirements of reasonableness and proportionality. In each of these cases, restrictions on movement must be designed and enforced in a non-discriminatory way.

Restrictions on freedom of movement must also be consistent with other human rights. In particular, they must respect the right to life (including rights to food, clean water, health, and access to humanitarian aid) as well as freedoms of speech, assembly, and association and protection against arbitrary detention. They must also respect the protection of the family as a fundamental group unit of society; the separation of families is not justified other than for purposes of self-isolation, confinement, or treatment of infected family members.

(Sources: UDHR arts. 13(1), 16, 29(2); ICCPR arts. 12(1),(3), 23; UN Human Rights Committee, CCPR General Comment No. 27.)

6. Non-return and access to territory

The norm of non-refoulement, a fundamental principle of international law, is implicated in two important respects by State measures to respond to COVID-19. First, it may, under certain circumstances, prohibit removal of a migrant, refugee, or displaced person to a country where the absence or inadequacy of health care creates threats to life or a risk of serious, rapid, and irreversible decline in health.

Second, State measures may infringe upon the right to seek and enjoy asylum. Blanket measures to exclude refugees or asylum seekers from access to territory without ensuring protection from refoulement are inconsistent with international law. Exceptions for refugees and asylum seekers to border closures and limitations on entry, combined with health measures such as screening, testing and quarantine, can enable States to manage arrivals safely while respecting the principle of non- refoulement.

7 (Sources: Refugee Convention, art. 33; Convention against Torture Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment (CAT) art. 3; ICCPR arts. 7, 13; OAU Convention governing specific aspects of refugee problems in Africa art. 2(3); American Convention on Human Rights art. 22(8); ECtHR, Paposhvili v Belgium (2016); UNHCR, Key Legal Considerations on access to territory for persons in need of international protection in the context of the COVID-19 response, 16 March 2020.)

7. Enforcement of immigration law, including detention

State enforcement of immigration laws must not put in jeopardy the right to health of migrants, refugees, and other displaced persons, government officials, or the public. In particular, enforcement activities, and the threat of such activities, should not prevent or hinder migrants, refugees, and other displaced persons from seeking health care services.

Where State policies adopted in response to COVID-19 restrict access to information regarding legal rights or to counsel and interpreters, immigration proceedings may deny persons due process and protection against arbitrary expulsion. Under such circumstances, State pursuit of vital public health goals may require suspension of enforcement of immigration laws.

Once COVID-19 is introduced into a place of immigration detention, those housed there will face great difficulties in engaging in appropriate health practices, such as social distancing and effective hygiene. States have long been encouraged to develop robust and effective alternatives to detention. Where detention would expose migrants, refugees, and other displaced persons to serious COVID-19-related risks, and in particular where such alternatives exist or could reasonably be adopted, continued detention cannot be reasonable, necessary, or proportionate. In some circumstances, migration detention could constitute a threat to the right not to be subjected to inhuman and degrading treatment and the right to life. Persons released from detention should be supported to ensure they can engage in appropriate health practices and will have access to health services. Even in the midst of a pandemic, detained migrants and refugees have the right to challenge the legality, length, and conditions of their detention and to be compensated for any unlawful detention.

(Sources: UDHR arts. 3, 5, 6, 7, 14; ICCPR arts. 6, 7, 9(1), 10, 13, 14(1), 16, 26; ICESCR arts. 12(1); Refugee Convention arts. 16, 31-32; UN Human Rights Committee, CCPR General Comment No. 35.)

8 8. Right to protection of life and health for persons in camps, collective shelters, and settlements

States must take effective measures to mitigate COVID-19 transmission among migrants, refugees, and other displaced persons living in camps, collective shelters, and settlements.

The duty of States to take steps necessary for the prevention, treatment, and control of pandemic diseases applies with equal force toward persons who are compelled to live in camps, collective shelters, or settlements in which they are excluded from health systems provided to the general population. Migrants, refugees, and other displaced persons living in such locations must be provided with access to health services; information in a language they understand; clean water and soap, disinfectants and other means of enhancing personal hygiene; practical measures for physical distancing (which, however, must not result in lack of support to the most vulnerable); testing and tracking capacities to isolate infected persons and persons who might be infected; and, where possible, measures to decongest camps, collective shelters, and settlements.

Restrictions on movement into, out of and within camps, collective shelters, or settlements for migrants, refugees, and other displaced persons present particular challenges. Such restrictions may be justifiable if strictly necessary for the protection of the health of those residing there or the community at large (provided that adequate health measures and services are provided to persons within such camps, collective shelters, and settlements). Further, protection of health requires that humanitarian personnel working in camps, collective shelters, or settlements be screened for COVID-19 and provided with personal protective equipment to prevent COVID-19 from spreading.

(Sources: UDHR art. 3; ICCPR arts. 2(1), 6(1); IESCR art. 12(2); Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement arts. 12(20), 18(2)(d); ECtHR, Budayeva and Others v Russia (2008.))

9. Right to information

Access to scientifically sound health-related information is a crucial part of the right to health, and States have an obligation to provide access to accurate and reliable information to migrants, refugees, and other displaced persons. Such information should include the nature and level of the health threat, measures to mitigate risks, how to access health care, and ongoing response efforts (including restrictions on movement and other rights). Information must be made available in a language that migrants, refugees, and other displaced persons can understand. In order to foster the trust necessary to contain the spread of the virus, provide health care for those who need it, and best deploy resources, affected persons should be provided with information that permits them to effectively participate in the crafting of response efforts.

9 States have an obligation proactively to gather and disclose up-to-date information on pandemic management and response measures through digital, broadcast, social and other media. Blocking access to the internet through broad restrictions is never justified, and it is particularly harmful during a public health emergency. Any restriction imposed must be set forth in writing, must be narrowly tailored to promote a legitimate national security or related interest, and must not be targeted directly or indirectly against an identifiable social group, such as migrants, refugees, and other displaced persons. At the same time, States have a responsibility to ensure that the media is not used during a public health emergency for purposes of persecution or incitement to violence against such groups. In balancing these dual aims, the ordering of content take-downs or blocking of websites or social media accounts should be undertaken only when the information is clearly false and harmful or where the content constitutes incitement to violence, hatred, or discrimination.

(Sources: UDHR art. 19; ICCPR art. 19; UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) arts. 17, 24(e); Additional Protocol to the American Convention on Human Rights in the Area of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights art. 10; UN Human Rights Committee, CCPR General Comment 34.)

10. Protection of privacy

In responding to COVID-19, States must protect the right to privacy of migrants, refugees, and other displaced persons, including their right to control the release of personal medical information.

Measures to effectively prevent and control infection and provide clinical care involve collection and management of personal data, including of migrants, refugees, and other displaced persons. In pursuit of public health goals, neither names, other information by which a person could be identified nor personal medical information should be publicly disclosed without that person’s express and voluntary consent. For purposes of contact tracing, revealing the name and health status of a person without the person’s consent should be a measure of last resort to be undertaken only when all reasonable efforts to obtain consent have been pursued. Tracking the movement of persons infected with COVID-19 should be used only in limited circumstances, such as where the information is not obtainable directly from the person and where it will be used to enable contact tracing.

(Sources: UDHR art. 12; ICCPR art. 17; ECHR art. 8; ECtHR, Z. v. Finland (1997); Regulation (EU) 2016/679 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 April 2016 on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data, and repealing Directive 95/46/EC (General Data Protection Regulation), OJ 2016 L 119/1.)

10 11. Gender considerations

Women, girls and gender non-conforming people experience distinct challenges and risks related to the COVID-19 pandemic, including exacerbation of existing inequalities. These gender-specific risks pertain to migrants, refugees, and other displaced persons, particularly those who experience barriers in accessing essential goods and services and who live in camps, collective shelters, or settlements. Increased caregiving responsibilities – including care of children and sick relatives – can limit women’s and girls’ access to information, services, education, and livelihood activities. Indoor confinement increases the incidence of intimate partner violence and reduces the access of survivors of gender-based violence to life-saving care and support. In responses to COVID-19, women, girls and gender non-conforming people must be ensured access to sexual and reproductive health information, goods, and services, including safe access to abortion care.

(Sources: Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women arts. 3, 12; UNHCR, Age, Gender and Diversity Considerations – COVID-19, 21 March 2020; UNHCR, Gender-based violence prevention, risk mitigation and response during COVID-19, 26 March 2020; WHO, Gender equity in the health workforce: Analysis of 104 countries, March 2019; Amnesty International, Responses to Covid-19 and States’ Human Rights Obligations: Preliminary Observations, 12 March 2020.)

12. Marginalized groups

Older people (defined by the U.N. as people over 60) are most vulnerable to COVID-19 and have a higher fatality rate. Older migrants, refugees, and other displaced persons living in camps, collective shelters, and settlements will face particular health risks from limited access to health and hygiene supplies and less ability to socially distance or self-isolate. Realizing their right to health will require governments to ensure access to health care, regardless of legal status, and access to the shelter, water, and sanitation facilities they need to maintain their health. Older migrants in detention, particularly those with chronic health conditions, face particular risks and their continued detention would be disproportionate.

Persons with disabilities (including physical, mental, intellectual and sensory) within migrant, refugee, and other displaced communities may not be able to socially distance since they rely on others for many daily tasks. These vulnerabilities are compounded by challenges in access to information on COVID-19 and the availability of services especially when they have specific communication needs. States are required to guarantee the rights to information, health, education,

11 and a basic standard of living and to ensure accessibility and reasonable accommodation for people with disabilities to enable them to live independently in the community, with support as necessary.

Children constitute an estimated 31 million of the world’s forcibly displaced, and, in the context of the current pandemic, face particular challenges, including access to testing and treatment, adequate water, sanitation, shelter, and education. These challenges are compounded for children who are unaccompanied or separated through border closures, intensified immigration enforcement, containment measures such as quarantine, and the death of caregivers. International human rights law requires States to ensure that the best interests of the child is a primary consideration in all actions concerning children. In responding to the COVID-19 crisis, States must respect the right to family life and the principle of family unity. States should thus refrain from actions that could result in separation and should take proactive measures to facilitate the speedy reunification of families. States must also take steps to combat the sexual exploitation and trafficking of children.

(Sources: CRC art. 3(1), 9(1), 10(1); ICCPR arts. 17(1), (2), UN Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime: Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children art. 9; ICESCR arts. 10, 12; International Covenant on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities arts. 11, 25.)

13. Labor rights of workers

Migrants, who make up large portions of the “essential” workforce in many States, will continue to work during the COVID-19 pandemic. Standards related to workplace safety, minimum wages, hazard pay, overtime, and collective bargaining apply to them on the same basis as nationals. To protect the health of all workers, States must ensure that migrant, refugee, and other displaced workers are provided with appropriate protective equipment, as well as with soap, water, and sanitary facilities. They may not be compelled to work in hazardous conditions or confined in overcrowded accommodation.

States must also protect, on the same basis as nationals, migrants, refugees, and other displaced persons who are unable to work (whether because of sickness or workplace closures) due to the pandemic. They are entitled to the same social benefits as nationals, including with respect to health care, sick leave, social security, and unemployment insurance. States should also take steps to ensure that work closures and other measures do not expose migrants and their families to any special risks, whether they stay or are forced to return home in order to survive. For instance, visas should be granted or extended regardless of employment status, and no one should be rendered “irregular” because they have lost their job or failed to acquire one during the pandemic.

12 (Sources: UDHR art. 23; ICESCR art. 6; Refugee Convention arts. 17-19, 23, 24; ICERD art. 5, Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of their Families arts. 11, 25, 55, 56.)

14. Rights and their limitations

As a general rule, everyone’s rights must be exercised in context with the rights of others and the community at large. Thus, States may restrict the exercise of certain rights where such restrictions are in the interest of public health or necessary for the protection of the rights and freedoms of others. Any restriction imposed must be for legitimate purposes of public health and well-being, must always be provided by law and must be shown to be reasonable, necessary, and proportionate, both formally and in practice.

In extreme circumstances, such as an emergency threatening the life of the nation, States may go further and suspend the exercise of certain rights altogether. Because such “derogation” measures carry risks to the rule of law and to democratic and accountable government, an emergency must be publicly declared and reflect an actual, clear, present or imminent risk, not merely the apprehension of one in the future. In addition, only those measures may be taken that are strictly required by the situation, in light of the duration, geographical scope, and impact of the emergency. They are temporary measures, and must not be inconsistent with the State’s other obligations under international law, including the principle of non-discrimination.

Although certain rights may be limited or suspended, the law never is; and some rights are protected absolutely. These include the right not to be arbitrarily deprived of life, the right not to be subject or returned to situations of torture or other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment, and the right of everyone to equality before the law and to recognition as a person before the law.

(Sources: ICCPR arts. 4, 6(1), 16; ECHR art.15(1); AHCR art. 27(1); UN Human Rights Committee, CCPR General Comment No. 29.)

13 These Principles were developed in April 2020 under the auspices of the Program on Forced Migration, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University; the Migration and Human Rights Program, Cornell Law School; and the Zolberg Institute on Migration and Mobility, The New School.

This document was drafted by the following group of experts:

T. Alexander Aleinikoff, University Professor and Director, Zolberg Institute on Migration and Mobility, The New School

Chaloka Beyani, PhD, Associate Professor, London School of Economics

Iain Byrne, Head of Refugee and Migrant Rights and Deputy Programme Director (ag.), Global Issues Programme, Special Advisor, Strategic Litigation, Amnesty International - International Secretariat

Francois Crépeau, Hans & Tamar Oppenheimer Professor of Public International Law, Director, McGill Centre for Human Rights and Legal Pluralism, McGill University

Joanne Csete, PhD, Associate Professor, Heilbrunn Department of Population and Family Health, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health

Guy S. Goodwin-Gill, Professor, Kaldor Centre for International Refugee Law, University of NSW

Walter Kälin, Professor Emeritus, University of Bern

Ian M. Kysel, Visiting Assistant Clinical Professor of Law, Cornell Law School

Jane McAdam, Scientia Professor and Director, Kaldor Centre for International Refugee Law, University of NSW

Chidi Anselm Odinkalu, PhD, Senior Managing Legal Officer, Open Society Justice Initiative

Anna Shea, Legal Adviser and Researcher, Amnesty International - International Secretariat

Leah Zamore, Director, Humanitarian Crises Program, New York University

Monette Zard, Allan Rosenfield Associate Professor of Forced Migration and Health, Director of the Forced Migration and Health Program, Heilbrunn Department of Population and Family Health, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health

The co-conveners would also like to acknowledge the significant contributions of Catherine McGahan (Associate Director, Zolberg Institute on Migration and Mobility, The New School) and Sarah Guyer (Teaching Assistant, Program on Forced Migration and Health, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University) to this effort.

14 The following 797 scholars have also signed on to signal their endorsement of these Principles (note that individual affiliations are provided for identification purposes only):

Samer Abdelnour Karine Abderemane Atsuko Abe, PhD Lecturer Maître de Conférences en Droit Public Institute for Global Prosperity University of Tours University College London

David Abraham Nancy S. Abramowitz Leisy Abrego Professor Emeritus of Law Professor of Practice Professor University of Miami American University Washington College University of California, Los Angeles of Law

Evangeline Abriel E. Tendayi Achiume Tano Acka Clinical Professor of Law Professor of Law PhD Student Santa Clara University School of Law University of California, Los Angeles University of Rennes 1 School of Law

Brooke Ackerly Diego Acosta Silvia Adamo Professor Professor Associate Professor Vanderbilt University University of Bristol Faculty of Law University of Copenhagen

Lisa V. Adams, MD Fiona B. Adamson Olanike S. Adelakun University of London School of Oriental American University of Nigeria and African Studies

Tunde Adeleke Ujju Aggarwal Jody Agius Vallejo Professor Assistant Professor Associate Professor of Sociology Iowa State University The New School University of Southern California

Christine Agius, PhD Gladys Aguilar Muneer Ahmad Senior Lecturer, Politics & International PhD Candidate Sol Goldman Clinical Professor of Law Relations Harvard University Yale Law School Swinburne University of Technology

Zohra Ahmed Sharry Aiken Joshua Aiken Clinical Teaching Fellow Associate Professor JD/PhD Student, History and African- Cornell Law School Faculty of Law American Studies Queen's University Yale University

Alan Aja Payam Akhavan Susan Akram Associate Professor Professor Clinical Professor Brooklyn College Faculty of Law International Human Rights Clinic The City University of New York McGill University Boston University

Zeid Ra’ad Al Hussein Mohammad Rashed Alam Bhuiyan Francisco Alba Perry World House Professor of the PhD Candidate, CTPSR Professor Practice of Law and Human Rights Centre for Trust, Peace and Social Relations El Colegio de México University of Pennsylvania Coventry University

Richard Alba Raquel E. Aldana Heather Alexander Distinguished Professor of Sociology Professor of Law The Graduate Center University of California, Davis The City University of New York

15 Khulud Alhamazani Alexandra Délano Alonso Astrid Osorio Álvarez Monash University Associate Professor and Chair of Global Clinical Professor and Director Studies University of Antioquia The New School

Arléne Amarante Mads Andenas Bridget Anderson Assistant Professor of Law Professor, Institute of Advanced Legal Professor Lincoln Memorial University Studies; Migration Mobilities Bristol University of Oslo and University of University of Bristol London School of Advanced Study

Stefano Angeleri, PhD Deborah Anker Maryna Annaberdiieva Irish Centre for Human Rights Clinical Professor of Law Masters Student National University of Ireland, Galway Founder, Harvard Immigration and London School of Economics and Refugee Clinical Program Political Science Harvard Law School

Carolina Antonini Elizabeth Aranda, PhD Sandra Gil Araujo, PhD Adjunct Professor Tenured Researcher Georgia State University College of National Scientific and Technical Law Research Council

Efrat Arbel Ashley Binetti Armstrong Mitchell Ash Associate Professor Acting Assistant Professor Professor Emeritus of Modern History University of British Columbia Allard New York University School of Law University of Vienna School of Law

Idil Atak Kif Augustine Bilgin Ayata, PhD Associate Professor Ivan Meitus Chair and Professor of Law Professor for Political Sociology Criminology Brigham Young University J. Reuben University of Basel Ryerson University Clark Law School

Maria Aysa-Lastra, PhD Valentina Azarova, PhD Khalida Azhigulova, PhD Associate Professor of Sociology Research Fellow, Manchester International Winthrop University Law Centre University of Manchester

Margarita Azmitia, PhD Maria J. Azocar Sandra Babcock Professor of Developmental Psychology University of Wisconsin–Madison Clinical Professor of Law University of California, Santa Cruz Cornell Law School

Jonathan Bach Xóchitl Bada Angelita Baeyens Professor Associate Professor Adjunct Professor of Law, Georgetown The New School University of Illinois at Chicago University Law Center; Programs Director, Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights

Stanley R. Bailey Cecilia Bailliet Oliver Bakwell, PhD Professor of Sociology Professor Senior Lecturer in Migration Studies University of California, Irvine University of Oslo University of Manchester

Asli Bali Jennifer Balint, PhD David Baluarte Professor of Law Associate Professor in Socio-Legal Associate Clinical Professor of Law and University of California, Los Angeles Studies Director, Immigrant Rights Clinic School of Law University of Melbourne School of Social Washington and Lee University School and Political Sciences of Law

16 Jeevan Baniya Erin Barbato Brian Barbour Clinical Professor Affiliate University of Wisconsin Law School Kaldor Centre for International Refugee Law, University of New South Wales

Vanessa Barker Magdalena Barros Nock, PhD Vilna Bashi Treitler, PhD Professor Professor Full Professor Stockholm University Center for Research and Higher Education University of California, Santa Barbara in Social Anthropology

Marie-Laure Basilien-Gainche Charlotte Bastianelli Rainer Bauböck Professor of Law PGT Student European University Institute Honorary Member of l'Institut London School of Economics and Universitaire de France Political Science Jean Moulin University Lyon 3

Jon Bauer Jean Beaman David Bedingfield Clinical Professor of Lawl; Assistant Professor Adjunct Professor Richard D. Tulisano '69 Scholar in University of California, Santa Barbara Florida State University Human Rights University of Connecticut School of Law

Nathan Bell, PhD Phillipa Bellemore, PhD Samantha Jane Benavidez Monash University Macquarie University PhD Student Suffolk University

Guy Ben-Porat Lenni Benson Halima Bensouda, PhD Professor Distinguished Professor of Law Ben-Gurion University New York Law School

Rut Bermejo, PhD S. Megan Berthold, PhD, LCSW Jacqueline Bhabha Senior Lecturer in Politics and Public Associate Professor Professor of the Practice of Health and Policies University of Connecticut School of Human Rights Universidad Rey Juan Carlos Social Work Harvard University

Asher Biemann Kaci Bishop Richard Black Professor Clinical Associate Professor of Law Pro Vice Chancellor and Head of the University of Virginia University of North Carolina School of law College of Social Sciences University of Birmingham

Rich Blint Brad Blitz Alexia Bloch Assistant Professor Professor of International Politics and Professor of Anthropology Eugene Lang College of Liberal Arts Policy University of British Columbia The New School University College London

Carolyn Blum Courtney E. Boen, PhD, MPH Linda Bosniak Senior Research Fellow Assistant Professor of Sociology Distinguished Professor Human Rights Center University of Pennsylvania Rutgers University University of California, Berkeley

Pierre Bosset Mary Bosworth Álvaro Botero Professeur, Département des Sciences Professor Adjunct Professor of Asylum and Juridiques Border Criminologies Refugee Law Université du Québec à Montréal University of Oxford American University Washington College of Law

17 Kate Botterill Anna Boucher Erica Bower Associate Professor Stanford University University of Sydney

Amy Bowman-McElhone Andrea Boyack Bruce A. Boyer Carlow University Professor Curt and Linda Rodin Professor of Law Washburn University School of Law and Social Justice Loyola University Chicago

Megan Bradley José A. Brandariz, PhD Susan Breau Professor University of A Coruña Dean McGill University Faculty of Law University of Victoria

Denise Brennan Emmanuelle Bribosia Catherine Briddick, PhD Professor and Chair Department of Law Professor University of Oxford Anthropology Free University of Brussels Georgetown University

Shannon Brincat Susan J. Brison Tomer Broude Senior Lecturer Eunice and Julian Cohen Professor for the Professor University of the Sunshine Coast Study of Ethics and Human Values Hebrew University of Jerusalem Dartmouth College

Vikki Barry Brown Crystal H. Brown, PhD Sarah Bruhn PhD Researcher Assistant Professor Harvard University Queen Mary University of London Worcester Polytechnic Institute

Leiza Brumat, PhD Edelina M. Burciaga Nicola Burns, PhD Research Fellow Assistant Professor, Sociology Lecturer European University Institute University of Colorado University of Glasgow

Scott Burris Erika Busse-Cárdenas Juan José Bustamante Professor of Law and Public Health Assistant Professor Associate Professor Temple University Macalester College University of Arkansas

Nicolette Busuttil Maryann Bylander Jose Luis Caballero PhD Candidate Assistant Professor of Sociology Dean Queen Mary University of London Lewis & Clark College Universidad Iberoamericana Law School

Luis Cabrera Lorenzo Cachon Jason A. Cade Associate Professor of Political Science Professor J. Alton Hosch Associate Professor of Griffith University Complutense University of Madrid Law University of Georgia School of Law

Tamara Camargo Nelson Camilo Sanchez Kristina M. Campbell Student Assistant Professor Jack and Lovell Olender Professor of Law Suffolk University University of Virginia School of Law University of the District of Columbia David A. Clarke School of Law

Nergis Canefe Anita M. Cannon Céline Cantat Associate Professor of Politics, Public Language Instructor and M.A. Candidate, Research Fellow Policy and Law International Migration Studies CERI, Sciences Po Paris York University The Graduate Center The City University of New York

18 Lisa Carayon Joseph Carens Jean-Yves Carlier Associate Professor Professor Professor Université Sorbonne Paris Nord University of Toronto Université catholique de Louvain

Victoria Carmona Sergio Carrera Juan F. Casas Professor Professor of Psychology Migration Policy Centre and CEPS University of Nebraska at Omaha European University Institute

Anne-Cécile Caseau Dina C. Castro, MPH, PhD Alexandra Castro, PhD PhD Candidate Sciences Po

Kara Cebulko Laura Cera Pablo Ceriani Cernadas, PhD Associate Professor, Sociology and Professor Director, Migration and Asylum Anthropology Universidad del Norte Program, Institute for Justice and Human Providence College Rights Universidad Nacional de Lanús

Jennifer M. Chacón John Chalcraft Fernando Chang-Muy Professor of Law Professor Thomas O'Boyle Lecturer in Law University of California, Los Angeles London School of Economics and University of Pennsylvania School of School of Law Political Science Law

Bastien Charaudeau Santomauro Mark Charlton Elaine Chase, PhD PhD Researcher Associate Director of Public Engagement Associate Professor, Institute of Sciences Po Law School De Montfort University Education University College London

Sébastien Chauvin Monica Chavez, PhD Amanda Cheong Associate Professor Assistant Professor University of Lausanne University of British Columbia

Vincent Chetail Bhupinder Chimni Gabriel J. Chin Professor of International Law and Professor Edward L. Barrett Jr. Chair and Director Global Migration Centre, O.P. Jindal Global University Martin Luther King Jr. Professor of Law Graduate Institute of International and University of California, Davis School of Development Studies Law

Theodora Christou, PhD Janie Chuang Angie Chung Lecturer Professor of Law Professor London School of Economics and American University Washington College State University of New York at Albany Political Science and Queen Mary of Law University

Erin Chung, PhD Michael J. Churgin Alessandra Ciurlo Associate Professor of Political Science Raybourne Thompson Centennial Johns Hopkins University Professor in Law University of Texas at Austin

Roger S. Clark Nancy Clark, PhD Christina Clark-Kazak Board of Governors Professor Associate Professor Rutgers Law School University of Ottawa

19 Sarah Cleveland Kelly Coble, PhD Mary K. Coffey, PhD Louis Henkin Professor of Human & Professor, Philosophy Associate Professor of Art History Constitutional Rights Baldwin Wallace University Dartmouth College Columbia Law School

Georgia Cole, PhD Leo Coleman, PhD Sheila D. Collins, PhD Margaret Anstee Centre for Global Associate Professor Professor of Political Science Emeritus Studies The City University of New York William Paterson University Cambridge College

Michael Collyer Erin B. Corcoran Edgar Corzo Sosa, PhD Professor Executive Director Professor and Researcher University of Sussex Kroc Institute for International Peace Institute for Legal Research Studies National Autonomous University of University of Notre Dame Mexico

Cathryn Costello Christel Cournil Sharon Cowan Professor of Refugee and Migration Law Professor of Public Law Professor Refugee Studies Centre Sciences Po Toulouse (France) University of Edinburgh University of Oxford

Sienna R. Craig, PhD Heaven Crawley, FAcSS Evan Criddle Associate Professor Director, MIDEQ Hub Ernest W. Goodrich Professor of Law Dartmouth College Coventry University William & Mary Law School

Jeff Crisp, PhD Filomena Critelli, LCSW, PhD Mary Crock Refugee Studies Centre Associate Professor, Co-Director- Institute Professor University of Oxford for Sustainable Global Engagement Sydney Law School, University of University at Buffalo School of Social Work Sydney

Dug Cubie, PhD Nicole Curato Sylvie Da Lomba, PhD University College Cork School of Law Associate Professor University of Strathclyde University of Canberra

Julie Dahlstrom Gianni D'Amato, Dr. rer. pol. John Damianos Clinical Associate Professor Professor Medical Student Boston University School of Law University of Neuchâtel Dartmouth Geisel School of Medicine

Stephen Damianos Jessica Darrow, PhD Catherine Dauvergne, QC University of Cambridge Assistant Instructional Professor University of Chicago School of Social Service Administration

Alain David Angela Davis Philippe De Bruycker, PhD Professeur de Philosophie Distinguished Professor of Law Professor Ancien Directeur de Programmes e American University Washington College Free University of Brussels Délégué de la LICRA à la CNCDH of Law Collège International de Philosophie

Olivier de Frouville Armand de Mestral, CM Emmanuel Decaux Professor Professeur Émérite Professeur Émérite Paris Human Rights Center McGill University University of Paris II Panthéon-Assas University of Paris II Panthéon-Assas

20 Francesca Degiuli, PhD Sara Dehm, PhD Olivier Delas University of Technology Sydney Professeur de Droit International et Européen Faculty of Law Laval University

Susan Deller Ross Robin DeLuca-Acconi, PhD, LCSW Johanna Dennis, PhD Professor of Law; Assistant Dean Associate Professor of Law Director, International Women's Human Stony Brook University School of Social Golden Gate University School of Law Rights Clinic, Welfare Georgetown University Law Center

Ségolène Barbou des Places Justin Desautels-Stein Ellen Desmet Professor of European Law Professor Professor University of Paris I Panthéon-Sorbonne University of Colorado Ghent University

Alan Desmond Maéva Despaux, PhD Hansjörg Dilger Lecturer in Law Universitat Pompeu Fabra and Université Professor of Social and Cultural University of Leicester School of Law Toulouse 1 Capitole Anthropology Freie Universität Berlin

Katie Dingeman, PhD Carlos Diz Patricia Documet, MD, DrPH Assistant Professor Lecturer Associate Professor California State University, Los University of A Coruña University of Pittsburgh Angeles

Eileen Doherty-Sil Giorgia Dona, PhD, FHEA Cristiano d'Orsi, PhD Associate Director, Political Science Full Professor University of Johannesburg Undergraduate Program University of East London University of Pennsylvania

Michael Doyle Cristina-Ioana Dragomir Wolfgang Dressler, PhD University Professor Lecturer Professor Columbia University Queen Mary University of London University of Vienna & Austrian Academy of Sciences

Michelle Dromgold-Sermen Jon C. Dubin Charles-Andre Dubreuil Board of Governors Distinguished Service Professor of Public Law Professor of Law, and Associate Dean Centre Michel de l’Hospital Rutgers Law School Université Clermont-Auvergne

Lillian Duran Jean-Francois Durieux Tanaya Dutta Gupta Associate Dean of Academic Affairs Senior Research Associate PhD Candidate University of Oregon Refugee Law Initiative Department of Sociology University of California, Davis

Laura Edmondson Itzel Eguiluz, MSc, PhD Terje Einarsen Associate Professor Professor of International Law Dartmouth College University of Bergen

Zouhair El Hairan, PhD Stella Burch Elias Antje Ellermann Researcher Professor of Law Associate Professor of Political Science Interdisciplinary Research Group on University of Iowa College of Law University of British Columbia Immigration Pompeu Fabra University

21 Irma Elo Mary Erdmans, PhD Angel Escamilla Professor Professor PhD Candidate University of Pennsylvania Case Western Reserve University Northwestern University

Cristina Escobar, PhD Marina Eudes Louis Everuss, PhD Temple University Associate Professor University of South Australia Paris Nanterre University

Hsiu-Yu Fan Dylan Farrell-Bryan Susan Feathers Associate Professor of Law PhD Candidate Soochow University School of Law University of Pennsylvania

Cynthia Feliciano Angeline Ferdinand Julian Fernandez Professor of Sociology University of Melbourne Professor Washington University in St. Louis University of Paris II Panthéon-Assas

Cristina Fernandez-Bessa, PhD Irene Fernández-Molina Carla Ferstman University of A Coruña Lecturer in International Relations Senior Lecturer University of Exeter University of Essex

Joel S. Fetzer Elena Fiddian-Qasmiyeh Ruth Fletcher Distinguished Professor of Political Professor of Migration and Refugee Senior Lecturer (Associate Professor) Science Studies Queen Mary University of London Pepperdine University University College London

Heaher Flowe Laura Foley Karolina Follis, PhD Reader in Forensic Psychology Postdoctoral Research Fellow Senior Lecturer University of Birmingham Queen Mary University of London Lancaster University

Cristie Ford Fonna Forman Michel Forst Professor Director, Center on Global Justice UN Special Rapporteur on the situation of University of British Columbia Allard University of California, San Diego Human Rights Defenders School of Law United Nations

Michelle Foster Evan Fox-Decent Katja Franko Professor Professor Professor University of Melbourne Faculty of Law, McGill University University of Oslo

Lynn Freedman Barbara Frey Laura Frye-Levine, PhD Professor, Population and Family Health Director, Human Rights Program Massachusetts Institute of Technology Columbia University Mailman School University of Minnesota of Public Health

Aya Fujimura-Fanselow Maryellen Fullerton Kristina Fullerton Rico Senior Lecturing Fellow and Suzanne J. and Norman Miles Professor Sociology Ph.D. student Supervising Attorney, International of Law University of Wisconsin–Madison Human Rights Clinic Brooklyn Law School Duke University School of Law

Veronica Fynn Bruey, PhD Celeste Gagnon Chiara Galli University of London Wagner College University of California, Los Angeles

Donald Galloway Paula Galowitz Patricia Galvão Ferreira Professor Emeritus Clinical Professor of Law Emerita Assistant Professor University of Victoria New York University School of Law Faculty of Law University of Windsor

22 Thomas Gammeltoft-Hansen Cynthia García Coll, PhD Ivonne Garza Professor Adjunct Professor, CEMI & Department Associate University of Copenhagen of Pediatrics, University of Puerto Rico, O'Neill Institute for National and Global Medical Science Campus; Charles Pitts Health Law Robinson and John Palmer Barstow Georgetown University Professor Emerita, Brown University

Monica Gaughan Andrew Geddes Roxane Gerber Associate Professor Professor PhD Student Arizona State University European University Institute University of Geneva

Judith Gerson Farsan Ghassim Daniel Ghezelbash Associate Profesor University of Oxford Associate Professor Rutgers University Macquarie Law School

Natalia Gierowska Denise Gilman Silvia E. Giorguli Saucedo, PhD Masters Student Clinical Professor El Colegio de México London School of Economics and University of Texas School of Law Political Science Immigration Clinic

Madeline Gleeson Valentina Glockner Kaiama L. Glover Senior Research Associate Researcher and Professor Professor Kaldor Centre for International Refugee Cátedra CONACYT-COLSON Barnard College, Columbia University Law, University of New South Wales

Nicole B. Godfrey Robert Goldman Luin Goldring Visiting Assistant Professor Professor Professor of Sociology University of Denver Sturm College of American University Washington College York University Law of Law

Pat Goldsmith Felipe Gómez Isa Anné Gómez Castillo, LLM Associate Professor Professor Law School Director & Professor of Law Texas A&M University University of Deusto Pontificia Universidad Católica Madre y Maestra

Alejandra Gonza María González Flores Victoria Gonzalez Saldaña Affiliate Professor or Law Training Lecturer Center for the Study of Ethnicity, Race University of Washington University of A Coruña and Immigration University of Pennsylvania

Michael Goodhart Lawrence Gostin Marijana Grandits Professor Professor of Global Health Law; Accademic Coordinator Materprogramm University of Pittsburgh Director, WHO Center for National and in Human Rights Global Health Law University of Vienna Georgetown University Law Center

Felicity Gray James Gray Pope Gabriel Green Australian National University Distinguished Professor of Law London School of Economics and Rutgers Law School Political Science

Claudio Grossman Nienke Grossman Maja Grundler Professor of Law and Dean Emeritus; Professor of Law Queen Mary University of London Member ILC University of Baltimore School of Law American University Washington College of Law

23 Elspeth Guild Virginie Guiraudon Pratheepan Gulasekaram Professor CNRS Research Director, Center for Professor of Law Queen Mary University of London Comparative and European Studies Santa Clara University Sciences Po

Jaideep Gupte, PhD Armand Gutierrez Fiona Haines, PhD, FASSA Institute of Development Studies Professor University of Sussex University of Melbourne

Linda Halgunseth Markus Hallensleben Miranda Hallett Associate Professor University of Dayton University of British Columbia

Rick Halperin, PhD Jessica Hambly, PhD Mark W. Hamilton Postdoctoral Fellow Robert and Kay Onstead Professor of Australian National University Biblical Studies Abilene Christian University

Rebecca Hamilton Louise Hamlin Rebecca Hamlin Associate Professor of Law Professor Emeritus of Studio Art Associate Professor of Political Science American University Washington Dartmouth College and Legal Studies College of Law University of Massachusetts, Amherst

Laura Hammond Lindsay M. Harris Philip Harvey Professor Associate Professor Professor of Law and Economics University of London School of University of the District of Columbia Rutgers Law School Oriental and African Studies David A. Clarke School of Law

Gerald Heckman, PhD Kyli Hedrick Michele Heisler, MD, MPA Associate Professor of Law Psychologist Professor of Internal Medicine and Faculty of Law University of Melbourne Public Health; Medical Director, University of Manitoba Physicians for Human Rights

Sara Hellmüller, PhD Lorenz Henggeler Kathryn Henne Senior Researcher University of Zurich Professor Graduate Institute of International and Australian National University Development Studies

Salvador Herencia-Carrasco Maciel Hernández, PhD Ruben Hernandez-Leon Director of the Human Rights Clinic, Assistant Professor Professor of Sociology and Director of Human Rights Research and Education University of California, Davis the Center for Mexican Studies Centre, University of Ottawa University of California, Los Angeles

Michael Heyman Veerle Heyvaert John Quentin Heywood Professor Emeritus Professor of Law Associate Professor/Law Librarian University of Illinois at Chicago John London School of Economics and American University Washington Marshall Law School Political Science College of Law

Barbara Hines Peter J. Hoffman Geoffrey Hoffman Clinical Professor of Law (retired) Assistant Professor Clinical Professor University of Texas School of Law The New School University of Houston Law Center

James F. Hollifield, PhD Pierrette Hondagneu-Sotelo Anna Hood, PhD Professor and Director, John Goodwin Florence Everline Professor of Sociology University of Auckland Tower Center for Political Studies University of Southern California Southern Methodist University

24 Karina Horsti Adam Hosein Amine Houari, MBA, Eng. Senior Lecturer Associate Professor of Philosophy McGill University University of Jyväskylä Northeastern University

France Houle David Howes Jayne Huckerby Dean Professor Clinical Professor of Law Faculty of Law Concordia University International Human Rights Clinic Université de Montréal Duke University School of Law

Audrey Hudgins, EdD Kim Huynh, PhD Alan Hyde Clinical Associate Professor Australian National University Distinguished Professor Seattle University Rutgers Law School

Ahmet Içduygu, PhD Michael Ignatieff Suzan Ilcan Professor President Professor of Sociology Koç University Central European University University of Waterloo

Mariona Illamola-Dausà Yulia Ioffe, PhD Anne Irfan, PhD Associate Professor University of Oxford University of Oxford University of Girona

Engin Isin Ferran Izquierdo, PhD Ima Jackson, PhD Professor of International Politics Professor Senior Lecturer Queen Mary University of London Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Glasgow Caledonian University

Elizabeth Jacobs Maja Janmyr Jonathan A. Jarvis University of Pennsylvania Professor Assistant Professor University of Oslo Brigham Young University

Kate Jastram Katherine Jensen Bhanubhatra Jittiang, PhD Director of Policy and Advocacy Assistant Professor, Sociology and Chulalongkorn University Center for Gender & Refugee Studies International Studies University of California, Hastings University of Wisconsin–Madison College of the Law

Genevieve Fuji Johnson, PhD Richard Johnston Susanne Jonas, PhD Professor of Political Science Professor, Canada Research Chair Continuing Lecturer (Ret.) Simon Fraser University University of British Columbia University of California, Santa Cruz

Jennifer Jones Michael Jones-Correa Baptiste Jouzier Assistant Professor Professor of Political Science PhD Candidate University of Illinois at Chicago University of Pennsylvania Laval University Grenoble Alpes University

Jelena Jovicic Liliana Lyra Jubilut Laila Kadiwal PhD Candidate Professor Teaching Fellow Stockholm University Catholic University of Santos Institute of Education University College London

Tania Kaiser, PhD Sital Kalantry Anil Kalhan Senior Lecturer, Forced Migration Clinical Professor of Law Professor of Law Studies Cornell Law School Drexel University Kline School of Law University of London School of Oriental and African Studies

25 Ioannis Kalpouzos Niro Kandasamy, PhD Leander Kandilige, PhD Lecturer University of Melbourne Senior Lecturer City Law School, University of London Centre for Migration Studies University of Ghana

Daniel Kanstroom Noura Karazivan Gurmeet Kaur Professor of Law; Associate Professor Panjab University Thomas F. Carney Distinguished Scholar; Faculty of Law Faculty Director, Rappaport Center for Université de Montréal Law and Public Policy; Co-director, Center for Human Rights and International Justice Boston College

Asha Kaushal Leila Kawar Trica Keaton Assistant Professor Associate Professor Associate Professor University of British Columbia Allard University of Michigan Dartmouth College School of Law

Helen Kehoe Jaclyn Kelley-Widmer Baroness Helena Kennedy, QC Irish Centre for Human Rights Assistant Clinical Professor of Law Barrister and Director, International Bar National University of Ireland, Galway Cornell Law School Association's Institute of Human Rights

Elizabeth Keyes Simranjit Khalsa Jaeeun Kim Associate Professor Associate Professor of Sociology University of Baltimore School of Law University of Michigan

Julie Kimber, PhD Peter Kivisto Chelsey Kivland Swinburne University of Technology Richard A. Swanson Professor of Social Assistant Professor of Anthropology Thought Dartmouth College Augustana College

Morten Kjaerum Jonathan Klaaren Pierre Klein Adjunct Professor; Professor Professor Director, Raoul Wallenberg Institute of University of the Witwatersrand Free University of Brussels Human Rights and Humanitarian Law

Gail Kligman Nolan Kline Heinz Klug Distinguished Professor of Sociology Assistant Professor of Anthropology Professor of Law University of California, Los Angeles Rollins College University of Wisconsin University of the Witwatersrand

Mathias Koenig-Archibugi Harold Hongju Koh Ethel V. Kosminsky, PhD Associate Professor Sterling Professor of International Law São Paulo State University (Ret.) London School of Economics and Yale Law School Queens College (Until 2013) Political Science

Philip Kretsedemas Tally Kritzman-Amir Rob Kroes Associate Professor of Sociology Visiting Associate Professor Emeritus Professor or American Studies University of Massachusetts Boston Harvard University University of Amsterdam

Krista Kshatriya Kristiana Kuneva Shauna Labman, PhD Lecturer MSc Student in Human Rights Associate Professor of Human Rights University of California, San Diego London School of Economics and University of Winnipeg Global College Political Science

26 Nicola Lacey Fernando R. Laguarda Hélène Lambert Professorial Lecturer and Faculty Professor Director, Program on Law and University of Technology Sydney Government University of Westminster American University Washington College of Law

Molly Land Diana Laurillard Rachel Lautenschlager Professor of Law and Human Rights Professor University of Miami Human Rights Institute University College London University of Connecticut School of Law

Liora Lazarus Yves Le Bouthillier Dasom Lee Head of Research and Associate Law Professor PhD Student Professor, Bonavero Institute of Human University of Ottawa University of California, San Diego Rights Faculty of Law University of Oxford

Halyna Lemekh Eve Lester, PhD John Leubsdorf Assistant Professor of Sociology Founding Director, Boniĝi Monitoring; Distinguished Professor of Law St. Francis College Associate Member, Institute of International Rutgers University Law and the Humanities University of Melbourne Law School

Peggy Levitt Kathryn Libal, PhD Pei-te Lien, PhD Professor Director, Human Rights Institute Professor Wellesley College University of Connecticut University of California, Santa Barbara

Jesper Lindholm, PhD Han Liu Jiaqi Liu Associate Professor, Public PhD Candidate International Law, Human Rights and State University of New York at Albany Asylum Aalborg University

María López Belloso, PhD David Lopez-Carr, PhD Delphine Lourtau Executive Director, Center on the Death Penalty Worldwide Cornell Law School

Francisco Lozada, Jr., PhD Braim C. Luciano Vázquez Bernadette Ludwig Professor & Director Borderlands PREP Scholar/Research Assistant Associate Professor Institute University of New Mexico Wagner College Brite Divinity School

Sämi Ludwig, PhD Rose Luehrs, MA, MS Beth Lyon Professor Clinical Professor of Law and Associate L’Université de Haute-Alsace Dean for Experiential Education Cornell Law School

Willem Maas Gustavo Macedo, PhD Audrey Macklin Professor Researcher Professor of Law, Chair in Human Rights York University University of São Paulo University of Toronto

27 Guido Maggi Bjørn-Oliver Magsig, PhD Lea Makhloufi Associate Professor Faculty of Law Center for the Study of Ethnicity, Race Universidad Católica Sedes Sapientiae Victoria University of Wellington and Immigration University of Pennsylvania

Camille Malafosse Nivi Manchanda, PhD Randi Mandelbaum Kaldor Centre for International Refugee Senior Lecturer in International Politics Distinguished Clinical Professor of Law Law, University of New South Wales Queen Mary University of London Rutgers Law School

Amissi Melchiade Manirabona Itamar Mann Miguel Ángel Manzano Rodríguez, PhD Associate Professor Associate Professor Professor Université de Montréal Faculty of Law and GLAN University of Salamanca University of Haifa

Lynn Marcus Antoina Mardones Peter Margulies Clinical Professor of Law PhD Candidate, Sociology Department Professor of Law University of Arizona James E. Rogers University of California, Berkeley Roger Williams University School of College of Law Law

Nora Markard, PhD Amy Marks, PhD Fatma Marouf Professor Professor of Law University of Münster Texas A&M University School of Law

Helen Marrow, PhD Claudia Martin Susan Martin Tufts University Co-Director, Academy on Human Rights Donald G. Herzberg Professor Emerita and Humanitarian Law of International Migration American University Washington College Georgetown University of Law

Craig Martin Iván Martín Samuel Martinez Professor of Law Associate Researcher, Interdisciplinary Professor of Anthropology & Director, Washburn University School of Law Research Group on Immigration Institute of Latina/o, Caribbean and Latin Pompeu Fabra University American Studies University of Connecticut

Annette M. Martínez Orabona Miriam Marton Mehari Taddele Maru Adjunct Professor of Human Rights Associate Dean of Experiential Learning Part-time Professor, European University Law, University of Tulsa College of Law Institute; Migration Policy Centre; Inter-American University of Puerto Member of the Technical Committee of Rico School of Law the Tana High-Level Security Forum; IGAD Lead Migration Expert.

Claudia Masferrer, PhD Douglas Massey Jean-Pierre Massias Assistant Professor Henry G. Bryant Professor of Sociology Professeur Droit Public - Président El Colegio de México and Public Affairs Institut Louis Joinet Princeton University University of Pau and the Adour Region

Penelope Mathew Nonna Mayer Jamie Mayerfeld CNRS Research Professor Emerita Professor of Political Science Centre for European Studies and University of Washington Comparative Sciences Po

James A. McCann Theresa McCarthy Martha McCluskey Professor of Political Science Associate Professor Professor Emerita Purdue University Wagner College State University of New York at Buffalo

28 Kirsten McConnachie Emilie McDonnell Michael McEachrane, PhD Associate Professor University of Oxford Visiting Researcher University of East Anglia Raoul Wallenberg Institute of Human Rights and Humanitarian Law

Terry McGovern Anne McNevin Maria Isabel Medina Chair, Heilbrunn Department of Associate Professor Ferris Family Distinguished Professor of Population and Family Health, Mailman The New School Law School of Public Health Loyola University New Orleans College Columbia University of Law

Stephen Meili William Mejia Georgios Melios Associate Professor of Law and James Research Group on Human Mobility H. Binger Professor in Clinical Law Universidad Nacional Abierta y a University of Minnesota Distancia - UTP

Hillary Mellinger Emily Mendenhall Juan Ernesto Mendez Provost's Distinguished Associate Professor Professor of Human Rights in Residence Georgetown University School of Foreign American University Washington Service College of Law

Joanna Menet, PhD Katie Meyer Richard T. Middleton, IV, PhD, JD University of Neuchâtel Assistant Professor of Practice Associate Professor of Political Science, Washington University in St. Louis University of Missouri--St. Louis; Adjunct Professor of Law, St. Louis University School of Law

Hayli Millar, PhD Michael L. Miller Edward Miller Associate Professor Associate Professor Central European University Dartmouth College

Ranit Mishori, MD, MHS, FAAFP Elise Mitchell Valsamis Mitsilegas Professor of Family Medicine, PhD Candidate Professor of European Criminal Law and Georgetown University School of Department of History Global Security Medicine New York University Queen Mary University of London Senior Medical Advisor, Physicians for Human Rights

Josef Mitterer, PhD Christina Mittmasser Renu Modi, PhD Professor NCCR - On the Move, Institute of University of Klagenfurt Geography, University of Neuchatel

Tariq Modood Mulry Mondélice William Monteith, PhD Professor Queen Mary University of London University of Bristol

Veronica Montes Irma Mooi-Reci, PhD Andrew Moore Assistant Professor University of Melbourne Professor of Law Bryn Mawr College University of Detroit Mercy School of Law

Jennifer Moore Laura Morales Diego Ramón Morales Professor of Law Professor of Comparative Politics Legal Director, Centro de Estudios University of New Mexico School of CEE Legales y Sociales, Argentina; Professor Law Sciences Po Universidad Nacional de Lanús and Universidad Nacional de Avellaneda

29 Daniel Morales Ricardo Mora Tellez Vagner José Moreira Associate Professor of Law Universidade Estadual do Oeste do University of Houston Law Center Paraná

Carolina Moreno, PhD Violeta Moreno-Lax, PhD Bethany Moreton Director of Legal Clinic for Migrants Reader in Law Professor of History Los Andes University Queen Mary University of London Dartmouth College

Edward Mortimer Hiroshi Motomura Rev. Craig B. Mousin All Souls College, University of Oxford Susan Westerberg Prager Distinguished Adjunct Faculty Professor of Law DePaul University College of Law University of California, Los Angeles School of Law

Elora Mukherjee Siobhán Mullally Giavanna Munafo Jerome L. Greene Clinical Professor of Established Professor Resident Scholar Law & Director, Immigrants' Rights Irish Centre for Human Rights Dartmouth College Clinic National University of Ireland, Galway Columbia Law School

Laine Munir Raquel Muñiz, J.D., PhD Vitit Muntarbhorn KBE Senior Research Fellow Assistant Professor of Law and Education University of Rwanda Policy Boston College

Philomena Murray Karen Musalo Andreas Musolff Professor Professor, Chair in International Law Professor of Intercultural University of Melbourne University of California, Hastings College Communication of the Law University of East Anglia

Willy Mutunga, PhD Sam Myers Boldizsár Nagy Adjunct Professor of Law Associate Professor University of Minnesota Law School Central European University

Parvati Nair Delphine Nakache Johana Navarrete Suarez Professor Associate Professor Investigadora Queen Mary University of London Law Faculty El Colegio de México University of Ottawa

Abigail Neely Andrea Negrete Amy Nethery, PhD Assistant Professor PhD Student Senior Lecturer, Politics and Policy Dartmouth College Department of Psychology Deakin University University of Virginia

Gerald Neuman Mytoan Nguyen-Akbar Bríd Ní Ghráinne, PhD Professor Regional Affiliate Judicial Studies Institute and Institute of Harvard Law School University of Washington International Relations Prague Masaryk University

Frances Nicholson Sheldon Novick Peter Nyers Adjunct Professor of Law and History (ret.) Professor Vermont Law School McMaster University

Michelle L. O'Brien Angie Ocampo Wendy Ochoa, PhD PhD Candidate Tufts University University of Pennsylvania

30 Colm O'Cinneide Christina Oelgemoller, PhD Favour Offia Professor of Constitutional and Human Research Assistant Rights Law National University of Ireland, Galway Faculty of Laws University College London

Kate Ogg, PhD Midori Okabe Obiora Okafor Senior Lecturer Professor Professor Australian National University College Sophia University Osgoode Hall Law School of York of Law University

Helena Olea Mariela Olivares Michael A. Olivas Lecturer Professor of Law William B. Bates Distinguished Chair in University of Illinois at Chicago Howard University School of Law Law (Emeritus) University of Houston Law Center

Chrystin Ondersma Diane Orentlicher Maeve O'Rourke, PhD Professor of Law Professor of Law Irish Centre for Human Rights Rutgers Law School American University Washington College National University of Ireland, Galway of Law

Adriana Sletza Ortega, PhD Mark Overmyer-Velazquez David Owen Professor University Campus Director and Professor Professor of Social & Political Benemerita Universidad Autonoma de of History and Latinx Studies Philosophy Puebla University of Connecticut University of Southampton

Saime Ozcurumez Umut Ozguc Derya Ozkul, PhD Associate Professor University of Oxford Bilkent University

Ben Page Robtel Neajai Pailey John Palmer Associate Professor Leverhulme Early Career Fellow Professor Agregat Interí Migration Research Unit University of Oxford Universitat Pompeu Fabra University College London

Sarah H. Paoletti Graziella Parati Serena Parekh Practice Professor of Law and Director, Professor Associate Professor Transnational Legal Clinic Dartmouth College Northeastern University University of Pennsylvania Carey School of Law

Gino Pauselli Susan C. Pearce, PhD Donald Pease PhD Candidate Associate Professor of Sociology Professor University of Pennsylvania East Carolina University Dartmouth College

Luicy Pedroza, PhD Rinus Penninx Jocelyn Perry German Institute for Global and Area Emeritus Professor Program Manager, Perry World House Studies University of Amsterdam University of Pennsylvania

Janina Pescinski Pr. Véronique Petit Carolyn Pinedo-Turnovsky Queen Mary University of London Professeure des Universités Associate Professor CEPED IRD-Université de Paris University of Washington

Gemma Pinyol-Jimenez Asya Pisarevskayam, PhD Douglas de Toledo Piza Associate Researcher Erasmus University Rotterdam PhD Candidate GRITIM, Universitat Pompeu Fabra The New School

31 Sarah Plastino, Esq. Marciana Popescu Sarah Progin-Theuerkauf Adjunct Professor Associate Professor Professor for EU Law and Migration University of Denver Sturm College of Fordham University Graduate School of Law Law Social Service University of Fribourg

René Provost, Ad.E. FRSC Sten Pultz Moslund, PhD Christel Querton Professor Lecturer in Law Centre for Human Rights and Legal University of the West of England Pluralism McGill University

William Quigley Claire Raissian Nandini Ramanujam Professor of Law Irish Centre for Human Rights Associate Professor Loyola University New Orleans National University of Ireland, Galway Faculty of Law McGill University

Guillermo Ramirez, PhD Jaya Ramji-Nogales Shruti Rana I. Herman Stern Research Professor Professor Temple University Beasley School of Law Indiana University Bloomington

Colleen Randall Shalini Randeria Ettore Recchi Professor of Studio Art Professor Dartmouth College Sciences Po (Paris, France) and European University Institute (Florence, Italy)

Renee C. Redman Carl Redwood Holly Reed Adjunct Professor of Law Adjunct Professor Associate Professor of Sociology University of Connecticut School of University of Pittsburgh School of Social The City University of New York Law Work

Sean Rehaag Nathalie Rita Ira P. Robbins Director, Centre for Refugee Studies; PhD Candidate Professor of Law Associate Professor, University of Hawaii American University Washington Osgoode Hall Law School, York College of Law University

Regina Roberg Cassandra Burke Robertson Cabeiri Robinson Graduate Student Professor of Law Associate Professor of International Suffolk University Case Western Reserve University School Studies of Law University of Washington

Joscelin Rocha Hidalgo Diego Rodriguez-Pinzon Sarah Rogerson Professorial Lecturer in Residence and Professor of Law; Director, Immigration Co-Director Academy on Human Rights Law Clinic and Humanitarian Law; Albany Law School Member UNCAT American University Washington College of Law

Betsabe Roman-Gonzalez, PhD Victor Romero Frank Roosevelt Professor Professor of Law Professor of Economics Emeritus El Colegio de Sonora Penn State Law, Pennsylvania State Sarah Lawrence College University--University Park

32 Atenea Rosado-Viurques Marlen Rosas Peter I. Rose University of Pennsylvania University of Pennsylvania Sophia Smith Professor Emeritus, Smith College; Visiting Scholar, IriSS, Stanford University

Carrie Rosenbaum Adina Roskies Ezra Rosser Lecturer Distinguished Professor Professor of Law University of California, Berkeley Dartmouth College American University Washington College of Law

Judith Rossillon Roger Rouse Ana Irene Rovetta Cortés, PhD Faculty Associate CONICET University of Pittsburgh

Laura Rovner Vicki L. Ruiz Rubén G. Rumbaut Professor of Law Distinguished Professor University of Denver Sturm College of University of California, Irvine Law

Stephen P. Ruszczyk, PhD Blair Sackett Shirin Saeidi Assistant Professor PhD Student Assistant Professor of Political Science Montclair State Universitty University of Pennslyvania University of Arkansas

Macarena Saez Maya Sahli Fadel Isaac Gabriel Salgado Faculty Director, Center for Human Rapporteure Spéciale sur les Demandeurs PhD Candidate in Political Science Rights & Humanitarian Law d'Asile, Réfugiés, Migrands et Déplacés University of Pennsylvania American University Washington Internes en Afrique - Commission Africaine College of Law des Droits de l'Homme et des Peuples

Margot Salomon, PhD Monika Salzbrunn Ranabir Samaddar Associate Professor, Law Department Professor for Religions, Migrations, and Distinguished Chair in Migration and London School of Economics and Diaspora Studies Forced Migration Studies Political Science University of Lausanne Calcutta Research Group

Gabriella Sanchez Timothy J. Sandoval Laure Sandoz, PhD Research Fellow Associate Professor of Hebrew Bible NCCR - On the Move, University of Migration Policy Institute Brite Divinity School Neuchâtel European University Institute

Alessio Sangiorgi Sylvie Sarolea Ben Saul Sapienza University of Rome Professor Challis Chair of International Law Université Catholique de Louvain University of Sydney

Joachim Savelsberg Irene Scharf Martin Scheinin Professor of Sociology and Law, Arsham Professor of Law Professor of International Law and and Charlotte Ohanessian Chair University of Massachusetts School of Human Rights University of Minnesota Law European University Institute

Andreas Schloenhardt, PhD Thomas Schmidinger, PhD Ronald Schmidt, Sr. Professor Lecturer Professor Emeritus University of Queensland University of Vienna California State University, Long Beach University of Vienna

Casey Schmitt Heather Schoenfeld, PhD Andrew Schoenholtz Postdoctoral Fellow Associate Professor of Sociology Professor from Practice University of Pennsylvania Boston University Georgetown University Law Center

33 Erica Schommer Philip Schrag Tobias Schulze-Cleven, PhD Clinical Professor of Law Delaney Family Professor of Public Rutgers University St. Mary's University School of Law Interest Law Georgetown University

Eric Schwartz Kyle Schwartz, MPH Sebastian Sclofsky, PhD Professor and Former Dean Assistant Professor University of Minnesota Humphrey California State University, Stanislaus School of Public Affairs

Gay Seidman Mihaela Serban Ragini Shah Martindale Bascom Professor of Associate Professor of Law and Society Clinical Professor of Law Sociology Ramapo College Suffolk University Law School University of Wisconsin

Tahseen Shams Hongxia Shan Richard Shapcott, PhD Assistant Professor of Sociology Associate Professor University of Toronto University of British Columbia

Shailja Sharma Marina Sharpe Ala’a Shehabi Professor Assistant Professor Deputy Director DePaul University Royal Military College Saint-Jean Institute for Global Prosperity University College London

Angela Sherwood, PhD Sara Shneiderman Kristina Shull University of Oxford Associate Professor, Anthropology and Postdoctoral Fellow in Global American School of Public Policy & Global Affairs Studies University of British Columbia Harvard University

Eleni Sideri James Silk Aleks Sladojevic Assistant Professor, Department of Binger Clinical Professor of Human Rights Balkan, Slavic and Oriental Studies Yale Law School University of Macedonia

Serge Slama Desiree Slaybaugh Keira Smalley Professor Westerfield Fellow Graduate Student Grenoble Alpes University Loyola University New Orleans College University of British Columbia of Law

Doug Smith Lahra Smith Matthew Noah Smith Legal Programs Director Right to Associate Professor Associate Professor Immigration Institute Georgetown University Northeastern University Brandeis University

Jackie Smith Ciara Smyth, PhD Karen Sokol Professor Lecturer, Irish Centre for Human Rights Professor of Law University of Pittsburgh National University of Ireland Galway Loyola University New Orleans College School of Law of Law

Andrea Soler Rosa Soriano-Miras, PhD Frederic Sourgens Associate Professor University of Granada

34 Paul Spickard Silvia Spitta Vicki Squire Distinguished Professor of History Professor, Spanish and Comparative Professor of International Politics University of California, Santa Barbara Literature University of Warwick Dartmouth College

Beth Stephens Dallal Stevens David Stewart Distinguished Professor Professor Professor Rutgers Law School University of Warwick School of Law Georgetown University Law Center

Melissa Stewart Maurice Stierl, PhD Lyndsey Stonebridge Dash-Muse Teaching Fellow; Adjunct University of Warwick Professor of Humanities and Human Professor of Law, Human Rights Institute Rights Georgetown University Law Center University of Birmingham

Victoria Stone-Cadena, PhD Eric Stover Igor Stramignoni, D.Phil. Associate Director and Research Faculty Director Post Major Review Assistant Professor Assistant Professor, Center for Latin Human Rights Center London School of Economics and American, Caribbean, and Latino Studies University of California, Berkeley School Political Science The Graduate Center of Law The City University of New York

Juliet Stumpf Phung Su Carola Suarez-Orozco Robert E. Jones Professor of Advocacy PhD Candidate Professor & Ethics University of California, Berkeley University of California, Los Angeles Lewis & Clark Law School

Samid Suliman, PhD Jaisang Sun Gail Super Griffith University Syracuse University Assistant Professor University of Toronto

Maureen A. Sweeney Rebecca Symes Danielle Tassara Law School Professor Human Rights Masters Student PhD Student University of Maryland Carey School of London School of Economics and University of California, Irvine Law Political Science

Savitri Taylor Alison Taylor Margaret H. Taylor Associate Professor Professor of Law La Trobe University Law School Wake Forest University School of Law

Herve Tchumkam Kathryn D. Temple Joseph Teye Associate Professor Professor of Law & Humanities Associate Professor Southern Methodist University Georgetown University Centre for Migration Studies University of Ghana

Helene Thiollet Chantal Thomas Claire R. Thomas CNRS Researcher Radice Family Professor of Law Director, Asylum Clinic CERI Sciences Po Cornell University New York Law School

Liam Thornton, PhD David B. Thronson Veronica T. Thronson University College Dublin School of Alan S. Zekelman Professor of Clinical Professor of Law, Director, Law International Human Rights Law MSU Law Clinic Michigan State University College of Law Michigan State University College of Law

Miriam Ticktin Marta Tienda Hélène Tigroudja Associate Professor of Anthropology Professor The New School for Social Research Aix-Marseille University

35 Gerald Torres Sébastien Touzé Van C. Tran Professor of Environmental Justice & Professeur de droit Associate Professor of Sociology Professor of Law University of Paris II Panthéon-Assas The Graduate Center Yale University The City University of New York

Anna Triandafyllidou Monica M. Trieu Lilian Tsourdi, PhD Canada Excellence Research Chair in Assistant Professor Migration University of Maastricht Ryerson University

Antonios Tzanakopoulos Elaine Unterhalter Rodrigo Uprimny Associate Professor of Public Professor of Education & International Catedrático emérito International Law Development Universidad Nacional de Colombia University of Oxford University College London

Francesco Vacchiano, PhD Mehek Vajawatt Martine Valois Researcher London School of Economics and Associate Professor of Law Università Ca' Foscari Venezia Political Science Université de Montréal

Maartje van der Woude Anja van Heelsum, PhD Laura van Waas, PhD Professor of Law & Society University of Amsterdam Assistant Professor Leiden University Law School Department of Public Law and Governance Tilburg Law School

Mariana Vargas Climent Nick Vaughan-Williams Jens Vedsted-Hansen London School of Economics and Professor Professor Political Science University of Warwick Aarhus University

Suzanne Velazquez, PhD, LCSW Karin Velez Darshan Vigneswaran Undergraduate Program Director & Associate Professor of History Co-Director, Institute for Migration and Clinical Associate Professor Macalester College Ethnic Studies Stony Brook University School of University of Amsterdam Social Welfare

Tommaso Vitale, PhD Domenic Vitiello Austin Vo Associate Professor of Sociology Professor of City Planning and Urban PhD Student in Sociology Sciences Po Studies University of North Carolina at Chapel University of Pennsylvania Hill

Pamela Voekel Anthea Vogl, PhD Julie Vullnetari, PhD Associate Professor of History Senior Lecturer Lecturer/Assistant Professor Dartmouth College Faculty of Law University of Southampton University of Technology Sydney

Niina Vuolajarvi Shoba Sivaprasad Wadhia Maya Wahrman Doctoral Candidate Samuel Weiss Faculty Scholar and Masters of Social Work Graduate Department of Sociology Clinical Professor of Law Student Rutgers University Penn State Law, Pennsylvania State Rutgers University University--University Park

Hannah Waits Roger Waldinger Joanne Wallis Postdoctoral Fellow Distinguished Professor Department of Associate Professor Harvard University Sociology Australian National University University of California, Los Angeles

36 Clare Wan Elisabeth Ward Shannon Ward, PhD Brown University Executive Director Assistant Professor International Human Rights Law Institute University of British Columbia DePaul University College of Law

Ben Warwick, PhD Mary C. Waters Evelien Wauters Lecturer PVK Professor of Arts and Sciences Doctoral Researcher University of Birmingham Harvard University Katholieke Universiteit Leuven

Sanjula Weerasinghe Sophie Weerts Jonathan Weinberg Institute for the Study of International Professor Associate Dean for Research & Faculty Migration, Georgetown University; University of Lausanne Development and Professor of Law Kaldor Centre for International Refugee Wayne State University Law, University of New South Wales

Deborah M. Weissman Anna Welch Beth Elise Whitaker Reef C. Ivey II Distinguished Professor Professor Professor of Law University of Maine School of Law University of North Carolina at Charlotte University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

Elisa Joy White Benjamin Thomas White Paul White Associate Professor Lecturer University of California, Davis University of Glasgow

Nicole Wichmann, PhD Catherine Wihtol de Wenden Ralph Wilde, PhD NCCR - On the Move, University of Directrice de Recherches, Centre de University College London and Neuchâtel Recherches Internationales - Fondation University of London Nationale des Sciences Politiques

Sarah S. Willen, PhD, MPH John Willshire Carrera Charlotte Wilson Associate Professor of Anthropology; Lecturer on Law LLM Student Director, Research Program on Global Harvard Law School London School of Economics and Health & Human Rights at the Human Political Science Rights Institute University of Connecticut

Richard Wilson, PhD Michael J. Wishnie Ruben Wissing Professor Wm. O. Douglas Clinical Professor of PhD researcher University of Connecticut School of Law Law Migration Law Research Group Yale Law School Ghent University

Ruth Wodak Shoshana J. Wodak Andrew Wolman Emerita Distinguished Professor Lecturer Lancaster University City, University of London University of Vienna

Nancy Wonders, PhD Tamara Wood, PhD Karen A. Woodrow-Lafield, PhD Professor of Criminology and Criminal Faculty of Law, University of Tasmania; Justice Kaldor Centre for International Refugee Northern Arizona University Law, University of New South Wales

L. Randall Wray Richard Wright Ekaterina Yahyaoui Krivenko, PhD Professor of Economics Orvil E. Dryfoos Professor of Geography National University of Ireland, Galway Bard College and Public Affairs Dartmouth College

37 Stephen Yale-Loehr Miu Chung Yan, PhD Lea Ypi Professor of Immigration Law Practice Professor Professor of Political Theory Cornell Law School University of British Columbia London School of Economics and Political Science

Guillermo Yrizar Barbosa Laura Yufra Matthew Zagor PhD Candidate CONICET - La Universidad Nacional de Associate Professor The Graduate Center Jujuy Australian National University The City University of New York

Saša Zagorc Marie-Joëlle Zahar Tahir Zaman Professor Director, Research Network on Peace Lecturer in Human Geography University of Ljubljana Operations University of Sussex School of Global Université de Montréal Studies

Anna Zamora-Kapoor Patricia Zamudio Katharine Zeiders Assistant Professor Washington State University

Beatriz Zepeda, PhD Yang-Yang Zhou Marjoleine Zieck, PhD El Colegio de México Assistant Professor Professor University of British Columbia Amsterdam Law School, University of Amsterdam

Reuven Ziegler, PhD Benedetta Zocchi Associate Professor in International Refugee Law University of Reading