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Veeteede Ameti Teataja 2013/1 VEETEEDE AMETI TEATAJA 2013/1 Navigatsioonimärkide tulede areng Eestis ................................................................................. 2 Mitteoriginaalsed GMDSS liitiumpatareid .............................................................................. 17 Õigusaktide muudatused .......................................................................................................... 18 Uudised välisallikatest .............................................................................................................. 20 Merendusterminoloogia ........................................................................................................... 26 Laevaõnnetused ........................................................................................................................ 40 Veeteede Ameti väljastatud tunnustamisotsused ...................................................................... 41 Mereürituste ajakava 2013 ....................................................................................................... 41 IMO teated ................................................................................................................................ 42 Navigatsioonimärkide tulede areng Eestis Sissejuhatus Esimeste laternatena võeti tuletornides 18. sajandil kasutusele õlilambid, mille taha oli paigaldatud paraboolne peegel. Järgmise suure sammuna võeti 19. sajandil kasutusele Fresnel’ lääts, aastal 1823 Corduani tuletornis Bordeaux´s Prantsusmaal. Olulisemate teetähistena järgnesid hõõgsukk-põletiga valgustid, mis töötasid gaasistatud petrooleumil, hiljem atsetüleenil, kaarleekvalgusti ja lõpuks hõõgniidiga lambi leiutamine (1879. a). Tänapäeval on navigatsioonimärkidel kasutusel olevad valgusallikad kõik elektritoitel ning nende valik mitmekesine. Kõige sagedamini kasutatav valgusallikas on arvatavasti endiselt hõõglamp (incandescent lamp, filament lamp) ja selle kaasaegsem versioon – halogeenlamp. Halogeenlampi on võimalik kasutada plinktule valgusallikana. Halogeenlambil on hulk puudusi: piiratud kasutusiga, lambi sisepinna mustumine, väike valgusviljakus, valdav osa kulutatud energiast eraldub soojuskiirgusena. Suure rühma valgusallikaid moodustavad mitmesugused gaaslahenduslambid (electric discharge lamp), navigatsioonimärgi valgusallikana neist enimkasutatav on metall-haliidlamp (peale selle on erinevateks vajadustes kasutatavad ka elavhõbelambid, ksenoonlambid ja mitmesugused muud fluorestsentslambid). Need valgusallikad ei sobi plinktuledele, kuna nende süttimisrežiim ei ole hetkeliselt juhitav. Selliseid valgusallikaid saab kasutada varjutava tule tekitamiseks või pöördlaternas. Metall-haliidlampide eeliseks on suur valgusviljakus ja sobiv kiirgusspekter. Eelkirjeldatutest põhimõtteliselt erinevad valgusallikad on tahkisefüüsika protsessidel põhinevad valgusdioodid ja laserid. Valgusdioode valgusallikatena käsitletakse järgmistes jaotistes. Eksperimentidest laserite kasutamisel navigatsioonimärkide valgusallikana on teateid alates 1972. aastast1. Informatsiooni eksperimentidest laseritega sihimärkidel, vastavast juurutamiskogemusest ja isegi laserite tavakasutusest üksikutes kohtades sihi valgusallikana on ka hilisemast ajast. Vaatamata sellele ei ole laser saanud navigatsioonimärgi valgusallikaks tavakasutuse mõttes – see on keerukas, kallis, vähetöökindel ja lühikese kasutuseaga (eelnev ei kehti pooljuhtlaserite kohta). Sageli on probleemiks ka see, et laserikiir on liiga kitsas sihi töötsooni (kanali laiuse) katmiseks. Pooljuhtlaseritel on mitmete valgusdioodidega sarnaste omaduste kõrval kindlasti üksikuid eeliseid, nagu näiteks suur kasutegur ja koherentne valgus, mida saaks ära kasutada nt moduleeritud valgusega erilahenduste loomisel eriti vastutusrikastes kohtades. Üldist Navigatsioonituled võib jagada merel kõigist suundadest ühtviisi nähtavateks ringtuledeks (omnidirectional lights, rotating beacons) ja ainult kindlatest suundadest näha olevateks tuledeks (sectorlights, directional lights, precision sectorlights, leading lights). Konstruktsioonilt on ujuvmärkide ja tuletornide või tulepaakide laternad väga erinevad. Kohtkindlate püsimärkide (tuletorni, tulepaagid) laternatel peab suurima efektiivsuse saavutamiseks olema võimalikult väike valguskiire vertikaalne kõrvalekalle horisontaaltasandist (GLA2 spetsialistide hinnangul on paljudel juhtudel piisav 0.25º), nii on 1 USA rannavalve testis laserite kasutatavust visuaalsete navigatsioonimärkidena, kuid katsed ei viinud tulemuseni. 1992. aastal alustas tööd eksperimentaalne lasersiht Grotonis, USA rannavalve arenduskeskuses. 2 sama valgusallikaga võimalik saavutada suuremat valguskiire tihedust ja suurendada sellega nähtavuskaugust või vähendades sama nähtavuskauguse juures valgusallika võimsust ja hoida kokku elektrienergiat. Ujuvmärgi laterna valguskiir peab olema nii suure vertikaalkõrvalekalde nurgaga, et tuules ja lainetes kaldu olev (kõikuv) ujuvmärk oleks sellest hoolimata veeliiklejale nähtav. Kõnealuse nurga suurus on kompromiss, kuna nurga suurendamisel väheneb valgustihedus ja nähtavuskaugus ning valgusallika võimsuse suurendamisel suureneb energiatarve. Ujuvmärgi energiaühiku hind on väga kõrge (>100 €/kWh) ja asustusest ning elektriliinidest kaugel asuvate navigatsioonimärkide energiasüsteemid ei võimalda sageli üldse suurt energiakogust saada; sellistes oludes on laternate efektiivsus väga oluline. Valgusallikad Navigatsioonimärkide laternate suurima valgusviljakusega valgusallikateks loetakse metall- haliidlampe, mis sobivad siiski ainult pöördlaternatele, sest neid ei saa kasutada sageda sisse- välja lülitamise- ehk plinkrežiimis. Viimaste aastatega on valgusdioodide3 omadused jõudsalt paranenud. Valgusdioodide valgusviljakus on tõusnud 100 luumenini vati kohta ning parimad näidised ületavad metall-haliidlampide valgusviljakuse (120 lm/W). Valgusdioodide maksimaalne valgusviljakus on arendustöö tulemusena kahekordistunud ~36 kuu jooksul4 alates esimeste valgusdioodide kasutuselevõtust. Joonis 1. Haitzi seadus5 GLA – General Lighthouse Authority – avalik-õiguslik organisatsioon Suurbritannias, tegeleb muu hulgas navigatsioonimärkide hooldusega. http://www.trinityhouse.co.uk/th/about/index.html 3 Valgusdiood – nimetatakse ka LED (Light Emitting Diode) või LED valguallikas või pooljuhtvalgusallikas. Valgusdioodide baasil ehitatud valgusteid nimetatakse nt valgusdioodlaternateks, LED laternateks või leedlaternateks, samuti LED lampideks või leedlampideks. Online 12. aprill 2013 http://keeleabi.eki.ee/. 4 Haitzi seadus: valgusdioodide maksimaalne valgusviljakus kahekordistub 36 kuu jooksul (sarnane Moore’i seadusele: transistorite arv protsessoris kahekordistub 18 kuuga) 5 Online 01. aprill 2013 http://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valgusdiood Pooljuhtvalgusallikate kiire arengu näitlikustamiseks võib tuua võrdluse, kus esimese hõõglambi valgusviljakus aastal 1879 oli 1.5 lm/W. Järgneva 130 aastaga tõusis hõõglampide valgusviljakus 16 lm/W-ni. Fluorestsentslampide valgusviljakus muutus 50 lm/W-st nende kasutuselevõtul 1938. aastal 100 lm/W-ni järgneva 60 aastaga. Esimene valge valgusdiood jõudis müügile 1996. aastal, selle valgusviljakus oli 5 lm/W. Praeguseks on müügil valgusdioodid valgusviljakusega kuni 150 lm/W. Eksperimentaalseadmetega on saavutatud maksimaalne valgusviljakus 250–270 lm/W (2010. a), teoreetiline maksimum on 260–300 lm/W6. Valge valgusallika saamiseks kasutatakse kaht meetodit: kolme erineva pooljuhtsiirde kombi- natsiooni (RGB ehk Red-Green-Blue) või sinist ja ultraviolettvalgust kiirgavat pooljuhtsiiret, mis on kaetud luminofooriga (kollane fosfor). Viimasel juhul kiirgab valgusdiood pideva spektriga valgust nähtavas alas. RGB tehnoloogia alusel valmistatud valgusdiood kiirgab kolmes kitsas (50 nm) spektrialas, mis liitumisel annavad valgele lähedase valguse. Valgus- dioodide valgussaagis on 15%, kogu ülejäänud osa (85%) tarbitavast võimsusest eraldub pooljuhtkristallis soojusena ning tuleb jahutussüsteemi poolt siirdest välja juhtida. Suurima võimsusega maatrikspooljuhtvalgusallikad on käesoleval ajal võimsusega ~500 W, mis suudavad tekitada valgusvoo 50 000 lm, nende valgusviljakus on 100 lm/W ja hind ~200 € tk. Pooljuhtvalgusallikatel on teiste valgusallikate ees palju eeliseid: suur valgusviljakus (hõõglambist 4–5 korda väiksem energiakulu sama valgusvoo juures), punase ja rohelise tule suur efektiivsus, kuna pole vajalik kasutada valgusfiltrit, pikk kasutusiga (hõõglambist 50–100 korda pikem), vähene soojuskiirgus (25 korda väiksem, kui samasuure valgusvooga hõõglambil), madalatel temperatuuridel (siis, kui on energiadefitsiit) valgusviljakus suureneb, sobiva värvustemperatuuriga valge valgus, mis ei muutu võimsuse reguleerimisel, valgusdioodi värvustemperatuur eristub taustvalgusest (linnatuled), väike inerts (lülitusaeg 0.01 μs), puudub voolutõuge (halogeenlampidel 5–10 korda Inominal) lülitushetkel, suur töökindlus ja põrutuskindlus, laternates on harilikult mitu valgusallikat, millega tagatakse parem töökindlus, hõlpsasti reguleeritav, madalpingeline toide (U>4V) väikeste mõõtmete tõttu hõlpsasti fokusseeritav, hooldusvaba. Pooljuhtvalgusallika puudused: kõrge hind, keerukas juhtskeem, hädavajalik kasutada keerukaid lahendusi pooljuhtsiirde soojusrežiimi tagamiseks, üksiku valgusdioodi kui punktvalgusallika piiratud suurusega valgusvoog. 6 Online 12. aprill 2013 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luminous_efficacy Joonis 2. LED valgusallikad 30W – 500W (vasakul) ja 5W – 10W (paremal) Joonis 3. Orgaaniline valgusdiood OLED – valgust kiirgav orgaaniline ühend Navigatsioonimärkide
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