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The Fraser Government and the Indonesian Occupation of East Timor, 1975-1983

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The Fraser Government and the Indonesian Occupation of East Timor, 1975-1983 The Fraser government and the Indonesian occupation of East Timor, 1975-1983 Peter George Job A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy School of Humanities and Social Sciences May 2019 Thesis/Dissertation Sheet Australia's Global University Surname/Family Name Job Given Name/s Peter George Abbreviation for degree as give in the University PhD calendar Faculty UNSW Canberra School School of Humanities and Social Sciences The Fraser government and the Indonesian occupation of East Thesis Title Timor, 1975-1983 Abstract 350 words maximum: (PLEASE TYPE) This thesis examines the policies of the government of Prime Minister Malcolm Fraser (1975 - 1983) towards the Indonesian invasion and occupation of East Timar. It also investigates the response by Australian civil society to events in East Timor during this period, including the efforts of solidarity activists to bring the issue to domestic and international attention. As research by the Commission for Reception, Truth and Reconciliation in East Timordocuments, the Fraser years corresponded to the worst period of the Indonesian occupation, during which grave human rights abuses took place and the Indonesian military strategy of targeting food resources in resistance-held areas caused an artificially produced famine involving a high loss of life. The Fraser government sought to present itself as an advocate for human rights, liberal democratic ideals, and the international rule of law. It was forthright in criticising the invasions of Cambodia and Afghanistan, active in opposing apartheid in South Africa and played a significant role in working to end white majority rule in Zimbabwe. At the same time, it viewed relations with the pro­ Western and anti-communist Suharto regime as the key to its policy position in South East Asia. These two positions came into conflict due to the Indonesian invasion of East Timar. The Fraser government was accordingly forced to choose between applying the liberal democratic principles it purported to uphold to the situation in East Timar and prioritising its support for Suharto's New Order. The Fraser government's decision to take the latter path compelled it to work to neutralise the Timar issue and cover up the situation there. These efforts, however, were challenged by evidence of the humanitarian crisis in East Timar i' ; that came to the attention of the outside world and by a solidarity movement which campaigned to bring the issue to public attention. Moving beyond a state-centric lens, this thesis investigates the actions of both policymakers and activists, exploring the tensions between the two. It examines how the Fraser government became the Suharto regime's principal propagandist on the issue in the domestic and international arenas. Declaration relating to disposition of project thesis/dissertation I hereby grant to the University of New South Wales or its agents the right to archive and to make available my thesis or dissertation in whole or in part in the University libraries in all forms of media, now or here after known, subject to the provisions of the Copyright Act 1968. I retain all property rights, such as patent rights. I also retain the right to use in future works (such as articles or books) all or part of this thesis or dissertation. I also authorise University Microfilms to use the 350 word abstract of my thesis in Dissertation Abstracts International (this is ........... Witness Signature The University recognises that there may be exceptional circumstances requiring restrictions on copying or conditions on use. Requests for restriction for a period of up to 2 years must be made in writing. Requests for a longer period of restriction may be considered in exceptional circumstances and require the approval of the Dean of Graduate Research. FOR OFFICE USE ONLY Date of completion of requirements for Award: ORIGINALITY STATEMENT 'I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and to the best of my knowledge it contains no materials previously published or written by another person, or substantial proportions of material which have been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma at UNSW or any other educational institution, except where due acknowledgement is made in the thesis. Any contribution made to the research by others, with whom I have worked at UNSW or elsewhere, is explicitly acknowledged in the thesis. I also declare that the intellectual content of this thesis is the product of my own work, except to the extent that assistance from others in the projecfs design and conception or in style, presentation and linguistic expression is acknowledged.' INCLUSION OF PUBLICATIONS STATEMENT UNSW is supportive of candidates publishing their research results during their candidature as detailed in the UNSW Thesis Examination Procedure. Publications can be used in their thesis in lieu of a Chapter if: • The student contributed greater than 50% of the content in the publication and is the "primary author", i.e. the student was responsible primarily for the planning, execution and preparation of the work for publication • The student has approval to include the publication in their thesis in lieu of a Chapter from their supervisor and Postgraduate Coordinator. • The publication is not subject to any obligations or contractual agreements with a third party that would constrain its inclusion in the thesis Please indicate whether this thesis contains published material or not. This thesis contains no publications, either published or D submitted for publication Some of the work described in this thesis has been published and it has been documented in the relevant Chapters with acknowledgement This thesis has publications (either published or submitted for publication) incorporated into it in lieu of a chapter and the D details arepresented below CANDIDATE'S DECLARATION I declare that: • I have complied with the Thesis Examination Procedure • where I have used a publication in lieu of a Chapter, the listed publication(s) below meet(s) the requirements to be included in the thesis. Name Signature Date (dd/mm/yy) Peter George Job /1 Q.o)q {V/°d COPYRIGHT STATEMENT 'I hereby grant the University of New South Wales or its agents the right to archive and to make available my thesis or dissertation in whole or part in the University libraries in all forms of media, now or here after known, subject to the provisions of the Copyright Act 1968. I retain all proprietary rights, such as patent rights. I also retain the right to use in future works (such as articles or books) all or part of this thesis or dissertation. I also authorise University Microfilms to use the 350 word abstract of my thesis in Dissertation Abstract International (this is applicable to doctoral theses only). I have either used no substantial portions of copyright material in my thesis or I have obtained permission to use copyright material; where permission has not been granted I have applied/will apply for a partial restriction of the digital copy of my thesis or dissertation.' AUTHENTICITY STATEMENT 'I certify that the Library deposit digital copy is a direct equivalent of the final officially approved version of my thesis. No emendation of content has occurred and if there are any minor variations in formatting, they are the result of the conversion to digital format.' Date ......... ./.1......... M.'tJ ....... /bOtl........................ ABSTRACT This thesis examines the policies of the government of Prime Minister Malcolm Fraser (1975 - 1983) towards the Indonesian invasion and occupation of East Timor. It also investigates the response by Australian civil society to events in East Timor during this period, including the efforts of solidarity activists to bring the issue to domestic and international attention. As research by the Commission for Reception, Truth and Reconciliation in East Timor documents, the Fraser years corresponded to the worst period of the Indonesian occupation, during which grave human rights abuses took place and the Indonesian military strategy of targeting food resources in resistance-held areas caused an artificially produced famine involving a high loss of life. The Fraser government sought to present itself as an advocate for human rights, liberal democratic ideals, and the international rule of law. It was forthright in criticising the invasions of Cambodia and Afghanistan, active in opposing apartheid in South Africa and played a significant role in working to end white majority rule in Zimbabwe. At the same time, it viewed relations with the pro-Western and anti- communist Suharto regime as the key to its policy position in South East Asia. These two positions came into conflict due to the Indonesian invasion of East Timor. The Fraser government was accordingly forced to choose between applying the liberal democratic principles it purported to uphold to the situation in East Timor and prioritising its support for Suharto’s New Order. The Fraser government’s decision to take the latter path compelled it to work to neutralise the Timor issue and cover up the situation there. These efforts, however, were challenged by evidence of the humanitarian crisis in East Timor that came to the attention of the outside world and by a solidarity movement which campaigned to bring the issue to public attention. Moving beyond a state-centric lens, this thesis investigates the actions of both policymakers and activists, exploring the tensions between the two. It examines how the Fraser
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