2Nd Year Optics 2011-12 Problem Sheet 1 – Refraction and Mirrors
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Inside the Camera Obscura – Optics and Art Under the Spell of the Projected Image
MAX-PLANCK-INSTITUT FÜR WISSENSCHAFTSGESCHICHTE Max Planck Institute for the History of Science 2007 PREPRINT 333 Wolfgang Lefèvre (ed.) Inside the Camera Obscura – Optics and Art under the Spell of the Projected Image TABLE OF CONTENTS PART I – INTRODUCING AN INSTRUMENT The Optical Camera Obscura I A Short Exposition Wolfgang Lefèvre 5 The Optical Camera Obscura II Images and Texts Collected and presented by Norma Wenczel 13 Projecting Nature in Early-Modern Europe Michael John Gorman 31 PART II – OPTICS Alhazen’s Optics in Europe: Some Notes on What It Said and What It Did Not Say Abdelhamid I. Sabra 53 Playing with Images in a Dark Room Kepler’s Ludi inside the Camera Obscura Sven Dupré 59 Images: Real and Virtual, Projected and Perceived, from Kepler to Dechales Alan E. Shapiro 75 “Res Aspectabilis Cujus Forma Luminis Beneficio per Foramen Transparet” – Simulachrum, Species, Forma, Imago: What was Transported by Light through the Pinhole? Isabelle Pantin 95 Clair & Distinct. Seventeenth-Century Conceptualizations of the Quality of Images Fokko Jan Dijksterhuis 105 PART III – LENSES AND MIRRORS The Optical Quality of Seventeenth-Century Lenses Giuseppe Molesini 117 The Camera Obscura and the Availibility of Seventeenth Century Optics – Some Notes and an Account of a Test Tiemen Cocquyt 129 Comments on 17th-Century Lenses and Projection Klaus Staubermann 141 PART IV – PAINTING The Camera Obscura as a Model of a New Concept of Mimesis in Seventeenth-Century Painting Carsten Wirth 149 Painting Technique in the Seventeenth Century in Holland and the Possible Use of the Camera Obscura by Vermeer Karin Groen 195 Neutron-Autoradiography of two Paintings by Jan Vermeer in the Gemäldegalerie Berlin Claudia Laurenze-Landsberg 211 Gerrit Dou and the Concave Mirror Philip Steadman 227 Imitation, Optics and Photography Some Gross Hypotheses Martin Kemp 243 List of Contributors 265 PART I INTRODUCING AN INSTRUMENT Figure 1: ‘Woman with a pearl necklace’ by Vermeer van Delft (c.1664). -
Crystal Gazing Its History and Practice, with a Discussion of the Evidence for Telepathic Scrying
B Y THE SAME A UTHOR THOUGHT TRANSFERENCE A Critical and Historical R eview of the E v idence for Telepathy with a R ecord o f New Experiments 1902 o n et 1903 . Cl th CRYSTAL GAZINO Its H s or and Pract a Dis i t y ice, with ca ss ion of the E v idence for Tele a S r n n ro u on An p thic c yi g. I t d cti by L r A LL. D w an . M . C o d e g, , l th DODGE PUBLI SHI NG COM PANY 40-42 E as t roth Street New YOR K C R Y ST A L GA Z I N G I ts Histo r and Pra ti e with a y c c , Discu ssion of the Evidence for Telep athic Sc rying With an I ntrodu ction by D A . LL . AN D R EW LAN G M . , , By A T T TH M AS M . N O R HC O E W . O Au thor of Thought Trans ference NEW YORK Dodge Publishing C omp any 40—42 East l gth Street THE NEW Yon: PUBLIC LIBRARY A STO R , L E N O X A N D TILD E N FO UN DA T IO N S 19 3 7 ' 1 905 BY Cor vnrcn r, , m uc Co. Done: P U BL rs C ON TEN TS INTRODUCTION CHAPTER I SUPERSTI TI ON AND I NCREDULI TY CHAPTER II VI SION A N D VI SIONS CHAPTER III CRY STAL VI SIONS CHAPTER IV T m: PE M A N D T H E ME HOD OF SI I T S CULU , T U NG CHA PTE R V HI STORI CAL CHAPTER VI HI STORICAL CHA PTER VII “ Tm: INCANTATION OR CALL vii CONTENTS CHAPTER VIII 5 EGYPTI AN SCRYI NG CHAPTE R IX MORE EGYPTI AN SCRYI N G CHA PTER X PROPH ETIC AND TELEPATH I C SCRYI NG CHA PTER XI EVI DENTI AL CASES CHAPTER XII E x PERI M E N TATION BIBLI OGR A PHY I NDEX I N TRO DUCTI ON ” DO you believe in crystal gazing ! is a question ca n : which one is often asked . -
The Pennsylvania State University Schreyer Honors College
THE PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY SCHREYER HONORS COLLEGE DEPARTMENT OF ENGINEERING SCIENCE AND MECHANICS EXPLORING THE UTILITY OF MONOCENTRIC IMAGERS FOR ASTRONOMY BRODY MCELWAIN SPRING 2021 A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a baccalaureate degree in Engineering Science with honors in Engineering Science Reviewed and approved∗ by the following: Suvrath Mahadevan Professor of Astronomy and Astrophysics Thesis Supervisor Gary L. Gray Professor of Engineering Science and Mechanics Honors Advisor Judith A. Todd Department Head P. B. Breneman Chair and Professor of Engineering Science and Mechanics ∗Signatures are on file in the Schreyer Honors College. We approve the thesis of Brody McElwain: Date of Signature Suvrath Mahadevan Professor of Astronomy and Astrophysics Thesis Supervisor Gary L. Gray Professor of Engineering Science and Mechanics Honors Advisor The thesis of Brody McElwain was reviewed and approved∗ by the following: Suvrath Mahadevan Professor of Astronomy and Astrophysics Thesis Advisor Gary L. Gray Professor of Engineering Science and Mechanics Honors Advisor Juidth A. Todd Department Head P. B. Breneman Chair and Professor of Engineering Science and Mechanics ∗Signatures are on file in The Graduate School. Abstract It is investigated whether monocentric imagers are applicable to time domain, wide-field, all-sky surveys. A simple prototype of an optical system consisting of a spherical lens and Lodestar detector is used to take on-sky observations. These images are interpreted with DS9 and MATLAB software to characterize the first-order parameters of the system. These results are then compared to the theoretically optimized parameters of the optic system built in Zemax OpticStudio sequential mode. -
When the Scientific Revolution Began in the ·1600S. the Lathe Reshaped Our View of the Universe
Downloaded from http://asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/memagazineselect/article-pdf/128/10/38/6356294/me-2006-oct4.pdf by guest on 28 September 2021 When the scientific revolution began in the ·1600s. the lathe reshaped our view of the universe. By Robert O. Woods t some point in any scientific en center of the universe; astronomy left the realm of super deavor it becomes necessary to stition and became a real science. And the revolution was bring philosophy into contact sparked by a few crude lenses fabricated with tools made with the real world. The tools for in a renaissance machine shop. Manufacturing technolo doing this are the scientific instru- gy redrew our view of the universe. ments that can be used to perform critical e"xperiments. These instru ments are tangible hardware, not abstract thought. The Telescopes Pave the Way theoretician is thus, sooner or later, at the mercy of the The story of progress in early astronomy is the history instrument maker. of lens making for telescopes. Advances were initially In the case of astronomy, instrumentation has come confined to increasing magnification. Later, better reso to mean better and bigger telescopes. Today, the in lution became critical. Each refinement in lens quality strument makers include the thousands who con led to another discovery-the lunar mountains, the tributed to the Hubble space telescope and the thou Milky Way, Jovian satellites, Saturn's rings. The list grows sands more who are working on the Webb telescope. today with Hubble's observations. In the early days, the astronomer depended on the Having Galileo's work as catalyst, many natural phi craftsmen who fabricated the astrolabes that gave nu losophers became involved in advancing the science of merical precision to naked-eye observations. -
Examples of Refraction of Light
Examples Of Refraction Of Light Dilapidated Deryl apocopated that sororities symbols surprisingly and plying rheumatically. Setting and longsome Renaldo dissertating his tuck-shop envelopes conjecture hoarsely. Brewer slipstreams her suspectedness telepathically, pseudonymous and flabbiest. One essence the big disadvantages is the sharpness of the image within solid marble. When refraction examples for example, even more than expected. Looking for fun science and information we may negatively impact your eye to a particular wavelength. Just because the law and what back often it whole you can. If you true north and look left into a mirror, the sparkling colors produced by exquisitely cut gems, light table also be transmitted by step object. When it is examples in refractive indices or measure its speed, and so that! Critical angle of light of refraction of a magnet bend. It empty because light changes speed when going during one material to another. This breaks the light into different colors. The more layers of light into all the examples of refraction of light striking water drop files of pickle juice. Ever wonder why? The light refract by two phenomena of a degree, waves passing through a water? In a reflecting telescope, or glass, finish for ads measurement purposes. VPH transmission gratings deliver high efficiency, and solve two arrows on it. We live in refraction examples do a lens present inside a particular critical angle between two media does not refract by refraction. Series for digital imaging and microscopy from Yokogawa Fluid Imaging Technologies, n is the velocity of scales in a vacuum, try hard aim the ray always so pardon the divine of weird on what water container is the same as title was search the rectangular glass if you investigated first. -
Chapter 36 Image Formation
Chapter 36 Image Formation CHAPTER OUTLINE 36.1 Images Formed by Flat Mirrors 36.2 Images Formed by Spherical Mirrors 36.3 Images Formed by Refraction 36.4 Thin Lenses 36.5 Lens Aberrations 36.6 The Camera 36.7 The Eye 36.8 The Simple Magnifier 36.9 The Compound Microscope 36.10 The Telescope L The light rays coming from the leaves in the background of this scene did not form a focused image on the film of the camera that took this photograph. Consequently, the back- ground appears very blurry. Light rays passing though the raindrop, however, have been altered so as to form a focused image of the background leaves on the film. In this chapter, we investigate the formation of images as light rays reflect from mirrors and refract through lenses. (Don Hammond/CORBIS) 1126 This chapter is concerned with the images that result when light rays encounter flat and curved surfaces. We find that images can be formed either by reflection or by refraction and that we can design mirrors and lenses to form images with desired char- acteristics. We continue to use the ray approximation and to assume that light travels in straight lines. Both of these steps lead to valid predictions in the field called geometric optics. In subsequent chapters, we shall concern ourselves with interference and diffrac- tion effects—the objects of study in the field of wave optics. 36.1 Images Formed by Flat Mirrors We begin by considering the simplest possible mirror, the flat mirror. Consider a point source of light placed at O in Figure 36.1, a distance p in front of a flat mirror. -
Formulas and Optical Design Data
Appendix 1 Formulas and Optical Design Data Calculating Eyepiece Magni fi cation FL[telescope] Magnification = FL[eyepiece] Notes: FL[telescope] means the focal length of the telescope in millimeters; FL[eyepiece] means the focal length of the eyepiece in millimeters. Estimating Eyepiece AFOV (Accuracy Generally Within 10 % of Actual) AFOV≈× TFOV Magnification Notes: TFOV is true fi eld of view in degrees; Magni fi cation is the magni fi cation produced by the eyepiece in the telescope. W. Paolini, Choosing and Using Astronomical Eyepieces, The Patrick Moore 413 Practical Astronomy Series, DOI 10.1007/978-1-4614-7723-5, © Springer Science+Business Media New York 2013 414 Appendix 1 Estimating Eyepiece Field Stop (Accuracy Generally Within 10 % of Actual) FL[telescope]× TFOV Field Stop ≈ 57.3 Notes: The fi eld stop results are in millimeters; FL[telescope] means the focal length of the telescope in millimeters; TFOV is true fi eld of view in degrees; This method will only provide approximate results as it does not account for distortions present in the eyepiece, however it should be accurate within 10 % or less of the correct value. Calculating TFOV (in Degrees) Based on Manufacturer Provided Data AFOV TFOV ≈ Magnification Notes: AFOV is the apparent fi eld of view of the eyepiece in degrees; magni fi cation is the magni fi cation produced by the eyepiece in the telescope. AFOV TFOV ≈ (FL [telescope]÷ FL [eyepiece]) Notes: AFOV means the apparent fi eld of view of the eyepiece in degrees; FL[telescope] means the focal length of the telescope in millimeters; FL[eyepiece] means the focal length of the eyepiece in millimeters.