Geography

Uttar Pradesh :Geographical location Uttar Pradesh is the fifth largest State of after Rajasthan, Maharashtra, and Andhra Pradesh in area. For administrative purposes, the state is divided into 18 divisions and 75 districts. There are 303 sub divisions, 313 Tehsils, 11 Municipal Corporation, 689 Cities, 820 community development blocks, 52,000 Gram Sabha, 1,07,452 revenue villages, out of which 97,941 are inhabitant and 9,511 uninhabitant in the state.

Uttar Pradesh, the most populated state is located in the northern region of India and shares its borders with Nepal on the north, the Indian states of Uttarakhand and Himachal Pradesh towards the northwest, Haryana, Delhi and Rajasthan on the west, Madhya Pradesh on the south, and to the southeast and in the east.

Uttar Pradesh is Situated between 23°52’N and 31°28’N latitudes and 77°3′ and 84°39’E longitudes (Important) Uttar Pradesh can be divided into three distinct physical regions based on the Physical Settings :

. The Shivalik foothills and Terai in the North . The Gangetic Plain in the centre – Highly fertile alluvial soils; flat topography broken by numerous ponds, lakes and rivers; slope 2 m/km . The Vindhya Hills and plateau in the south – Hard rock Strata; varied topography of hills, plains, valleys and plateau; limited water availability. The southern most range of is known as Siwalik. The Himadri and Himachal ranges of the Himalayas have been formed much before the formation of Siwalik range. The rivers rising in the Himadri and Himachal ranges brought gravel, sand and mud along with them, which was deposited in the rapidly shrinking Tethys Sea. In course of time, the earth movements caused folding of these relatively fresh deposits of sediments, giving rise to the least consolidated Siwalik range. The average height of the Siwalik range is very low, about 600 metres only.

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Uttar Pradesh :Relief and Structure The Ganga plain which dominates the landscape and nearly covers three fourth of the geographical area of the State, lies between the rocky Himalayan belt in the north and the southern hilly tract comprised of mainly Pre-Cambrian rocks. Flexing of the Indian lithosphere in response to the compressive forces due to collision, and thrust fold loading produced the Ganga Plain foreland basin. It is filled with recent alluvial sediments which are at places more than 1,000 m. thick and an amalgam of sand, silt, clay in varying

proportions. The southern hilly tract is roughly parallel to the Ganga- lineament. The tract is underlain by granitic complex in region and in Sonbhadra. It is overlain by rocks Mahakoshal (Bijawar) and Vindhyan Super group. The younger rock comprise of coal bearing Gondwana in south Sonbhadra and basaltic rocks in southern part of Lalitpur. The granitic complex is considered to be potential for the search of metallic minerals like copper, lead, zinc, molybdenum, gold, nickel, Uranium and Platinum group of elements. The overlying sediments of Mahakoshal (Bijawar) and associated Iron Formation show a potential for the search of copper, uranium, and gold in Lalitpur and andalusite, sillimanite, gold, calcite, marble and clay in sonbhadra. The lower Vindhyan sediments of Sonbhadra contain deposits of cement grade limestone, flux grade dolomites, building stone and are also potential for the search of placer gold and other metals. The Upper Vindhyan sandstones are suitable for making decorative slab/tiles or ballast. Deposits of silica sands and bauxite are available in and chitrakoot districts while coal deposits occur in the Gondwana rocks in southwestern corner of Sonbhadra. The thin strip of land running from Saharanpur in the west to Deoria in the east is known as Bhabhar and Terai. The Bhabhar area in Saharanpur, Bijnor and Pilibhit districts skirts round the Shivalik hills. Torrential streams and rivers desending the mountaineous slopes slow down here, leaving behind boulders brought from the upper reaches of the Himalayan hills. Some 34 Kilometers in width in the west, the tract goes on getting narrower in its march towards the east. Smaller streams seem to get lost in the thick mass of boulders but reappear some distance away, moving slowly and depositing a thin layer of soil which converts itself into a marshy patch called the Terai. The Terai area, which runs through parts of Saharanpur, Bijnor, Rampur, Barelly, Pilibhit, Lakhimpur Kheri, Bahraich, Gonda, Basti, Siddarthnagar, Gorakhpur, Mahrajganj and Deoria districts was once a belt, some 80 to 90 kilometers wide , covered with forests and tall, dense grasses. In the recent years, however, owing to the land acquisition programme of the State Government the Terai belt has shrunk considerably, Wheat, rice and sugar cane are the main crops grown in Terai together with jute in certain stretches.

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Outside the Terai and Bhabhar belt, the plains are fertile and flat save certain trans-Yamuna portions in and Mathura districts where ravines and red stone hillocks abound on the eastern end of the Arawali range. Irrigated by Ganga, Yamuna and their tributaries, the plains slope in two formations- from north to south in the west and west north to south east in the east, yielding two major crops a year i.e. rice in Kharif & wheat in Rabi Season. The of Uttar Pradesh The climate of Uttar Pradesh (U.P.) is primarily defined as humid subtropical with dry winter (CWa) type with parts of Western U.P. as semi-arid (BS) type.

However based on the Köppen climate classification, it can be classified mostly as Humid Subtropical with dry winter type with parts of Eastern U.P. as Semi-Arid (BS) type.

U.P. has a climate of extremes. With temperatures fluctuating anywhere from 0 °C to 50 °C in several parts of the state and cyclical droughts and floods due to unpredictable rains, the summers are extremely hot, winters cold and rainy season can be either very wet or very dry.

The primary temperature, rainfall and wind features of the three Distinct Seasons of U.P. can be summarized as below:

18 Summer (March–June): Hot & dry (temperatures rise to 45 °C, sometimes 47-48 °C); low relative humidity (20%); dust laden winds.

Monsoon (June–September): 85% of average annual rainfall of 990 mm. Fall in temperature 40- 45° on rainy days.

Winter (October–February): Cold (temperatures drop to 3-4 °C, sometimes below -1 °C); clear skies; foggy conditions in some tracts. Given significant climatic differences,

U.P. has been divided into two meteorological subdivisions – U.P. East and U.P. West. IMD office situated at Airport, Lucknow is nodal for providing all the weather related forecasts & details. Average Rainfall

Precipitation in Uttar Pradesh is primarily a summer phenomenon, the Bay of Bengal branch of the Indian Monsoon is the major bearer of rain in most parts of U.P. It is the South-West Monsoon which brings most of the rain here, although rain due to the western disturbances and North-East Monsoon also contribute small quantities towards the overall precipitation of the state.

The mean south-west monsoon (June, July, August & September) rainfall (799 mm) contributes 84.4% of annual rainfall (946 mm). Mean monthly rainfall during July (268 mm) is highest and contributes about 28.3% of annual rainfall. The mean rainfall during August is slightly lower and contributes about 26.5% of annual rainfall. June and September rainfall contribute 11.2% and 18.4% of annual rainfall, respectively. Contribution of pre-monsoon (March, April & May) rainfall and postmonsoon (October, November & December) rainfall in annual rainfall is 7.1% and 4.9% respectively. Coefficient of variation is higher during the months of November, December,January and February.

Uttar Pradesh 1,025 mm Plain of West Uttar Pradesh 896 mm Hills of West Uttar Pradesh 1,667 mm

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Rivers of Uttar Pradesh

1. Ganga- Ganga is formed by 6 headstreams and 5 of their confluences. Bhagirathi is considered as source of river ganga which rises at the foot of gangotri glacier at gamukh at an elevation of 3892 mts, though there are many small streams that feed bhagirathi . The six headstreams are the Alaknanda, Dhauliganga, Nandakini, Pindar, Mandakini, and Bhagirathi rivers. The five confluences, known as the Panch Prayag, are all along the Alaknanda. They are, in downstream order, Vishnuprayag, where the Dhauliganga joins the Alaknanda;Nandprayag, where the Nandakini joins; Karnaprayag, where the Pindar joins, Rudraprayag, where the Mandakini joins; and finally, Devprayag, where the Bhagirathi joins the Alaknanda to form the River proper. It is the longest river of India and largest and most fertile basin the country. 2. Bhagirathi – It is considered as source of river Ganga, rises at the foot of Gangotri glacier. The upper catchment of the river is glaciated and thus continuously feeds the river throughout the year. The river cuts spectacular gorges as it cuts through the granites and crystalline rocks of the middle Himalayas. Its main tributary is Bhilganga which joins it at Tehri, where the tehri dam has been constructed. 3. Alaknanda – The headwaters of the Alaknanda are formed by snowmelt from such peaks as Badrinath, Kamet, Satopant glaciers in Uttarakhand. Its meets the Bhagirathi river at Devprayag. Its main tributaries are Mandakini, Nandakini, and Pindar Rivers. The Alaknanda river drains part of chamoli, Tehri and Pauri districts. Pilgrimage centre Badrinath and natural spring Tapt Kund lie along the bank of the Alaknanda river . 4. – tributary of ganga draining through the shivalik ranges and is fed by springs emanating from the reservoirs of underground water. Ramganga flows by the Corbett National Park near Ramnagar of Nainital district from where it descends upon the plains. Meets ganges near Kannauj Bareilly city of Uttar Pradesh is situated on its banks 5. Gomti – The Gomti originates from Gomat Taal which formally known as Fulhaar jheel, near Madho Tanda, Pilibhit, India. It extends 900 km (560 mi) through Uttar Pradesh and meets the Ganges River near Saidpur, Kaithi in Ghazipur. Another major tributary is the Sai River, which joins near Jaunpur. It meets Ganges near Ghazipur. 6. Sai – Tributary of Gomati which joins it in Jaunpur. Towns of Raiebareily and Pratapgarh are situated on it. 7. Sharda – Originates from the greater Himalayas at Kalapani at an altitude of 3600 mts. River is known as Kali river in Nepal where temple of goddess kali is situated in kalapani, near Lipulekh pass at the border of India and Tibet .and after descending into india it is called as sarda. 8. Ghaghra – It is a perennial river originating near Mansarovar lake, joins near brahmaghat UP. Ghaghra river joins Ganges at dariganj bhiar.It is largest tributary of ganges in terms of volume. The river flows through katarniaghat wildlife sanctuary, part of . The upper course of river is famous for gangetic dolphins 9. Saryu – it is left bank tributary of Ghaghra, meets Ghaghra in bahraich district, Ayodhya is situated on the banks of river Saryu. 10. Rapti – Rises south of prominent E-W ridge midway between Dhaulagiri and mahabharat ranges in Nepal. Fed by springs. City of Gorakhpur lies on its banks and cause frequent floods in the rainy season. 11. Varuna – The is a minor tributary of the Ganges River. It is named after the god Varuna. The name itself is interpreted to be derived from the name of the river Varuna

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12. Yamuna – originates from yamunotri glacier in the lower Himalayas, uttarkashi distict of Uttarakhand. Flows for 1370 kms before it meets ganges at Allahabad. River is fed by Tons(in Uttarakhand) and Giri(HP) it forms boundary of Haryana ,passes through delhi along the border of UP passing through major cities like baghpat, noida , mathura , agra ,Firozabad, , hamirpur. The industrial development all along the course of river is now the major cause of Yamuna being polluted so much. 13. Sirsa – Travels parallel to Yamuna river in S-E direction. Passes along the . 14. Sengar – tributary of sirsa, moves along the bad land and ravines of Chambal valley. 15. Chambal – the river rises in the on the northern slopes of vindhyan near Mhow. The river is part of the confluence of 5 rivers near etawah district called ―Pachnada‖(in ). The river is famous for the ravines that have been created due to flooding and break of channel by the . Most rice and oil seed are grown along the banks. Chambal is liable to heavy floods due to step gradient of its bed before it debouches on the alluvial plains. The volume discharge is greater than Yamuna. Clear waters and alligators are common in the river. Hydropower and irrigation projects Gandhi Sagar (MP) and Ranapratap Sagar (Rajasthan) and Kota barrage build on Chambal river. 16. Kuwari river – A tributary of Chambal, rises from northern border of MP ,northern slopes of Vindhyas, moves in a semicircular tract before meeting Chambal in , though subject to sudden and freshets during rains yet remains an insignificant stream in the hot season. 17. The Ahneya and Puraha – These take rise in a series of lakes, the former near Kakan and the latter near Sauj in the Mainpuri district and little more than the drainage channels for carrying off superfluous rain water. In the hot or cold season they are normally dry but in rains, the Puraha, owing to its sinuous course, injures a considerable amount of land on either bank. 18. Pandu – It is the only stream of the Etawah district which flows into the Ganga. It rises in the extreme north-east of Bidhuna tahsil in a large clay depression forming a lake lying between Sabhad and Nurpur. It flows eastwards into the Farrukhabad district. 19. Betwa – the Betwa rises in the just north of Hoshangabad in Madhya Pradesh and flows north-east through Madhya Pradesh and flow through Orchha to Uttar Pradesh. , an undertaking between the states of Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh, Paricha Dam, situated on . . The ambitious project Betwa–Ken link , estimated to cost over Rs.9000 crore, is expected to be included in the 12th Five-Year Plan was in recent news as of Min of Env. and Forest declined the required environmental clearance. 20. Dhasan – The is a right bank tributary of the Betwa River. 21. Jawai river – Flows through Bundelkhand region, acts as lifeline of this region due to variability in Monsoon over this region 22. – is one the major rivers of the Bundelkhand region of central India, and flows through two states, Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh. Rises from Vindhyas. It is a tributary of the Yamuna, The on the Ken river and Ken Ghariyal Sanctuary are tourist attractions. Gangau Dam has been constructed at the confluence of the Ken and Simri rivers. The Ken River passes through . Banda city is located on banks of river Ken. 23. Baghain River – Also rises from Northern slope of Vindhyas and meets Ken river perpendicular making rectangular drainage. 24. / Tamsa – The (also known as the Tons River) is a tributary of the Ganges flowing through the Indian states of Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh. The Tamsa rises in a tank at Tamakund in the at an elevation of 610 meters. It flows through the fertile districts of Satna and Rewa. The river receives the Belan in UP and joins

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the Ganges at Sirsa, 300 km from Sangam. The Tamsa River while descending through the and draining northwards makes a vertical falls of 70m known as Purwa Falls, (127m) on the Bihad River, a tributary of the Tamsa, the Keoti Falls (98m) on the Mahana River, a tributary of the Tamsa, and Odda Falls (145m) on the Odda River, a tributary of the Belah River, which is itself a tributary of the Tamsa. 25. Belan River – Tributary of Tons , rising from Kaimur Hills, meets Tons at the boundary of Up and MP. 26. – The Son originates near Amarkantak in Madhya Pradesh,just east of the headwater of the . The Son parallels the Kaimur hills, flowing east-northeast through Uttar Pradesh, Jharkhand and Bihar states to join the Ganges just above Patna. Its chief tributaries are the Rihand and the North Koel. The in Madhya Pradesh is made on this river. 27. – The Rihand headwaters originate in the Bagelkhand region of Madhya Pradesh state, and flow towards the north into of Uttar Pradesh. Here it joins the Son River. The was built across the river in 1962 for hydropower generation; the reservoir made behind the dam is called Govind Ballabh Pant Sagar. 28. – The Kanhar River is a tributary of the Son River and flows through the Indian states of Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand and Uttar Pradesh. Rises from ChotaNagpur Plateau, flowing through Sonbhadra district in division of Uttar Pradesh. It confluences with the Son River to the north-east of the village of Kota. It has a rocky bed almost throughout its course. A rapid mountain torrent, flowing through forested areas. Sukhdari Falls is 100 feet high. It located near the meeting point of the borders of Chhattisgarh,

Jharkhand and Uttar Pradesh. 29. Gopad river – Gopad River, one of the main tributaries of the Son River, emerges from the hills on the north of radial drainage Baghelkhand plateau. 30. Karmanasa River – is a tributary of the Ganges. Flows through the Indian states of Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. Along the boundary between Uttar Pradesh and Bihar on the northern face of Kaimur Range . Its tributaries are the Durgavati, the Chandraprabha. Devdari falls, at an edge of the . Uttar Pradesh : Soils Six well defined and distinct soil groups differing from one another in their geological formation and pedogenic

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characters have been recognized. These are Bhabar soils, Tarai soils, Vindhyan soils, Bundelkhand soils, Aravali soils and Alluvial soils. Each of these soil groups have developed under the combined influence of a wide range of soil forming factors including climate, vegetation and parent materials. The major coverage of alluvial soil in further grouped as saline alkaline- soils, Karail soils and Bhatt soils.

Soils in most of the districts of Uttar Pradesh are low in available Nitrogen, forty one districts have low in available Phosphorus status and fourteen districts are medium in available Phosphorus (Bareilly, Moradabad, Bijnor, Farukabad, Faizabad, Bahraich, Gond, Hardoi, Lakhimpur and Sitapur). Available Potassium is low in twenty nine districts. Seventeen percent soils are medium in available Potassium status, and four percent soils high Potassium.

Soils of recent alluvium, Ganga plains and uplands, central lowlands, Yamuna uplands and districts are rated medium to high in available Sulphur. The available Zinc status in Basti, Deoria, , Ballia, Ghazipur and Jaunpur are low. However, the soils in Ghazipur, Jaunpur, Varanasi, Deoria and Gorakhpur districts rated high in Zinc status. Soils of Bulandshar, , Muzaffarpur, Hamirpur and Banda districts are highly deficient in available Zinc. Availability of Iron in the soils varied in the following order Hill > Alluvial >Vindhyan > Bundelkhand >Tarai. Soils of Unnao, Hardoi, and Farukhabad are low in available Iron status. Uttar Pradesh :Vegetation

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By legal status, Reserved Forest constitutes 65.9%, Protected Forest 14.4% and Unclassed Forest 19.7% . There are three forest types, namely Tropical Moist Deciduous, Tropical Dry Deciduous and Tropical Thorn. Sal is an important forest formation of the State. Forests are distributed largely in the northern and partly in the southern parts of the State. The central part is devoid of forest vegetation as it is mainly under agriculture. A forest cover increase was recorded by the Forest Survey of India report of 1999, in the districts of Hardoi, Kheri, Saharanpur, because plantation was under taken 4-5 years earlier and also due to effective protection measures. A decrease in forest cover was observed in the districts of Banda, , Mirzapur, and Sonbhadra which was largely on account of biotic pressures. Uttar Pradesh has been categorized into three major eco-zones on the basis of forest and vegetation types. These three zones are:- the Terai region; the Gangetic plains (West and East Uttar Pradesh); the Bundelkhand of Uttar Pradesh including the Vindhya ranges.

The terai region of Uttar Pradesh is a very important ecosystem for many threatened species of tall wet grasslands and swamps and is the topmost priority for conservation . It supports many threatened bird species such as the Swamp Francolin Francolinus gularis and Bengal Florican Houbaropsis bengalensis . Earlier, the terai was continuous, but now it occurs in pockets in protected areas of India and Nepal such as the Royal Chitwan National Park (NP), Royal Bardia NP, Royal Parsa Wildlife Reserve and Royal Sukhlaphanta Wildlife Reserve in Nepal, and Karterniaghat Wildlife Sanctuary (WLS), Kishanpur WLS, and Dudwa NP in Uttar Pradesh and WLS in Bihar.

Reserved Forests (RF) A wasteland, forest area that is the property of government can be constituted as RF under the provision of the Indian Forest Act. Activities leading to damage to the forest are prohibited: clearing of forest; setting up of fire; kindling or carrying fire; causing damage to the trees, felling, girdling, logging, tapping, stripping of barks; quarrying of stones; poisoning of rivers; hunting of animals; trespassing of cattle and; cultivation Protected Forest (PF) The Indian Forest Act empowers the State government to declare any forest or wasteland, which is the property of the government or over which it has proprietary rights including the whole or any part of its forest produce, as PF. No act is prohibited unless notified. Forest and Wildlife Department Uttar Pradesh, conducts departmental tree plantation work during rainy season, to increase the forest and tree cover in the state various schemes are being implemented by the Uttar Pradesh government large scale tree plantation programme is being conducted in the state through social forestry, social forestry in urban areas, green belt development scheme and total forest cover scheme. The task of tree plantation is implemented by Forest and Wildlife Department in coordination with the other government departments. The efforts are being made to ensure ample participation of localities, women, farmers, public representatives and students in tree plantation programmes. The Forest and Wildlife Department and the state government are actively engaged to ensure the success of plantation work and high quality plantation. The various varieties of Rosewood, Neem, Cassia, Gulmohar, Jakranda, Cirrus, Kanji, Mango, Chitwan, Banyan, Pipal, Ficus, Mulsri, Bauhinia, Kadamb, Tamarind, Bel and Mahua are being planted in the state as per soil and climatic conditions. The state government is emphasizing on

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more and more plantation of large and conventional trees. The state government is making sustained efforts towards the establishments on green belt, development of eco tourism and success of plantations to increase the forests and tree cover in the state.

In order to uplift living standard of communities living in forest areas and to include them in development and management of forests, the forestry works are being executed by constituting joint village forest management committees and eco development committees. In this way, efforts are being made to economically uplift the people living surrounding the forest areas by engaging them in wildlife protection and in forestry activities. Uttar Pradesh: National Parks / Tiger Reserves /Wildlife Sanctuaries

1. National Chambal Sanctuary – The National Chambal Sanctuary is famous for the rare Gangetic dolphin. The Sanctuary was founded in 1979 and is a part of a large area co- administered by Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, and Uttar Pradesh. Apart from the Gangetic dolphin, the other inhabitants of the sanctury include magar (crocodile) and ghariyal (alligator), chinkara, sambar, nilgai, wolf and wild bear.

2. Bakhira Bird Sanctuary – situated near Gorakhpur. This is an important and largest natural flood plain wetland in the eastern U.P., which provides a wintering & staging ground for a number of migratory waterfowls & a breeding ground for resident birds.

3. Sohagabarwa Wildlife Sanctuary – This area was declared a Sanctuary in the year 1987 and is spread over an area of 482 km2. It is the prominent attraction of Maharajganj District and includes seven forest ranges of the adjoining areas. The Sanctuary acts as the corridor between the Sanctuaries in Nepal & Bihar. It is one of the habitats of tiger in U.P.

4. Chandra Prabha Wildlife Sanctuary – The Sanctuary is located in Chandauli District, in the south eastern part of U.P beautiful picnic spots, dense forest, and scenic waterfalls like Raj Dari & Dev Dari & a dam nearby called Chandra Prabha Dam. It was the habitat of Asiatic Lion from 1957-1970 but after that lions disappeared from here. It serves as a natural & ideal habitat with its grasslands, many caves in Vindhyan area & waterfalls for a host of animals & plants (medicinal also) . Chandra Prabha & Karmnasha rivers, flowing through the sanctuary have a variety of fish.

5. Kaimur Wildlife Sanctuary – The Kaimur Wildlife Sanctuary, established in 1982, is spread over an area of about 501 km2 of Mirzapur & Sonbhadra District. The Sanctuary has a wide variety of wildlife in its lush green dense forest cover with numerous waterfalls, treasure of pre-historic caves, rock paintings & heritage of rare fossils. Lakhania Paintings (Rock Paintings)- Rock paintings found in the cave of this area are about 4000 year old and were discovered in 1968. Most of the paintings are in terracotta colour & depict hunting,

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cattle grazing, war scenes, worshipping, bee-keeping, decorative floor designs, meeting, domestic chores etc.

6. Katarniaghat Wildlife Sanctuary – This Wildlife Sanctuary is situated near Nepal border in the Tarai region of Bahraich district and is a part of Dudhawa Tiger Reserve. Girwa & Kodiala Rivers which join together and are later known as Ghaghra traverse the sanctuary.

7. Suhelwa Wildlife Sanctuary – The Sanctuary is divided into two parts, viz, East & West. The Sanctuary was established in 1988. Suhelwa is connected with the forest of Mahadevpuri in Nepal. It is one of the habitats of tigers in U.P., which is the main attraction of the Suhelwa Wildlife Sanctuary.

Mineral Resources of Uttar Pradesh Uttar Pradesh is the principal holder of country‘s andalusite & diaspore resources and possesses 78% andalusite 37% diaspore and 10% pyrophyllite. Important minerals occurring in Uttar Pradesh are: coal in coalfields,Sonbhadra district. diaspore & pyrophyllite in Hamirpur, Jhansi, Lalilpur and Mahoba districts. Naini area of Allahabad contains High quality of silica sand, an important source of glass sand, containing 98% SiO2, and a very low Fe2O3 is found in Shankargarh. Lohargath in and also Bargarh in Banda district It is also found in Aligarh ind Chitrakoot districts. Detailed analysis of various Minerals of Uttar Pradesh is as follows:-

Cement and other Limestone based Industry

The State was producing only 1.4 millions tonnes of Cement as against a demand of 6 million tonnes. The investigations carried out show the possibility of tapping additional reserves of Limestone for Cement as well as for Steel and other Chemical industries in the following areas.

Large Cement Plants

Kannach-Basuhari, Sonbhadra . About 145 Million tonnes of Cement grade Limestone has been outlined for setting up a million tonnes Cement plant expandable up to 2 million tonnes.

Mini Cement Plants A vast potential for Cement grade Limestone has been outlined in block VI of Kajrahat Limestone deposit in Sonbhadra which can be considered for Mini cement plant.

Dolomite

Deposits occur in the Kajrahat belt and are estimated about 15 million tonnes near Bari Village of Sonbhadra.

Rock Phosphate

About 6 Million tonnes of low grade (+16% P2O5 ) Phosphate occur in Lalitpur. The high grade ore is being sold as a direct fertilizer and to elemental Phosphorus plants. A mining and beneficiation project in Lalitpur is under formulation in joint sector for producing 1,30,000 tonnes of concentrate annually with +35% P2O5 . Downstream industries are also under consideration.

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Silica Sand

Extensive deposits of high grade Silica Sand occur near Shankargarh and Bargarh in Allahabad and Chitrakoot distt. Some of these deposits are mined by private lease holders on a small scale. Based on Lalapur deposits additional large scale mining and beneficiation units has been established by National Mineral Development Corporation.

Pyrophyllite and Diaspore

Small deposits of Pyrophyllite and Diaspore occur in Hamirpur, Mahoba Jhansi and Lalitpur districts. These are mined by private individuals and sold as a filler&handicrafts. These mines can be developed to produce large quantities of classified products for ceramics and refractory industry.

Bauxite and Synthetic Emery

About 8.4 million tones of metal grade Bauxite occur south of Manikpur in Chitrakoot district.

Sand Lime Bricks

The Bricks offer competitive price and attractive colours and hence are in great demand. Few more plants can be set up in the state. In addition, production of Fly Ash-Lime Bricks can also be considered, since large stocks of fly ash are lying unused. Setting up of such eco friendly plants will save the excavation of earth and also the fuel wood used for making Red bricks.

Granite

A large potentiality of dimensional Granite, suitable for blocks slabs and tiles exists in district Lalitpur, Jhansi, Mahoba, Banda and Sonbhadra and few areas in Lalitpur, are producing dimensional Granite, which has a potential export market. There is a potentiality for establishing more plants in the Joint sector.

Sandstone

Vindhyan sandstone occur in Agra, Lalitpur, Chitrakoot, Allahabad, Mirzapur, Varanasi and Sonbhadra districts. These are exploited by private parties and marketed as Slabstone, Millstone and Building stone. These districts provide opportunity for indigenous market and export too.

Placer Gold Large areas of river beds of Saharanpur district contain gold ranging from 0.1-0.2 gm/cubic meter of sand. Beneficiation tests completed so far indicate 60-80% of gold recovery using simple gravity methods. China Clay There are possibilities of proving large deposits of China clay at Naudiha, Ramgarh, Kon & Nigahein and Jaljalia in distt. Sonbhadra. The clay occur in the weathering zone below sandstone in 5-15 meter thick zone and width of individual pockets vary from 150-200 meters. The recovery of the clay fraction is over 50%. The deposits are presently under exploratation.17 Million Tonnes of china clay deposit is available for entrepreneurs. It is available at Naudiha 40 Kms from Chopan. This area is well connected by metal road. The china clay of Naudiha-Ramgarh is a low grade Plastic-clay and could be used in low temperature stone-ware body for the production of crockery etc.

Andalusite

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Low grade andalusite deposits occur in Harnakachar area near Wyndhamganj and Bagisoti area of Sonbhadra. GSI had estimated about 14 million tones reserves in Wyndhamganj area. Potential occurrences can be considered for exploitation. Low Grade Iron Ore

Large reserves of low grade (25-30% iron) iron ore which can be easily upgraded to 45% iron using gravity methods occur at Girar, Lalitpur. These reserves can be utilized for making sponge iron. Uttar Pradesh :Agriculture Uttar Pradesh is a largest food grain producing State in India producing about 20% of the country‘s total food grain production. In 2016-17 contribution of Uttar Pradesh was about 40 million tonnes in the national food grain production of 271.98 million tones. However, the state is also characterized by extreme dependence on agriculture. About 80% of the population in U.P. live in the rural areas. It is rich in national resources (land and water) but has a high population density and declining soil fertility. Agriculture accounts for about 32% of GSDP. The State accounts for about 17 percent of all-India foodgrain area and 21 percent of production. Main crop of the State is Cereal and Pulses, Oilseeds are also grown in some area with low productivity. Relatively larger share in production is obviously attributed to higher foodgrain yield in the state Uttar Pradesh – largest producer of wheat (30.00 million tonnes)

The State of Uttar Pradesh falls under three agro-climatic zones viz. Agro Climatic Zone–IV: Middle Gangetic Plains region Agro Climatic Zone–V: Upper Gangetic Plains region and Agro Climatic Zone–VIII: Central Plateau and Hills region. The Agro-climatic zone IV is further divided into three sub-zone (i) North Eastern Plains Zone of Uttar Pradesh– This sub-zone covers the districts of Baharaich, Gonda, Balrampur, Basti, Gorakhpur, Sidharth Nagar, Maharajgunj, Kushinagar and Deoria. Rainfall is quite high at about 1,210 mm, the climate is moist sub-humid to dry sub- humid. 73% of the land area is cultivated and about half of the cultivated land is irrigated. Tube wells are the major source of irrigation. (ii) Eastern Plain Zone of Uttar Pradesh- Azamgarh, Mau, Balia, Faizabad, Ghazipur, Jaunpur, Sant Ravidas Nagar and Varanasi districts fall under this sub zone. Rainfall is adequate with a normal of 1,025 mm. The climate is dry sub-humid to moist sub-humid. Over 70% of the land is cultivated and more than 80% of the cultivated area is irrigated. (iii) Vindhyan Zone of Uttar Pradesh – Mirzapur and Sonbhadra districts of Uttar Pradesh are the Vindhyan sub-zone of the Middle Gangetic Plain zone. Rainfall is adequate at about 1,134 mm; the climate is similar to the other parts of the eastern plains of Uttar Pradesh. However, the region has a very high forest cover of about 40% of the land. Less than a third of this land is cultivated and only a third of this is irrigated. The Agro-climatic zone- V is among the larger and very thickly populated agro-climatic zones. It covers 32 districts of Uttar Pradesh. A large part of the geographical area is cultivated and is well irrigated. This is the most developed region of the State of Uttar Pradesh. Over 70% of the area is sown and nearly 65% of this is irrigated. The zone is characterized by semi-arid and sub-humid

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Uttar Pradesh Geography conditions. The mean Annual rainfall varies between 700 and 1,000 mm. There are three sub- zones under this agro-climatic zone. (i) Central Plains – Allahabad, Fatehpur, Pratapgarh, Sultanpur, Rae- Bareili, Unnao, Lucknow, Bara Banki, Sitapur, Hardoi, Kheri and Pilibhit districts fall under this sub-zone. The region receives on an average 979 mm of rainfall; the climate ranges from dry sub-humid to semi-arid and the soil is alluvium calcareous sandy loam. About 62% of the land is cultivated of which 56% is irrigated. (ii)North-Western Plains –This sub-zone covers the districts of Shahjahanpur, Bareilly, Rampur, Moradabad, Bijnor, Saharanpur, , Meerut, Baghpat, Ghaziabad and Bulandshar of Uttar Pradesh. This region has the highest land productivity in the State. About 70% land is under agriculture and another 5% land is under forest cover. 76% of the net sown area is irrigated. Tube wells are the predominant source of irrigation. The zone receives, on an average 907 mm rainfall, the climate is dry sub-humid to semi-arid and the soil is loam to sandy loam. (iii)South-Western Plains- In spite of a relatively high proportion of arable and irrigated cropped area, land productivity in the southwestern plains of Uttar Pradesh is low. This is largely on account of cultivation of low value crops principally wheat and bajra. The region covers the districts of Badaun, Aligarh, Mathura, Agra, Etah, Farrukhabad, Kannauj, Mainpuri, Firozabad, Etawah, Kanpur Dehat and Kanpur. The climate is semi-arid and the soil type is alluvium calcareous clay. The region receives about 721 mm of rainfall. More than 74% of the net sown area is irrigated and over 69% land is cultivated. Under the Zone-VIII, the sub-zone Bundelkhand (Uttar Pradesh) includes five districts from South-central Uttar Pradesh, viz. Jalaun, hansi, Lalitpur, Hamirpur and Banda. It receives about 900 mm of rainfall. A little over 60% of the area is cultivated, but compared to other parts of Uttar Pradesh, the sub-zone has less developed irrigation facilities. Only about 25% of the cultivated area is irrigated as against a State average of nearly 60%. Soil erosion is high and land productivity is low. Cropping Pattern: The soils in the region falling under Agro-climatic zone IV are alluvium-derived soils mostly khaddar (recent alluvium) and hangar (old alluvium). In some area the soil is highly calcareous. The soils are loamy and high in organic matter content. Rice, maize, pigeon pea, moong bean crops are common in kharif season. In post-rainy (rabi) season wheat, lentil, Bengal gram, pea, and sesame and at some places groundnut is grown on residual soil moisture with one or two supplemental irrigation. The important cash crops of the region are sugarcane, potato, tobacco, chillies, turmeric and coriander with supplemental irrigation. Rice–wheat cropping system is more predominant. The dominant soil landscapes, representing the northern plains, constitute gently to very gently sloping lands. In some area the soil is highly calcareous. The soils in general are neutral in reaction and have moderate clay and low organic carbon content. Traditionally rain fed and irrigated agriculture is common. The main crops grown are rice, maize, pigeon pea, sorghum, pearl millet, moong beans during kharif and wheat, Bengal gram, green peas, rapeseed and mustard and lentil during rabi season. Sugarcane is the main cash crop. Rice–wheat cropping system is more predominant.

Various Agriculture marketing schemes initiated in Uttar Pradesh are:-

1. Farmers Help Line

2. Farmers Gift Scheme

3. Scholarship Scheme

4. Public Personal Accident Help Scheme

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5. Burn Fire Accident Help Scheme

6. Procedure to find the rates on TVRS.

National EGovernance Plan in Agriculture (NeGP-A) introduced to achieve rapid development of agriculture in India through the use of ICT. NeGP-A is proposed to be implemented across the country and aims at offering Government to Citizen / Farmer (G2C or G2F), Government to Business (G2B) and Government to Government (G2G) agricultural services in an integrated manner through the Central Agriculture Portal (CAP) and State Agriculture Portals (SAPs).

The key objectives of the Project include: . Bringing farmer centricity & service orientation to the programs . Enhancing reach & impact of extension services . Improving access of farmers to information & services throughout cropcycle . Building upon, enhancing & integrating the existing ICT initiatives of Centre, and States . Enhancing efficiency & effectiveness of programs through process redesign . More effective management of schemes of DAC . Promoting a common framework across states Uttar Pradesh :Animal Husbandry What is Animal Husbandry Animal Husbandry is a branch of agriculture, which comprises of controlled cultivation, management, up keeping and production of domestic animals (like cattles, horses, sheeps etc.) which includes improvement in the qualities considered desirable by humans by means of breeding, genetics, behavior and qualities. Animals are domesticated, bred, maintained and raised for utility (e.g., food, leather, medicines, fur), sport, pleasure, and research.

Importance of Animal Husbandry

 It contributes to poverty elevation through increased household income.

 It is an integral part of crop farming and contributes significantly to household nutritional. Security.

 Better breeding and practices like artificial insemination provide us with better yield with the same input boosting the GDP of a country.  Animal Husbandry also gives way out to researches and development of agriculture sustainable food practices conforming to the environment.  Animal husbandry provides livestock production, which helps as food and various life use products. Examples of these products have been given below: Dairy Products:

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Mammalian livestock can be used as a source of milk and dairy products such as yoghurt, cheese, butter, ice cream, etc.

Meat:

It is the production of a useful form of dietary protein and energy.

Land management:

The grazing of livestock is sometimes used as a way to control weeds and undergrowth. For example, in areas prone to wild fires, goats and sheep are set to graze on dry shrub which reduces the risk of fires. Fibre:

Livestock produce a range of fibre/textiles. For example, sheep and goats produce wool and deer and sheep can make leather.

Labour:

Animals such as horses, donkey and yaks can be used for mechanical energy. Prior to steam power, livestock were the only available source of non-human labour. They are still used for this purpose in many places of the world, including ploughing fields, transporting goods and military functions. Fertilizer:

Manure can be spread on fields to increase crop yields. This is an important reason why historically, plant and animal domestication have been intimately linked. Manure is also used to make plaster for walls and floors and can be used as a fuel for fires. The blood and bones of animals are also used as fertilizer.

Some Breeds of Animals in Uttar Pradesh are- Cattle:-

. Hariana . Kenkatha . Kherigarh . Mewati . Ponwar . Gangatiri Buffalo:-

. Murrah. . Surti. . Jaffrabadi. . Bhadawari. . Nili Ravi. . Mehsana. . Nagpuri. . Toda. Various schemes / programs by Uttar Pradesh Government:- . Scheme for improvement and expansion of animal breeding facilities by artificial insemination and natural conception in cow / buffalo (District Planning) . Prevention of infertility in animals / buffaloes (state planning)

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. Hydro-emission Semen Production Center (State Planning) . Foot, mouth disease control program (F 0 M 0 di0-C 0 p 0) 100 percent funded Center . Rinderpest Iridification Program- 100% Centered Conservancy . 75% Centrally Sponsored Scheme (ASPAD) for the control of animal diseases. . Establishment of UP Veterinary Council is centrally sponsored by 50% . Livestock Production and Management statistical studies and research (50 percent of the 0 Po 0) . 10000 poultry farming I plan to rsiyala layers Paksiyo . 30000 layers of poultry scheme . Backyard poultry scheme . Broiler poultry scheme under National Agriculture Development Scheme . Rural Backward Poultry Program . 20th census, Kaziranga Program (100 percent centrally funded) . Schemes operated under Veterinary Services and Animal Health . Establishment, development, reinforcement and breeding facilities of suqar fields (Dist.) . Sucre Training Center and Diagnostic Laboratory Aligarh reinforcement (N 0 is 0) Uttar Pradesh :Fishing AQUA CULTURE . the cultivation of aquatic organisms. . aquaculture, also known as aquafarming, implies the cultivation of aquatic populations under controlled conditions. . Mariculture refers to aquaculture practiced in marine environments.

. Particular kinds of aquaculture include agriculture(the production of kelp, seaweed, and other algae), fish farming, shrimp farming, shellfish farming, and growing of cultured pearls. Aquaculture is relatively new, promising and upcoming sector in the Uttar Pradesh. To promote the fishery industry in U.P., the government has been trying to focus on some of the issues such as development of technologies and ensuring availability of fingerlings of local species, creation of infrastructural framework for aquaculture, mitigating institutional and investment constraints, providing incentives in the form of subsidy ranging from 20-50% and mapping out suitable sites etc. Furthermore, the extreme climatic conditions are a challenge in the region and restricts the economic productivity of inland aquaculture systems. The Department has started various innovative schemes to support small fish farmers by preparing the facilities of hatcheries, nurseries, feed mills, models ponds, integrated demonstration units and mobile outlets for value added products. ―The new fisheries projects are expected to yield 13.769 lac ton of fish production from aquaculture and 4.116 lac ton from open water fish production by 2023.‖ Various Programs of Uttar Pradesh Government are:

. Mobile Fish Parlor . Fisherman‘s Housing

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. Fisheries Development Agency Growth and Development of Aquaculture . has been used in China since circa 2500 BC. . practice of aquaculture gained prevalence in Europe during theMiddle Ages since fish were scarce and thus expensive. . Americans were rarely involved in aquaculture until the late 20th century but California residents harvested wild kelp and made legal efforts to manage the supply starting circa 1900, later even producing it as a wartime resource. . the rise of aquaculture is a contemporary phenomenon.

Types of Aquaculture 1. Algaculture . A form of aquaculture involving the farming of species of algae. . Majority of algae are intentionally cultivated fall into the category of microalgae, also referred to as phytoplankton, microphytes, or planktonic algae. . Macro algae, commonly known as seaweed, also have many commercial and industrial uses, but due to their size and the specific requirements of the environment in which they need to grow, they do not lend themselves as readily to cultivation on a large scale as microalgae and are most often harvested wild from the ocean.

2. Fish Farming . The principal form of aquaculture, while other methods may fall under mariculture. . Involves raising fish commercially in tanks or enclosures, usually for food. . Fish species raised by fish farms include salmon, catfish, tilapia, cod, carp, trout, and others. . Increasing demands on wild fisheries by commercial fishing operations have caused widespread overfishing. . Offers an alternative solution to the increasing market demand for fish and fish protein.

3. Freshwater Prawn Farming . An aquaculture business designed to raise and produce freshwater prawn or shrimp for human consumption. . Shares many characteristics with, and many of the same problems as, marine shrimp farming. . Unique problems are introduced by the development life cycle of the main species (the giant river prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergiz). 4. Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture . A practice in which the by- products (wastes) from one species are recycled to become inputs ( fertilisers, food) for another. . Fed aquaculture (e.g. fish, shrimp) is combined with inorganic extractive (e.g. seaweed) and organic extractive (e.g. shellfish) aquaculture to create balanced systems for environmental sustainability (biomitigation), economic stability (product diversification and risk reduction), and social acceptability (better management practices). 5. Mariculture . a specialised branch of aquaculture involving the cultivation of marine organisms for food and other products in the open ocean, an enclosed section of the ocean, or in tanks, ponds or raceways which are filled with seawater. . the farming of marine fish, prawns, or oysters in saltwater ponds. . Non-food products produced by mariculture include fish meal, nutrient agar, jewelleries ( e.g. cultured pearls), and cosmetics.

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6. Shrimp Farming . an aquaculture for the cultivation of marine shrimp for human consumption. . Commercial shrimp farming began in the 1970s, and production grew steeply, particularly to match the market demands of the US, Japan, and Western Europe. . About 75°/o of farmed shrimp is produced in Asia, in particular in China and Thailand. . The other 25% is produced mainly in Latin America, where Brazil is the largest producer. . The largest exporting nation is Thailand. . Shrimp farming on modern lines is being done in Andhra Pradesh (Nellore District), a state of India (see Blue Revolution) Strategies for the Fisheries Development . Under the Jawahar Rozgar Yojna, village panchayats have been authorised to carry out fisheries development programmes in respective villages. . Under the programme of Development of Model Fishermen Villages, basic civic amenities such as housing, drinking water and construction of community halls for fishermen villages are provided. . Brackish Fish Farmers Development Agencies (BFDA) functioning in the coastal areas of the country is providing a package of technical, financial and extension support to shrimp farmers. . Insurance facilities have been extended to fishermen for the insurance and security of their life. . The government is collecting data on the micro- of various water bodies to promote fisheries in the country. Problems and Prospects 1. Most of the fishermen are poor. They are not able to purchase good equipment to improve the harvest of fish. 2. The water bodies (rivers, lakes, ponds, and coastal areas of the seas) are increasingly polluted. 3. The area of paddy fields in which fisheries used to be kept is also decreasing under the impact of fast growth of population, industrialisation, and urbanisation. 4. Adequate information about the environment of water-bodies (ponds, lakes, rivers, and sea is not available). 5. Unpredictable nature of monsoon as a result of which the inland fisheries suffer adversely. 6. Problem of marketing, storage, and transportation. 7. Inadequacy of research and extension service facilities. 8. There is need of Pink Revolution (Prawns) in the coastal regions of the country.

BLUE REVOLUTION IN INDIA . the adoption of a package programme to increase the production of fish and marine products. . started in 1970 during the Fifth Five-Year Plan when the Central Government sponsored the FishFarmers Development Agency (FFDA). . Subsequently, the Brakish Water Fish Farms Development Agency were set up to develop aquaculture. . brought improvement in aquaculture by adopting new techniques of fish breeding, fish rearing, fish marketing, and fish export. . tremendous increase in the production of shrimp. Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu have developed shrimp in a big way. . The Nellore District of Andhra Pradesh is known as the ‗Shrimp Capital of India‘.

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. There are more than 1800 species of fish found in the sea and inland waters of India, of which a very few are commercially important. . important sea fish include catfish, herring, mackerels, perches, mullets, Indian salmon, shell fish, eels, anchovies, and dorab. . the main fresh water fish include catfish, loaches, perches, eels, herrings, feather backs, mullets, carps, prawns, murrels, and anchovies. . Marine fisheries contribute about 50 per cent of the total fish production of the country. . Kerala is the leading producer followed by Maharashtra, Karnataka, Gujarat, and . . The fishing season extends from September to March. . The higher fish production in the Arabian Sea is due to the broader continental shelf. . The important fish varieties include sardines, mackerel and prawn. . The East Coast contributes about 28 per cent of the total production of marine fish in the country. . The fishing activity along the East coast is mainly carried on from Rameswaram in the south to Ganjam in the north, with fishing season from September to April along the Coromandal Coast. . The National Fisheries Development Board has been set up to realize the untapped potential of fishery sector with the application of modern tools of research and development including biotechnology.

Uttar Pradesh :Horticulture Horticulture is the science and art of producing, improving, marketing, and using fruits, vegetables, flowers, and ornamental plants.

The importance of horticulture in improving the productivity of land, generating employment, improving economic conditions of the farmers and entrepreneurs, enhancing exports and, above all, providing nutritional security to the people, is widely acknowledged.

Development of Horticulture in Uttar Pradesh has been restricted by following factors:- . Poor quality produce . Lac of good quality seeds . Threshing in unhygienic conditions . Poor market intelligence . Lac of market information to divert produce to desirable markets . No estimates available for exports of spices, Kinow, Heena, Isagol . Lac of certification . Unawareness about Sanitary & Phyto sanitary standards . Organic certification . Poor PHM Infrastructure . Limited facilities for grading, sorting & packaging . Inappropriate transport facilities for erishables . Poor Mandi infrastructure . Lack of net work of rural/ local markets . Lac of perishable cargo centre Fluctuations in area & prod. due to frequent drought conditions, Its need of the hour to bring stability through rain water harvesting based fruit plantations having drought proofing power Main objectives of the Horticulture promotions in Uttar Pradesh are:-

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. For improvement in production and quality of horticultural crops its important to promote present modern techniques among farmers and motivate them to adopt it. . With less labour and less investment we should provide more benefit to the producers by deepening and changing in crop-cycle. . According to scientific recommendations important investments should be timely and scientifically used. . To form primary horticultural cooperative committees and make the effective for providing reasonable price of horticultural crops and store for regular supply, to improvise legislation and marketing facilities. . To provide short term and long term training in fruit and vegetable conservation, cookery, bakery, food processing, mushroom and bee keeping so and promote cottage industry and organise programs for betel development. . To find out problems in horticultural technology and make experimental results public. . To train serving officers/employees and farmers with modernized techniques and to implement it on them. . To provide overall development to horticulture sector through area based strategy, in which management, processing and marketing after research, technical promotion, expansion, harvesting is included, by adapting agricultural season features. Horticulture Stats for Uttar Pradesh can be viewed at the following Link Horticulture has been the ideal option for diversification in agriculture making way in heralding Golden Revolution. The scenario, which has proved the potential of horticulture in agribusiness, has encouraged the private sector activities and in this context, quality management has become important. The demand for increasing the production and productivity is further expected to rise in the coming years on account of need to provide minimum per capita requirements of various horticulture commodities to the increasing population to ensure nutritional security. With emphasis on value addition, the demand of crop products of several commodities for the processing industries will increase. Change in dietary pattern and rise in per capita income and living style is expected to accelerate the demand for horticultural commodities especially that of processed products. Hydropower and Irrigation projects Hydropower and Irrigation projects

1. Rihand Dam – This is the largest multi-purpose project of Uttar Pradesh, straight gravity concrete dam across the river Rihand (a Tributary of the Son river) near village Pipri in Sonbhadra district. The water so impounded is collected in Govind Ballabh Pant Sagar reservoir. Dam is used for irrigation and electricity generation supplying continuous electricity to nearby Aluminium smelters.

2. Rajghat Dam is an Inter-state Dam project of the Government of Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh being constructed on Betwa River about 14 km from Historical place in Madhya Pradesh and 22 km from Lalitpur in Uttar Pradesh, India. Thus, the Rajghat Dam Project will serve as mother storage for Irrigation in Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh through a cascade of hydraulic structures in the downstream of River Betwa. The installed capacity of the power house is 45 MW (3 x 15 MW).

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3. Ramganga – also known as the Kalagarh Dam. The dam is part of the Ramganga Multipurpose Project — an irrigation and hydroelectric project. It is located within the Jim Corbett National Park.

4. Sharda Sagar dam – located in Udham Singh Nagar, used for irrigation and storage. Uttar Pradesh :Major Cities and Tourist Places Important Cities

1. Ghaziabad – Located along the . One of the most industrialized and urbanized cities in UP. One of the cities in the urban planning purview of NCR, acting as satellite town for New Delhi. City was founded by Ghaziuddin as Ghaziuddin Nagar. It was earlier part of Meerut district. Various small factories of Rubber, Steel, Agricultural implements. High Literacy rate 93% .Hindon Air force base is situated near the city 2. Noida – New Okhla Industrial Development Area developed by UP Industrial Area Development Act. Located near the old river bed of Yamuna, under the catchment of Yamuna and Hindon River. Major hub for Multinational IT companies, also emerged as hub for automobile ancillary units and head offices of Print and Media houses. 3. Saharanpur– As regards its physical features, the north and the northeast of the district is surrounded by Shivalik hills and separates it from the Dehradun district in the recently created state of Uttaranchal. The river Yamuna forms its boundary in the west which separates it from Karnal and Yamuna nagar districts of Haryana. Saharanpur is internationally famous for its wood carving cottage industry. It is a thriving market of local agricultural produce, including basmati rice and mangoes. It is sub humid region because of the proximity of the Himalayan region. The literacy rate is77.94 per cent. 4. Muzaffarnagar – Muzaffarnagar lies in the region in the Western Uttar Pradesh and hence is a city in the middle of one of the most fertile farming land in the India. It has one of the biggest jaggery trading markets in whole of Asia. Jaggery is also exported from Muzaffarnagar to countries around Asia. Muzaffarnagar is an important industrial town with sugar, steel and paper being the major industries. 5. Meerut – It is the second largest city in the National Capital Region of India . Meerut has a monsoon influenced humid subtropical climate characterized by very hot summers and cool winters. The city lies between the plains of the Ganges and Yamuna. it is bound on the north by Muzaffarnagar, in the south by Bulandshahr while Ghaziabad and Baghpat districts form the southern and western limits. The river Ganga forms the eastern boundary and separates the district from Moradabad and Bijnor. The Hindon forms the western boundary and separates the district from Baghpat. The ground is not rocky and there are no mountains. it is famous for handloom works and scissors industry. 6. Bulandshahr – Bulandshahr District is in the Meerut Division of Uttar Pradesh, located between Ganges and Yamuna rivers. Pottery industry. Bulandshahr is also famous for its dairy farms. The milk produced here is mainly exported to Delhi, Punjab and Rajasthan 7. Aligarh – The city is situated in the middle portion of the doab, the land between the Ganges and the Yamuna rivers. The Grand Trunk Road passes through this city. Aligarh has a monsoon-influenced humid subtropical climate, typical of north-central India. The literacy

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rate was 70.54 per cent. Aligarh has always been an important business centre of Uttar Pradesh and is most famous for its locks industry. The locks that are produced in Aligarh are exported to different parts of the world. 8. Mathura – On the bank of Yamuna River. Among the ―seven holy cities of India‖. There are many place of historic and religious importance in Mathura and its neighboring towns. 9. Agra – city on the banks of the river Yamuna is the one of the prominent destinations of the World Tourism map with three UNESCO World Heritage Sites. – The Taj Mahal, Fatehpur Sikri & Red Fort. Agra district literacy rate is 62.56%. 10. Firozabad – build by Firoz shah Tughlaq. Major hub for glass based industries, domestic glassware, bangles , chandeliers. 11. Etawah – Etawah lies entirely in the Gangetic plain, but its physical features vary considerably and are determined by the rivers which cross it. Sindh, Kuwari, Chambal and Yamuna rivers. Near the banks of the Yamuna, the plain descends into the river valley by a series of wild ravines and terraces, inhabited only by a scattered race of hereditary herdsmen. 12. Auraiya – same as etawah- earlier part of etawah. Maharatnas like NTPC and GAIL have their plants in this district. 13. Moradabad – It was established in 1600 by Murad, the son of the Mughal Emperor Shahjahan; at the bank of River Ram Ganga (a tributary to the great Ganges). The city is famous for its huge export of brass handicrafts to North America and Europe, and is also thus called ―Brass City‖ or Peetal Nagri (in the local language). Recently other products like Iron Sheet Metal wares, Aluminum Artworks and Glassware‘s have also been included as per need of the foreign Buyers. Mentha is also exported from Moradabad. 14. Rampur – in Moradabad Division of Uttar Pradesh State. It is surrounded by District Udham Singh Nagar in North, Bareilly in East, Moradabad in West and Badaun in South. he court musicians of the Nawabs subsequently gave rise to various gharanas or schools of Hindustani classical music. The Rampur-Sahaswan gharana of Hindustani classical music also has its origins in court musicians. Rampur was traditionally famous for the knives known as Rampuri Chaaku. 15. Bareily – Standing on the Ramganga river, it is the capital of the Bareilly division and the geographical region Rohilkhand. Bareilly is a centre for the manufacturing of furniture and for trade in cotton, cereal and sugar. The status of the city was upgraded when its name was included in the ―Counter Magnets‖ of the National Capital Region (NCR), tarai, stretches along the extreme north of the district, and teems with large game, such as tigers, bears, deer, wild pigs. The river Sharda forms the eastern boundary of the district and is the principal stream. Next in importance is the Ramganga, which receives as its tributaries most of the hill torrents of the Kumaon mountains. 16. Pilibhit – The district of Pilibhit is the north-eastern most district of Rohilkhand division which is situated in the sub Himalayan belt on the boundary of Nepal. The Sharda canal is the main canal of the district, the others being its branches the main crop in this area is sugar cane. Sugar factories. Small scale industries are Rice mills, engineering units, brick kilns, candles and mainly bansuri (flute) manufacturing. 17. Lucknow – Lucknow is the capital city of Uttar Pradesh and it has always been a multicultural city. Courtly manners, beautiful gardens, poetry, music, and fine cuisine patronized by the Persian-loving Shia Nawabs of the city are well known amongst Indians and students of South Asian culture and history. Lucknow is popularly known as the City of Nawabs. It is also known as the Golden City of the East, Shiraz-i-Hind and The Constantinople of India. Situated in the heart of the great Gangetic plain. he Gomti River, the chief geographical feature, meanders through the city, dividing it into the Trans-Gomti and Cis-Gomti regions. Lucknow has a great potential in handicraft sector and it accounts for 60% of the total exports from the state. Chicken work famous throughout the world.

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18. Faizabad – situated on the banks of river Ghaghra (locally known as Saryu). It was the first capital of the Nawabs of Awadh and has monuments built by the Nawabs of Awadh. 19. Ayodhya – is an ancient city of India adjacent to Faizabad city in Faizabad district of Uttar Pradesh. Ayodhya is located on the right bank of the river Saryu. Among Seven Holy Cities of India according to Hindus. The city has been in headlines for not very good reasons of clashes between Hindus and Muslims especially the demolition of Babri Masjid. 20. Kanpur – is the Industrial Capital of Uttar Pradesh is also It is one of the oldest industrial townships of North India. An important centre of textile, leather, electronics, chemicals, food processing, automobiles. On the banks of Ganges. Kanpur features long and very hot summers, mild and relatively short winters, dust storms and a monsoon season. Kanpur lies in northern plains of India, which witness extremes of temperature. The only unit of the Indian Institute of Pulse Research (an institute of ICAR) and one of the three units of the National Sugar Institute is situated in Kanpur which reflects the strong agrarian nature of industries here. 21. Jhansi – historical city of India lying on the banks of , Jhansi city is situated between the rivers Pahunj and Betwa. Jhansi is located in the plateau of central India, an area dominated by rocky reliefs and minerals underneath the soil. Being on a rocky plateau, Jhansi experiences extreme temperatures. Rani Lakshmi Bai, who led forces against British in 1857 against annexation of Jhansi. The North-South Corridor connecting Kashmir to Kanyakumari passes through Jhansi. The East-West corridor also goes through this city. 22. Raebareli – The town is situated at the bank of the Sai River, 82 km southeast of Lucknow. The city and the district became famous as a political bastion of the Nehru-Gandhi family. Handloom and Agro products are principle. Flying school, Rail Factory and some other important institutes of National level are here. 23. Allahabad – The original native name of this city is Prayag, representing the sacred union of the rivers Ganges, Yamuna and Saraswati. An important part of the Ganges-Yamuna Doab region, it is the last point of the Yamuna River where it meets Ganga at Sangam. It is one of four sites of the mass Hindu pilgrimage Kumbh Mela, the others being Haridwar, Ujjain and Nashik. Indian Standard Time is calculated from 82.5° E longitude which passes through Allahabad. City is one of the largest commercial centers in the state. It is also one of the most prominent industrial towns, with 58 large industrial units, and more than 3,000 small scale industries. Along with Fertilizer plants are also situated. The city is major tourist attraction among domestic and international travelers. 24. Kushinagar – Kushinagar, District Of The Eastern Uttar Pradesh, Is Known For Its Cultural Heritage All Over The World. It Is One Of The Four Holiest Places For The Buddhists. It is an important Buddhist pilgrimage site, where Gautama Buddha is thought to have attained Parnirvana after his death. Today, Kushinagar is a much-frequented pilgrimage site for Indian and foreign tourists, and temples have been constructed by Indian, Chinese, Sri Lankan, Thai, Burmese, South Korean, Tibetan and Japanese Buddhists, alongside the ruins of monasteries and stupas. 25. Gorakhpur – Gorakhpur is a city in the eastern part of Pradesh, near the border with Nepal. It is located on the bank of river Rapti and Rohani. The district presents characteristics distinct from natural features of the western districts of Uttar Pradesh. This difference is due primarily to the relative proximity of the Himalayas, the outermost foothills of which are only a few kilometres from the northern borders. 26. Azamgarh – Lies between Ganga and Ghaghra. Consists of a series of parallel ridges, whose summits are depressed into beds or hollows, along which the rivers flow; while between the ridges are low-lying rice lands, interspersed with numerous natural reservoirs. The soil is fertile, and very highly cultivated, bearing magnificent crops of rice, sugar-cane, wheat and

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orchards of mango and guava. What, Rice, Maize, Gram, corn, mustard, Sugarcane and cereals are major crops. 27. Varanasi – Varanasi, or Banaras, (also known as Kashi) is one of the oldest living cities in the world. Is situated on the banks of the River Ganges. Varanasi is often said to be located between two confluences: one of the Ganges and Varuna, and other of the Ganges and Assi (Assi, a rivulet) Varanasi has several small cottage industries, including production of Banarasi saris. Produces large quantities of langra mangoes, which are variety developed in the area. Banarasi paan (betel leaf). 28. Sarnath – Sarnath, about 10 km from the holy city of Varanasi, is the place where Buddha chose to deliver his first sermon. Besides Buddhism, Sarnath is also connected with Jainism. 29. – Renukoot lies in the southeast-most part of Uttar Pradesh and sits next to Shakti Nagar, Anpara and some other towns in nearby Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Chhattisgarh and Jharkhand. Rihand Dam, located 1.5 km from Renukoot, was built over Govind Ballabh Pant Sagar Lake and the Rihand River (a tributary of the Son River). 30. Bhadohi – Bhadohi is a city, Lok Sabha constituency and a municipal board in Sant Ravidas Nagar district in the state of Uttar Pradesh, India. Also known as the ―Carpet City‖, as it is home to the largest hand-knotted carpet weaving industry hubs in South Asia. The Indian Institute of Carpet Technology, the only Institute of its kind in Asia, is located in the city.

Population of Uttar Pradesh Following are the most crucial population stats of Uttar Pradesh. Extreme care has been taken up while the same may be verified with the census of India 2011 and any error may knidly brought Area 2,40,928 Square km.

Population (As per census 2011 Provisional data) 19,95,81,477

(a)Males (As per census 2011 ) 10,45,96, 415

b)Females (As per census 2011 ) 94, 985,062

Decennial Growth rate (2001-2011) (As per census 2011 ) 20.09 percent

Sex Ratio (As per census 2011 ) 908 per thousand

Density (persons per sq. km.) (As per census 2011 ) 828 per thousand

Child Population (0-6 years) (As per census 2011 ) 2,97,28,235

Child sex ratio (0-6 years) (As per census 2011 )) 899 per thousand

Total Literacy rate-

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Persons 69.72 percent a)Male Literacy 79.24 percent b)Female Literacy 59.26 percent

Crude Birth Rate (SRS 2014) 27.2

Crude Death Rate (SRS 2014) 7.7

Natural Growth Rate (SRS 2014) 19.5

Schedule Caste population (In Crore) (Census 2011) 4,13,57,608

Schedule Tribe population (in crore) (Census 2011) 11,34,273

District With Highest Sex Ratio Jaunpur

District With Highest Population Allahabad

District With Highest 0-6 Population Bahraich

District With Highest 0-6 Sex Ratio Chandoli

District With Highest Literacy Rate Gautam Buddha Nagar

District With Highest Female Literacy Rate Gaziabad

District With Highest Male Literacy Rate Gautam Buddha Nagar

District With Highest Density of population Gaziabad

District With Highest Decadal Growth Rate Baraich

District With Highest Scheduled Caste Population Sonbhadra

District With Highest Scheduled Tribe Population Lakhimpur Kheri

District With Largest Area Lakhimpur Kheri

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District With Lowest Sex Ratio Gautam Buddha Nagar

District With Lowest Population Mahoba

District With Lowest 0-6 Population Kanpur

District With Lowest 0-6 Sex Ratio Agra

District With Lowest Literacy Rate Shravasti

District With Lowest Female Literacy Rate Shravasti

District With Lowest Male Literacy Rate Shravasti

District With Lowest Density of population Lalitpur

District With Lowest Decadal Growth Rate Shravasti

District With Lowest Scheduled Caste Population Bagpat

District With Smallest Area Sant Ravidas Nagar

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Uttar Pradesh :Schedule Tribes and Scheduled Castes The Scheduled Tribe (ST) population of Uttar Pradesh is 11,34,273 at 2011 census, constituting a meagre 0.57 per cent of the total population (199,812,341) of the State. The Scheduled Tribe (ST) population of Uttar Pradesh is mere 0.6% of total tribal population of India. The State has a total of five (5) Scheduled Tribes and all of them have been enumerated at 2011 census. The tribal population of the State is predominantly rural with 88.8 per cent of them residing in villages. District wise distribution of ST population shows that Kheri district has the highest proportion of STs (1.2 per cent), followed by Balrampur (1.1 per cent), Shrawasti & Bahraich (each 0.4 per cent) districts. Nine (9) districts, each having a proportion of 0.1 per cent tribal population whereas remaining fifty seven (57) districts have negligible proportion of ST population.

Population – Size & Distribution

Out of five STs, Tharu is the most populous tribe, having a population of 83,544; they constitute 77.4 per cent of the total tribal population of the State. Buksa is the second major tribe, having a

number of 4,367, followed by Bhotia, Jaunsari and Raji. These four tribes along with generic tribes constitute the balance 22.6 per cent of total ST population. At the level of individual tribe, Tharu are primarily concentrated in Kheri, Balrampur and Bahraich districts. Buksa have the highest concentration in Bijnor, followed by Farrukhabad districts. Other three STs, Bhotia, Jaunsari and Raji have returned maximum population in Agra, Kheri and Gorakhpur districts respectively.

Among the five STs, Buksa and Raji tribes have been recognized as Primitive Tribes. Together, they constitute 5 per cent of the total tribal population of the State.

Various Tribes listed by Government of Uttar Pradesh are:-

. Agariya (in the district of Sonbhadra) . Baiga (in the district of Sonbhadra) . Bhotia . Bhuiya, Bhuinya (in the district of Sonbhadra) . Buksa . Chero (in the districts of Sonbhadra and Varanasi) . Gond, Dhuria, Nayak, Pathari, Raj Gond (in the districts of Mehrajganj, Sidharth Nagar, Basti, Gorakhpur, Deoria, Mau, Azamgarh, Jonpur, BALIA, GHAZIPUR, Varanasi, Mirzapur and Sonbhadra)

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. Jaunsari . Kharwar, Khairwar (in the districts of Deoria, Balia, Ghazipur, Varanasi and Sonbhadra) . Pankha, Panika (in the districts of Sonbhadra and Mirzapur) . Parahiya (in the district of Sonbhadra) . Patari (in the district of Sonbhadra) . Raji . Saharya (in the district of Lalitpur) . Tharu Sex Ratio

The overall sex ratio of the ST population is 934 females per 1000 males which is lower than the national average (978) for all STs.

Individually, all the five tribes have recorded an overall sex ratio lower than the national average. While Tharu, Bhotia and Buksa have sex ratio above 900, Raji and Jaunsari have the sex ratio below 900 and 800 respectively.

The sex ratio among STs, in the age group 0-6 years (973) is equal to that of all STs at the national level. Tharu have recorded the child sex ratio marginally lower than the national average whereas remaining four tribes have registered child sex ratio above 1000, showing a preponderance of girl children.

The total Scheduled Caste population returned in the state of Uttar Pradesh in Census 2011 is 4,13,57,608 Mazor Notified Scheduled Castes of Uttar Pradesh are:-

Percentage of total SC Caste Population 2001 Population Chamar 1,98,03,106 56% parshuram gautra 55,97,002 16% Dhobi 21,84,212 6% Kori 20,00,628 6% Balmiki 11,66,383 3.30% Khatik 7,64,765 2% Dhanuk 5,42,651 1.50% Gond 4,43,457 1.30% Kol 3,31,374 0.90%

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Uttar Pradesh :Power Resource Power Plants – Thermal/Nuclear

1. Narora – Is one of the 7 atomic power plants operated by NPCIL. It is Pressurised Heavy Water Reactor (PHWR) of capacity 220X2 MW. Located in Bulandshahr District.

2. Dadri – It has a huge coal-fired thermal power plant and a gas-fired plant and has a small township located in Uttar Pradesh operated by NTPC. . It is located in Gautam Budh Nagar district. Receives water from upper ganga canal and Beneficiary States are U.P.,Uttarakhand, Rajasthan,Delhi,Punjab,Haryana,HP,J&K,Chandigarh and Railways.

3. Harduaganj Thermal Power Station – is situated in the Aligarh district of Uttar Pradesh. It is about 18 km away from Aligarh. the total capacity of the plant is 460 MW . 4. Auraiya Power Plant – located at Dibiyapur in Auraiya district . The power plant is one of the gas based power plants of NTPC. The gas for the power plant is sourced from GAIL HBJ Pipeline – South Basin Gas field. Source of water for the power plant is Auraiya – Etawah Canal. Present capacity of the plant is 650 MW another 1400 MW is planned. 5. Panki – Panki Thermal Power Station is located at Panki in Kanpur district. It is coal powered station . It has an installed capacity of 220 Mega Watts.

6. Unchahar – Feroze Gandhi Unchahar Thermal Power Plant is located at Unchahar in Raebareli district. It is coal based power plants of NTPC coal is obtained from North Karanpura and water from Sarda Sahayak Canal. The total installed capacity is 5×210 MW. 7. Paricha – Parichha Thermal Power Station is located at Parichha in in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. Parichha Thermal Power Station has a planned capacity of 1140 MW. 8. Obra Thermal Power Station – is situated at Obra in Sonebhadra district in Uttar Pradesh. The plant is 125 km away from Varanasi. Power Station has a capacity of 1382 MW. 9. Anpara Thermal Power Station – Uttar Pradesh Anpara Thermal Power Station Anpara Thermal Power Station is situated at Anpara in Sonebhadra district of Uttar Pradesh. It is almost 200 km away from Varanasi. This Uttar Pradesh thermal power station has 5 units each of which are coal-fired stations. The coal requirements of the plant are fed by Kakri, Kharia and Beena coal mines, NCL. The plant has a installed capacity of 1630 MW, which happens to be the highest among all the thermal power stations in UP. 10. Singrauli – Super Thermal Power Plant is coal based plant has been formed by NTPC. at the border of UP and MP in Sonbhadra district. Coal from Jayant/Bina Mines, water source Rihand Reservoir. Installed capacity is 2500MW.

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11. Parichha Thermal Power Station– is situated at Parichha in the Jhansi district of Uttar Pradesh. It is 25 km away from Jhansi. This Uttar Pradesh thermal power plant has 1 stage with 2 units. The coal is provided to the plant by BCCL and ECL. 12. Tanda Thermal Power Plant Situated at Vidyutnagar in the Ambedkarnagar District of the state of Uttar Pradesh, Tanda Thermal Power Plant is a coal based plant by NTPC generating electricity of 440 MW. North Karanpura Coal Fields supplies the plant with coal while the water is served by the River. Uttar Pradesh :Natural hazards and other related Aspects Habitual natural disasters in the State over the years have been causing severe damage and adversely affecting human, plant and animal life, property and environment. Natural disasters that are of significance in Uttar Pradesh are Floods, Droughts, Fires and Earthquakes. Loss of life and property from these disasters, especially the former three, are in terms of hundreds of crores of rupees annually. Considerable efforts are made every year, both by the government and the public, to mitigate the losses encountered during a disaster. But recurring floods, droughts and fires have been pointers to the manifestation of increased vulnerabilities and inadequacy of the various sporadic mitigation measures attempted. The emerging context is an increase in frequency of disasters, their escalating cost, rising levels of vulnerability, narrowing differences between natural & manmade disasters amidst an increasingly fragile, environment. This underscores the dire need for a holistic approach to dovetail mitigation efforts with development programmes in the State. Emergency preparedness is crucial for recovery from disasters with minimal loss of life and property. Natural disasters that are of significance in Uttar Pradesh are – Floods, Droughts, Fires and Earthquakes. Loss of life and property from these disasters, especially the former three, are in terms of hundreds of crores of rupees annually.

UP is vulnerable from the aspect of man made hazards too i.e. stampede, chemical, radiological and other hazards.

Flood Eastern part of the state is traditionally flood prone but since last few years western Uttar Pradesh has also experienced massive flood situation. Approx 7.34 million hectare area gets affected annually due to Floods. Annual approx. loss due to floods is Rs. 432 crores.

Number of human loss due to floods & thunder storm is 380 in the year 2013.

Drought

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Drought is another major disaster affecting Uttar Pradesh. The State has been divided into two meteorological sub-divisions, viz. U.P. East, and U.P. West.

The recurrence of highly deficient rainfall in East U.P. occurs approximately every 6 to 8 years whereas in West U.P. it is 10 years.

The loss due to drought in the State depends upon the severity of the drought.

In the recent past, the year 2002, 2004 and 2009 have been severe in terms of drought, with losses to crop, livestock and property amounting to Rs.7540 crores and Rs. 7292 crores respectively.

In 2009, 59 districts were declared drought affected.

Bundelkhand & Vindhya region of Uttar Pradesh is traditionally drought prone. Recurrent period of deficient rainfall is 3-4 years

Earthquake The Terai belt districts of UP and entire districts of Saharanpur, Muzaffarnagar, Bagpat, Bijnor, Meerut, Ghaziabad, Gautambuddh Nagar, JP Nagar, Rampur, Moradabad, Bulandshar, in western UP are in Earthquake High Damage Risk Zone-IV. 31 Districts of Uttar Pradesh are in Earthquake Risk Zone -III

Chemical & Industrial Hazard There are 2,456 factories of hazardous nature in the state.

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