Copyright by Myoungwon Jeon 2015 The Dissertation Committee for Myoungwon Jeon certifies that this is the approved version of the following dissertation: Formation of the First Galaxies under Stellar Feedback Committee: Volker Bromm, Supervisor Miloš Milosavljevic´ Andreas H. Pawlik Karl Gebhardt Neal Evans Ralf S. Klessen Formation of the First Galaxies under Stellar Feedback by Myoungwon Jeon, B.S., M.S. DISSERTATION Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The University of Texas at Austin in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN December 2015 Dedicated to my parents. Acknowledgments I would like to express my sincere thanks to my family, friends and col- leagues who have given me support over the years. First, I would like to give a heartfelt gratitude to my advisor Volker Bromm. It has been an honor to be his Ph.D student. His incredible patience, gentle encouragement, and faith in me throughout the time of my dissertation research helped me to get confident and to complete my dissertation. I have learned much from Volker how to be a good scientist. I am deeply indebted to Dr. Andreas Pawlik for being a great mentor. Along the course of this dissertation, Andreas has helped me by sharing his vital knowl- edge and by working with me on my research projects. His unwavering enthusiasm for his research has always been inspiring and enlightening for me. Without his guidance and persistent help this dissertation would not have been complete. I gratefully acknowledge the members of my Ph.D. committee for their time and thoughtful comments on my work. I would like to thank Miloš Milosavljevic,´ whose critical eyes in regards to research have taught me how scientists should think, Neal Evans for all of his wisdom in the field, and Karl Gebhardt for provid- ing me with an opportunity to lead a scientific discussion as his teaching assistant for three years. I would also like to express special appreciation to my external com- mittee member, Ralf Klessen, for his support and for inviting me to the Heidelberg University for collaboration there v I would like to also thank my master’s degree advisor, Sungsoo Kim for providing me valuable advices and the emotional support whenever I needed over the years. My time in Austin was enriched by many friends. Special thanks to Rodolfo Santana for helping me to get used to live in a foreign country from the moment when we were the first-year student until now. Bora Sohn, the friendship we have been shared by overcoming a tough time together in Austin would be priceless. Thanks to Hyeju Moon for being one of the biggest supporters in my life for more than 15 years. Special thanks to Hyunbae Park, Nalin Vutisalchavakul, Mimi Song, Jacob Hummel, and Brian Mulligan for their friendship. Above ground, I am indebted to my family, my parents and brother for their constant faithful support of my graduate school endeavors. Thank you. vi Formation of the First Galaxies under Stellar Feedback Publication No. Myoungwon Jeon, Ph.D. The University of Texas at Austin, 2015 Supervisor: Volker Bromm The stellar feedback is a crucial ingredient for modeling galaxy formation, especially for the first galaxies, which are susceptible to stellar feedback due to their shallow potential wells. In this thesis I have investigated the impact of stellar feedback from the first generation of metal-free massive stars on the process of the first galaxy formation. I present the results of self-consistent, cosmological radia- tion hydrodynamics zoomed-in simulations of the formation and the evolution of the first galaxies. In particular, we focus on the role of different stellar feedback from first stars, such as photoionization heating from individual stars, X-ray feed- back from a singly accreting black hole and from a high-mass X-ray black hole, and mechanical and chemical feedback from a core-collapse or pair-instability su- pernova explosion, in shaping the gas in the interstellar medium out of which first galaxies were assembled. We find that the severity of the stellar feedback from the first generation of stars formed during the first galaxy assembly strongly determines the properties vii of the first galaxies. More massive first stars are likely to alter their host system in which they reside and likely to suppress further star formation, thus resulting in a simpler star formation history during the assembly of the first galaxies. We show that the first galaxies at redshifts z ≈ 10 are already complex metal-enriched systems, capable of forming, long-lived, normal stars. Finally, we also predict the observability of such system with the upcoming James Webb Space Telescope (JWST). viii Table of Contents Acknowledgments v Abstract vii List of Tables xiii List of Figures xiv Chapter 1. Overview 1 Chapter 2. The First Galaxies: Assembly with Black Hole Feedback1 5 2.1 Introduction . 5 2.2 Methodology . 12 2.2.1 Initial Conditions . 12 2.2.2 Chemistry, Heating, and Cooling . 13 2.2.3 Sink Particle Method . 14 2.2.4 Stellar Radiative Feedback . 15 2.2.5 Black Hole Feedback . 16 2.2.5.1 Accretion Rate . 16 2.2.5.2 Non-Thermal Radiation . 19 2.2.5.3 HMXB Emission . 24 2.3 Results . 25 2.3.1 First Galaxy Assembly . 25 2.3.1.1 H II Regions around the First Stars . 26 2.3.1.2 Star Formation . 30 2.3.1.3 Mass Growth . 32 1This chapter has been published as Jeon, M., Pawlik, A. H., Greif, T. H., Glover, S. C. O., Bromm, V., Milosavljevic, M., Klessen, R. S. 2012, ApJ, 754, 34. ix 2.3.1.4 Black Hole Growth . 38 2.3.2 Protogalactic Gas Properties . 39 2.3.2.1 Isolated Black Hole Case . 39 2.3.2.2 Black Hole Binary Case . 47 2.3.2.3 Comparison to SN Feedback . 53 2.4 Summary and Conclusions . 54 Chapter 3. Radiative feedback from high mass X-ray binaries on the for- mation of the first galaxies and early reionization2 59 3.1 Introduction . 59 3.2 Numerical Methodology . 64 3.2.1 Gravity, Hydrodynamics, and Chemistry . 66 3.2.2 Sink Particles . 67 3.2.3 Pop III Binaries . 68 3.2.4 Black Hole Miniquasars . 69 3.2.5 High-Mass X-ray Binaries . 72 3.2.6 Hydrogen and Helium Ionizing Radiative Transfer and X-ray Secondary Ionization . 75 3.2.6.1 Basic Principles . 75 3.2.6.2 Secondary Ionizations . 78 3.2.6.3 Numerical Parameter Choices . 80 3.2.7 Photodissociation of H2 and HD . 82 3.3 Results . 84 3.3.1 Gas Properties in the First Minihalo . 85 3.3.2 Star Formation History . 87 3.3.3 Effects of HMXBs on IGM Properties . 92 3.3.4 Effect of HMXBs on Gas Properties in Haloes . 95 3.3.5 Reionization . 98 3.3.6 Black Hole Growth . 104 3.4 Impact on 21 cm Signature . 108 3.5 Summary and Conclusions . 113 2This chapter has been published as Jeon, M., Pawlik, A. H., Bromm, V., Milosavljevic, M. 2014, MNRAS, 440, 4778 x Chapter 4. Recovery from population III supernova explosions and the onset of second generation star formation3 117 4.1 Introduction . 117 4.2 Numerical Methodology . 124 4.2.1 Gravity, Hydrodynamics, and Chemistry . 124 4.2.2 Pop III Properties and Ionizing Radiative Transfer . 128 4.2.3 Supernova Energy Injection . 130 4.2.4 Metal Transport . 132 4.3 Results . 135 4.3.1 Photoionization . 138 4.3.2 Supernova Blastwaves . 140 4.3.3 Onset of Second Generation Star Formation . 143 4.3.3.1 Recovery Timescale . 143 4.3.3.2 Metallicity of Star-Forming Gas . 146 4.4 Summary and Conclusions . 151 Chapter 5. The First Galaxies: Simulating Their Feedback-Regulated Assembly4 155 5.1 Introduction . 155 5.2 Numerical Methodology . 161 5.2.1 Gravity, Hydrodynamics, and Chemistry . 161 5.2.2 Star Formation Physics . 162 5.2.2.1 Population III . 162 5.2.2.2 Population II . 163 5.2.3 Feedback Physics . 164 5.2.3.1 Photoionization Feedback . 164 5.2.3.2 Supernova Feedback . 166 5.2.3.3 Black Hole Feedback . 169 5.3 Simulation Results . 171 3This chapter has been published as Jeon, M., Pawlik, A. H., Bromm, V., Milosavljevic, M. 2014, MNRAS, 444, 3288 4This chapter has been published as Jeon, M., Pawlik, A. H., Bromm, V., Milosavljevic, M. 2015, MNRAS, 452, 1152 xi 5.3.1 Global Evolution . 174 5.3.1.1 Star Formation History . 174 5.3.1.2 Global Impact of Stellar Feedback . 176 5.3.1.3 Metallicity Evolution . 184 5.3.2 Assembly of the First Galaxy . 191 5.3.2.1 Mass Evolution . 191 5.3.2.2 Star Formation History . 192 5.3.2.3 Metal Enrichment . 194 5.3.3 Stellar and Galactic Archeology . 196 5.3.4 Luminosity . 200 5.4 Summary and Discussion . 207 Chapter 6. Outlook 214 xii List of Tables 2.1 Simulation Parameters . 10 4.1 Properties of host haloes, Pop III progenitors, and SNe. 120 xiii List of Figures 2.1 The emission spectra produced by gas accreting onto a 100 M BH. 20 2.2 Radiative feedback from the first star. 27 2.3 Gas properties within the H II region. 28 2.4 Distances between newly formed Pop III stars that are accompanied by H II regions and the BH as a function of redshift. 31 2.5 Comoving stellar mass density vs.