MPPSC 2019 – MAINS TEST SERIES 2019 - TEST 4 MPPSC 2019 MAINS TEST SERIES MAINS MENTORSHIP PROGRAM (MMP) TEST 4 GS PAPER 1 (Part B) GEOGRAPHY Topic 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3 MODEL HINTS ------3 MARKERS 1. This question consists of 7 very short answer type questions from (a) to (g). Each question is to be answered in 1 or 2 lines. Each question carries 3 marks.
(a) Flash Floods Model Hints
A flash flood is a rapid flooding of low-lying areas: rivers, dry lakes and depressions.
It may be caused by heavy rain associated with a severe thunderstorm, hurricane, tropical storm, or meltwater from ice or snow flowing over ice sheets or snowfields. Flash floods occur when volume of surface runoff exceeds the ability of the ground to absorb it.
During flash floods there is a sudden influx of water into a dry area within a very short span of time.
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MPPSC 2019 – MAINS TEST SERIES 2019 - TEST 4 (b) Natural Disaster Model Hints
A natural disaster is a major adverse event resulting from natural processes of the Earth; They are sudden ecological disruptions or threats that exceed the adjustment capacity of the affected community and require external assistance. Natural disasters such as earthquake, volcanic eruptions, floods, tsunami, cyclones, landslides, heat and cold waves, droughts, epidemics., etc
(c) Hazard Model Hints A dangerous event that may cause loss of life, injury or other health impacts, as well as damage and loss to property, infrastructure, livelihoods and services, social and economic disruption and, or environmental damage is known as a hazard. A hazard is an agent which has the potential to cause harm to a vulnerable target. Hazards can be both natural or human induced
(d) Drip Irrigation Model Hints Drip irrigation is a method in which irrigation is done through dripping water slowly to the roots of various crops, either onto the soil surface or directly into the roots It's a controlled delivery of water directly to individual plants through a network of tubes or pipes
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(e) Chernobyl Model Hints
Chernobyl, is a partially abandoned city in the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone, situated in the Ukraine. Its a site of Chernobyl Nuclear Disaster that was caused by a nuclear accident that occurred on Saturday 26 April 1986, at the No. 4 reactor in the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant. (f) Tsunami Model Hints
A Tsunami is a series of waves caused by earthquakes or undersea volcanic eruptions Large coastal areas are flooded by rising seawater, when a tsunami strikes the coast.The speed of tsunami waves depends on ocean depth rather than the distance from the source of the wave (g) Watershed Management Model Hints
Watershed management is the process of guiding and organizing the use of land and other resources in a watershed to provide desired goods and services without adversely affecting soil and water resources. The main aim of watershed management is to conserve the soil, plant, and water resources of a catchment while benefiting humanity. All environmental, social, and economic concerns are combined to treat watersheds in an integrated manner. ------6 MARKERS
2. Write the answers of the following questions in about 100 words each.
(a) Write a short note on Chambal Project. Model Hints Chambal River Profile
Origin Janapav near Mhow (M.P) in the Vindhaya mountain range
Discharge Yamuna, Pachnada near Bhareh in Uttar Pradesh
States & Major Madhya Pradesh Cities Rajasthan Uttar Pradesh
Right Bank Parbati, Kali Sindh, Shipra Tributaries
Left Bank Banas, Mej Tributaries
Major Dams Gandhi Sagar, Rana Pratap Sagar, Jawahar Sagar, Kota Barrage
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MPPSC 2019 – MAINS TEST SERIES 2019 - TEST 4
CHAMBAL RIVER PROJECT This is a joint venture of Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh initiated in 1954 on the Chambal River.
The project aims at harnessing the Chambal River for irrigation, power generation and for prevention and control of soil erosion in the valley. The project has been executed in three successive stages.
Stage 1
The first stage consists of construction of the 64 m high and 514 m long Gandhisagar dam about 8 km downstream of the Bhanupura tehsil at the border of M.P. and Rajasthan.
Constructed in 1960, the dam has created the Gandhisagar reservoir which spreads over an area of 688 sq km.
It has a capacity to hold 692 crore cubic metres of water which provides irrigation to 4.44 lakh hectares.
Five units of 23,000 K.W. capacity each have been set up at the dam site.
Stage 2
The second stage includes the construction of the 54 m high and 1,143 m long Rana Pratap masonry dam at Rawatbhata about 56 km downstream of the Gandhisagar dam. It has a gross storage capacity of 290 crore cubic metres spreading over an area of 198 sq km.
It provides irrigation to 1.2 lakh hectares of land. The Rana Pratap power station is located on the left bank just at the toe of the dam. Four generating units of 43,000 K.W. each are installed here.
Stage 3 The third stage consists of the construction of a 45 m high and 548 m long gravity dam, known as the Jawahar Sagar dam or Kota dam, about 29 km upstream of Kota city. It was completed in 1971- 72. The reservoir created by this dam has a potential of 68 million cubic metres. Three generating units of 33,000 K.W. each have been installed here. Kota barrage was constructed in 1960, at a distance of less than 1 km from Kota. This is 36 m high and 600 m long earthen barrage. Irrigation canals taken from both sides of the barrage irrigate 4.4 lakh hectares in Rajasthan and M.P.
(b) Describe the Bhopal Gas Tragedy Model Hints
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MPPSC 2019 – MAINS TEST SERIES 2019 - TEST 4 Bhopal Gas Tragedy . On the night of 2nd -3rd December, 1984 Methyl Isocyanate (MIC) a deadly gas leaked over the city of Bhopal from the plant of Union Carbide India Limited(UCIL) at Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh which manufactured pesticides. . It led to several thousand deaths and more than 500,000 people being exposed to MIC and other hazardous chemicals and causing a disaster which is referred as one of the worst industrial disaster. . The plant was controlled by UCIL which is a subsidiary of the US based company UCC (Union Carbide Corporation), which provided negligible help to deal with the tragedy.
Impact The disaster resulted in people suffering from ailments such as anaemia, tuberculosis but nobody could find the complete health effects caused by MIC and how to treat it. The children born to mothers who were exposed to the gas were also the victims of the MIC. The neo natal mortality rate rose manifold.
(c) What are the advantages and disadvantages of Canal Irrigation Model Hints CANAL IRRIGATION
A canal is an artificial channel that is constructed to carry water to the fields to perform irrigation. The water is taken either from the river, tank or reservoirs Advantages of Canal Irrigation: 1. Un-irrigated wastelands can be developed by canal irrigation, which would increase the quantity of biomass in the area. 2. Economic development can be expedited by avoiding dangerous droughts. Dependence on rainfall can be minimized through canal development. 3. Canals are fed by rain water received by rivers, and the water is used for irrigation. Production of crops needing more water is also possible through canals. As compared to un-irrigated soils, higher productivity per hectare is also possible due to canals. 4. Canal system is a permanent structure, hence only maintenance is required for getting its benefits for a long time. 5. Canals are multi-purpose where apart from irrigation hydro electricity generation, navigation, drinking water supply and fishery development is also done. 6. Groundwater level does not go down on account of canal irrigation, but on the contrary water level increases, which facili•tates digging of wells. 7. Canals are also becoming a source of tourist attraction these days. Disadvantages of Canal Irrigation 1. Only low level areas can be irrigated 2. It can be used at a time when rivers are in excess of flood. 3. Problem of salt effervescence and thereby reducing the fertility of soil .
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MPPSC 2019 – MAINS TEST SERIES 2019 - TEST 4 4. Problem of water logging and turning the adjoining areas to swamps.: To reduce the problem of water logging and salt effervescence the canal has to be lined with bricks , cement , mortar which is expensive. 5. Many diseases are caused due to spread of mosquitoes, worms and insects on account of stationary water in canals. 6. Sometimes efficient canal management results in excessive production of crops, due to which the farmers are not able to get suitable price for their product in the market. 7. Due to shortage of water in inundation canals, crops are destroyed for want of water for irrigation.
(d) Evaluate the Disaster Management Act, 2005. Model Hints The Disaster Management Act, 2005 has been enacted as the central Act to deal with the management of disasters. This act envisaged a three tier Disaster Management structure in India at National, States and District levels. Under the act, the NDMA, SDMA, NEC, NDRF, NIDM and disaster related funds were established. The current lockdown has been imposed under the Disaster Management Act, 2005 (DM Act).
The Disaster Management Act, 2005: The stated object and purpose of the DM Act is to manage disasters, including preparation of mitigation strategies, capacity-building and more. It came into force in India in January 2006. The Act provides for “the effective management of disasters and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto.” The Act calls for the establishment of National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA), with the Prime Minister of India as chairperson. The Act enjoins the Central Government to Constitute a National Executive Committee (NEC) to assist the National Authority. All State Governments are mandated to establish a State Disaster Management Authority (SDMA).
Where is it lacking ? The states have not able to implement the concerned plans. NDMA has failed the states to prepare for the disaster they are vulnerable to. Regarding floods, NDMA has no system in place for the early warnings in the vulnerable areas like Uttarakhand. There is a lack of coordination between the government agencies and ministries responsible for disaster management like the ministry of earth sciences, state governments and NDMA. NDMA has failed in performing many important functions like recommending provision of funds for mitigation, as well as relief in repayment of loans or grant of fresh ones. NDMA’s project management capacity has been found deficient. NDMA has not been able to complete many major projects so far.
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MPPSC 2019 – MAINS TEST SERIES 2019 - TEST 4 15 MARKERS
3. Answer the following questions in about 300 words each.
(a) Explain the advantages and disadvantages of inter-linking of rivers? Write briefly about the Ken-Betwa river interlinking project. Model Hints Need for Interlinking of Rivers . 80% of the water India receives through its annual rains and surface water flow happens over a 4 month period June through September. . This spatial and time variance in availability of natural water versus year round demand for irrigation, drinking and industrial water creates demand supply gap, which can be balanced by interlinking of rivers. . Interlinking of rivers involves joining rivers by the network of canals and reservoirs that solves twin problems of drought and flood by maintaining a water balance between the water deficit and surplus areas. . Pattiseema Lift Irrigation Scheme, has already interlinked the Godavari river and the Krishna river in Andhra's West Godavari district. Advantages . River linking will be a solution to recurring droughts in Bundelkhand region. . It will curb the rate of farmers suicide and will ensure them stable livelihood by providing sustainable means of irrigation (6 lakh hec of land) and reducing excessive dependence on groundwater. . It will not only accelerate the water conservation by construction of multipurpose dam but will also produce 75MW of electricity and will supply drinking water to 13 lakh people. . Few are of the view that the introduction of dam inside the water scarce regions of panna tiger reserve, will rejuvenate the forests of Panna Tiger reserve that in turn will pave the way for Rich Biodiversity in the region. . It will provide employment during the execution of the project. . The afforestation programme could be implemented on canal banks resulting in environmental improvement. . The communication system will improve because of canal roads and CD works raising marketing opportunities. . The formation of the reservoirs will help tourism development, fish and aquaculture, bird sanctuaries etc. Disadvantages of River Interlinking . Interlinking of rivers will cause huge amount of distortion in the existing environment. In order to create canals and reservoirs, there will be mass deforestation. This will have impact on rains and in turn affect the whole cycle of life. . Due to interlinking of rivers, there will be decrease in the amount of fresh water entering seas and this will cause a serious threat to the marine life system and will be a major ecological disaster.
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MPPSC 2019 – MAINS TEST SERIES 2019 - TEST 4 . Due to the creation of Canals and Reservoirs, huge amount of area which is occupied by the people will be submerged leading to displacement of people and government will have to spend more to rehabilitate these people. . The project will cause loss of land, forests, fisheries etc. on which most of the poor and tribal people sustain their livelihood. Therefore there are chances of Loss of Livelihood. KEN BETWA INTERLINKING PROJECT . The Ken Betwa interlinking of rivers (ILR) project was touted as the first river inter-link project under the revised national scheme. . It was given the Union Cabinet’s approval in July 2014, but was stalled because of protests from environmentalists and wildlife conservationists. . It is a project proposed to transfer excess water from the River Ken to the Betwa basin through the use of a concrete canal. . The aim of the project is to provide irrigation to the Bundelkhand region, which is one of the worst drought-affected areas in India. . Beneficiary states: Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh. . It will meet irrigation purposes, drinking water and electricity needs of 6 districts in both the states. . The proposed concrete canal would be 221 km long. It will pass through Jhansi, Banda and Mahoba districts of UP and Chhatarpur, Panna and Tikamgarh districts of MP. . A tripartite Memorandum of Understanding was signed between the Centre, and the governments of UP and MP for the project. . In 2019, central government has announced 90 : 10 funding pattern for Ken Betwa Interlinking Project where 90% of the total estimated cost is to be borne by the centre. Rivers Profile . Ken and Betwa rivers originate in MP and are the tributaries of Yamuna. . Ken meets with Yamuna in Banda district of UP and with Betwa in Hamirpur district of UP. . Rajghat, Paricha and Matatila dams are over Betwa river. . Ken River passes through Panna tiger reserve.
(b) Evaluate the basic policy framework of Disaster Management in India. Model Hints . India has been traditionally vulnerable to natural disasters on account of its unique geo-climatic conditions. . Floods, droughts, cyclones, earthquakes and landslides have been a recurrent phenomena. . About 60% of the landmass is prone to earthquakes of various intensities; over 40 million hectares is prone to floods; about 8% of the total area is prone to cyclones and 68% of the area is susceptible to drought. . Disaster management occupies an important place in this country’s policy framework as it is the poor and the under-privileged who are worst affected on account of calamities/disasters.
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MPPSC 2019 – MAINS TEST SERIES 2019 - TEST 4 . Disaster Management approach has been translated into a National Disaster Framework [a roadmap] covering institutional mechanisms, disaster prevention strategy, early warning system, disaster mitigation, preparedness and response and human resource development Legislation: Disaster Management Act 2005 The Disaster Management Act, 2005 has been enacted as the central Act to deal with the management of disasters. This act envisaged a three tier Disaster Management structure in India at National, States and District levels. Under the act, the NDMA, SDMA, NEC, NDRF, NIDM and disaster related funds were established. The current lockdown has been imposed under the Disaster Management Act, 2005 (DM Act).
Institutions and Policies related to Disaster Management Framework at National level At the national level, the Ministry of Home Affairs is the nodal Ministry for all matters concerning disaster management. National Disaster Management Authority of India (NDMA) It was established in 2005, under the Disaster Management Act 2005. The objective of NDMA is, to build a safer and disaster resilient India by a holistic, proactive, technology driven and sustainable development strategy. The NDMA is chaired by the Prime Minister of India and has a vice chairman with the status of Cabinet Minister and eight members with the status of Ministers of State. The NDMA Secretariat is headed by a Secretary and deals with mitigation, preparedness, plans, reconstruction, community awareness and financial and administrative aspects.
National Disaster Management Plan (NDMP)
It was released in 2016, it is the first ever national plan prepared in the country for disaster management. With National Disaster Management Plan (2016) India has aligned its National plan with the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030, to which India is a signatory. The objective of the plan is to make India disaster resilient, achieve substantial disaster risk reduction. It aims to significantly decrease the losses of life, livelihoods, and assets in terms of economic, physical, social, cultural, and environmental. To maximize the ability to cope with disasters at all levels of administration as well as among communities. State Disaster Management Authority (SDMA) At State level, State Disaster Management Authorities are established under Disaster Management Act 2005. SDMA is chaired by the Chief Minister of the State and has not more than eight members who are appointed by the Chief Minister. The SDMA prepares the state disaster management plan and implements the National Disaster Management Plan. District Disaster Management Authority (DDMA) Under Disaster Management Act 2005, every State government shall establish a DDMA for every district MPPSC 2019 - MAINS TEST SERIES 2019 (Enroll@8999) Call: 9953733830 WhatsApp: 7982862964 Mail: [email protected] www.mppscadda.com
MPPSC 2019 – MAINS TEST SERIES 2019 - TEST 4 in the State. The DDM Authority shall consist of: o Chairperson - the Collector or District Magistrate or Deputy Commissioner act as Chairperson of DDMA. o Co-Chairperson - is the elected representative of the local authority. In the Tribal Areas, the Chief Executive Member of the district council of autonomous district is the co-chairperson. There are not more than seven other members in DDMA.
The Disaster Management Committee governed under District Magistrate will formulate village level disaster management plans for concern villages.
The DDMA makes District Disaster Management Plan and implements the state Disaster Management Plan
ISSUES AND CONCERNS There are significant gaps in preparedness on various aspects of risk management, particularly for catastrophic disasters like major earthquakes and floods. Though all of India’s states have departments of disaster management or relief and rehabilitation, they are still poorly prepared to lend support in times of disasters. Facilities such as emergency operations centres, emergency communications, and search and rescue teams need to be strengthened. In India Disaster management is yet to be seen as an essential part of good governance and integral to development planning. The preparedness at various levels are not people-oriented. India’s capacity to manage disaster risk is challenged by its size and huge population. The northeast region is most at risk from earthquakes and lacks seismically secure infrastructure and buildings. It is also vulnerable to landslides, floods and erosion. Flooding on the country’s plains is a regular occurrence, and although communities are resilient, the intensity of floods has reduced their capacity to adapt. The local adaptation efforts driven solely by communities are no longer sufficient and additional, scientifically planned adaptation is needed, which will require government support. The division of responsibilities under the Disaster Management Act is not very clear, resulting in its poor implementation. There also exists an overlap between the implementing agencies Intense public and media scrutiny after disasters automatically leads to a higher priority being given to response, rather than risk reduction. Furthermore, where risk-reduction activities are described, State Disaster Management Plans (SDMPs) does not institutionalize accountability mechanisms to ensure that departments follow these considerations in their own planning. As a result, risk-reduction activities are driven by schemes and external projects, rather than by guidelines in SDMPs.
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MPPSC 2019 – MAINS TEST SERIES 2019 - TEST 4 NOTES
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