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Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases Accessible version: www.cdc.gov/ncezid/what-we-do/our-topics.html EMERGING AND ZOONOTIC INFECTIOUS DISEASES WHAT WE DO ABOUT OUR NAME: National Center for Emerging If CDC is in the headlines, chances are n Foodborne, waterborne, and and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases good that it’s a story we’re involved in. fungal infections InfectiousInfectious National That’s because the work of the n Deadly diseases like Ebola diseasesdisease may can Emerging diseases are infections Zoonotic means infectious diseases Center for Emerging and Zoonotic that have increased recently or are spread between animals, insects, ticks, n Bioterror threats like anthrax be thepose number a Infectious Diseases (NCEZID) is threatening to increase in the near and people. Examples include about protecting America’s health, safety, n Infections like rabies, Lyme disease, major1 threat threat to future. These infections could be n and security. We do this by keeping and Zika that spread between people, toour our national national Lyme disease (spread by ticks) n people safe from hundreds of infections animals, and bugs newly discovered (like the sometimes- n Salmonella infections (spread by security. deadly Bourbon virus that was ranging from A to Z—anthrax to sepsis, n Illnesses spread in healthcare settings poultry and other animals) identified in 2014 in Bourbon Salmonella food poisoning to Zika. and drug-resistant threats n rabies (spread by mammals) County, Kansas). n Illnesses that cross borders and affect NCEZID is ground zero when there’s n completely new to an area (like Zika Infectious diseases are illnesses an outbreak of infectious disease. We travelers and people entering virus in the Western Hemisphere). caused by germs (such as bacteria, have world-class scientists, researchers, the country n reappearing in an area (like dengue viruses, and fungi) that enter the body, laboratories, and emergency NCEZID was at the forefront of CDC’s battle in south Florida, Texas, and Hawaii). multiply, and cause an infection. responders to protect people from to contain the spread of Ebola virus in Africa in 2014. n caused by bacteria that have n Some infectious diseases are become resistant to antibiotics, contagious, that is, spread from like the so-called “nightmare one person to another. bacteria” CRE (carbapenem-resistant n Other infectious diseases can be Enterobacteriaceae). spread by germs carried in air, water, food, or soil. They can also be spread by insects, ticks, or animals. 75% of new or emerging infectious diseases in people are spread from animals. In 2016, almost 900 people got Salmonella infection from keeping chickens and ducks in backyard flocks. Children have an even FRONT COVER greater chance of getting sick from handling Top: Ebola (virus) live poultry. Bottom: Salmonella (bacteria) RESPONDING TO OUTBREAKS Perhaps what NCEZID is best known NCEZID provides rapid assistance for is responding to outbreaks of to states and foreign ministries of infectious disease. Here are a few health through formal requests called large-scale responses that NCEZID epidemic-assistance investigations, or has led since 2010: Epi-Aids. Each year, NCEZID conducts almost half (~25) of all CDC’s Epi-Aid n 1st outbreak of Zika virus in the investigations of outbreaks—large Western Hemisphere, which was and small, domestic and international. linked to birth defects Recent examples of Epi-Aids and n Largest Ebola epidemic in history, other outbreak investigations that which killed more than NCEZID participated in include: 11,000 people n E. coli (Escherichia coli) DID YOU KNOW? n Fungal meningitis outbreak infections among children caused by contaminated who visited a goat farm in NCEZID scientists helped confirm the RESPONDING TO OUTBREAKS steroid injections Connecticut connection between Zika virus infection n 2nd-largest outbreak of West n Emerging, drug-resistant fungal during pregnancy and microcephaly and Nile virus infections that sickened infections (Candida auris) that other birth defects. 5,600 people in the US spread among patients in healthcare settings n Outbreak of cholera in Haiti, which killed at least 10,000 people n Rarely seen bloodstream infections (Elizabethkingia) in Pregnant? Warning: Zika can cause microcephaly and patients in Wisconsin other severe brain defects We work to protect There is no vaccine to prevent Zika virus infection n Illness caused by E. coli-tainted Americans from Protect yourself from mosquito bites well-known outbreaks flour that infected people (Ebola) to outbreaks in more than 20 states you’re more likely n Listeria bacteria in packaged Daytime is most dangerous Use insect repellent Wear protective clothes Mosquito-proof your home to encounter— salads that hospitalized 19 Mosquitoes that spread It works! Wear long-sleeved shirts and Use screens on windows and chikungunya, dengue, and Zika Look for the following active long pants and use insect doors. Use air conditioning are aggressive daytime biters. ingredients: DEET, picaridin, IR3535, repellent. For extra protection, when available. Keep They can also bite at night. oil of lemon eucalyptus or para- treat clothing with permethrin. mosquitoes from laying eggs like Salmonella people, killing 1 menthane-diol, or 2-undecanone near standing water. food poisoning. For more information: www.cdc.gov/chikungunya • www.cdc.gov/dengue • www.cdc.gov/zika CS262694-K IMAGE (LEFT): NCEZID staff collect samples while investigating an E. coli outbreak linked to a Connecticut dairy goat farm that sickened more than 40 people, many of them 4 young children. Recommendations (like reduce direct contact with goats and their soiled 5 bedding; provide handwashing stations) will help prevent illness in the future. TAKING A ONE HEALTH APPROACH More than half of all infections that thousands of young people and their people get are spread by animals. families in Arizona, Georgia, Iowa, Diseases like rabies, Salmonella Michigan, Minnesota, and Ohio, infection, and West Nile virus are many of whom are actively involved examples of zoonotic diseases— in exhibiting livestock or farming. diseases that can be shared between l One important outcome of the animals and people. Animals can project was the rapid response sometimes serve as early warning to an outbreak of flu in people signs of potential illness in people. For who had attended agricultural example, birds often die of West Nile fairs in Ohio and Michigan. virus before people get sick with West Partnerships formed during the Nile virus fever. project helped pinpoint the lab capacity, conduct disease NCEZID’s One Health Office source of illness—infected surveillance, plan outbreak response recognizes that the health of people is swine exhibited at the fairs. and preparedness activities, and connected to the health of animals and create disease prevention strategies n On the global front, One Health is the environment. A One Health approach to reduce illness and death in people taking a strategic, targeted approach encourages collaborative efforts of many and animals. APPROACH A ONE HEALTH TAKING to controlling infectious disease. experts (like physicians and veterinarians) Experts from the One Health Office working across animal, human, and lead One Health Zoonotic Disease environmental health to improve the health Prioritization Workshops so that of people and animals, including pets, countries with limited resources livestock, and wildlife. can focus on the top zoonotic Pet owners need What we’re doing: diseases (for example, rabies and to know about Ebola) of greatest national concern. n The One Health Office is working with zoonoses and multiple partners to educate rural Workshop participants include how to prevent youth in agricultural organizations a wide-ranging group of people who them, so they like 4-H and the Future Farmers of protect health—of people, animals, America about preventing the spread or the environment—and they can enjoy their of diseases shared between people identify that country’s top 5 diseases pets without and animals like zoonotic influenza to target. Prioritizing diseases means getting sick. viruses. The project has reached countries can more efficiently build 6 7 KEEPING BORDERS SECURE AND TRAVELERS SAFE One of CDC’s best-kept secrets is n The Travelers’ Health website the people in NCEZID who focus on provides outbreak updates and preventing the importation and spread travel notices, travel-related disease of infectious diseases into the United information, interactive maps, States. More than a million people travel and other destination-specific to the United States each day. Americans recommendations for travelers and stay on the go, too, taking about 74 their healthcare providers. million trips each year. All international n NCEZID publishes The Yellow Book travelers face increased risk of getting (CDC Health Information for and spreading infectious diseases. International Travel), the definitive What we’re doing: US travel medicine reference for clinicians advising patients before n NCEZID oversees 20 quarantine A CDC quarantine public health officer takes a call from an airline crew and after travel. alerting him that a flight is about to land at Los Angeles International stations, strategically located at US Airport with a sick passenger onboard. Courtesy of Julie Konidakis airports, land borders, and seaports. n We alert travelers at airports Staff at these Q stations, as they are about disease outbreaks and steps called, work hard to protect the they can take to protect themselves. n We restrict
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