Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(10): 2644-2650

International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 8 Number 10 (2019) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com

Review Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2019.810.305

Green Synthesis of and their Possible Avenues in Environmental Application – A Review

S. Saritha1 and V. Prabha2*

1MMES Women’s Arts and Science College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India 2Department of Biochemistry, DKM College for Women, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India

*Corresponding author

ABSTRACT

K e yw or ds plays a crucial role in addressing the innovations and Nanoremediation, solution to vast challenges in various fields. In recent years, green synthesis Nanotechnology, Green synthesis, has gained extensive attention based on its reliability and stability. The use , and development of using biogenic approach has several Electro signaling advantaged on environment and defined as nanoremediation. This

Article Info beneficial technology can also be designed in order to decrease the risk of environmental pollution. This review deals with the types of nanoparticles, Accepted:

15 September 2019 various route s involved in the synthesis of the nanomaterial. This mini

Available Online: review highlights the employment of green synthesized nanomaterials in 10 October 2019 gas sensors, electro signaling and photocatalysis.

Introduction physical properties of nanoparticles differ largely compared with bulk materials because Nanotechnology has emerged during 1980’s exhibit relatively large surface and has become the center of attraction in the area. Additionally, the particle at nanoscale 21st century for both public and scientific has length lesser than de Broglie wavelength community. Nanotechnology can be simply of the charge carrier or wavelength of light. defined as understanding and control of matter This interesting property of nanoparticle has at dimension between 1 and 100 nm that made them an efficient candidate in various results in succeeding novel and effective fields of science and technology. This modern applications (Murugan et al 2014). In other day technology plays a vital role in day to day words, engineering and exploring the life of modern human being. applications of nanomaterials with smaller size(Whatmore 2006). These particles are In this modern era, nanotechnology has microscopic with minimum one dimension attained greater importance and its budding less than 100 nm(Garg et al 2011).The applications has several beneficial impacts on

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Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(10): 2644-2650 the society in various fields such as Environment, Engineering, Pharmaceutical, Liposomes are another form of nanoparticles Agriculture and so on. Among various general used in the field of drug delivery that consist applications, use of Titanium (Ti) and Zinc of one or more phospholipids bilayer that (Zn) in has highly attracted the carry the compound of interest to the site of scientific community. The involvement of action. Liposomes are widely used in the field nanotechnology in environmental sector of pharmaceuticals and food industries in widely includes waste water treatment, delivering the drug by acting as catalyst. remediation, sensors and energy storages etc Encapsulation of unstable compounds are (Wang and Dai 2013). On the other hand, done using the liposomes(Akbarzadeh et al scheming the nanomaterial for environmental 2013). Apart for these, quantum dots are issues should also bear safety towards the semiconductors with size lesser than 10 nm in ecosystem which greatly includes living diameter. These quantum dots exhibit specific beings and the sources of life with potential size dependent electronic and optical environmental benefits(Hutchison 2008). In properties(Collier et al 1998). Most of the this mini review, we have discussed about the quantum dots are arranged based on core and types of platform of nanoparticles, general shell material. The core consists of cadmium approaches to synthesize nanoparticles by selenium as core and zinc selenium as cap or biological means and its use in environmental shell (Jovin 2003). These quantum dots are applications. widely used in biological research such as fluorescence imaging and biomolecule Numerous forms/platforms of nanoparticles tracking.

The various forms of nanoparticles includes Various routes for synthesis of inorganic nanoparticles, polymeric nanoparticles nanoparticles, solid lipid nanoparticles, liposomes, nanocrystals, nanotubes, Nanoparticles were synthesized by means of dendrimers etc (Fig 1). Inorganic three different methods i) Chemical method ii) nanoparticles have greatly attained the physical methods and iii) Biological method. attention of the research community in the Synthesis of nanoparticles by chemical means field of biotechnology mainly due to the was considered to be quick and ancient exceptional physical property. These methods but later it was found to be toxic due nanoparticle exhibit size dependent optical, to the chemicals used during capping and magnetic, electronic and property of stabilizing. These nanoparticles were observed catalyzing the reaction (Ladj et al to be toxic to ecosystem. On the other hand, 2013).Polymeric nanoparticles are one such physical method of nanoparticle synthesis is nanoparticles highly employed in research. considered to one of the expensive methods The scattering of polymer and polymerization involving complex means in fabricating the of monomers are the crucial approaches nanoparticles. Due to toxic effect, nanoparticle involved for the materialization of polymeric synthesized using physical and chemical nanoparticles (Prasad Rao and Kurt Geckeler methods are not employed in the field of drugs 2011). In conserving the liberating and therapeutics. To overcome these effectiveness of drug in 1990 solid lipid disadvantages, green synthesis of nanoparticles were introduced and they played nanoparticles was introduced which results in a vital role in the field of drug delivery. They non-toxic and eco-friendly compounds. It was act as carrier system to , liposomes observed that, the biological materials bear the and polymeric nanoparticles (Abhilash 2010). tendency to reduce the metals to metal ions 2645

Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(10): 2644-2650 easily with less cost and low toxicity when low cost. Various plants such as leaf, compared with physical and chemical china rose, green tea, aloe vera, crown flower, methods. For synthesizing metal or metal alfalfa, mustard were highly studied for its oxide nanoparticle, plant and microbial efficacy in synthesizing nanoparticles in vivo diversity has been highly exploited due to the by reducing metal salts to metal ions. The presence of secondary metabolites such as nanoparticles synthesized by means of green flavones, terpenoids, carboxylic acids, synthesis were found to be stable. Ag phenols, aldehydes and ketones. These nanoparticles fabricated using tea leaf extract secondary metabolites play an essential in were found to be very stable when introduced reducing metals into metal ions (Doble and into the aquatic environment(Sun et al 2014). Kruthiventi 2007). Environmental application of Green synthesis of nanoparticles nanotechnology

Due to increased cost, high toxicity, higher Environmental pollution and protection radiation over environment and human beings, remains as an important issue to be addressed physical and chemical methods of at the earliest for maintaining the healthy nanoparticle fabrication is being less used. On ecosystem. Trace amount of pest, oil, dye, the other hand, green synthesis of heavy metals with high chloride concentration nanoparticles was found to be a single step in water purifiers were reported by (Jadhav et process that utilize very less energy for al 2013). In order to remediate the pollution, initiating the reaction. This method of various approaches has been employed which nanoparticle synthesis were considered to be broadly includes, bioremediation, phyto- an effective, non-toxic, bio friendly method remediation, rhizoremediation, nanotechno- (Dahoumane et al 2016; El-Rafie et al 2013; logy etc. Recent studies utilize the efficiency Husen and Siddiqi 2014;Khan et al 2015). of nanoparticles in remediating the polluted Among plants and other biological sites, which has now been termed as nano components, bacteria play a key role in bio- remediation. Nano remediation has become an reduction of metal salts into metal ions. effective method for remediating the polluted Generally, bacterial species are highly landfills using the substantial role in sensing, recommended in biotechnological applications observing and remediating (Rajan 2011). such as genetic engineering, bioremediation, These nano remediation remains as an bioleaching etc(Gericke and Pinches 2006). alternate for the current day expensive Bacterial means of synthesis is found to be treatments such as thermal treatment, chemical easier since the manipulation, growth and oxidation and surfactant co flushing cultivation process is found to be simpler etc (Löffler and Edwards 2006). (Thakkar et al 2010). Likewise, fungi have many advantages over the other due to the Nanotechnology has been exploited in existence of all indispensable metabolites on constructing low cost but highly sensitized the surface of the cell wall (Narayanan and detecting system for checking the quality of Sakthivel 2011). Comparatively, fungal air and water with high stability and isolates were observed to synthesis enormous selectivity. These nanoparticles based quantity of nanoparticles when likened with detection system has the potential to detect that of bacteria (Mohanpuria et al 2008). toxins, heavy metals and other gaseous Plants have higher potential in synthesizing pollutants surrounded in the environment nanoparticles efficiently and effectively with (Hristozov and Ertel 2009). These Nano

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Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(10): 2644-2650 sensors in an advanced level are being used to (Balavigneswaran et al 2014). detect the presence of microbes in food and other edible substances (Butnar and Llop). Photocatalysis and catalytic efficacy of nanoparticles Sensing and monitoring system Nanoparticle containing higher surface area Gas sensors are referred to possess higher catalytic activity. Several reactions such as reduction of Gas sensors or chemical sensors play a crucial nickel oxide to nickel (metal) are carried out role in observing environmental pollution in by nanoparticles. has air, water and soil (Zhang et al 2016). It is also attracted the interest of the research employed in detecting the other environmental community due to its uniqueness in pollutions caused by organic dyes in food and photoreducing inorganic contaminants and leather industries. Specific and selective inactivating microorganisms, and enhancing sensors are used for detecting the leakage of the photodegradation of numerous organic the toxic compound form the industries(Asad pollutants (Chong et al 2010; Kurniawan and and Sheikhi 2016). Recently, sensors made up Sillanpaa 2011). Since titanium exhibits less of nanoparticles such as SnO2, WO3, ZnO are toxicity, high photoconductivity and stability recommended for gas sensors (Comini 2006 it is been highly recommended for andKumar et al 2015). Due to the specific photodegradation study (Choi et al 2014). properties such as sensitivity, stability and low Development of photocatalytic process of cost ZnO nanoparticles are used in non-metal doped TiO2 has exhibited enormous determining the toxic compounds present in ability in treating water and considered to be the environment (Han et al 2016 and Ozgur et more ecofriendly approach compared with the al 2005). metal doped process in which the later process is vulnerable to corrosion and other metal Electro chemical signaling problems. Apart from being an efficient candidate in photocatalysis, nanoparticles Apart from heavy metal detection, single remain as a better catalyzer in enhancing the walled nanotubes were also used to develop a rate of reactions. Green synthesized Ag paper based sensor for detecting microcystin – nanoparticles were reported in the reduction of LR with detection limit of 0.6 ppb (Wang et al Methylene blue by NaBH4 and Reduction of 2009). Correspondingly, electrochemical benzyl chloride (Suvith and Philip 2014 and immune sensor a single walled Jebakumar Immanuel Edison and Sethuraman nanohorns functionalized using analyte with 2013). detection limit of 0.03 µg/ml were designed (Zhang et al 2010). Similarly encapsulated Au Due to increasing population and urbanization nanoparticles were used for detecting the the environment has been damaged to a presence of pathogenic strain such as E. coli, greater extent and an immediate and Cryptosporidium sp and Giardia sp etc. permanent action is needed. The advent of Toxins such as shiga-like toxin 1, cholera nanoremediation, using smarter technologies toxin, staphylococcal enterotoxin B were remains as a boon for the environment. Ample determined. nanoparticles synthesized possibilities remain in the exploitation of using Anacardium occidentale has been green synthesis tactics based on biogenic reported to be an effective probe in sensing approach. The nanobased technologies chromium ions present in the tap water remains eco-friendly, cost effective and less

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Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(10): 2644-2650 time consuming. The results obtained from the technology helps us to understand the uses of sensors activated by means of nano materials nanoparticles in both basic and field are reliable. This promising and innovative demonstrations.

Fig.1Various forms of nanoparticles

Organic Inorganic

Nanoparticles nanoparticles (eg. Dendrimers, Various forms (eg. Metal based, Liposomes, of nanoparticles Metal oxides Micelles)) based)

Carbon based (eg. Carbon nanofibers, Carbon black, )

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How to cite this article:

Saritha, S. and Prabha, V. 2019. Green Synthesis of Nanoparticles and their Possible Avenues in Environmental Application – A Review. Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci. 8(10): 2644-2650. doi: https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2019.810.305

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