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Annales Historici Presovienses 2014 1.Pdf ANNALES HISTORICI PRESOVIENSES ANNALES historici PRESOVIENSES č. 1/2014, roč. 14 Inštitút histórie Filozofická fakulta Prešovskej univerzity Ul. 17 novembra 1 080 78 Prešov [email protected] http://www.unipo.sk/filozoficka-fakulta/veda/AHP Redakčný kruh: Patrik Derfiňák (Prešov) Ľubica Harbuľová (Prešov) Roman Holec (Bratislava) Peter Kónya (Prešov) László Koszta (Szeged) Albert Kotowski (Bonn) Eva Kowalská (Bratislava) Rastislav Kožiak (Banská Bystrica) Igor Lichtej (Užhorod) Marie Marečková (Brno) Slavomír Michálek (Bratislava) Klára Papp (Debrecen) Karl W. Schwarz (Wien) Waclaw Wierzbieniec (Rzeszów) Redakčná rada: Jozef Baďurík, Milan Belej, Imrich Belejkanič, Miloslava Bodnárová, Miroslav Daniš, Patrik Derfiňák (predseda), Ľubica Harbuľová, Martin Javor, Nadežda Jurčiši- nová, Peter Kónya, Peter Šturák, Peter Švorc, Marián Vizdal Redakcia: Patrik Derfiňák (zodpovedný redaktor), Luciána Hoptová, Lucia Šteflová, Štefánia Kováčová Za obsah príspevkov zodpovedajú jednotliví autori. © Inštitút histórie, Filozofická fakulta Prešovskej univerzity v Prešove, 2014. ISSN 1336-7528 Evidenčné č. MK SR: EV 4274/11 OBSAH Štúdie Peter Kónya: Gabriel Bethlen a jeho obraz v hornouhorských slobodných kráľovských mestách......................................................................................7 Hajnalka Horváth: Informational channels of the county – county and informing in the mid-17th century................................................................................17 Libuša Franková: Slovenské národné hnutie v kontexte formovania občiansko-národnej spoločnosti v Uhorsku (1780 – 1848)........................50 Tibor Dohnanec: Získanie komárňanského pevnostného systému do služieb uhorskej revolúcie a bojov za slobodu v rokoch 1848/49...........................60 Patrik Derfiňák: Barón Imrich Ghillány, šarišský župan v rokoch 1904 – 1905....................72 Materiály Олег Борисович Пичков: История борьбы с бедностью в США.........................................................109 Kronika, Recenzie, Glosy.............................................................................115 CONTENS Articles Peter Kónya: The image of Gabriel Bethlen in the free royal towns of upper Hungary ...........................................................................................7 Hajnalka Horváth: Informational channels of the county – county and informing in the mid-17th century................................................................................17 Libuša Franková: Slovak national movement in text of the formation of national civil society in Hungary (1780 – 1848)........................................................50 Tibor Dohnanec: The Getting of the Komárom fortification system at the service of the Hungarian revolution and the fight for freedom in the years of 1848/49......................................60 Patrik Derfiňák: Baron Imre Ghillány, district administrator of the Šaris region, in the period 1904 – 1905............................................72 Materials Олег Борисович Пичков: The History of Combating Poverty in the US..........................................109 Chronicle, Review, Annotations................................................................115 ŠTÚDIE ARTICLES Gabriel Bethlen a jeho obraz v hornouhorských slobodných kráľovských mestách Peter Kónya KÓNYA, Peter. The image of Gabriel Bethlen in the free royal towns of upper Hun- gary. In Annales historici Presovienses. ISSN 1336-7528, 2014, vol. 14, no. 1, p. 7-16 The study is devoted to the presentation of the events associated with the uprising of Gabriel Benthlen, with particular emphasis on the royal towns of Upper Hungary. Based on the sources and own research, the author presents a brief look at individual towns of East Slovakia. Particularly very interesting is a little support that was received from the towns, in relation to the uprising and its leader. Some of the reasons are discussed in the text directly by the author. Ambiguous attitude towards the leader of the uprising is then reflected in the records, which originated about him in contemporary materials. Key words: Gabriel Bethlen, history, Hungary, 17th century. Pred takmer štyrmi storočiami, v roku 1619 vypuklo protihabsburské povstanie pod vedením sedmohradského kniežaťa Gabriela Bethlena. Následne prešli Hor- ným Uhorskom kniežacie vojská, ktoré obsadili jeho stolice a mestá. Meštianstvo piatich hornouhorských slobodných kráľovských miest bolo vtedy už po druhý- krát konfrontované s protihabsburským odbojom a muselo zodpovedať na neľah- kú otázku: zachovať vernosť legitímnemu panovníkovi alebo vystúpiť proti nemu spolu s odbojnou šľachtou? Pre väčšinu mešťanov to nebola ľahká voľba a na- priek tomu, že sa mestá napokon, ponajviac pod tlakom vojenskej prevahy Gabri- ela Bethlena, pridali k povstaniu, naďalej pozerali na knieža s nedôverou a ťažko niesli výdavky, spojené s povstaním. S ešte väčšou nevôľou prijímali Bethlenove výzvy počas ďalších dvoch jeho výprav do Uhorska. To, ostatne, dobre dokumen- tujú dobové zmienky. Keďže účasťou hornouhorských slobodných kráľovských miest v povstaní Ga- briela Bethlena sa doteraz nikto na vedeckej úrovni nezaoberal a okrem Dejín Sa- binova1 si túto problematiku nevšímajú ani staršie mestské monografie (Prešov,2 Levoča,3 Bardejov4), ani táto krátka štúdia nemá ambíciu detailne priblížiť vývin piatich miest na základe dôkladnej analýzy prameňov. Jej cieľom je tak, popri zá- kladných informáciách o účinkovaní miest v udalosti tohto obdobia, v prvom rade obrátiť pozornosť na to, ako prijímali mešťania knieža a jeho ľudí, najmä vojakov. Pri nedostatku prameňov sa dajú názory meštianstva na Bethlena najlepšie rekon- 1 KÓNYA, Peter, et al. Dejiny Sabinova. Sabinov 2000. 2 Dejiny Prešova I. (Ed. Sedlák, Imrich). Prešov 1965. 3 SUCHÝ, Michal. Dejiny Levoče I. Košice 1974. 4 Dejiny Bardejova. Košice 1975. 7 Peter Kónya štruovať na základe známej kroniky Gašpara Haina.5 Autentické výpovede vteda- jšieho levočského mešťana a neskôr richtára sa totiž vzťahujú nie iba na postoje dobových mešťanov, ale na celé mesto a s najväčšou pravdepodobnosťou sa dá predpokladať, že aj ďalšie štyri (alebo aspoň tri, s výnimkou Košíc6) hornouhor- ské slobodné kráľovské mestá a ich obyvateľstvo podobne prijímali sedmohradské knieža a jeho vojsko, ktoré im spôsobilo mnoho škôd. To v neposlednom rade aj preto, že mestá a meštianstvo spájali spoločné hospodárske, spoločenské, nábožen- ské i politické záujmy. Na území Horného Uhorska7 sa v 17. storočí nachádzalo päť slobodných kráľovských miest: Košice, Prešov, Levoča, Bardejov a Sabinov. Tieto mestá, tvo- riace spoločenstvo Pentapolitana sa však navzájom od seba líšili vzhľadom na ich hospodársky a politický význam, spoločenskú, národnostnú a sčasti aj náboženskú štruktúru. Najväčším a ekonomicky najvyspelejším z nich boli Košice, dôležité hospodárske stredisko, s najväčším počtom remeselníckych cechov. Ich politický význam zvyšovala, no zároveň komplikovala ich situáciu skutočnosť, že od polo- vice 16. storočia sídlili v meste dva vrcholné úrady habsburskej správy, Hornou- horský hlavný kapitanát a Spišská komora. Iba o málo menší bol Prešov, ktorého hospodársky význam bol porovnateľný s Levočou, kde pôsobil približne rovnaký počet remeselníckych cechov. Avšak Prešov, na rozdiel od ostatných miest, pre- žíval v druhej polovici 17. storočia hospodársku konjunktúru, vďaka čomu jeho význam naďalej rástol. Dokladá to aj prívlastok, používaný súčasníkmi: Eperiessi- nusm Florens.8 Počtom obyvateľov dokonca prechodne predbehol Košice, odkiaľ sa do Prešova po predchádzajúcom povstaní (Štefana Bocskaia) presťahovali štát- ne úrady. Bardejov sa už od začiatku 17. storočia nachádzal v hlbokej hospodárskej kríze,9 z ktorej sa nie s veľkým úspechom snažil vykúpiť skupovaním vidieckych majetkov. Spolu tak mesto získalo štrnásť poddanských dedín, vďaka čomu sa stalo najväčším uhorským zemepánom z radov kráľovských miest. Najmenší Sabinov, 5 Szepességi avagy lőcsei krónika és évkönyv a kedves utókor számára. Összeállította Hain Gáspár. (Ed. Véber, Károly). Budapest 1988. 6 Košickí mešťania sa v Bocskaiovom povstaní z viacerých dôvodov rozhodne postavili na stranu kniežaťa a rovnako sa správali aj v neskorších protihabsburských povstaniach. PAPP, Klára. Bocskai kassai fejedelmi udvara. In „Nincsen nekönk több hazánk ennél…” Tanulmányok a Bocskai-felkelés történetéhez. (Ed. Barta, János – Papp, Klára). Budapest 2004, s. 121 – 144. 7 Horné Uhorsko sa rozprestieralo na území trinástich severovýchodných stolíc. Táto časť krajiny ako osobitný celok vznikla v polovici 16. storočia, s centrom v Košiciach, kde sídlili dva vrcholné kráľovské úrady (Hornouhorský hlavný kapitanát a Spišská komora). 8 Obdobie rozkvetu Prešov prežíval po viac ako celé storočie, od polovice 16. storočia do 70. rokov storočia nasledujúceho, keď sa v dôsledku absolutistickej politiky Leopolda I. dostal do hlbokej krízy. 9 Krízu bardejovského hospodárstva spôsobili v prvom rade exportné problémy, keď na poľských trhoch v 16. storočí prestal dopyt po bardejovskom bielenom plátne. 8 Gabriel Bethlen a jeho obraz v hornouhorských slobodných kráľovských mestách ktorý mal sotva dvetisíc obyvateľov, svojím hospodárskym významom neprekročil hranice stolice alebo susedných poľských pohraničných oblastí.10 Najvýznamnejšiu spoločenskú úlohu v mestách malo meštianstvo, tvorené z najväčšej časti remeselníkmi a obchodníkmi, vlastniacimi na pôde mesta neh- nuteľnosť. Najbohatšia časť obchodníkov a remeselníkov (vrátane šľachty) stála na vrchole spoločenskej hierarchie
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