The history of Fort Grant

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Authors Stone, Jerome Wilson, 1916-

Publisher The University of Arizona.

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Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/553587 THE HISTORY OF FORT GRAHT

by

Jerome Stone

A Thesis submitted to the faculty of the

Department of History

in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of

Master of Arts

in the Graduate College

University of Arizona

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE

INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER I

The Early Tears 9

CHAPTER II The Post-War Tears 17

CHAPTER III The Camp Grant Massacre 38

CHAPTER IV The Aftermath: Vincent Colyer 53 CHAPTER V

General Howard and the Camp Grant Reservation 68

CHAPTER VI

The Campaign of 1872-73 84

CHAPTER VII

The Late Seventies 108

CHAPTER VIII

Fort Grant in the Eighties 124

CHAPTER IX The Final Tears 145

BIBLIOGRAPHY 159

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1 4 1 0 5 a INTRODUCTION In the early territorial history of Arizona, during the period of the bloody Indian wars, probably no one military post enjoyed a more varied career than did the post finally known as Fort Grant. Throughout the Apache wars it was the key post at the western angle of the triangle of forts in the heart of the Apache territory — Bowie, Apache and Grant. Founded before either, its existence covered a longer span of years, encompassing almost the whole territorial period in Arizona’s history. From 1060 to 1905 Fort Grant led a precarious existence. Hardly a year passed without at least one proposal for abandonment, yet it remained. However, it did not stay in one place tnese forty-five years, for few posts have had such a perambulating career or appeared under so many aliases a? Fort Grant. From {.ay U, 1860 to August 6,

1660, it was located at the junction of Aravaipa Creek with the san Pedro, under the name of Fort Aravaipa.* On A igus-t

6, the name was officially changed to Fort Breckenridge.^ It remained Fort Breckenridge until Kay 18, 1862, when

Colonel James H. Carleton, commander of the California

“'Hamersly, Thomas A 8./ Complete ijr^y Register of tue United states for One Huncxyud ars, -18^6), pt. 2,

• Ibid. , p. 1. TPougfi 'fl iae-y.be cohTusing to^Trnr-r^uex ^ for the make of accurae./i tntA host *i 11 called by its offi­ cial name at the dat(y oT the rveferenae-tr^lt. 2

Volunteers, changed tne name to Fort Stanford in honor of 9 Governor Leland Stanford of California. It still remained at the junction of the Aravaipa and the San Pedro River. Sometime between October, 186^, ana July, 1865, the name was apparently changed back to Fort breckenridge; for, though

there is no official record of a change in name, there are references found to the post under the name of Fort Brecken- 4 ridge in July, 1065. - on November 1, 1865, the name was &- changed to Camp Grant. Meanwhile, it was moved from it location on the San Pedro to the Graham Mountains, near the 6 present town of Safford, during the early part of 1873. T- April 5, 1879, it was named Fort Grant.

By its very location the post was destined to be bound

inexfcrteab-ty with the history of the Apache problem in Ariz­

ona, and It is the purpose of this thesis to show how the

post was connected with this particular phase of Arizona's history, as well as to give a comprehensive history of the post itself. To -nr- f non op tion Of t.h

blem f3c±Tr(T~the ;TtTitnroivilian pnpulmt&cm. It is

The Uar of the Rebellion, IX, pt. 1

otter from the Adjutant-General's Office of the War Department. 5

necessary to goo b; ck a few years prior to the founding of

the post, to trace the rise of the Apache problem. For this ^ >V6W4- \ Arfee writer relied chiefly upon the work of Ralph H. Ogle. ^ v x x' x

Before 1822, in so far as the United States was con­

cerned, there was no Apache problem; for the Americans rarely

contacted this particular tribe of Indians. However, with

the opening of the Santa Fe trail in 1822, *bich connected Santa Fe with the East and made it the center of trade in

the Southwest, the lure of gold drew an ever-increasing horde

of frontiersmen, prospectors, and adventurers into the South­ west, into the land of the Apache and the Navajo. This sud­

den influx of Americans gave the Indians Just cause to fear an increasing encroachment upon their land. The Apaches, \ always a divided nation, felt the need of a united front

against the Invaders. In 1838 the Mimbrenos band made Mangas ji

Coloradas, or Red Sleeves, so called because of his custom / o j L»V of bathing his arms in the blood of a slain enemy, the chief \ //

of their tribe. By consolidating the various bands, he was

able to drive all the Mexicans from what is now southwestern

^ OgVef^rV¥phj3^'"T^:e^-ucr Federalrcuoi-ex ,Government and the west­ ern Apa<#he", Jjejr Sexleo Bistorlcal/Hevlew. XIV. Mo. 4. October. 1039. ill ' ------

ad., p. -ew-. 4

New Mexico. During this period, however, the Apaches still \ / maintained a relative degree of friendship with the Ameri­ o cans .f

between the Americans andk the^paches. The Mexican War

served to further this dis for large numbers of troops

passed through the Apache preserves. Wise men among the -x 12 military saw the danger ahead. sooner or later the Apache

must be controlled. This need came sooner than expected,

for with the treaty of Quadelupe-Hidalgo the Mexicans dropped

the burden of the Apaches into the laps of the Americans.

The Americans were faced witn the task of stopping raids across the border. This was to prove difficult. After en­

joying a period during which they had not only been unmoles­

ted but actually encouraged in their border raids, the Apa­

ches were in no mood to let this fertile ground of plunder

and conquest lie fallow and increased their raids into sono- 13 ra and Chihuahua.

With the attempts to restrict their raids over the bor­

der, it was inevitable that they should turn upon the Ameri­

cans. By 1850 it began. On February 2, 1050, a band of

i t s tsf^rem^x-ldatlon used by Mangas was the alliance by marriage of his daughters with chiefs of neigh­ boring tribes. Crempny, John C., Life Among the Apaches. pp. 30, 308. \ ------12. / Ogle, Ralplr H.\ op.cit., p. 339. 13. Ibid., p. 359. 5

14 Gila Apaches attacked the settlement of Dona Ana; and Major

Enoch Steen, in command of troops in southwestern Mew Mexico, set out in pursuit. Immediately a second hand attacked the town and drove off all the stock. Major Steen advised the construction of a fort at Santa Rita as a measure toward con- 15 trolling the Apaches. Captain A. «. Bowman, who was sent out the same year to investigate the situation, reported that the Indians were in desperate straits, facing starvation, and 16 advised the construction of a six company post. Fort Web­ ster was established near Santa Rita, not as a result of these recommendations, but primarily as a protection for the bound- . 17 ary commission, under James K. Bartlett. Several attempts were made to secure peace with the Apaches, but they were 18 not successful; and when the boundary commission moved on

1 4 . . " " Dona Ana is a small town located a few miles north of • the present town of Las Cruces. 15. Ogle, Ralph H., op.cit., p. 359. Santa Rita is lo­ cated a short distance from the present town of silver City, in a southeasterly direction. 16.. ' Ibid., pp. 339-40. According to Ogle, the Apaches stated that they must steal from someone, and if they were not permitted to steal from the Mexicans, the Americans re­ mained the only victims. 17. Bartlett and the boundary commission attempted to survey the boundary between the U. S. and Mexico following the treaty of Guadalupe-Bidalgo. Bartlett had trouble de­ spite the presence of troops. Ibid., pp. 340-42; Also, Lockwood, Frank C ., Pioneer Days in Arizona, pp. 100-106; Bartlett, James R., personal MealnTscenoea; McClintock, James H., Arizona, the Youngest state. I. pp. 116-17. 18. Ogle, Ralph H., op.cit., pp. 339-40. the post was abandoned. The Apaches felt that they had been responsible for the soldiers* departure and again began a series of attacks on the Mexicans, devastating northern so- 19 nora- At this time, also, occurred an event Wiich at first glance may seem trivial but which in its repercussions was extremely far-reaching. Gold was discovered in the Pinos ■"w Altos, near Santa Rita,zand a party of 150 gold seekers has­ tened to the scent of the new discovery. Mangas Coloradas, chief of the Mimbrenos, who occupied the territory around the

Pinos Altos, attempted to turn them away with stories of vast untouched fields of gold in remote Sonora. The prospectors were not to be deceived. As a reward for his efforts, Mangas received a severe beating, one which hurt his pride more than 20 his body. From that day forward until his death at the hands of the military during the Civil War, Mangas devoted 21 all his energies toward revenge upon the Americans.

To complicate the situation further, on June 30, 1854,

/ , ■ ■ the Gadsden Purchase was ratified by the United States, and the land south of the Gila River was added to that part of

' 22 New Mexico Known as Arizona. This territory was included in the Military Department of New Mexico, commanded by Brevet

l o T ; : ------— Ogle, Ralph H., op.cit., pp. 341-42. 20 Ibid., p. 341. 21. - Glum, Woodworth, Apache Agent, pp. 30-32. 22. Bancroft, Hubert Howe, History of Arizona and New Mexico, pp. 491-93. ------7

Brigadier-General John Garland, Eighth Infantry, Headquarters at Santa F@. At this time there was only one post in what is now the state of Arizona. Fort Defiance was located in the northeast part, near the present boundary between Arizona and 23 Mew Mexico. with this added territory came the demand for additional posts. In 1066, as a protection for this new country, Fort Buchanan was established near Tubao. In 1857 the post was commanded by Major Steen, with four companies of the First Dragoons. At this time, only one fourth of the twenty-eight companies of the military in the department were 24 stationed in Arizona.

Arizona did not share in the general increase in mili­ tary posts throughout the West during the years 1857 to 1859, 25 according to the plan advocated by the Secretary of War.

Mo new posts were established during this period. Trouble arose with the Navajos in 1858, necessitating the concentra­ tion of troops in northern Arizona and New Mexico. The Apa­ ches were neglected. Buchanan remained the only post south of the Gila. During 1859, on the great plains, the Coaanches were at war. Troops were withdrawn from the Southwest to be s used against the Comanches, creating a definite lack of pro­ tection on the southwestern frontier. However, in May, . s

23. ------Report of the Secretary of War, 1855-56, pp. 56-57, 138-39. — ------— ** ' 24. Ibid., 1857-58, p. 97. 25. -- Ibid.,1857-58, p. 97. a -

Colonel Bonneville, who had relieved Garland from command of the Department of New Mexico, made a tour of inspection and advised the construction of two posts, one at Tucson and one on the San Pedro, for the dual purpose of protect­ ing the overland Mail Route and encouraging the development - 26 I of agriculture in the Santa Cruz and San Pedro Valleys. t

It is with the post on the San Pedro that this work is con­ cerned; for that was the post that was later to evolve into

Fort Grant, through the various steps noted at the beginning.

: — — r : ; : — Report of the Secretary of War, 1859-60, p. 306. CHAPTER I

THE EARLY YEARS , ^Colonel Bonneville’s recommendation for the construction of posts at Tucson and on the San Pedro, made in May, 1859, was not acted upon immediately. Daring the same year he assembled a force of two hundred and twenty men on the San

Pedro River near the Overland Mail station under the command of Colonel Reeve of Fort Buchanan.^^T&ese troops were to

Intimidate the Indians in that area. They looked around for a suitable spot for a post and finally found it on the banks of the San Pedro at the Junction of the Aravaipa and the San

Pedro, where they began construction of an army camp. Ac­ cording to the War Department’s records, the fort was named

Fort Aravaipa; and the official date of its founding was "1 May 8, 1860. Fort Aravaipa was not destined to remain long.

* vV Report of the SecretaryZof ^ar 306. 2. There is some contusion regarding the actual date of founding of the post. According to the official records. May 8, I860, is the dgte 6t founding. This date is also gi­ ven by two of the most rel\abld~ government publications cov­ ering the establishment of Mlitary posts. Hamersly, Thomas H. S., op,cit., p. 123; HeitlLon, panels, Historical Register and Dictionary of the United \tates Army, 11, pr. 477. "Other sources regardihA'dates or founding other than May 8, 1860, arc: Tylef, Robert Ogden, Revised Outlines and Descriptions of tlio Bbsts and Stations of Troops in the * ili­ ter y biylsTon of 'the Pa"cTflc,\5epartmeniT~of /vrlzona, p. 14, " which gives 1856; nlnton, Richard J., ilanHFook to Arizona, p. 311, 1856; Hamilton, patrlcx, Resources o Y Arizona, p. 22, 1856; Bourke, John Gregory,' On the Border"""with Crook, p.5,1857. 10

Its activities are shrouded in mystery. On August 6, the name was changed to Fort Breckenridge in honor of the cur- \ rent vice-president, J. C. Breckenridge.^ ^ y y. ^ ^ ft-' The story of Fort Breckenridge divides itself into two / parts, the period up to the outbreak of the Civil far and the period during the Civil War prior to the changing of its name to Fort Stanford. At the time it became Fort Breckenridge, troops stationed there were Company B, eighth Infantry, and a few soldiers of the First Dragoons, totalling sixty-seven 4 men, commanded by Lieutenant John R. Cooke, Eighth Infantry.

At this period, little was done toward organizing a campaign against the Apaches. There was unrest in the East. Forces of civil strife were at work, forces which were to affect

Arizona, remote as it was from any quarrel between the North and the South. In the latter part of 1860, Captain Richard

S. Ewell, who gained more ftme as Lieutenant-General MBaldyr*

Ewell of the Confederate Army than as commander of Fort 5 Breckenridge, was occupying the latter position. He was in the East on leave when the Civil War broke out, in the spring of 1861. In July Lieutenant-Colonel John R. Baylor, with a force of Texas Volunteers entered the teessilla Valley and

1-7' 'oiaas H. 3., op.cit., p. 1. Also, the copy of a letter from the Adjutant-General's office of the war Department in the writer's possession verifies this. 4. i Bancroft, Hubert Howe, op.cit., p. 497. b. McClintock, James H., op.cit., p. 150. 11

6 took possession for the Confederacy. Orders esme for the abandonment of Forts Buchanan and Breokenrldge. Immediately , ; troops left the posts, marching to Cookes Spring, where, upon! hearing that the Texans were coining, they burned their wagons, spiked their cannon, and headed across the mountains to Fort

Craig.

With the abandonment of Forts Breokenrldge and Buchanan, | Arizona was left without protection, to fall into the hands of the Confederacy. The people of Arizona were highly in- ! censed over this desertion. They were not interested in a - .. : i fight between the North and the south but their own protee- ! tion, and many swung over to the Confederate aide because of 1 this act. The' Apaches took possession of the country, kill- j / . . . . . ing all,those who did not either leave the country or take

8 - refuge in Tucson. Consequently, the reader will see two results of this first abandonment. It gave the Apaches free­ dom to harass the Americans; and it swung public opinion over

Muffley, Bernard w., A History of the Lower San pedro 1 Valley in Arizona, p. 9; Also, Bancroft, EuBerl Howe, op.oli. j p. 512;HJonnell, Charles T., "Arches past and Present^ " "n Arizona Daily Citizen, May 1, 1921. J . 7. Hinton, Richard J., op.cit., p. 41; Also, MoCllntock, James H., op.olt.. p. 160; Bancroft, Hubert Howe, Op.oit., pp. 512-13. ' "rr,T 1 a. . ; Bancroft, Hubert Howe, op.oit.. p. 512. in connection with the sympathies of the people, a statement appeared in a letter from Williaar^eed to Siapn Cameron, dated September 27, 1861, saying that settlers at Fdrts Buchanan and Breokenrldge 1 were avowed secessionists. Scott, R. ff.. op.oit.. L. pt. 1, I p. 640. 12

to the Confederacy, making it easy for Captain Hunter, , who -x marched into Tucson at the head of about tro hundred Texans

In 1862 and raised the Stars and Bars over the city, placing 9 v . Arizona in the hands of the Confederacy. This Invasion of the Confederates occasioned increased depredations by the

Indians; and Superintendent of Indian Affairs JV L . Collins wrote from Santa Fe, reporting that the Indians were worse y than they had been prior to the first attempt to subjugate \ 10 them.

Fort Breckenridge was abandoned and Arizona was in the hands of the Texans, but this was not for long. There was to be a counter invasion. The work of the California Column is reviewed, primarily for the purpose of showing its effect upon the military system of Arizona. To omit it would leave a definite gap in the history of Arizona and Fort Breckenridge. 11 The California Col mm had been organized late in 1861. On

January 12, 1862, news arrived in California that General Van

Dorn of the Confederate Army was planning an invasion of

■“97--- :------:— ;— — ------— ------Bancroft, Hubert Howe, op.clt.. p. 513. 10. Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, 1862-65,

‘Bancroft, Hubert Howe, op.clt., pp. 513-14. The Cali­ fornia Column was organized under the act of July 22, 1861, which authorized the government to employ volunteers to aid in enforcing the laws and protecting property after the out­ break of the war. California raised one regiment of infantry and five companies of cavalry, which were named the First In­ fantry and First Cavalry, California Volunteers. The initial purpose of this militia was to protest the Overland Mail i Route by way of Salt Lake City.; Scott, R. N., op.clt., p. 136. 13

12 California by way of Arizona and New Mexico. Deciding .

that a rapid offense was the best defense against invasion,

Colonel James H. Carleton, formerly of the First United |

States Cavalry, commanding the California Volunteers, took to

the field in April. His force Included his own regiment of the First Infantry, six companies of cavalry, Company M,

Third Artillery, commanded by Lieutenant Shinn, and the Fifth 13 Infantry. Prior to this, however, an advance party under

Lieutenant-Colonel Joseph H. West was sent to YUma, where, in ;

February, word was brought by a dispatch bearer named Jones 14 of the Texas occupation of Tucson. Captain McCleave, First

Cavalry, was captured by Hunter, April 6;; and a command under Captain William P. Galloway was sent out to rescue him.

At the Pima Villages word was received that Lieutenant Jack

Swilling, with sixteen Texans, was operating in the vicinity;

and Lieutenant James Barrett was sent to cut them off from

Tucson. In the ensuing engagement at picacho peak, Barrett j 15 | and two of his men were killed.

Carleton was largely responsible for the revival of

Fort Breckenridge after the Texans were driven out of Arizona.

He moved the main body of his men up to Yuma in April, where

TST. ~ : ' " Scott, R. N., op.cit., L, pt. 1, p. 136. 13. Ibid., p. 1109. 14. ' Bancroft, Hubert Howe, Op.cit., p. 514. 15. " Z Scott, R. N., Op.cit., L, pt. 1, p. 140. 14

he ooneelved the idea that if Fort Breotoeiiridge was reoccupied it might serve as a supply depot for the sain body of the

Column in an attempt to invade Hew Mexico. As a result, he sent West to Tucson by way of Fort Breckenridge to inspect 1 16 the site. West and his men founded Fort Barrett at the

Pima Villages and set out for Tucson, May 14. fon May 18, J they arrived at Fort Breckenridge, where West raised the

. ! ' Stars and Stripes, reclaiming the fort in the name of the !

United States. Fort Breckenridge underwent another change of name, for West christened it Fort Stanford, j He then moved _J on to Tucson, to find that Captain Hunter had abandoned the 18 town May 4. West decupled Tucson May 21.

Fort Stanford did not play an important part in the re- \ mainder of the war. With Tucson in the hands of the Cali­ fornians, Carleton was free to move his headquarters there.

Following West * s recommendation that Fort Stan ford was suit­ able for a temporary depot, on May 24 Carletem dispatched

Lieutenant-Colonel Edward E. Eyre, First Cavalry, with all the troops of his regiment to "move without delay to Fort 19 Stanford and reoccupy it." Eyre was instructed to take

167 Scott, R. op.cit.. L, pt. 1, p. 1064. JLV. Ibid., IX, pt. 1, p. 598. 18. Ibid., L, pt. 1, p. 1088; Also, Bancroft, Hubert gowe, op.cit., p. 515. 16. Scott, R. N., op.cit.. L, pt. 1, p. 1096. 15

20 rations for six days. However, Carleton changed his raind shortly afterwards about making Fort Stanford a supply depot, for several reasons. With headquarters at Tucson, Fort Stan­ ford was off the track for a military campaign. The buildings had been destroyed when it was abandoned. Grazing was poor, 21 and it was difficult to get supplies to the post. During the latter part of October, all troops were removed from the I fort; and it remained deserted until October 31, when it was reocoupied by the Second California infantry, under Col- 1 23 onel Thomas F. Wright. There is little on record concern­ ing Fort Stanford for the next few years, and apparently some change was made in its name between October, 1863 and July, j 1865. There is record that Lieutenant-Colonel Clarence E.

Bennett, First California Cavalry, "left Fort Bowie, Arizona • I Territory, to examine, measure and report upon the wagon j route, via Croton Spring, Fort Breckenridge to Maricopa 24 Wells". There is no official record of the change in name, and the use of it may have been purely local. However, little of importance occurred at the post; and on November 1,

20. ' ' According to a letter from the Adjutant-General’s office, Eyre arrived May 29, with not all of his regiment but with three companies of the Third California Infantry. 21. -Scott, R. N., op.clt., L, pt. 1 , p. 1128. 22. Letter from the Adjutant-General’s office. 23. Ibid. 24. • .. - Scott, R. ii., op.clt., L, pt. 1, p. 422. 16

25 1865, it again underwent a change in name. This time it was christened Camp Grant, in honor of the victorious Union general. March 10, 1866, Captain Guido Ilges, with Companies 26 B and F, Fourteenth Infantry, relieved the Californians. With this action, Camp Grant entered a new period of its existence, a period of uninterrupted warfare with the Apaches for the next seven years.

_____ Hamersly, Thomas H. 3., op.elt., p. 135. According to a letter from the Adjutant-General's office, the change was made January 8, 1866. 26. Letter from, the Adjutant-General's office. CHAPTER II

THE POST-WAR YEARS 186(5-1871

The last guns of the Civil War had been fired and the country was with great difficulty settling back to normal at AO | the time that Captain Ilges took command of Camp Grant. The next few years were to mark a period of Indian warfare that was notoriously disorganized anu unsystematic. The govern­ ment was attempting to fight the Apaches as they had the other hostile tribes, but the Apache could not be handled in the same manner. The policy pursued might well be called one of extermination. • Shortly after Captain Xlges assumed command, there oc­ 1 curred another change in the location of the post. Twenty of the twenty-six buildings which had been built along the low I *. river bank were swept away by a flood. fAs a result, the new buildings were placed on a flattened knoll approximately half a mile from the old site. this point, the San edro basin stretches south until it becomes almost lost on the hor­ izon. On the west rises an abrupt range of mountains, while

T7 of Military Po^ts." Circular ho.4, War Department* Surgeon y GeneralOffice, 18?0. p. 46ol [Report on damp Grant made by Surgeon Charles Smart.j 18

to the east, behind the post, lies a series of rolling hills.

To the north, the mountains rise in stair-like fashion to the high Mogollon Rim above the Gila* The knoll is separated "1 from the mountains on the west by the San Pedro River. Ara- vaipa Creek rises in a deep canyon to the northeast, running _j only during the rainy season, though when the writer visited it in late October, 1940, it was running. With the post located at the new site, the military reservation was defined as extending from the flag pole one mile nortn, two miles east, one and a half miles south and one mile west. With the limits barely established, a proposal for abandonment came.

General McDowell issued orders on October 31, 1866, to remove the troops to Camp McDowell and from there to establish them­ selves "as soon as practicable, at the most eligible point beyond the Sierra Ancha, in wnat is known as Meadow Valley, about eighty-five miles northeast from Fort McDowell". The new post was to be named Camp Reno. However, something apparently occurred to change these orders. General Ord, the division commander, stated that they had been carried out, and it is a definite fact that Camp Reno was established,

3. / ToulOnse, J. H., Report on Military Posts in the \ Department of Arizona, i'S, p. Also, personal observation of the writes* 4- \ Report of the Secretary of War, 1667-68, p. 98.

Ibid., 1868-69, p. 56. 19

but Camp Grant was not abandoned, gfirin February, 1867,

Captain Ilges was still in command. \ f ^ Conditions at the post in 18^7 are best described in the report of Major Rog&r Jones,^Assistant Inspector General of the Division of the Pacific, who visited Camp Grant in \ $ June on a tour of inspection^ tie found Lieutenant Camp, \ y Thirty-second Infantry, in Command of the post. Camp had relieved Ilges in February.\ There were two companies of the Thirty-second Infantry present, Company I, commanded by Camp, \ 10 and Company k, commanded by Lieutenant Shepherd. There was a total of 145 enlisted men and two officers at the post, in- eluding twenty-seven/who/ were on the sick list. 11 The two companies were short twenty-one recruits, having suffered heavily from desertions since their organization at Gover- 12 nor,s Island tne previous year. General conditions in the

T 7 Weekly Arizoniag, May b, 1669; Also, ord's report mentions activities at Grant; Report of the Secretary of War, 1868-69, A bo. / — ------During February there occurred an irregularity in the quartermaster * s department, Involving a discrepancy in the amount of hay on the invoices and the actual amount on hand. Lieutenant W. H. Winters, who relieved Lieutenant Burgoyne as quartermaster, discovered the discrepancy. Blame was finally placed on Burgoyne, who had resigned. Report of the Secretary of War, 1867\68, pp. 99-100. 8. V Report of the Secretary of War, 1867-68, p. 100.

, d. 9S# Ibid, y— • 12.- - — 1 bid*, p» v>9.

/>• 3/s- 80

division, coupled with hardships of the field In Arizona en­ couraged desertion. Major Jones found the general condition of the soldiery to be good, though hospital facilities were

Inadequate and there was a shortage of quinine In the dispen­ sary. Dr. Palmer, the post physician, anticipated an in­ crease in the number of malaria cases after the beginning of 13 the rainy season. Bousing conditions were poor, the offi­ cers occupied an adobe house of two rooms, eighteen feet square. The troops were not so well provided for, however.

Company K was quartered in shelter tents, protected by a shed.

Company I occupied a set of iaoal quarters. A new adobe building was under construction to house the soldiers, suit- 14 able for the climate of the poet.

Remoteness of the caap caused two difficulties: the cost of transporting supplies, and the delay in communicating or­ ders. The camp was supplied from Tucson. Jonos suggested that it would be bettor to supply it directly from Yuma by way of Saoaton, as the road was better and the distance shorter. However, this suggestion was not adopted, as Kirk- ham, quartermaster General of the Division of the Pacific, reported that a new contract had been let, whereby it was 15 cheaper to supply Comp Grant from Tucson. Communication

xs: ~ ““ : ----- — Report of the secretary of Mar, 1867-68. p. 99. 14. . ■ Ibid•, p. 99• 15. — Ibid., p. 102. 81

difficulties had arisen previously also. Jones made two recommendations to remedy this difficulty, which was not peculiar to Camp Grant alone, but to all the posts in the 16 territory. He recommended the creation of a separate de­ partment of Arizona, with headquarters at Sacaton, and, in addition, a greater concentration of troops, a move which 17 would have necessitated the abandonment of Camp Grant.

General McDowell’s answer to these recommendations was imme­ diate and definite. He pointed out that both plans had been previously tried with the result that existing evils had been 18 intensified. As a result of McDowell’s decision. Camp

Grant remained in operation. By August, Captain Ilges was 19 back in command o f .the post.

Conditions in 1868 were relatively the same, though there was some improvement at the post. There were three sets of quarters, one of adobe, two open stockades thatched

Ibid., p. 83. Jones cited the order transferring Captain" ilges back to Grant from McDowell, which required almost two months for its consumstion. 17. Ibid., pp. 82-83. His plan was to station six com­ panies rIH~ihe district of Prescott, some twenty or thirty miles from the town, with outposts at various settlements. For the territory south of the Gila, troops were to be con- ) centrated at Gamps Goodwin, Bowie, old Fort Buchanan, and ! Sacaton. 18. Ibid., p. 90. When McDowell took command of the De- partmsnt of California, Arizona was a part of the District of New Mexico. It was transferred to the Division of the Pacific and McDowell placedvit in a separate district. Head quarters were established at Sacat cm, but conditions had not improved. 19. Weekly Arizonian. June 29, 1869. 22

with canes and reeds, and a third of a framework of reads. All roofs were leaky. The officers quarters were of adobe, consisting of four sets of two rooms each, occupied by the six officers at the post, two of whoa had their families with 20 them. There were two storehouses, one of adobe, and the other a stockade. Both had corrals in the rear. In addition, 21 a new guardhouse had been constructed. The hospital had been enlarged by the addition of a wing which served as a dispensary, storehouse, and surgeon's office. The hospital had a capacity of eight, but as a result of the prevalent attacks of malaria, hospital tents frequently made their appearance outside the hospital. During the autumn and win­ ter months of 1866, malaria was so prevalent that the affect­ ed troops had to be moved to a temporary convalescent camp : " 22 twenty-eight miles south of the post on the Tucson road.

Mall service at the camp was poor. Weekly mail arrived from Tucson. The road between that city and the post was / good, though Indian attacks were frequent. One of the rea­ sons for maintaining the post was to provide escorts for tra­ velers on this road and the one from Tucson to Maricopa

20 . ; Toulouse, J. H., op.cit., p. 29. 21. Ibid., p. 30. 22. Ibid., pp. 30-31. 23. Ibid., p. 29; Letters from Camp Grant reached Washing­ ton in twenty-five days and San Francisco in twenty. 23

Wells. During the year 1869 Camp Grant continued to grow. 1 ' ' ■ _• . • 25 New storehouses were being constructed nttho post; A new mail route was established in October, running by way of

Camp Grant, Florence, Phoenix, and Camp McDowell, to Wieken- 26 berg. At the some time a post office was established about 27 . | a mile from the camp and George Cox was appointed postsas-i- .1 28 ter. A small community was growing up around the post as J the year 1869 drew to a close.

Conditions in 1870 continued to improve'gradually.- The writer is indebted to John G. Bdurke for an account of af­ fairs in that year. As additional troops began to come in­ to the territory, on March 10th, Troop F, Third Cavalry, was transferred to Camp Grant. Bourke commanded this troop. His account of his stay at the post cannot be surpassed for de- 29 ' ■ -> tail. Colonel Dubois, First Cavalry, who was in command at this time, had no garden spot for his station, for Bourke describes it:

24- Report of the Secretary of War, 1868-69, p. 45. 25. Ibid.* October 2, 1869. 26. Ibid.. October 23, 1869. 27. Weekly Arizonian. October 30, 1669. 28. Barnes, Will 0., Arizona Place Names, p. 188. 29. BourkeTs book, On the Border with Crook, was written from detailed field notes which he kept over a period of years. 24

There would be little use in attempting to. describe Old Fort Grant, Arizona, partly because there was really no fort to describe...It was... the most thoroughly God-forsaken post of all those.supposed to be in the annual Congressional appropriations...Let the reader figure to himself a rectangle whose four sides were the row of of­ ficers* "quarters", the adjutant's office., post bakery, and guardhouse, the commissary and quar­ termaster's storehouses, and the men's quarters and sutler's store, and the "plan”, if there was any "plan", can be at once Understood. Back of the quartermaster's and commissary storehouses, the butcher's "corral", and the cavalry stables, while in the rear of the men's quarters, on the banks of the San Pedro and not far from the ruins of a pre­ historic village or pueblo of stone, was the loose, sandy spot upon which the bucking "bronco" horses were broken to the saddle. 30

Life atfthe post at this time was not easy, according to Bourke. The troops were compelled to serve as painters, carpenters, and general handy-men around the officers' quar­ ters. Bourke attacks this practice as one of the contribu­ tory causes of the frequent desertions as the soldiers con­

sidered this type of work as outside their line of duty. In addition the practice had several other ill effects. It made troops unavailable for military operations. Also, the 31 employment of civilians would have encouraged settlement.

The average day of a private soldier consisted of arising at reveille, spending half an hour in the stables grooming the horses and turning them loose to graze in the mesquite. Af­

ter breakfast, guard mounting took place, followed by a short

30. Bourke, John G.* op.olt., pp. 3-4. 31 • Ibid., pp. 6-7. 85

drill. In the afternoon the stables were cleaned and a pa- 52 rad© held at sundown. For the officer, the routine varied little. Inspection of the men's mess at breakfast, dinner and supper, conducting drills, stable inspection, a visit to the herd, checking the usual reports and proceedings, and the parade at sundown constituted his daily tasks. His spare time was devoted partly to forms of recreation to be found 33 around the post, and partly to study. Actually, the forms

of recreation were extremely limited. Hunting was poor in the immediate vicinity and too dangerous in the mountains.

Shooting was mainly confined to the coyotes, who foraged in 34 the garbage dumps not far from camp. Horse-breaking, drinking and gambling furnished the remaining recreational

fields. The trader's store was the social center of the l|

post, presided over by the two assistants at the store dur- ;

ing Bourke's stay, an old Strausberger named Paul, and a 35 young Yankee named Speedy. The non-military population of

the post was not large. Manuel Duran, Hieolas, and Franciseo, : : :------:--- V Bourke, John G., op.©It., p. 12. 33. Ibid., p. 12. 34. Ibid., p. 11. 55. Speedy had once seen a ghost, "it had much the appear­ ance of a 'human', and was mounted on a pretty good specimen of a Sonora plug, and was arrayed in a suit of white canvas, with white helmet, green veil, blue goggles, and red sidewhis­ ker a.". Speedy left without investigating, but information later reached the post that an .English lord had been roughing it in Sonora at that time. Despite this news, Sneedy contin­ ued to Insist that it was a visitation from anotfier world. Ibid., p. 20. v 26

three tame Apaehes, acted as scouts, and Jose^MardCa, So&o'de

Leon, Victor Ruiz, and Antonio Bealaa, escaped captives of

the Apaches, served as guides and Interpreters. Oscar Button -■ ■ ' 36 was employed as post guide, y'k rancher n m s d Joseph Felaer 37 served as post blacksmith.

/ Indian warfare was the vital problem facing the post. /As.far back as 1866, some of the Indians had begun to see the

1 desirability of entering into negotiations with the author-

/ itlea at Camp Grant, for Captain Ilges had made a treaty with

the Aravaipa Apaches which was later disavowed by the In- -' 39 dian Bureau. Shortly afterward, General Crittenden made \ • . > 40 a second treaty which the Indians subsequently broke, al-

".“ 1 : : : : Button had been all over the west. Vain and conceited, he was boastful to the extreme, and as brave as he was boast­ ful. He later appeared as witness at the trial of the parti­ cipants of the Camp Grant massacre. Bourke. op.cit., pp.14-15. ' 37. ' ; Felmer*8 ranch, located about three miles from the post, was a constant target for Indian attacks. During a government auction, Felmer acquired a decrepit mule which he Intended to use as "Apache bait". Turning the mule loose in a barley field, he awaited results. One afternoon he was a- wakened by shouts of "Apache"J Hastening outside, gun in hand, he beheld three full-grown Apache bucks astride the ancient animal, already out or gunshot. Two were riding in orthodox fashion, while the third faced backwards, sawing away at a hair lariat looped beneath the muleTs tail, and the mule was tearing up.the mountain side with all the vigor of a three- year old. Ibid., pp. 15-16; For an account of another attack on Felmerfs ranch, see Weekly Arizonian, April 30. 1877. . . 38. ■ Report of the Secretary of bar, 1867-68. p. 126. Report of the Acting Commissioner of Indian Affairs, 1867-68, p. 607~ ~ — ------107 Report of the Secretary of War, 1867-68., p. 126. 27

fthough many of them returned to live on the military reser- |vatlon. Tribes In the wirrounding mountains besides the Arm- j • - i valpas were the Pinal, Mescal and Tonto Apaches, all of whom ;

\were hostile. During May, 1868, three men had been killed on > ■ 41 ;he road between Tucson and the post. This was not an un- /usual occurrence in this section of the country, for at some 43 of the posts the Indians made almost nightly raids. On f ithe whole, however, the Indians in the immediate vicinity of

Ithe post were fairly peaceful. According to report, at one time as many as 700 received rations from the subsistence ) department at the post. This was a newly instituted prac­ tice which was to cause trouble in the future.

^ With the increasing growth of settlement around the vpost, the Indian problem grew. Settlers had begun to flow into the San Pedro valley, and the increasing population of­ fered a more fertile field for plunder. During July, 1868, 44 two men were killed almost at the very gates of the post.

The people began to demand more action from the military, and

the year 1869 resolved itself into a story of open and active

: " ■~™ ' : Report of the Secretary of War. 1867-68, p. 101. 42. ' ------:--- - Ibid., p. 101. 43. — Toulcmse, J. H., op.cit., p. 29. 44. ; Elonao M. Erwin was killed July 16, and eight days later the body of a Mexican known only as Corozozo was found in a mutilated condition. Weekly Arizonian. July 17, 1869. 28

"Warfare between the army and the Indians.• General Or4 took

'command of the Department of California, and began to press

[the policy of extermination. \ Of his operations he wrote:

"I have encouraged the troops to capture and root out the

Apaches;;.and to hunt them as they would wild animals." i

/The peaceful Indians were permitted to remain peaceful in so far as the military were concerned. The hostiles were to be treated as wild beasts, public opinion in Arizona supported this policy. The soldier was a highly respected member of the community so long as he was engaged in the pursuit of the Apaches, and the only complaint against the army was di- : '■ reeled against the War Department for their reluctance to ^ supply a sufficient number of troop*. Whether there was a lack of troops or not, those at Camp Grant were kept busy, fn the latter part of January, 1869, Company K, First Cavalry, was transferred from Camp Crittenden I • 46 jfco Camp Grant, to be put to work immediately. Colonel R. F, Barnard, with Captain John q. M a m s and thirty-eight men of Company G, out from Camp Lowell, stopped at Camp Grant on i February 2, and augmented their force. They took twenty men of Company K, under Lieutenant H. H. Stanton. Leaving the post, the party traveled thirty miles southeast, where they attacked a party of sixty Indians, whom they defeated after a three hour battle. Barnard took the prisoners captured in

- - 1 ; - - “ ------— Manypenny, George W., Our Indian Wards, p. 187. ... 46. . . " Weekly Arizonian. January 31, 1869. 29

A • 47 this battle to Tucson. Hardly three weeks had passed after

this encounter when there was an attack by the Indians on a

wagon train belonging to Thomas Venable, In which two men

were killed. Colonel Green and Lieutenants Calhoun and Stan­

ton, with Company K and some mounted Infantry, pursued the 48. Indians but failed to catch them. During March, Captain

Ilges led an unsuccessful scouting party into the Pinal Moun- 49 tains. Hardly had they returned than the Indians attacked

a wagon train belonging to the quartermaster's department on

the road to Tucson, killing one m m , wounding two others and 50 losing three of their own force. In early April Colonel

Green, Colonel Dunkleberger, and Lieutenants Johnson and Stanton, with approximately a hundred men, undertook another

scouting expedition. This was extremely successful, some 51 thirty Indians being killed. Less than a week later, a

wagon train of nine wagons belonging to Tully and Ochoa was

£77“ " ““ ' ' ' 1 ' " V Weekly Arizonian, February 21, 1869. 48. ■ \ ■ j Ibid., March 7, 1869. Hie two who were killed we^e an ex-soldier named James Price and a young man known as NWhiskey Bill". 49. Ibid.. March 14, 1869. 50. " Ibid., April 24, 1869. 51. " Ibid., May 8, 1869. The account reads like the pre­ sent-day record of a hunting trip, with the list of each day's "bag" posted, in one battle, thirty of the Apaches were killed, twenty wounded, and eight captured. What hap­ pened to the wounded was not disclosed. Among the effects found in the rancherla was a coat belonging to James price. 30

attacked and captured when the party defending the train 52 abandoned it, leaving three of their number dead. in

May Colonel Green relieved Captain llgeo as commanding offi­ cer and proceeded to send Colonel Dunklebergsr and Lieuten­ ant Calhoun on an extended scouting party, from which they 53 returned after seven days, having killed four Apaches. 54 During the summer of 1869 Colonel Green led an expe­ dition into the white Mountain region, the first white man 55 to enter this area at the head of a command. In the re­ mote fastness of the White Mountains, he came upon a peace­ ful tribe under the chief, Miguel, who asked to be put on a reservation. Living with these Indians were three white men,

C. E. Cooley, who had been sent into the region by Major French, the Navajo agent; William Dodd, his companion; and a

52. Weekly Arizonian. March 23, 1869. 53. - Ibid., June 5, 1869. Colonel Dunkleberger received quite a lot of publicity for the feat. The party surrounded a rancher!a and in order to surprise the Apaches, Dunkle­ berger ordered the troops to remove their shoes. This Stra­ tegy succeeded, and the troops surprised them, killing four. 54. " Major General Thomas succeeded Halleek as commander of the Division of the Pacific. There had been some ques­ tion as to the off ie4cy of maintaining some of the posts in Arizona, among them Camp Grant. Thomas visited the territory and, after a tou.r of inspection, decided to retain the post. Report of the Secretary of War, 1869-70, pp. 113, 120. 55. Weekly Arizonian, August 28, 1069. 31

66 third man whose identity was unknown. It is easily seen that the'troops at Camp Grant were kept busy pursuing the

Indians, but despite the numbers of scouting parties and con­ stant harrassing of the Indians by the troops, depredations increased. The military situation grew serious. Enlistments of half the 1,600 troops in the territory were nearing expir­ ation, and no provision had been made for their replacement.

In August Governor Safford appealed to General Thomas for 'j equipment for 300 volunteer militia, who would serve under the supervision of the division commander. Thomas refused with the statement that he had no authority to accept volun- 57 tears nor to supply them with arms.

The Indians were still on the warpath in 1870. Bourke has left an excellent story of the campaigns during his stay at the post, including an account of one of Arizona's most famous massacres, that of Kennedy and Israel on the Camp

Grant road. In early %ay General Cogswell, commander of the sub-district, sent Lieutenant Howard B. Cushing, one of the most outstanding Indian fighters in the history of Arizona, < 58 ...... to take station at Camp Grant. Cushing had barely arrived

p6^ : Weekly Arizonian. September 4, 1869. It was first thought;that these three were engaged in selling guns, but Cooley's credentials were acceptable to Green and he was per­ mitted to remain. 57. Ibid., August 1, 1869, September 21, 1869. 58. Ibid., May 14, 1870. Bourke, a great admirer of Gush­ ing, describes bin thus: "He was hbout five feet seven in 32

on the scene when the Kennedy-!srael massacre occurred. On

May 26 a wagon train belonging to Kennedy and Israel left for Camp Grant, with two wagon loads of Mexican laborers who were going to work on the ranch belonging to the two men. On May 28th they were attacked by Indians, and both Kennedy and 59 Israel were killed. .As the fight started the Mexicans scattered, some of them attempting to reach Camp Grant. As the military court was in session at the post, trying the us­ ual number of drunken soldiers as it was the day after pay­ day, a wounded Mexican staggered into the camp with the story of the attack. Sergeants Wakefield end ifott, upon seeing the

Mexican’s,entry, had rounded up the horses, and within twenty minutes the first detatehment was crossing the san Pedro into 60 Santa Catalina Canyon. Upon arriving at the point the Mex­ ican had described as the scene of the attack, the men deploy­ ed as skirmishers and advanced. Presently they came upon

Kennedy, who, though mortally wounded, had managed to escape.

He was still alive when the troops discovered him,,but he died height, spare, sinewy', active as a cat; slightly stoop- shouldered, sandy complex!oned, keen grey or bluish-grey eyes, which looked you through when he spoke...There is an alley named after him in Tucson, and there is, or was, when I last saw itj a tumble-down, worm-eaten board to mark his grave, and that was all to show where the great American nation had deposited the remains of one of its bravest.” Bourke, John G., op.clt., p. 30. 56. ' • - Ibid., pp. 20-35. 60. Ibid., pp. 21-23. The Weekly Arizonian, June 4, 1870, carried an account of the killing which 'differed only in mi­ nor details from Bourke’ s account. 53

61 on the way to the poet hospital. Leavlng Kennedy in the oare of a half a dozen men, the command proceeded on until they found the remains of the wagon train and the mutilated body of Israel. Night fell before the troops could pick up 62 the trail, so they returned to the post.

The following day, May 31, a command under Cushing left ^

Camp Grant on the trail of the Indians. They followed it up the Aravalpa until it doubled back toward the San Pedro, where it disappeared. Manuel Duran and Felmor picked it up again, heading westward. The command crossed Deer Creek and Rook

Creek, less than twelve miles from Grant, Turning north, they crossed the Gila and went up Disappointment Creek into the Pinal Mountains, where they discovered the rancheria of 63 ' the raiders on the evening of Juno 4. Gushing ordered his men to surround the rancheria and prepare to await the dawn.

During the night, however , they were discovered and forced to make the attack .earlier. All but two of the braves were 64 killed and a number of woman were captured.

' ' ~ '"..7 ■ . "v’ . . •. . .. " . ' " ' ... .. ' V ' " ' ' " ... ' . Bourke, John G., op.clt., pp. 23-25. 62...... ' : : Ibid.. pp. 25-31. 63. " Ibid., pp. 31-33. 64. Bourke says that the reason they were so easily caught was that the bucks bad imbibed great quantities of patent me­ dicine, which they found in the wagon train, thinking it was liquor, and as a result became very 111. Ibid., p. 33. There is another interesting story connected with this massacre which the captives gave as a reason for the attack. Prior to this time, Colonel Sanford, of Camp McDowell, had 34

When Cashing returned from this successful campaign, he immediately laid plans for one of longer duration. July 23, j • he and his command, which consisted of Bourke, Surgeon W. B.

Dodds, sixty-five men of company K, First Ca^lry, and Com­ es pany F, Third Cavalry, left on an extended campaign. Fol­ lowing the San Pedro a few miles, they turned west into Ma- son's Valley. Doubling back east, they followed Pinal Creek to a green valley known as the "Wheat Fields". No Indians were found, it was during the rainy season and tracking was 66 difficult. Sudden floods affected their progress. A few days after they left the "Wheat Fields", they moved down

Pinto Creok, where they discovered a small party of Apaches and captured two squaws. The captives offered to lead them to another ranoherfa toward Tonto Creek. They were not able / to slip up on this rancherih. and the Apaches escaped. killed the brother of Miguel, chief of the tribe in the Whit® Mountains. Miguel wished to avenge his brother’s death, and at the same time remain at peace with the aray. He had a beautiful daughter, much sought after by the chiefs of all the neighboring tribes. Miguel offered his daughter to Azul, the leading suitor, on condition that he bring in the scalp of a white man. Azul consented and he and his men went on * the warpath. Israel’s scalp was to have been the prize for Miguel's daughter, but unfortunately for the romantic side of the story, Azul was among the slain in the attack. Weekly Arizonian, July 18, 1870. 66 . ' . Weekly Arizonian, July 25» 1870. 66 . ''' While camped near the present sive of Globe in a dry wash, a sudden flood came down the mountain and swept part of the equipment away. Cushing almost lost his life in this flood. Sergeant Wakefield and a trooper known as "Big Dan" Miller grabbed him just as he was hit by the wall of water which came down the canyon. Bourke, John G., op.oit., p. 42. as

Leaving this point, the detachment crossed to Mesquite Springs, followed the Salt River doen to Tonto Crook and then into the sierra Ancha, where they found a command from Camp

McDowell, under Colonel Sanford. Securing supplies from San­ ford, they turned towards sombrero Butto, going to the mouth of Cherry Creek and thence into the valley of the Sen Carlos River. In the San Carlos valley, they had a minor engagement / with a small band of Apaches, destroying a rasoherla end los­ ing one nan, J. Graff, tho blacksmith of Company K. The Apa­ ches tho escaped warned the others in the San Carlos region by means of smoke signals, so Cushing abandoned the campaign 67 and returned to Camp Grant. The troops had barely rested from this campaign when they were out again, this time at the instigation of a squaw, who, coming to the post with a tale of mistreatment by her dead husband's relatives, offered to lead the troops to the / ranoherla. Biey arrived to find the Apaches ready for thorn, \ falling Into a trap from which they fortunately escaped with­ out loss, under cover of a heavy fog. The squaw was bound, but managed to escape in tbo night. Upon their return, the troops met with much ridicule at the hands of their fellow 68 soldiers over this fiasco. This was Cushing's last expe­ dition from Camp Grant. On August 19, he was relieved from >

------w r ....------— ------:------:--- :— :— ------Bourke, John 0., op.cit., pp. 40-47. 68. Ibid., pp. 47-51. 36

duty at the post and given freedom to operate against the

Apaches for an indefinite period, with headquarters at Tuc­ son. Bourke left Camp Grant at the same time, being trans­ ferred to Camp Lowell, where he remained until he later be- I 69 1 came aide-de-camp to General Crook.

At this point it is necessary to retrogress a bit and view the general military situation in Arizona. During June,

1870, Arizona was separated from the Department of California and made into a separate department. General George Stoneman 70 was placed In command of the new department. This was the _J beginning of a series of controversies between the military and the militant Governor Safford. The creation of the de­ partment and General Stoneman*s attitude toward the problem of the Apaches began a new phase in the history of the post.

Stoneman looked with too much favor upon the feeding stations, J where the Apaches gathered in large numbers to be fed, to be 71 popular with the people of Arizona. One of these so-called feeding stations was soon to be established at Camp Grant.

The government was to change its policy of extermination of the Indians to one of appeasement. The gradual change made itself felt early in 1871, and the Indians began to come in,

69. Weekly Arizonian. September 3, 1870. 70. Ibid., June 25. 1870; Also, Bancroft, Hubert Howe, op.cit., p. 558. 71. Bancroft, Hubert Howe, op.cit., p. 559. 37

surrender and settle around Gamp Grant and the other posts

In the territory. It was then that the attitude of the people toward the military began to change. This state of affairs reached its peak at Camp Grant with the Camp Grant massacre. CHAPTER III

THE CAJAP GRANT MA3SACRE

r zShortly after General Stoneman became department coa- "1

mander, he made a tour of the territory and followed it up

with a favorable report concerning the Apache problem, in

which he stated that it was much less serious than it had

been, Cochise had offered to go on a reservation and Stone-

man recommended the establishment of one in the White Moun­ tains. He considered Camp Grant one of the three important

posts in the territory, the other two being Camps Verde and 1C Thomas. 5tonemanTs plan for the solution of the Indian

problem was essentially sound. He believed that by estab­

lishing reservations and furnishing rations to the Indians,

most of ttiem would come in and the remainder could be easily

subdued. This was essentially the same idea followed by

General Crook a short time later. However, as soon as Stone- man's report was published, the Arizonatv press began to de- nounce the General ana his ideas. The fact that tne Indian J degE%a%pns had not decreased and dId—not—subsaquentlynio-so >K*rx\. 4 furnished tnem with further bases .far" condemhatT^otr. Their

anbroft, Hubert1JVx -#% 4» Howe, op.clt.,0*.*0*. a 1 A. - p. 559C. 12 ZX f V ^ee^ly ^rlzonian, January 28, 1871. P Ipicu, January 28, 1871. 39

claims were further strengthened by an outbreak which occur- red on the newly created White Mountain reservation.'

But how was stoneman's action to affect Camp Grant? The new policy of appeasement had definite effect on subsequent events at the posts. In February, 1871, Camp Grant was in command of Lieutenant Royal L. whitman, in the absence of Col­ onel Green, who was on an extended scouting expedition. Most of the troops stationed at the post were with Green, leaving only a skeleton force to carry on the routine dutiesThe latter part of February a party of five old women came in un­ der a flag of truce, bearing a letter from Colonel Green.

They were in search of a i>oy, the son of one of their number. The boy, who had been recently captured, did not wish to leave with them, so they remained at the post several days. ’When they left they asked permission to return, which was granted. A few days later they again came to the post with some articles to trade for manta, a course cloth from which

ekly Arizonian, February 11, 1871. 6. ■ X J Renoi\t o f the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, 1871, p. 69. Hereafter cited as Indian Affairs Report. The ac­ count of how \ttie Indians came to be at Camp Grant is taken from Lieutenakt Whitman’s report, other sources which vary only in minor/uetails are: Clum, Woodworth, op.clt., pp. 60- 65. (This account Is highly fiotionized, though it essential­ ly agrees with whitman’s report.); Cargill, Andrew H., "The Camp Grant MasseWe", Arizona Historical Review, VII, no. 3, July, 1936./(Thin account is highly Inaccurate, having been written almost forty years after the event occurred, and apparently from memory.) Hammond, George ?♦, nThe Camp Grant Massacre", Proceedings of the Pacific Coast branch of the Am­ erican Hiqiorlcal Association, 1929. pp. £06-Ld9." 40

they fashioned garments. Before leaving the second time,

they informed Whitman that there was a young chief in the

mountains who wished to come in and have a talk with him. 7 Whitman agreed to a conference, and several days later the -gr chief came in with about twenty-five of his bandGiving 8 J x his name as Eskiminzin, he stated that he was the chief of

about 150 of what had been originally the Aravaipa Apaches,

and that he wished to make peace.1 ^Whitman urged him to go

to the White Mountain reservation, but the chief replied that

for generations his tribe had lived in the region of the Ara­

vaipa, where they could find a never-ending supply of mescal,

their principal article of food. "At the White Mountains", he said, "there is none, and without it now we get sick.

Some of our people have been in at Goodwin, and for a short

time at the White Mountains, but they are not contented, and

they all say, 'Let us go to the Aravaipa and make a final

peace and never break it .m l t Ltman. told them that he had

XCT'T-T'Indian Affairs ------Report, 1671, p. 69.

.iminzln's life was destined to be closely connected with event:events at Camp Grant for the next several years. He, though not as well known as Cochise or Geronimo, was their equal in ability or intelligence. For an account of his life, see Glum, John P., "Eskiminzin", New Mexico Historical Re- viejir, III, no. 4, October, 1928, pp. 599-421. 9. Indian Affairs Report, 1871, p. 69. It will be remem­ bered that durfrig 1866 there was a peace made with the Ara- vaipas, and that at one time there were some 700 Indians who received rations at the post. However, these Indians were under no restraint. 41

no authority to make a treaty with them, but if they sincere­

ly desired peace they could surrender and he would accept

them aa prisoners of war, locate them on the military reser­

vation and give them half rations until he could write for

further orders./ March 1, they came in, men, women, and children. Meanwhile, word came in from several other small / bands, and whitman made the same reply. By March 5 there

were over 300 at the post, who were placed in oaap about half a mile from the post\ and rationed every second, and later, every third day. ,?&iitaken then wrote a detailed account of

the matter and sent' it to "headquarters at Saeaton, where it

became bogged down in a maze of red tape because Whitman had neglected to brief the dispatch correctly, some weeks later

it was returned, unopened, with instructions to brief it

properly.

With the Indians on the military reservation. Whitman

was faced with the problem of taking care of them. The num­ ber gradually increased to 510./ Knowing that the responsi-

^ Indian Affairs Report, 1871, p. 69. A# Ibid., p. 69; Al^o,' Cargill, A. H-, op.olt., p. 74. 12. Ibid.. p. 69. This point is particularly important, for it is the basis for whitman’s contention that no large bodies were absent for morp than a brief period. This is verified by Lieutenant W. w. Robinson; by Dr. Conant B. Bries- ly, post surgeon; by F. L#1Austin, post trader; by Oscar Hut­ ton; by Miles Wood, beef contractor; and by William Kness. Ibid., pp. 71-76. 13. Ibid., p. 69. 42

billty fop their behavior rested upon him, since no orders had been forthcoming as a result of his report, Whitman kept

them continually under his supervision, according to his ac- count. in the course of his contact with the Apaches, the

officer grew to know them &ulte well and professed a great

fondness for them. Certainly they grew extremely attached

to him, for later they refused to even consider a conference

unless he were present to look after their Interests.\ As

the Indians were inadequately clothed, Whitman devised a

means of rendering them self-supporting. At this time Fred \ / Austin, the post trader, employed Mexicans t0 gather hay for

sale to the government. With Austin’s cooperation, Whitman

arranged a system of tickets to be used in paying them, and

personally attended to all the weighing. ' This plan was

immediately successful, so much so, in fact, that some of / \ the braves even went so far as to lend a hand in the fields.

hdlan Affairs Report, 1871, p. 69.

An indication of Whitman’£ attitude toward the Indians under his care may be seen in\a/statement made in his report to his superior officer, in which he said he would refuse to order his men to fire upon the undians if they decided to go on the warpath after the massacre. Ibid., p. 71. ‘jnfra., p. 61

Indian Affairs Report4 16711, p. 69. William Oury in­ f 1' timate B”TEat” whTTman”haHan^ulterlor motive in doing this, accusing him of using the Indians as a means of lining his own pockets. However, this statement was made after the mas­ sacre, when Whitman was the target of much abuse, and there is no evidence to prove this accusation. Oury, William 3., op.cit. 43

Within two months the Indians had gathered 150 tons of hay.

From time to tine Whitman permitted arties to go out for a \ certain number of days to burn mescal* Ha claimed that they consisted almost wholly of women and that he checked the size of. the parties and the amount- of mescal brought in, in order to make sure there had been ho treachery. A3 the number gradually increased, and with the coming of warm weather which caused the Aravaipa to dry up, whitman gave them per- mission to move upstream, off the limits of the reservation.

This was the situation when Captain Stanwood arrived April 1, to take command of the post. He had verbal orders from Gen­ eral Storemen to take care of any Indians he might find at the post as "prisoners of war". This was the first official approval of Whitman’s action.

Meanwhile, the people of Arizona, oeing opposed to all of Storeman’s ideas, and believing that the gathering of the

Apaches at Camp Grant was another of the General’s plans, were in a panic of excitement. The people of Tucson were particularly irate, as Camp Grant was only fifty-five miles

3 B ? an Affairs Report, 1871, p. 69.

"V ^lfcld.. p. 69. This Is one of the weaknesses of tfhit- ah’s case. It is inconceivable that he could have kept track of every one of the 510 Indians individually. Inlle his sys­ tem may have been accurate In the case of large parties, it was possible for individuals and small parties to leave the reservation for at least 72 hours. 20. Ibid., p. 70. 21.--- Ibid., p. 70. 44

away. v The ' Weekly Arizonian ccxidemned the action early in — ^23 March. If Whitman had thought to halt depredations by

bringing the Indians into Camp Grant, he was mistaken. Un­

fortunately, the reverse was true. To understand the real

reason for this it is necessary to look at the general sit­

uation in regard to the army, and at the situation in Tuc­

son. ^ During March the people of Tucson held a mass meeting.

Whitman was told that the Indians at Camp Grant were plun­

dering and murdering around Tucson, but he denied it, and

was ready to prove by the men at the post that the Indians 24 never left the post in large bodies. The citizens were

not satisfied and formed a militia, signing up eighty-two

Americans, who pledged themselves to take action at the next

outbreak. * William Oury was appointed captain and a committee

of twenty-seven was picked, to be known as the "Committee of

Safety", which, under the leadership of Oury, Sidney R. De- t Long, and J. W. Hopkins, went to Sacaton to seek assistance 25 from General Stoneman, Llarch 25. Stoneman informed them

that he was unable to give them more protection, because of

m 1 kd, G. P.. op. oit., p. 209. 23. weekly /.rizonian, March 11, 1871. There was no men­ tion made derogatory to Whitman at tnis time, the assumption being that he was acting under orders. The following week another article appeared which excused Whitman’s actions. Weekly Arizonian, March 18, 1871. zi • Oury, V«illi6m S., op.cit. Zb. Ibid. 46

a lack of troops and horses. Public opinion in the tiast had forced him to abandon a winter campaign and the President had asked General Sherman to have Stoneman modify his plans in accordance with the administration’s new policy, "one of mo- 26 )ral suasion and kindness, looking to their Christianization."

He also informed them that a community as large as Tucson should be able to protect itself, a statement that the com­ mittee took as a "blank check" for any action they might cave 27 to pursue.

Perhaps the trouble might have been averted had it not been for a new series of outbreaks. Four citizens met their 28 deaths at the hands of the Indians in the san Pedro Valley.

In addition, there was a series of raids on the herds around / r ft ^ ' *~ Tucson, shortly after the first of April, San Xavier was raided and a number of cattle stolen. A messenger arrived in

Tucson with the news, and a party of citizens, led by Oury, set out to Intercept the raiders before they reached Ceba- dilla Pass. On their arrival at the pass, they were joined by a party from San Xavier. The two groups united and fol­ lowed the trail through the pass, overtaking a single Indian,

26. weekly Arizonian, April 1, 1871. 27. Ibid., April 1, 1871. 28. Ibid., April 22, 1871. Henry Long, Alex McKenzie, a man named Chapin and a fourth unidentified man were killed by Indians on the San Pedro. 29. Oury, william, op.cit. 46

whom they killed, on the basis of the absence of a front

tooth, Jesus Maria Elias, a prominent Mexican citizen of

Tucson, positively identified the dead Indian as one he had 30 . recently seen on the Camp Grant reservation. Cebadilla

Pass was on the r^-ad to Camp Grant, so with these two pieces

of evidence, the citizens of Tucson felt that their case was Ylf>. £*1 W as. complete. A few days later came the event which set off the

powder keg; the murder of L. B. Wooster and his wife took 31 place at their ranch north of Tubao.

[The citizens of Tucson were ready for action and set

about making plans to wipe out the Indians at the post, z Elias appealed to Oury to organize a company of Americans to

campaign against the Indians, promising that if oury would

get arms, ammunition and supplies, he would gather sufficient

Mexicans together to use them. . Oury suggested another z meeting, to which Elias demurred, so they made the follow­

ing plans. Oury was to collect the Americans, with all nec- x essary equipment, and Elias was to organize as large a force

William, OJKClt .

of the Mexicans as possible. Together, they were to go to

San Xavier, to confer with Francisco, chief of the pupagos,

and get his old. j The plan was carried out as proposed. Oury got a wagon­

load of supplies from Samuel Hughes, Adjutant-General of the 35 territory. lie was unable to get a large force of Americans.

Five men, Sidney R. Belong, James Lee, D. A. dennett, and two

others named Etchell and Foley, were all that could be re- 36 cruited. Nevertheless, at three o ’clock on the afternoon

of April 28, these five, with Oury, met the others at the

Rillito, northwest of Tucson. Forty-eight Mexicans under , ' U V— ^llas and nlnty-Jjro Papagos from san Xavier and surrounding

villages furnished the remainder of the party. Jesus Elias

was elected commande%Q ^ y

At four o ’clock the expedition prepared to leave for

its business of wiping out the vamp Grant Indians. Just be­

fore taking the trail, Oury dispatched a messenger to Hiram

'V1 ) Oury, William, op.clt.

7 n *)Ji^f ^ Recollections of Mrs. Samuel Hughes. Transcript of an interview In the Arizona Pioneers Historical society library. Mrs. Hughes states that she assisted in making tne bullets, and that the supplies were assembled in the Hughes home. 36. Alta California, February 3. 1872. 37. 7 Ellas commented on the number of Amerlci ns present, saying, "Don Guillermo, your countrymen are grand on ’reso- luting and speechifying’ but when it comes to action the show- up is exceedingly thin." since eighty-two Americans had pledged themselves for immediate action, there seems to be some justification for this remark. Oury, William, op.clt. 48

Stephens with orders to send a party to the Canada del oro. on the main road, to prevent anyone from. Tucson warning Camp 38 Grant• This errand completed, the party followed the trail of the Indians who had stolen the cattle and horses at San

Xavier, making camp at the spot where the Indian had been 39 ,killed, on the north side of Cebadilla Pass. The following day the party advanced to a point which they believea was / only sixteen miles from the rancharia, and Elias made camp until dark, not wishing to be discovered by roving bands of

Indians. As soon as it was dark, they went on again, ex­ pecting to reach the ranoheria about midnight, but instead of 40 being only sixteen miles, the distance was nearly thirty.

As a result,[it was almost day-break when the party arrived in Aravaipa Canyon, within plain view of Camp Grant. Some­ thing had to be done and done quickly to avoid detection by 41 the troops. Elias divided the company, sending the Papagos up one side of the Aravaipa, and the Mexicans and Americans up the other, with instructions to attack on signt.j The com­ mand proceeded up the creek about four miles, when it came upon the ra richer fa.

38. Oury, billiam, op.cit. 39. Ibid. 40. Ibid. 41. Ibid. 42. Ibid. 49

VThe attack came as a complete surprise, and it was swift fhd terrible. There were two lookouts, a buck and a squaw, stationed at the top of a bluff overlooking the camp, as the two sat by a small fire playing cards, they were clubbed, to death by the attackers, before tney could give an alarm.

The Papagos attacked the sleeping Indians with clubs and guns before they could get out of their wickiups. Many who es­ caped the papagos started up the mountain side and were met by the fire of the Mexicans and Americans who had retired to a safe distance, leaving tne Indian allies to do the more 44 dangerous job. Within half an hour the work was done. The total loss to the Indians was about 125, including captives. 45 Only eight were menNot a single member of the attacking party was injured.^--With some tXWty-eight captive children in their possession, in the worths \of oury, "at 8 o'clock on the bright morning of April 3% 1 8 % our tired troops were Testing and breakfasting on the San t-edro, a few miles above \ 46 the post in the full satisfaction of a work well done.^ J

The return trip was uneventful. The party rode back to

Tucson and Jimmy Lee want ahead to the Hughes home to tell the Adjutant General the results of tne attack. Hughes

Oury, William, op.cit.

bid. ■10. Indian Affairs Report. 1671,

Oury, William, op.cit. so

loaded a hayrack with food and water and took it out to the men. After they had eaten, tho group separated, the Indians 47 going to San Xavier and the remainder to Tucson.

Meanwhile, the post was unaware of the tragic fate which

had befallen the Apaches, but they were soon to discover it.

As Whitman was finishing his breakfast a dispatch arrived from Captain Penn at Camp Lowell, warning him of the attack.

Whitman, not knowing it was too late, immediately sent two

interpreters to the Indian camp with instructions to bring

them into the post, within an hour the interpreters returned 48 with the news that all the camp were dead. Whitman then sent Dr. Conant Briesly, post surgeon, with twelve men and

a wagon to bring in any wounded. Upon arriving at the scene

Briesly found that there were no wounded, the Papagos having

previously dispatched them with their clubs. From an exam­

ination , he found that some of the women had been raped be- 49 for® they were killed. Briesly returned to the post and

reported his findings to Whitman, who offered $100 to anyone who would go after the Indians, find them, and convince them

that the soldiers had no part in the massacre. There were 50 no takers.

47. Mrs. Sam Hughes, op.oit. 48. - Indian Affairs Report, 1871. p. 70. 49. Ibid., p. 72. 50. Ibid., p. 70. The following day Whitman went out to the eaap to super­ vise the burial of the dead, hoping that the Indians might seo it and eome in. As the troops were engaged in the grue­ some task, some of the tribe began to eoa@ and ’indulged in their expressions of grief, too wild and terrible to be 51 described.” The chiefs told whitman that they knew the soldiers were not responsible for the massacre and asked per­ mission to remain at the post. Their first request was, how­ ever, the return of the children who had been captured. Shit man promised to see that justice was done, but Sskiminnin, taking a realistic viewpoint, replied that white men would 53 never be punished for killing Apaches. Whitman gathered those who wished to remain into the confines of the post and 53 permitted the others to return to the mountains.

The attackers, back in Tucson, felt that they had done a good job, but that it was over and done with. Events were to prove they were wrong. Repercussions were to be heard throughout the nation. The policy of moral suasion was not working out. it had been tried and failed, not so much through the fault of the Indians upon whom it was tried as through the work of the Indians who still roamed the moun­ tains committing depredations for which the peaceful Indians

51. Indian Affairs Report. 1871. p. 91. 52. Ibid., p. 71. 53. Ibid., p. 71. 52

were blamed. However, this event was to mark a new phase in the attempts at settling the Apache problem. CHAPTER IV

THE AFTERMATH: VINCENT COLYER 'As soon as the story of the massacre reached the East, public opinion was aroused to a high pitch. president Grant in conversation with a newspaper reporter at West point char­ acterized it as "pure murder", and stated that he intended 1 to investigate the massacre thoroughly. The Eastern papers

strongly condemned it, branding Arizona as a "sort of bor­ derland between barbarism and civilization", where life was of little value and murder quite common, but insisting that

even for Arizona the massacre was an event of "unparalleled

ferocity and malignity". ^

The attitude of the people of the test was quite dif­

ferent. There was no middle ground in the feeling aroused

by the massacre^. If the East was horrified, the west was the

opposite. i It did, however, raise another problem. The people of Grant County, New Mexico, in the region of the

Canada Alamosa reservation, had been suffering from a series

of raids on their herds. As in the case of the people of

Tucson, they attributed the depredations to tne Indians on

Citizen. June £4, 1871.

bvery Saturday. Boston, august 19, 1871.

Indian affairs Report. 1871, p. 67. 54

the nearest reservation. Probate Judge Hudson of Grant

County wrote the agent at Canada Alamosa threatening to carry out a massacre that would make the Camp Grant attack pale in­ to insignificance if the raids were not halted and the stock 4 restored. It was evident that seme action had to be taken. As soon as the Arizonians were aware of the disturbance the massacre was creating throughout the East, there was an attempt on the part of the newspapers to Justify the action.

This attempt at Justification assumed the nature of attacks upon the army and particularly upon Whitman for his part in assembling the Indians at Camp Grant. The attacks upon Whit­ man were of a personal nature. The Arizona Citizen accused him of grave moral crimes, including habitual drunkenness and 5 illicit relations with Apache squaws. How true the accusa­

tions were is not known. It was not unusual for army offi­

cers to be accused of drunkenness at this time, for drinking

was an accepted means of relaxation. However, Whitman's

fallow officer at the post, Lieutenant W. \7. Robinson, filed

a report absolving whitman of drunkenness while on duty at

Camp Grant. Members of the civilian group connected with

the post also swore affidavits in support of Whitman. How­

ever, this is not intended to be a defense of Whitman. An

4. Indian Affairs Report. 1871, p. 57. 5. Arizona Citizen. June 3, 1871; Also, Ibid., Juno 24, 1871. 55

officer risen from the ranks 4wring the Civil war, he was not popular with many of his fellow officers, in addition, he be­

came involved in a quarrel with General Crook over his acti­

vities in regard to the Indians. However, he was never con­

victed of any offence of a grave military nature while in 6 Arizona, and certainly not on the grounds on which he was

attacked by newspapers in Arizona. He had friends in the territory who supported him strongly as his enemies vllll-

fied him, and George Manypenny and John p. Glum credit him

with' being one of the ablest men ever to have control of ah 9 Apache agency.

Meanwhile, events of a more far-reaching nature had

occurred. President Grant took action along two lines. First

he sent Vincent Colyer to Arizona to. see what could be done

towards bringing about a peaceful solution, and he determined

to see that the participants in the maeaacre were punished.

The president instructed united States District Attorney C.

U. C. Howell to investigate the massacre. A grand jury was

/ 6. In a series of courts-martial beginning December 2, 1871 and lasting until October, 1672, he was either freed from lack of evidence or found guilty of minor offenses. The one held December 2 adjourned without action. May 20, 1872 a second one adjourned without action. In October, 1872, he was found guilty of using disgraceful language toward his commanding officer and conduct unbecoming to an officer and a gentleman. Arizona Citizen. October 12, 1872. 7. Manypenny, George W., op.eit., p. 95; Also, Glum, John P., op.eit., p. 403. "" 56

drawn up, with Charles Hayden as foreman and Andrew H* Gar- 8 gill as secretary. Delays halted the work, and it was not until October that the grand jury began work. Rowell sought an indictment, but to no avail. Finally he wired Attorney-

General Ackerman for instructions, and Ackerman replied that if an indictment were not forthcoming within three days mar­ tial law would be declared throughout the territory. Rowell showed the telegram to Cargill, who in turn communicated it to the members of the jury, and to avoid a military trial the jury indicted five Americans and twenty Mexicans whose names 9 were known and seventy-five Papagos under ficticious names.

The grand jury also indicted eight of the Gamp Grant Indians 10 who had been involved in the death of Charle s McKinney.

The Mexicans, Americans and Papagos were placed under bond, but before the Apaches could be captured and held for trial they disappeared into the mountains. The Americans who were

------B------;------Cargill, A. H., op.cit., p. 77. 9. Ibid., pp. 77-78. McClintoek says: "The case...was one of considerable profit to the young District Attorney, who by law was given a fee of $25 for each indictment.'* McClintoek, Janes H., op.cit., p. 212. 10. Indian Affairs Report, 1871, pp. 53, 7G. Upon their return to Camp Grant following the massacre, the Indians remained a month. However, on June 8, as Eakiminzin and his band were returning to the post from a trip into the moun­ tains after Mescal, they were fired upon by a body of troops from Camp Apache, who apparently mistook them for hostiles. The Indians immediately left the reservation, disappearing into the mountains, leaving behind the mutilated body of Charles McKinney, a rancher living near the vicinity of the post. s?

Indicted were William (Jury, Sidney R. Belong, James Lee, 11 I S A ® 11 and Foley. D. A. Bennett wa® mot indicted.

The trial opened December 6, 1871, and continued five days. The first day was largely devoted to the testimony of

Lieutenant Whitman, who restated his case, though he admitted the possibility that the Indians could have been off the reservation for longer periods than he had stated In his ac­ count of the massacre previously published. He also admitted that he had difficulty in making the Indians understand that they were at peace, not only with Camp Grant but also with the 12 remainder of Arizona. D. A. Bennett was also called for the prosecution and verified the fact that the Americans who were

indicted had participated in the massacre. The next day the

prosecution continued its case. Etchell was called to the

stand and admitted that he, Delong, and Foley had accompanied

the party, but took no actual part in the massacre. James lee was then called, and he admitted his part, as well as

naming William Oury and Jesus ElJLas. With this established, 13 the prosecution concluded its case.

The defense attorneys, Grenville Oury and J. E. McCaf­

frey, then took over the trial and sought to establish that

the Camp Grant Indians had been involved in the depredations.

11. Alta California. Feb. 3. 1872. 12. Ibid. 13. Ibid. 58

thus making the massacre justifiable on the grounds of nec­ essary defense. Rais Mendoza testified to the presence of horses belonging to Francisco Carrillo in the raacheria of the Camp Grant Indians, and also to the presence of gun® and ammunition marked with the territorial brand. John T. Smith was called to acquaint the jurors of the details of the

Wooster killing. With this testimony the second day of the trial closed. The defense continued on the third day. Wil­ liam Zeckendorf identified the Indian killed at Cebadilla

Pass as one of the Camp Grant Indians. Joseph Felraer, who was next called, corroborated his statement, and la addition stated that he was told by Taeoar, one of the petty chiefs, that the Indians were responsible for the death of Wooster and his wife. • He also claimed that Saklminsin and Carse, another chief, boasted of their depredations. Leiutenant W.

J. Rose, aide-de-camp to General Crook, was called to the stand and testified as to the presence of the Camp Grant In­ dians in an attack on the Hughes Ranch. James Cornelius,

Maurllia Castro, Jose Maria Yesques, William Rainey, James

Speedy, ?/. A. Smith* Juan Borquez and Juan Tomas also appeared 14 to present corroborating statements to previous testimony.

The fourth day's testimony was a continuation of the / / ease for the defense. Felmer was recalled. Jose Maria Yes­ ques, Guillermo,Telles and Leopoldo Carrillo gave additional

~ X*; : ;------Alta California, February 3, 1872. 59

testimony regarding the villiany of the Camp Grant Indians.

Captain Frank Stanvood was called to the stand to define the limits of the military reservation and the new Camp Grant

Reservation which had"been established since the massacre.

At the end of the day the trial took a new twist. There was an attempt on the part of the defense to make it appear that

Rowell had instigated the attack on Camp Grant in order to get the opportunity to prosecute those involved and make a reputation, as well as some money out of it. Rowell took the stand and denied the allegations and it was passed over by the defense. The fifth and final day of the trial was spent attempting to justify the attack on a basis of defense. Much was said about the kind treatment accorded the captive chil-* 15 dran. With that the defense rested its case.

With both sides having presented their ease, Judge Titus gave the Jury two points to consider in making their deci­ sion: First, whether or not the attack charged in the indict­ ment was a justifiable act of defensive or preventative hos­ tilities, and second, whether or not the attack was motivated 16 by "murderous malice". The jury, composed of John B. Allen,

Granville Wheat, 0. P. Rice, John Petty, m . Samenjago, Fcrd '

Barthold, George Cox, J. Shaublin, B. W. Regan, Kstavan Re- mades, John Montgomery, and Samuel B. Wise, retired, and in

is: " ~ Alta California. February 3, 1872. 16. Arizona Citizen, December 16, 1871. 60

17 twenty minutes returned with a verdict of "not guilty".

The participants, like Whitman, were absolved of guilt. The

Indians were the chief sufferers. But Arizona was not fin­ ished with the Camp Grant massacre.

It is necessary to retrogress a bit and pick up presi­ dent Grant’s second line of action in regard to the Camp —1 Grant massacre. Realizing Stonenan’o inability to cope with the Apache problem was further hampered by his differences with the people of Arizona, the President appointed Lieuten­ ant -Colonel George Crook to command of the Department of | / Arizona, with the rank of Brigadier General. Crook took 18 command June 4, 1871, and his first action was to forbid officers to make peace or issue rations to Indians unless in 19 close confinement. He then began to make plans for an active campaign.

Mo sooner, however, did the President put a man of action into the command of the department than he nullified this appointment. Having previously made the statement that a member of the Board of Indian Commissioners should visit ^ Arizona for the purpose of investigating Indian Affairs, he / named Vincent Colyer, secretary to the board, for this

r n Alta California, February 3. 1871. 18. Report of the Secretary of War. 1871. I. p. 66. . re TTnruer'mi Mai iru—i * * w 9 m Arizona Citizen. June 24, 1871. 61

SO purpose. By the latter part of July, 1871, Colyer was on his way westward, with plans In mind for the fulfillment of his mission. In a letter of July 30 he said:

I have selected Gamp Grant, in Arizona Ter­ ritory, as a reservation on the west, where the Apaches are to be protected and fed...my plan is to have this reservation...on the western border, and another which I will select in New Mexico on the eastern border. 21 Colyerfs attitude is plain from this statement. Be regarded the Indians as innocent victims of white aggression, an at­ titude which foreshadowed conflict with the people of Arizona.

Colyer also requested that the War Department retain Lieuten­ ant Whitman in charge of the Indians at Grant, and that whit­ man be instructed to send out runners among the hostile tribes to gather them on the reservation at Camp Grant. The 22 request was granted.

Colyer* s itinerary took him to other points in the ter­ ritory prior to September 8, at which time he left Camp Apa­ che with an escort, headed for Camp Grant. Two Indian run­ ners accompanied the party for the purpose of informing other 25 Indians of the establishment of the reservation. Through­ out the trip the party was constantly augmented by increasing

20. Arizona Citizen. June 3. 1871. 21. Indian Affairs Report, 1871, p. 46. 22. Ibid., p. 46. 23. Ibid., p. 51. 62

numbers of Indians who came in to join it. With this van­ guard, the party arrived at Camp Grant on September 15th, to find a white flag flying over the post in compliance with

Golyer's orders. Captain William Nelson was oomaander of the post, and from him Colyer learned that General Crook was un­ aware of his plans, so the commissioner immediately dlspatehetii copies of instructions which the War Department was supposed 34 to have forwarded previously.

Colyer was immediately called upon to demonstrate his power of protecting the Indians, shortly before his arrival, word came that a company of citizens were on their way to 25 Camp Grant from Tucson, and when Colyer reached the post, the group was within twelve miles of the post. Colyer esti­ mated the force to number about two hundred but hi# figures 26 may be exaggerated. At the same time, word was received that Governor Safford and a party of three hundred proapeo-

fcdre were expected to return to Tucson through Camp Grant.

Since the Indians had been induced to corns in only after much

persuasion, the Commissioner did not feel it advisable to permit armed bands of Americans to pass through the region

24. Indian Affairs Report, 1871, p. 56. 25; Ibid., p. 87. 26. Indian Affairs Report. 1871, p. 52. The Arizona Citi­ zen reported a party of sixty men on a prospecting trip near Grant. Both accounts state that Captain Dunn of Camp Lowell accompanied the party, so evidently these were the same group. Arizona Citizen, September 16, 1871. 63

87 at this time. He informed Captain Nelson that the captain would either have to forbid the citizens to approach nearer than ten miles of the reservation or furnish the commission with a sufficient escort to conduct the Indians over the 20 mountains to the White Mountain agency. Nelson, under or­ ders to cooperate with Colyer, immediately issued instructions forbidding the approach of an armed body within ten miles of 29 the reservation and sent a detachment out to inform the group of this command. At four o'clock the detachment re­ turned with the information that the party intended to cross the reservation. Nelson's next move was not a diplomatic one.

He sent Lieutenant whitman, possibly the most hated man in

Arizona, to tell the citizens that if they attempted to cross the soldiers would open fire upon them as they entered the 30 canyon mouth. With the threat of armed resistance, the party reluctantly agreed to turn back after Nelson sent a water-wagon to .replenish, their supply. However, they left with the threat that if the soldiera could bring in the In­

dians with a white flag, the citizens could do likewise, and

that the citizens would put the Indians on a reservation where it would cost nothing to feed them. Dr. R. A. Wilbur,

W77 Indian Affairs Report, 1871, p. 52. 28. ~ Ibid., p. 58. 29. Ibid., p. 87. 30. Ibid., p. 52. 64

the Papago agent vfoo was accompanying the party, denied

©barges that It had been formed with the Intention of break- 31 ing up the reservation. Colyer censured Wilbur for leav­ ing the agency and ordered him back, with instructions to 38 secure the return of the captive children. Colyer praised nelson for his action, but the officer was later strongly 33 censured for his action by General Crook.

i7ith the threat of attack averted, Colyer was free to begin the business of investigating the massacre, whitman had done his work well, having assembled Bsklminzin, Captain

Chlquito, and several of the other chiefs for a preliminary council. The commissioner assured the Indians that he would see that they were protected and questioned them about the killing of Charles McKinney. They succeeded In convincing him that it was an act of war in retaliation for the massacre and later assault by the soldiers from the yhite Mountains,

31. MoClintock’s account seems to substantiate the fears of Colyer that this expedition was for the purpose of driv­ ing the Indians from the reservation. HcClintoek, James ti., op.clt., I, pp. 210-218. 32. Indian Affairs Report, 1871, p. 52. 33. Indian Affairs Report. 1871. p. 91. Crook’s letter to Nelson read: "Your action in this matter was unwarrant­ able , as you transcended the limits of your authority, and in future you will be governed by the proper military author­ ities and the customs of service in like oases, nor will you unnecessarily provoke the hostilities of the citizens toward the military and the Indians under their protection." short­ ly afterwards Nelson was transformed from the Department of Arizona. 65

34 rather than a cold-blooded murder. Not all the Indians had arrived, as only about 259 were present, and Colyer dropped the council, on September 14, other chiefs began to send in runners to see if it wore safe, and, after receiving assurances, began to come in rapidly. The following day the conference began in earnest, william Kness end Concepcion

Aguirre acted as interpreters. Colyer first listened to the

Indians' version of the massacre, and most of the first day 35 was spent on that subject. The following day Colyer heard

Eskiainzin's version. Discussion was dispensed with Septem­ ber 17,.but the following day the interviews were continued.

Colyer also investigated whitman's activities and exonerated the officer. Indians still cane into the post, and on the

19th more interviews were held. The Indians prevailed upon Colyer to ride out to the scene of the massacre, which the commissioner describes graphically in a single sentence:

"Some of the skulls of the Indiana, with their temple-bones beaten in, lay exposed by the washing of the run fsic^ 36 and the feeding of the wolves.M Colyer found the Indians' wishes to be uniformly three in number: they wished to remain at peace on the reservation; they wished that reservation to be situated in Aravaipa Can-

"34" Indian Affairs Report, 1871. p. 53. 35. : IMi- P* 53. 36 Ibid., P« 55. 8#

yon; and finally, they wanted whitman to remain as their 37 agent. Their loyalty to Whitman remained unshaken. On

September 19, Colyer established the reservation officially. It was to be

Bounded north by the alia River; west by a line tea miles from and parallel to the general course of the Sam Pedro River; south by a line at right angles to the western boundary, crossing the sen Pedro ten miles from Camp Grant; east by a line at right angles to the southern boundary, touch­ ing the western base of Mount Trumbull, terminat­ ing at the Gila River, the northern boundary. 58 The chiefs were instructed regarding the boundary and ordered not to go beyond the limits on penalty of punishment by both the citizens and the military. Whitman was retained as agent in compliance with the wishes of the Indians. Colyer left Camp Grant on the 19th and proceeded to Florence. He remained in Arizona for some time, returning to Washington in November. An evaluation of Colyerfs work shows that very little was accomplished. Bancroft says that; -Colyer?a mission did perhaps some good by calling attention in the east to Arizona; its harm was the suspension of Crook's operations for a long time, and tho encouragement of Apache hopes that a new era of protection for their great industry of plunder had dawned. 40

57. Indian Affairs Report, 1871. p. 54. 38. — ------*------Ibid., p. 56. Colyer suggested compensation for the owners of land within these boundaries. Ibid., p. 57. 39. Ibid., p. 56. 40. Bancroft, Hubert Howe, op.cit., p. 563. 67

“7 Within a year from the time Colyer entered the territory, more than fifty Indian raids oceurred, climaxed by the wiekea- berg massacre. Increasing numbers of depredations served to prove that Colyer*s work, while sincere, was futile.

There were too many hostile Indians who could not be lured onto reservations by gifts, and force was necessary to place these incorrigibles under supervision.

It has been shown how the Camp dr ant massacre affected those playing major parts in the affair. Whitman was exon­ erated. The participants were acquitted. The attention of the East was focused on Arizona. Presidential action occur­ red. General Crook was placed in command of the Department of Indian Affairs and tried to straighten out the Apache tangle. Vincent Colyer had tried and failed, but President

Grant was not yet satisfied that a peaceful settlement could not be reached. This time he chose a man suitable to both the military and the Indian Bureau, General 0. 0. Howard.

41. Lockwood, F. C., op. cit.. p. 177. CHAPTER V

GENERAL HOWARD AND THE CAMP GRANT RESERVATION. With Vincent Colyer gone, it appeared as if General

Crook might take the field at any time, and the men of Camp

Grant might see some action against the Apaches. In November,

General Schofield, commanding the Military Division of the ;

Pacific, received orders from the War Department instructing \ him to begin operations against the Apaches and not stop urn- ; 1 til they were subdued and interned on reservations. Camp

Grant was still the center of the Camp Grant Reservation.

Company H, Twenty-third Infantry, and Companies I, L and M,

Fifth Cavalry, were stationed at the post under command of

Major E. $7. Crittenden. Lieutenant Whitman was still the In- . dian agent. Troops were coming into the territory in large numbers and Crook was familiarizing himself with the rough

Arizona terrain, personally taking charge of the pack trains, and in general preparing the army for an extended campaign.

However, President Grant was not convinced that his peace| policy was entirely at fault, and set about to give it another! i trial. Realizing that his first choice for a peace commis­ sioner had not been wise, he oast around for a man who was

™ 1. : Indian Affairs Report. 1872. p. 148. 2 a Bloom, Lansing, ad., MBourke on the Southwest”, Hew Mexico Historical Review, p. 377. se

the direct antithesis of Reverend Colyer, a man familiar with both the Indian question and the military. He selected

General 0. 0. Howard for the job, created a now bureau of In- _ 3 ^ dian and Freedman Management, and placed Howard at its head.

On March 2, 1872, General Howard received orders to report j to the Secretary of the Interior for duty, and on March 6, ? he was assigned to the Department of Arizona. In a letter, president Grant instructed Howard to study the condition of ; i affairs in Arizona and to suggest mamma for accomplishing ; the desired aim, peace between the whites and the Indians. i

However, this time the President, realizing that part of the ; weakness of Colyer * s attempt lay in the fact that he had no machinery for the enforcement and regulation of his treaties with the Indians, told Howard that the Indians must be forced upon a reservation, even if it necessitated a declaration of 4 war upon them. General Schofield was instructed to give all _j

the necessary aid, and he, in turn, wired General Crook to w- 5 avoid any collision with the Apaches during Howard * a visit.

Howard received four preliminary orders from the Presi­

dent. He was to make a general investigation of the officers v- and agents of the military department; to inquire into the

conditions and wants of the Yuma Indians; to bring back to

—.------:------:----- McClintock, James H., op. cit.,1, p. 215. 4. Indian Affairs Report. 1872, p. 148. 5. Arizona Citizen. March 23, 1872. Washington as many of the chiefs of warlike tribes as pos- slble, in order to impress them with the government1s power and its desire for peace; and finally, ho was to obtain all the information he could relative to locating the Indians 6 outside Arizona. With these purposes before him. General

Howard, accompanied by E. P. Smith, agent for Minnesota, and

Captain M. C. Wilkinson, loft Washington March 7, and arrived in San Francisco ten days later. General Howard contacted

Schofield who sent him to Yuma by steamer, in company with 7 Paymaster C. J. Sprague and Colonel Roger Jones.

Arriving in Arizona city on April 5, General Howard laid plans for his itinerary. From Arizona City, his party made its way overland to Camp McDowell where he met General Crook, who apparently had received no orders regarding his visit; 8 on the road to Prescott. Howard and Crook held a brief con­ ference after which Crook continued on to departmental head­ quarters at Prescott. Howard made his way to Camp Grant ac­ companied by, in addition to his regular entourage, two mesa- t bars of General Crook*s staff, Lieutenants W. J. Ross and John G. Bourke, and Dr. H. G. Bendell, the superintendent of 9 Indian Affairs for Arizona. At Florence, rumors reached

~ 5: — ------Indian Affairs Report, 1872. p. 149. • 17 ...... A— .. *r Ibid., p. 150. 8. Ibid., p. 151. 9. Ibid., p. 151. 71

the party that the Indians had left Camp Grant. The party i hastened on to the post, arriving there April 22.

General Howard found the Indians in a state of upheaval, though rumors of their departure proved false. Lieutenant

Whitman had been relieved as Indian agent and replaced by 2.

C. Jacobs April 19, and most of the 1,000 Indians at the post 10 were objecting to the officer’s removal. Howard, upon the advice of Crittenden, ordered the return of whitman for the duration of the conferences, and delayed action until his ar­ rival. On April 24 Howard visited the scene of the massacre, and the following day he, Major Crittenden, and Colonel Jones rode up the Aravalpa to Inspect the country with the view to­ ward selecting a site for a new post, In order that the mil- 11 itary post and the Indian reservation night be separated. ^

Upon the arrival of Whitman on April 26, General Howard prepared to listen to the demands of the Indiana. He met them in the agency building at tan o'clock and the conference lasted until three o'clock that afternoon. As usual, Bski- minzin was the chief speaker for the Apaches and presented : four demands. First, the Indians desired the return of the children who had been captured at the time of the massacre. ;

The Apaches were particularly disgusted with Vincent Colyer I 12 because of his failure to return them. Lieutenant Whitman's

itn ” ■ .... Indian Affairs Report. 1872. p. 151 Ibid., p. 152. 12. Ibid., p. 152. retention was the second issue. The Indians still had a deep affection for the officer. Whitman, as well as Superintendent Bendell and General Howard, attempted to convince them of the benefits of a permanent agent. The third point set forth was the removal of the reservation onto a spot where the. water - supply was more certain and the land better for cultivation. |

Finally, Xekiminzln stated that the Apaches wanted to enter \ into formal relations of peace with all other tribes in the territory, whom they termed collectively "Papagos". After \ hearing the Indiansf complaints and desires. General Howard made no promises, but took the matter under consideration^and set a date for mother conference twenty-five days forward.

Sekiminzln was disgusted with Howard because he would not act on the spot, but Howard still refused to make any promises, ; 13 pending the outcome of the second conference.

With twenty-five days to elapse before further work could be done at Camp Grant, Howard decided to make a tour of Arizona with a view towards bettering his acquaintance with the people of the territory, and also accomplishing one of hie preliminary orders, collecting chiefs of the hostile tribes to take to Washington. Accordingly, he left Camp

Grant April 87, and journeyed to Tucson, where he was met by

Governor Safford and other prominent officials. Governor

Safford promised to aid in obtaining the return of the

■ i e : ^ — ------Indian Affairs Report, 1872, p. 152. 73

captive children, sobs of whoa wore in the hands of Eexioan

families around Tucson. Prevailing opinion in regard to /

Howard's visit was that "the president's way is a good way, 14 if it can be carried out". While in Tucson, where he i

remained for five days, Howard invited Governor Safford to attend the coming council at Camp Grant, and also visited

San Xavier, where he prevailed upon the papagos to send

peace commissioners to the council. On May 2 Howard left

Tucson, going to the Pima Villages, where he investigated the

report that white people were diverting the waters of the

Gila above the Villages, thus creating a shortage of water

for the Pimas. He also invited the Pimas to send delegates

to the meeting at Gamp Grant. From the Pima Villages the

commissioner moved on to Phoenix, and from there to the Date

Greek agency, arriving there on May 6. Selecting two men

as delegates to Washington, the General continued on to Pres-

' cott, where he remained until time to return to Camp Grant 15 for the council. _J

On May 20 the peace commission arrived at Camp Grant accompanied by General Crook, to find a heterogeneous group

gathered at the post. Many people of Tucson were there, in­

cluding Governor Safford, J. a . McCaffrey, the district at­

torney, Dr. Wilbur, the pap ago agent, Jesiis Marfa alias,

------Indian Affairs Report. 1872. p. 153. 15. Ibid., p. 154. 74

William Oury, Leopold Carrillo, end others. In addition to the Apaches, there were nineteen Papago chiefs and priaeipal men, and forty Fimas. All interests in southern Arizona were represented, and for the first tins there was an attempt to

create friction between Howard and Crook, but the attempt 16 failed.

There was much to be accomplished. The first move was

to make peace between the various tribes. More than a thou­

sand Apaches concluded peace with the Plmas, Maricopa#, pa-

pagos, Mexicans and Americans, and pledged to help General

Crook find the renegades and incorrigibles. Despite the

large gathering of hereditary enemies, there was relatively

little trouble. On the second day of the conference, Manuel Duran, the Apache interpreter, was found missing, and rumors

circulated by those who hoped to see the conference fall

claimed that he had been murdered by the Apaches. This

threatened to break up the meeting until Manuel warn found in

Tucson, where he had fled after hearing that there was a plot 17 against his life. After this brief scare, matters quieted

down and work continued.

The meeting settled several points other than conclusion

of peace with the other tribes. The question of the children

n - : ; ------Indian Affairs Report. 1872. p. 165. A running ac­ count of tneactual happenings at the conference may be found in the Arizona Citizen. May 25, June 1, and June 8, 1872. 17. Arizona Citizen, May 25, 1872. 78

was not completely settled, however. Six of them, all who could be found in Arizona, were returned, but not to their families. They were placed in charge of a nurse at the agen­ cy, until the President should decide upon the question as to whether they should be returned to the Indians or to their foster parents. Howard promised to see what could be done 18 about those who had been taken into Mexico. On the subject of the retention of Whitman, the Indians were disappointed.

Howard explained that it was impossible for the Lieutenant to remain there, as he belonged to his regiment, which was no longer in Arizona. This, the reason given the Indians, was not the reel reason. As has been previously shown, T/hitman had too many enemies among the civilian population, and he had had the temerity to quarrel with Crook over the Indian policy. It was considered wisest to remove him. Perhaps the most important settlement reached, however, was the abolition

of the Camp Grant reservation and the establishment of the U" San Carlos Division of the White Mountain reservation. Gen­

eral Howard's own words best describe the new reservation:

The old Indian reservation of Camp Grant is hereby abolished. The White Mountain reservation is extended as follows: Commencing at Its pre­ sent southeast point (this point is the top of the Pinal fountains, making the extreme western of the present %hite Mountain reservation) and running due south to the Gila, and along the Gila to a point ten miles below (west of) the mouth of San Pedro; then parallel with the general course

18. Indian Affairs Heport, 1872. p. 155. 76

of San Pedro to a point ten miles south of post Csap Grant; thence due east to a north and south line which embraces the old post of Camp Good­ win; thence due north to the southern boundary of the present White Mountain reservation. The whole new extension is hereby named the San Carlos Division. 19

The conference ended on the 29th, and General Howard prepared to leave Camp Grant, ga desired to take Eskiminzla with him to Washington, but the chief refused to go. The tribe picked Santo and Conoepoion in his stead. Howard pro­ ceeded to the White Mountain reservation, and from there to

Now Mexico, on his way to Washington with his band of Apache chiefs. While in New Mexico, Howard sent a letter of reeom- _j aendations to President Grant, based upon his findings, in regard to the Yinaas, he suggested that they be placed under the Colorado agency and material aid be given them. His second recommendation concerned his findings at Camp Grant.

He advised the immediate return of the missing children; the dismissal of Whitman; confirmation of the establishment of the San Carlos division, with its own agent and own military company; the use of Indians in the war against the inoorri- glblss; payment for their services; and a general increase in the amount of rations issued. The third recommendation consisted of advising the establishment of schools on the various reservations for the training of children. In regard to the Indians on the Date Creek agency, he recommended that

19. Indian Affairs Report, 1872. p. 172.

\ those who had left Camp Verde be recaptured and all united at Camp Verde. If they were not recaptured, the Indians who remained at Date Creek should be removed to the Colorado agency the following season. Howard's fifth recommendation urged that General Crook be given freedom of action against the incorrigibles, that he be permitted to hire civilians to do the necessary labor. He also advised that all action of the courts and army commanders in attempting to regulate \X drinking and licentiousness among the officers be sustained.

Relative to the treatment of the Indians, Howard suggested that the Superintendent of Indian Affairs be instructed not. to consider the Apaches who voluntarily surrendered as prie-^

oners of war. Finally, Howard recommended sending repre­ sentatives of the Pimas and Marieopes to inspect the Indian 20 territory to see if they wished to be transferred there.

Howard then returned to Washington, where he remained u n t l l ^

August.

Although the peace commissioner had relieved General

Crook of any restraint In the pursuance of a strict policy of force. Crook made no major campaign during Howard's absence. ^

Howard's work at Camp Grant was almost done, though he did

not complete hie peace plane until his return from Washington.

However, his work in making peace with Cochise deservee later mention.

WT Indian Affairs Report. 1872. p. 158. During Howard’s visit to Washington, affairs at Camp

Grant were troubled* possibly some of the reasons for unrest

may be found In the report of Agent Jacobs made during the

conference. Jacobs reported that the water supply was in­

sufficient , and the agency was badly in need of repairs, in

addition, it was under*-staffed. He suggested hiring eight additional employees, including an issueing clerk, a head

farmer, and a blacksmith. He also asked for funds for erect­

ing a storehouse, a blacksmith shop, and other necessary

buildings, there was difficulty in securing supplies for the

Indians. The prices at the trader’s store seemed dispropor­ tionately high to Jacobs, and he asked permission to obtain

supplies from the commissary department, or at least to pur-

. chase them at the same rate accorded to the officers and men.

However, his report shows the chief factor behind the desire

of the Indians to leave Camp Grant. Always a plague spot,

the post had grown no more healthy with the increase in pop­

ulation, both military and Indian. Jacobs reported over fifty of the Indians had seeoumbed to a fatal illness during 31 the three months prior to the council.

Despite this unhappy state of affairs, the Indians con­

tinued to come in. on June 7 seventy-one Ton tos arrived,

professing a desire to remain and live under the conditions

of the treaty of May 22. They were granted permission and

217 Indian Affairs Report. 1872. p. 173-4. 79

22 enrolled. Ten days later a party of Indians came in to get rations, but not having a descriptive list, were refused;

immediately they left the reservation. The same night, how­ ever, twenty of the young bueks on the reservation, prompted by the example of the roving band, set out to overtake them 23 and go on a raiding party. Eskiminzin, true to his promise * M : to General Howard, reported their leaving. Major Critten- ;

den, believing they were going in the vicinity of Apache

Pass, immediately sent Lieutenant Bernard Reilly after them.

Meanwhile, Major William B. Royall, Lieutenant Jacob ' 1

Almy, and Agent Jacobs, had gone out to reconnoitre in an j

effort to find a site for the establishment of a sub-post on

the upper end of the San Carlos division. June 22, they re­

turned to the post, having selected a site on the San Carlos

River, three miles above its junction with the Gila. This

sub-post was to be known as Fort San Carlos, and orders were 23 given that Troop M should move to the new site.

Still the Indians continued to pour into the small un­

der-staffed agency on the San Pedro. The day after Jacobs' i

return he was confronted by a band of 223 Apaches who claimed ;

never to have been on a reservation before. In compliance i

22. Indian Affairs Report» 1672, p. 327. 23. Arizona Citizen, June 22, 1872. 24. : Ibid., June 29, 1872. 25. Ibid., June 22, 1872. 80

with General Howard’s orders, they were permitted to remain 26 and received rations. July 3, Jacobs found himself with an additional 250. The hands of Pelone and Esketeeela, who had accompanied General Howard to Washington, transferred / themselves from the White Mountain reservation to the San ;

Carlos division, to remain there until the return of their ; 27 chiefs from Washington. By the middle of July, Jacobs reports that, though the Indians were getting more restless, he did not anticipate any serious difficulty. The rolls had reached a total of 1,766 Indians, most of whom had never re­ mained on a reservation throughout an entire summer, ill­ ness was on the increase, and the Indians were more anxious | than ever to move. Two days later a minor outbreak occurred.

The majority of the Indians who had come in on June 23 suddenly left the reservation. Officers at the post had heard ? of the presence of an outlawed Indian named Coohinay, and a detail was sent out to arrest him. as the detail approached <

Cochinay, he, in company with several of the chiefs of the / above-mentioned band, fled, and in an effort to halt their 1 flight the soldiers fired three shots, none of which took 1 i effect. The Indians left, but the next day some of them l returned, and Jacobs was hopeful that all would soon be j i

2 6 . Indian Affairs Report. 1872. p. 327. 27. Ibid., p. 327. 81

28 back.

General Howard returned in Auguet to find matters at ^

Camp Grant highly unsatisfactory. His recommendation to move the Apaches on the Gila had not been carried out. Be­ cause of continued trouble, Jacobs had Been forced to main­ tain a permanent guard. In addition. It was reported that some of the agency employees had been indulging in "strong drink" in the presence of the Indian®. But it took Bskia- inzln to provide the last straw. On a trip to Camp Apache he reported to General Howard that the Indians at Grant dis­ liked Jacobs so much that a council had been held to decide whether or not he should be killed. Half the tribe favored this, while the other half opposed. Sskiainzln, being one

. , 21 of those in opposition, reported the plan to Howard. This, combined with the other factors previously mentioned, caused

Howard to remove Jacobs. He appointed George II. Stevens to the post and recommended an immediate investigation of 30 affairs at San Carlos. Stevens took charge of the Indians September 13, and during the period of his administration only one bit of trou- ble occurred, the killing of a Mexican boy. According to

28. : ; Indian Affair* Report. 1872. p. 327. For other in­ cidents, see items in the Arizona Citizen, August 31. 1872. 1 29. ------Arizona Citizen, August 31, 1872. 30. Indian Affairs Report, 1872, p. 176. 31. , Indian Affairs Report. 1873, p. 289. 82

statements in the Arizona Citizen. Stevens kept the Indians i in oheok by stern measures, even to the extent of outting i 32 / their rations.

Meanwhile, General Howard was concluding his work in ' T

Arizona. This final phase has little to do with Camp Grant, but its importance makes mention of it, if not essential, at least supplementary. This phase concerns his peace with

Cochise. In August, after contacting Thomas J. Jeffords, a well-known Indian trader who was reputedly a friend of Co­ chise, he persuaded Jeffords to secure an audience with the wily chief. % e interview which followed resulted in, to \ use Bancroft’s own words, "his principal achievement, though as it proved, an Unfortunate one”, which was "to receive that chief’s submission and establishment of the Chirioahua reser- 33 vatlon in the southeastern corner of the territory". ;

With this peace treaty, General Howard’s work in Arizo-. na. was completed. Despite much criticism on the part of the _j people of Arizona, his work had merit. The peace that presi­ dent Grant hoped for was not achieved, but Howard’s mission had. not been the absolute failure that his opponents claimed.

As General Crook had always believed, an active and success­ ful campaign would be necessary on the part of the army to pacify the Apaches, and Crook was prepared to carry out this

__ gjr : ' ™ Arizona Citizen. November 23, 1872. 33. Bancroft, Hubert Howo, op.cit.. p. 564. 83

campaign. Gamp Grant, which had occupied such an important place in the attempts at settling the problem peacefully, was to occupy an equally important place in the attempt to settle it by force of arms. The post on the Aravalpa was to serve as headquarters for the major portion of the first successful campaign against the Apaches. CHAPTER VI THE CAMPAIGN OF 1872-75 ^The vacillating policy of the government, terminated by

Howard's visit, had resulted la a year's delay for Crook but the General had not been idle. During the interval he bad traveled on his familiar grey mule over hundreds of miles of mountainous trail in his new department, familiarizing him­ self with its topography to a greater degree than had any of his predecessors. In addition, he had visited the various reservations, making the personal acquaintance of many of the chiefs and head men in order that he migbt secure their closer cooperation when the time came to strike at the hos- 1 tiles.

According to Bourke, General Crook's success as a com­ mander was the result of three factors: First, him handling of men; second, his use of Indian scouts; and third, 2 his development of the pack train. In regard to the first,

Crook never asked a subordinate to do anything he himself was not willing to do. He lived as his men lived, followed the trails they followed, and ate the meals they ate. He per­ sonally conducted the campaign, always keeping to the front, where he exercised supervision of all details, though he left

1 . ' - ^ Bloom, Lansing, op.cit.. p. 337. 2# Ibid., p. 377. 86

the movements from all posts under control of the off leers 3 commanding the detatchments. The use of Indian scouts was essential to the success of the campaign. It was almost im­ possible to follow the trail of the Apaches. Only the other

Apaches, the "tame" Apaches, knew the way of their wilder tire them. Crook took advantage of this and used the scouts 4 to the utmost degree. The general also took special pride in his development of the pack trains. He personally super­ vised the selection of the animals; he familiarized himself with the peculiarities of the packers, and he saw that the 5 pack trains were kept In the best possible shape. As a re­ sult of these three factors, when General Howard recommended that Crook be given freedom to operate against the Apaches, his plan was nearing completion.

Briefly, Crook's plan was as follows: It was to make a 6 clean sweep of the Tonto Basin, the area wherein the Apaches had always taken refuge from the army. This sweep was to be made by columns from various posts in and around the Ton to

Basin area. Commanding these columns were to bo Colonel J.

W. Mason, Fifth Cavalry, at Camp Verde; Major George Randall,

3. Bloom, Lansing, op.clt., p. 382. ’ibid., p. 380. 5. Ibid., p. 380. 6. Bourke, J. G., op.oit^, p. 181. The Tonto Basin, ac­ cording to Bourke, "is a misnomer, unless we recognize it as an example of gentle frontier satire. It is the seat of the 86

Twenty-third Infantry, at Camp Apache; Captain Thomas Byrne,

Twelfth Infantry, at Beale’s Springs; Major George F. Price, Fifth Cavalry, at Date Creek; Major James Burns and Major

J © M Hamilton, Fifth Cavalry, at Camp McDowell, end Major

T/illiam II. Brown, Fifth Cavalry, at Camp Grant. Major Thomas

McGregor, First Cavalry, was placed in charge of affairs at

Prescott, and General Crook moved campaign headquarters to 7 Camp Grant, where he took station. Each of these columns was to be set in motion on or m a r the same date, November ^ 16, 1872. The columns wore provided with a force of Indian scouts and a pack train, carrying all necessary supplies for an indefinite period. They were to converge upon the center

of the Basin, and if no decisive encounter with the Indians had occurred, they were to turn back, and, breaking out in

divergent directions, scour the country until every part of

the Basin had been covered. Every available man was to take 8 the field. Crook1s policy during the campaign was to be one

of persuasion followed by extermination. The Indians were

warfare of the Titans, and Ossa has here been upon pelion piled until the eye grows weary trying to count the wrinkles in Dame Nature's bosom. Yet rough as the 'Basin* itself is, the loftier mountains inclosing it are rougher, and each of these— the Mogollon, and Mazatxal, and the sierra Ancha— are thickly matted with timber and white with deep snow during the winter months. The ’Basin1 is well watered, and has an abundance of acrjfri-bearing oak, Spanish, bayonet, mescal, and other foods deaF to the savage palate”. Bloom, Lansing, op.clt., p. 376. 7. Bloom, Lansing, op.clt., p. 577. 8. Bourke, J . G., op.clt.. p. 181. *

87

to be permitted to surrender, but if they refused, they were to be hunted. down and killed. lio exouse was to be aceepted for leaving a trail. If the horses gave out, the troop® were to pursue on foot. In short, the general wanted to have 9 a campaign that would be both brief and decisive. It is chiefly with the activities of the men of Camp

Grant that this work is concerned. Lieutenant Bourke accom­ panied the Camp Grant detatohment and took daily field notes during the campaign. In November, Crook and his staff wore at Camp Verde. Though plans had been made to begin the cam­ paign on November 15, several delays had occurred, and it was not until November 20 that Crook left Camp Verde for Camp

Grant, where he arrived December 9. He immediately establiah- 10 @d headquarters, and called a council with the Indians, ex­ plaining to Eskiminzin his policy. The chief agreed to fur­ nish scouts for the campaign, and thirty-one Apaches were en­ listed and supplied with equipment the first day. The follow­ ing day ten more were enrolled. Padre Antonio arrived from

Tucson with news that an outbreak of Cochise’s band was in- L/ minent, but Crook decided to wait for the coming of spring before taking action, since it was highly improbable that the

Indians would leave the reservation during the winter months.

However, at this time he dispatched Captain Leib to Mount

_ g_ - : Bourke, J. G., op.oit.* p. 182. 10. Bloom, Lansing, op.cit., p. 387. Graham with a detachment of troops, for the purpose of con- 11 structing a new post nearer Cochise's reservation.

The campaign from Camp Grant finally began on December 11, when Major Brown's column left the post. The command con­ sisted of Company L, Fifth Cavalry, under Captain Alfred B.

Taylor, Company M, Fifth Cavalry, under Lieutenant Jacob Al- my, a •company of thirty-one Indian scouta under the chief,

Boeon, Lieutenants Ross and Bourke, guides Archie McIntosh, Antonio Besias, and Joseph Felner, and a pack train of sixty mules under Bartlett and flewett. In addition, James Dailey,

General Crook's brother-in-law, accompanied the expedition as, 12 to use Bourke's term, "volunteer bacon ohawer”. The com­ mand left Camp Grant at four o'clock in the afternoon, and, after travelling along the San Pedro for about four miles, halted and sent back for more ammunition, bringing the total to 4,800 rounds.

According to Bourke, there were three other commands al­ ready in the field, one under Mason from Camp Hualpai, another under Carr from Camp Verde, and a third under Randall from

Camp Apache. Bourke was apparently worried about getting started, for he wrote:

I am afraid we shall miss much of the fun, as the other Gomd's being in the field earlier than we, may have all the work to themselves—

TT. Bloom, Lansing, op.cit., p. 387. 12. Ibid., p. 387; Also, Bourke, J. G., op.cit., pp. 182-3. ' .71: .

89

If we clean out the Tontos this winter we shall give Cocheis hell in the spring.'* 13 ^

After the return of the detachment With the additional ammunition, the party was again ready to go. They started

in a northerly course up the San Pedro, across the Gila and

north in the direction of the Tonto Basin. Entering the Pi­

nal range, the party split up, most of the Indians leaving

in pursuit of a recent trail. December 14, the Indians re­

turned , having followed the hostiles all day, finally ascer­

taining that they had gone in the direction of the Supersti- 14 tion Mountains. It was decided to send Bosom, with Felder,

McIntosh, Antonio, and twenty-five Indians to follow the

trail toward the Superstitions. This party was to travel a

day in advance of the main body, choosing the campsite and

sending back a guide daily, in the event that they encoun­

tered a rancherfa too large to attack, they were to send back

for aid. This plan was followed for a time. December 15,

the party was still in the Pinal Mountains. During the day's

march, they crossed the path of a second large party of In­

dians, which Bourke estimated to number about forty. At eight

in the evening word came from the advance party that it had

made an unsuccessful attack upon a rancherfa. Disturbing

news accompanied this dispatch; the Indians were well aware

13. Bloom, Lansing, op.clt., p.338. 14•ibid., p. 389. 15.---- Ibid., pp. 389-90. 90

of the presence of the command, having had lookouts watching from the peaks. The Indlame were gradually retiring into 16 the Superstitions. The following day the expedition started for the Superstitions, but owing to the rough terrain they were able to cover only about twelve miles. At 6:30 in the evening, the advance party returned. Mointosh re­ ported that they had pursued the Indians for about five miles / before returning and destroying their ranoheria. It was thought that this was the band of Chunto, or "Chuntz”, as he 17 was sometimes called, and that the hand was heading for the 18 Superstitions. On December 17 the expedition remained in damp and Bourke describes a war dance presented by the In­ dians :

"I was unable to learn the purport of the chorus, but to the beat of my belief it referred to past exploits against their enemies and pro­ mises of what might be expected in the future— The name of Chunto was frequently heard from which I gathered that a dismal future awaits that re­ fractory cuss, and those who adhere to his for­ tunes." 19

The next two days were spent travelling towards the Salt

River, and the evening of the 19th found them camped near that stream. Major Brown laid plans for crossing the Salt

16. Bloom, Lansing, op.cit., pp. 389-90. 17. McClintook, James H., op.cit., I, p. 211. 18 • Bloom, Lansing, op.dit.. pp. 391-92. 19. Ibid., pp. 392-93. 91

and driving up Tonto Creek in an effort to locate the Ape- 80 ehes. However, this plan was not adopted. The following day the advance party was sent out under Feliner and Antonio to scout east of Tonto Creek. Bourke was puzzled by the lack

of signal fires and signs of alarm on the part of the Indians,

feared that the commands of Randall and Carr had already 81 defeated them.

However, the command was not destined to continued

failure. On December 22 it met its first success. Felmer’s / party attacked a rancheria and destroyed it, capturing three

prisoners. One of the Indians had a descriptive list, issued

at Camp Apache, and signed on September 16, 1872, by the act- 22 ing agent, n. Soule. The next two days were spent in

scouting the surrounding territory, and on Christmas Day the command was joined by Major Burns and Lieutenant Thomas, with

forty men of Company 0, Fifth Cavalry and ninty-eight Pima

Indians from Camp McDowell. The new troops brought welcome

news. Major Randall had inflicted a severe loss upon the

hostile Indians near the head of Tonto Greek, and Montgomery

and Adam had defeated the Apao he -Mohave*. However, the best

bit of good fortune occurring Christmas Day was the descrip­

tion by "Mike Burns", the captive boy belonging to Major

Bloom, Lansing, op.cit., pp. 893-4. 21. Ibid., p. 396• 22. Ibid., pp. 396-7. 92

Bunas, of the location of three rancherlas; one corresponding to that described by Boeon, another located at the head of a narrow canyon on the Salt River, and a third located on top 85 of Four Peaks. With this information, plans were laid for attacking the nearest, the one on the Salt River* However, the day after Christmas, word arrived from Bocon that the trail of Delaohay*# band had been discovered. The command immediately set out in pursuit. On the 27th the party remained in camp until noon, at which time they took the trail. The trail proved to be the one leading in the direction of the rancheria on the Salt River. As they neared the location, all precautions were taken to prevent discovery. No fires were lit, singing was forbidden, and many of the men replaced their boots with mocassins. A halt was called and all preparations were made for a fight. At eight o'clock, the troop# moved forward, in the lead were the Apaches, followed by Burns* company, then

Almy*s, Taylor's, and in the rear the Pima soouts. The en­ tire company, numbering about 220 men, advanced over ex­ tremely rough country, studded with loose rook and cacti, for

about five miles, when the order came to halt. After a brief

rest the the scouts who were sent ahead returned with the

news that fires were burning In the canyon below. The troops

slowly moved forward, a man at a time, until all were on the

gg- Bloom, Lansing, op.clt., pp. 390-99. 93

edge of the eanyon. The soldiers were thinly clad and the night was cold, bat they were farced to lie shivering ©a the edge of the deep abyss until the sun rose, casting its light

late the depths below. Before them lay the scene of the coming battle. Bourkers Own words best describe it:

We had then an opportunity to examine the locality auoh dreaded by the Plans, used as one of the strongholds of the Apache-Mohave and Tontos. Situated upon the crest of a very elevated range it was difficult of access to large parties from all sides except that upon which we bad come and even here the character of the soil was such that a footstep, unless made in the most cautious man­ ner, could be heard for miles* \ Granting that an attack could be made, t#e Apaches could escape unharmed under cover of im- mense boulders which served as a natural Chemin de Bonds. Looking down into this place, no evidences of recent occupation could be detected, a disappointment all the more bitter from its contrast to our recent enthusiastic hopes for suc­ cess 24 Most of the command stayed at the edge of the canyon,

but Joseph Palmer and several others started down the trail

toward the river. About 300 yards from the main body they / 25 came upon a ranoheria. Hurrying down-the trail, they came

24. Bloom, Lansing, op.oit., p. 403. 25. Bourkez gives a vivid description of the ranoheria: "the ranoheria was thus situated— In a small, elliptical nook, upon the crest of the bluffs which here enclose the Rio Sal- ado was a small cave or depression in the rocks, whichover­ ling this nook by at least 500*— the bluffs just mentioned, bding 1000 or 1800* above the Rio Salado, in front of the save, a natural rampart of sanestone 10T high afforded ample protection to the Indians, altbo the greater number of boul­ ders scattered in every direction screened our men in turn from the fire of the beselged." Bloom, Lansing, op.oit., pp. 403-4. ---- 94

upon a second, one, in an almost impregnable position, and

they immediately opened fire upon it. At the sound of the

shots. Brown ordered the command to more up to the aid of

Felmer’s party, and found the Apaches trapped, almost beyond possibility of escape. The men were ordered not to expose

themselves unnecessarily, but to pick off every Apache who

showed himself. Twice the Indians were given an opportunity

to surrender their women and children, but the offers were

greeted with shouts of scorn and defiance. This particular

stronghold had been hitherto impregnable, and the Indians 26 were confident of their ability to repel any attacker.

Brown surveyed the situation and made his plans. Direct

attack was out of the question, for it would have resulted in

the loss of half his command, fie hit upon a better strategy.

Placing snipers at strategic points overlooking the mouth of

the cave in order to force the Indians back under the shelter

of the overhanging roeks, he placed the main body of men in

two lines, one fifty yards behind the other. Orders were

given for the first line to fire into the roof of the cave.

The bullets ricocheted down into the packed Indians, taking

a terrific toll. The cries of the wounded and dying could be

heard above the scream of the glancing bullets and the crash

of rifles. After a time. Brown ordered the firing to.halt,

and again asked that the Apaches send the women out. Again

261 ' Bloom, Lansing, op.cit., p. 404. 95

they refused, and from the depths of the cave came the wild walling of the death chant, the sign of an Impending charge.

Over the ramparts they came, a group of naked Indians, to be met by a withering volley from the rifles of the soldiers.

Those who were not riddled by bullets broke and fled back in­

to their cave. One managed to break through the first line,

and feeling himself safe leaped high on a rock and hurled a

a Wa t of defiance at his foes— but the shout was premature.

Lead from twelve army rifles blasted him in the midst of his 27 ery as the second line opened fire.

Meanwhile, the troops of Company G, under Major Burns,

hearing the sound of battle, arrived upon the scene. BurnsT

men succeeded in gaining the crest of the bluffs above the

cave, and, seeing the Indians huddled close to the rampart to

avoid the ricocheting bullets, evolved an unusually strategic

move. Two men were let down the side of the cliff harnessed

to the suspenders of their comrades. From this position they

could lean out over the edge and fire into the closely packed

Indians. The enraged soldiers, when their revolvers were en-

ty, hurled them at the Indians. In the interest of economy

the men were drawn back and another plan tried. Huge boulders

were rolled over the edge of the cliff, hurtling down with the

roar of an avalanche, into the mouth of the cave. Splinters

of rock filled the air, mangling and destroying the remainder

‘ Wi : ------:------Bourke, John G., op.cit., p. 194. ss

88 of the dsfenders.

It was this move that broke the defenders. Brown ordered the firing stopped. No sound came from within the cave. The soldiers moved forward. Inside the enclosure was a scene of death and destruction. There were the bodies of almost 100 dead and wounded. Bourke puts the number at fifty-seven dead and twenty injured, most of whom wore women and children. The 29 wounded were made prisoners. Only one of the entire band managed to make his escape, a buck who had hidden beneath the dead bodies, fie was able to warn another band which took refuge in Turret Butte, where it was later wiped out by Major 30 Randall.

The battle of the cave was a decisive victory for the army. The chief of the band, Hanni-Chaddi (instead of Del- chay, as had been previously thought} was one who had made peace with Vincent Colyer and then turned to a life of plun­ der and depredations upon the Gila settlements. He had vis­

ited Camp Grant and boasted to Colonel Royall that no troops 31 would ever find his retreat. With this victory over the

Apaehes, the troops were not anxious to pause, and sent out in the direction of Camp McDowell with their prisoners.

■ g E T ' : “ Bourke, op.cit., p. 196. 29. Bloom, Lansing, op.cit.. p. 405. 30. Bourke, John O., op.cit., p. 200. 31 # Bloom, Lansing, op.olt., p. 405. arriving there on December 29. The prisoners were sent to

Grant on January 5.

There was to be no real rest for the men, however, until the Apaches were defeated, for on January 6 a new expedition set out under Major Brown. This command consisted of, in addition to Major Brora, Captain Adam with Company C, Captain

Montgomery with Company B, Captain Hamilton with Company H,

Captain Taylor, Company L> Major Burns, Company G, First y Lieutenant Alny, Company M, First Lieutenant C. H. Rockwell,

Company L, and second Lieutenants w. S. Schuyler, L. Keyes,

?/. J. Ross, and John G. Bourk*. This time the expedition had a surgeon, in the person of I. B. Girard. Civilians with the command were James Dailey, Archie McIntosh, Joheph Felmer,

Antonio Besias, Frank Monach, Bartlett, and Chenowith. The thirty Apache scouts under Boson accompanied the expedition.

This party was not destined to enjoy the success of the pre­ vious expedition. It remained out only sixteen days, cover­ ing the territory along the Salt River in the region of the

Superstition mountains before heading eastward toward Camp

Grant. On January 15 they killed three Apaches of a small and very poor band, and captured thirteen, including the chief. In the possession of the captives was found a de- SB . soriptive list signed by Lieutenant Whitman. on January 18

32. '— " Bloom, Lansing, op.clti, p. 410 53. Ibid., p. 412. a second party was sighted, but it escaped before the, sol­ diers could attack. The following day four companies. Burns1

Adam*s, Hamilton's, and Montgomery's, left the party to take a station at the new post at Mount Graham. Three days later, 34 on January 22nd, the command marched into Gamp Grant.

Their stay was fated to be of brief duration. January

24, plane were made to send Captain Taylor to the new poet at

Mount Graham, while Major Brown and Bourke were detailed to / 38 proceed to Cochise's camp for a conference with that chief. :

The next day the command left Camp Grant and marched to the middle crossing of the San Pedro, where they took the Great

Southern overland Mall road to Sulpher Springs, arriving there on January 30. While awaiting Jefford's action, the command made a trip to Bowie, returning to Sulphur Springs ^ 36 February 2.. The meeting with Cochise was held the next day, and the old chief reassured the military that he had no intention of breaking the treaty, though he was prepared to admit that some of his boys might be making raids into Mex- 37 loo. After the conference with Cochise, Brown and his com­ mand went to the post in the Graham Mountains, where they found General Crook.

MI Bloom, Lansing, op.cit., p. 412. 35. Ibid., p. 412.

Ibid.. pp. 412-15. 37. Ibid., pp. 415-16. 99

Bourke returned to C m p Grant, but his stay was brief.

By the middle of February he was out again, this time in command of Company L, First Cavalry. This command moved up the Aravaipa and into the Gila Valley. On February 81 word came that Bocon, the leader of the Caap Grant scouts, had 38 gone on the warpath. The following night Lieutenants Almy and Watts, with Company M* Fifth Cavalry, Bourke, with Com­ pany L, and the guide, Jose, with twelve scouts moved to 39 intercept Bocon. Moving into the Mescal Mountains and across into the San Carlos Valley, the command marched over mwah of the territory previously covered, but failed to lo­ cate Bocon.’ In early March they proceeded into the region of the upper Salt River and followed it down to Camp McDowell,

where, on March 13, they joined the remainder of Brom's com- 40 mand.

Meanwhile, in February, the tribes north of the Gila

showed signs of weakening, and during Marsh surrenders be- 41 came frequent, though the campaign continued into April.

Early in April the Indians sent messengers to Crook at Gamp

Verde, asking for terms. Crook instructed them to bring in

38. Bloom, Lansing, op.cit., p. 417. ' 39. 4Q Ibid., p. 416. Ibid.. pp. 418-423. 41. Crook, George, Report of General George Crook. 1873. v- Photostatic copy of original Tn archives of Arizona Pioneers Historical Society. MIOSo their chiefs for a conference. Chalipun, spokesman for all the tribes, came into Verde with three hundred representatives 48 and offered to surrender.- April ?* with the Issuing of

General Orders Number 12, series of 1872, peace was declared.

The basis of this peace was simply that these Indians shall cease plundering and murdering, remain on their several reserva­ tions, and comply with the regulations made by the government, through authorized agents, for them. 43

In order to create a permanent authority as a means of con­ trol, Crook issued orders the following day, maintaining the

Indian scouts as a permanent body to help build the neucleus b- . . ' 44 of civil government on the reservation.

It was thought that the Indian problem was now solved, but in succeeding pages it will be shown that it was neither

solved nor near solution. General Crook's work was She most

successful yet, but it was not a complete solution. Not for many years was the Indian menace to be removed.

At this point the writer must again retrogress in the

story of Camp Grant. The campaign of 1872-73 had not occu­

pied all of the army at Grant. During this period came the

long-awaited abandonment. As has been shown, for the past

several years this threat had hung over the post, on

42. ^ Lockwood, Frank, op.Pit., pp. 188-83. 43. Bloom, Lansing, op.oit., p. 433. 44. Ibid., pp. 434-35. proceeding pages mention has been made of the transfer of troops to a new post in the Graham fountains. There had been several places considered prior to this time as possible sites for a new post, including one on the San Carlos and one at ir aval pa Springs, lie it her of these had proven satisfac­ tory. In October, 1872, Colonel William D. Royal1 left Camp

Grant with a detachment of thirty men for ?iount Graham, where it was first proposed to establish a new scouting camp near the eastern boundary of the San Carlos reservation. There were also rumors to the effect that a general outfitting camp was to be established on the Rillito, to be garrisoned 45 by troops from Camps Grant and McDowell. At this time there were 275 men at Grant, members of the Fifth Cavalry and 46 Twenty-third Infantry. Meanwhile, Captain E. H. Leib was

superintending the construction of the now post, on Decem­

ber 10 his command was further augmented by Captain Taylor's 47 company.

As has been previously noted, Major Brown's command was,

during the campaign, sending troops from time to time to the

new post. On January 20, four companies were sent to Mount

Graham. Four days later, Taylor, with three companies, left

Camp Grant to join the others at Mount Graham. At this time

457 ------Arizona Citizen, October 19, 1872. 46. Annual Report of secretary of bar, 1872-73, pp. 112-13.

Arizona Citizen, November 19, 1872. General Crook was there, inspecting the buildings of the post. In oil there were eleven companies stationed there in 48 the latter part of January. The official date for the es­ tablishment of the post is unknown. Official records list 4 three dates, December 19, January, 1873, and March 31, 1873.

However, no one date con be set as troops were gradually moving from old Camp Grant to new Camp Grant. Camp Critten­ den was also being abandoned at this time, and troops from 50 there were transferred to new Camp Grant.

The Arizona Citizen carried an excellent description of the new post as it appeared in February, 1873. According to that paper, it was

situated near the base of 2,'t. Graham on the south side, with Mt. Turnbull to the northwest, the Apa­ che Pass and Las Dos Cabesas mountains to the southeast, the Dragoon mountains to the south, the San Pedro mountains on the west; and as far as the eye can reach southward are to be seen mountain after mountain, their tops covered with snow, some of them in the republic of Mexico, and so far., away that they look like clouds suspended in the air. There is no snow at this Post, but at a distance of half a mile on the top and sides of Lit. Graham there is plenty, k beautiful little stream of spring water runs close by the west side of the camp. Only three officers are at present at this Post; Captain Montgomery, who is in command. Cap­ tain Thompson, who is under arrest by order of Gen­ eral Crook, and Lieutenant Pardee, who is A.A.^.M. and post adjutant; and with superintending the erection of buildings, receiving and discharging

48. Bloom, Lansing, op.cit., pp. 412-13. 49. - Letter from Adjutant General's office of the War Department. 50. Arizona Citizen. January 18, 1873. 103

trains loaded with freight which comes every few days. Lieutenant Pardee has his hands full. Dr. Clark is Post Surgeon. The Camp presents a lively scene— everybody appearing busy. "Ko loafing al­ lowed here” seems to be the order. There is a stream saw-mill run by soldiers, sawing lumber for the buildings. Hon. John B. Allen has a contract to furnish the Post with wood for present use at #6 per cord and Mr. Fairbanks to supply the hay at $28 per ton. Mr. Allen sold his stock in trade to William Dempsey, who will run the 1 shebang* until the arrival of Mr. Warren Psion Buck— the post trader. U J The Governor and J. W. Hopkins got in here from the new settlement near "Peublo Viejo" on the Gila, on the morning of the 25th, and left for Tucson in the evening. Mr. ?/. V. B. liardwell— post trader at Fort Craig, N. K.— end party oaae into this Post on the 25th. Mr. W. is looking out for a stock ranch; end if he succeeds to his no'- tion, he will bring six to seven thousand cattle into this Territory, which are now on Red River in New Mexico. Mr. Hooker, present beef contractor, has 2,000 cattle here under charge of Mr. %imber- lain, and Tommy Bray is the genial soul who pre­ sides over the block. The indefatigable and ever- persevering 0*Beilly has left his station between Tucson and Clenega Station and has located himself at what is called Kennedy*a wells, where the road for this Post leaves that leading to old Camp Goodwin. Major Morrow was here and paid off the •boys* and thereby gladdened their hearts, after V which (23rd) he left for Bowie, thence to Apache and back to Tucson. Captain Randall (of Apache) and command, with Lieutenant Brodie, came in here for rations, re­ mained a couple of days and left, for another scout after the hostlies. The Captain is a warrior in the best sense, and is worthy the emulation of the others. It is understood here that Cochise don’t want v- a Post established in Mt. Graham as it is too near his reserve; and further that it looks as if Gov­ ernment put no confidence in him and his treaty. It is reported that a citizen went to Coton Springs (off the reserve) to settle, and that Cochise or­ dered him away as it was too near his reserve." 51

SIT Arizona Citizen. March 8, 1873. 104

Conditions at the post resembled those at the old post on the Sen Pedro back In 1866. Mall service was goor. Qnce^, a week an express was sent to Bowie for the mail. fork continued throughout the summer. By August the Adjutant's office and the guard house was completed. The commissary building, constructed with a stono cellar, was nearing com- 53 pletion and the walls of the barracks were ten feet high. In September, when Governor Safford passed through the post, the commissary building was completed and the officer’s quar­ ters, constructed of granite, was almost finished, it was expected that within another six weeks the man's quarters, of adobe, would be ready for use. In addition to buildings, roads were being constructed; during October Lieutenant c. B. Rodgers, post quartermaster, built a wagon road up the side of Mount Graham in three weeks, using only thirty 55 men.

Though the Indian problem was thought to have been solved after Crook forced peace upon the Apaches in tho spring of 1873, the troops were kept busy. On May 27th there occurred an outbreak on the San Carlos reservation which re­ sulted in the death of Lieutenant Almy, who was in charge of

M l Arizona Citizen, April 19, 1873. 53. Ibid., August 9, 1873. 54. Ibid., September 20, 1873. 55. Ibid.. November 1, 1873. 105

56 the troops on the reservation at the time. Major Brown was ordered to resume the duties of Indian agent and to establish 57 • more firm policy with the Apaches. By August he had avenged Almy*s death. She-Shet, one of the murderers, was killed by another Indian, and Brown captured Tilly-Chilly, the second one, and Incarcerated him at Camp Grant# prepara­ tory to sending him to the military prison at Alcatraz.

Eskiminzin was also involved in the outbreak and was sent to

Camp Grant and forced to make adobes for the construction of 59 the new post.

Still more trouble occurred with the Indians, on Sep­ tember 1, a raid was made on a ranch at Pueblo Viejo, and some stock driven off. Lieutenant Eokerson was sent after v- the raiders, and pursuing them for six days ended up near

Camp Apache. Entering Camp Apache for supplies, they were halted by Captain Randall, who prevailed upon them to permit him to handle the capture of the Indians, on September 10 he called in the Rio Bonita chief and his band and imprisoned them. A confession was forced from one of the bond, and seven, including the chief, were turned over to Eckerson, who returned to Camp Grant with them. All but one of the horses

T5&Z ; : 1 . Arizona Citizen, May 51, 1873. 57. ' Arizona Weekly Star, March 13, 1884. 58. Ibid., August 25, 1873. 69. Davis, Britton, The Truth about Geronimo. p. 62. 60 were recovered, the Indians having eaten the missing one.

Major Brown continued to carry out routine preventative 61 scouting parties. Despite this, Indian depredations con­ tinued. During September the Apaches attacked a prospec­

ting party on Pinal Greek and killed William Thompson. Brown pursued them, catching them north of the Gila and in the

succeeding skirmish» six of the Apaches were killed.

After the removal of the post to the Graham Mountains, wi­ ther e was little change in personnel. Colonel william B. 63 Royall commanded the post from March 29, until the end of 64 the campaign, when Major B r o m relieved him. For a brief

period, in September, Major Brown was in the field again, and

Colonel Royall took commend of the post for a second time.

As the year 1875 closed. Brown was again, for a third time,

the commanding officer.

Between the renegade Indians and the construction of the

post. Camp Grant teemed with activity as 1873 ended. The

post had made a journey from the plague spot on the San Pedro

to the beautiful site at the foot of Graham Mountain. The

first and liveliest portion of its life was over, but it was

- m : ------:------Arizona Citizen. October 18. 1873. 61. Ibid., September 20, 1873. 62. Ibid.. October 25, 1873. 63. Ibid.. March 29, 1873. 64. Ibid.. April 26, 1873. to remain for many years ah important post. Hen. were to live and die at Camp Grant, and prosperous communities were

So spring up in She nearby vicinity. The old days were passing, and the new, yet to come, held She promise of a brighter vista. CHAPTER H I

THE LATE SEVENTIES General Crook had supposedly settled the Indian prob­

lem^ and for a time it was true that peace was established throughout the territory, but with the opening of 1874 trouble again appeared. For some time there had been unrest on the

San Carlos reservation, even after the military had assumed control, following Almy*s death. The Indians were engaged in the manufacture of tlzwin, and on January 31, after having indulged too freely in the noxious brew, went on the warpath,^ killing Charles Armstrong and wounding another man, both of "..S'-.. whom were in charge of a wagon train belonging to Barnell and

Block. As soon as word reached Camp Grant, Major Brown sent

Captain Taylor with fifty men to San Carlos. On February 3, the absent Apaches murdered five persons living in the vicin­ ity of the reservation, and Major Brown Immediately dispatch­ ed another command for Camp Grant. These troops searched the mountains nearby for two weeks without success, using Camp 2 Grant as a base for supplies. Finally, Captain Taylor’s command located them in a body in the Mescal mountains, fif­ teen miles north of old Camp Grant. Feeling that his force

-----n ------Arizona Citizen. February 14, 1874. 2. Ibid., February 21, 1874. 109

was too small to attack them, lie returned to Camp Grant for reenforcement a. Major Brown Immediately sent all available troops into the field, in addition to transferring 250 tons 3 of supplies to sen Carlos. However, by the time Taylor re­ turned, the Indians had vanished. Troops from the other posts were also in the field and stopped occasionally at Camp Grant to leave recalcitrant Apache scouts in the post 4 guardhouse. The situation was growing more serious. In March Sskiminzin’s band took to the warpath. Major Randall, from Camp Apache, nipped this uprising in its inception by his pursuit, which resulted in a battle twelve miles south of Camp Pinal. Thirteen of the Apaches were killed and thir- 5 ty-four captured. Sskiminzin was returned to Camp Grant for 6 another period of hard labor. Despite this temporary defeat,

Cochinay and Chuntz, two minor chiefs. Joined Pedro on the warpath around the middle of April. Immediately Major Brown sent Lieutenant Eckerson to augment Taylor's force. This made a total of eight companies in the field from the posts 9 of Camp Apache, Camp McDowell and Camp Grant. The efforts

3. : Arizona Citizen. February 28, 1074.

Corbusier, William H.* The Record of william Henry Corbusier. Colonel. United States Army. Retired. MS., pi 25. 5. Arizona Citizen. March 28, 1874. 6. Ibid., May 2, 1874. 7. Ibid.. April 18, 1874. HO

of the troops began to show results, for by April IB some 860 Apeohes had been captured or had surrendered at San Car- 8 los. This culminated the campaign, for by April 21 all troops out from Camp Grant had returned. The remainder of

1874 was peaceful.

The next year, 1875, was also marked by inactivity of .

the Apaoheo, and many considered the Apache problem at an

end, but this was not to be so. The period of peace had led _ 1

the government to transfer General Crook to the Department i—- of the Platt, replacing him with General A. V. Kautz, March 10 86th. Kautz had no trouble with the Indians during 1875.

However, underneath this seemingly serene state of affairs

there was unrest in the Chiricahuas. To understand this it _J

is necessary to go back a few years. Cochise had reassured

Major Brown in 1873 that the peace which had been made with 11 General Howard would be kept. However, a little over a

year later, in June, 1874, the old chief died, leaving his

son, Taza, in charge of the reservation. Taza was not as ca­ pable as his father and could not control the Apaches. The

reservation, long a sore spot because of incessant raids i n t o ^

Sonora, grew worse. Agent Jeffords admitted trouble with

a. Arizona Citizen. April 11,1874. 9. Ibid.. April 25, 1974. 10. Bourke, John G., op.clt., p. 239; Also Arizona Cit­ izen, March 16, 1875. Ll * Ill

visiting Apaches from across the border, but denied that the reservation Indians were crossing the line. Efforts were made to persuade the Indians to transfer to Hot springs, but they refused. Finally, in April, 1876, serious trouble broke "7 out. A trader named Rogers sold whiskey to the Indians at

Sulphur Springs, and in their drunken frenzy the Indians killed Rogers and left. Tilth thie action, Governor safford 1 insisted on the removal of the remainder to Hot Springs and the San Carlos. Immediately 400 left the reservation for the warpath, rather than be permanently transferred from the 12 Chirloahuas. General Kauts, who had advised against- the removal of the Chirloahuas because he feared such a result,'"' at once threw the military a m into action. Ten companies of cavalry and two companies of Indian scouts were ordered . 13 v- into the field from camps Lowell, Grant and Bowie. The soldiers scoured the rugged mountains, but to no avail. The

Apaches were not to be found, though they soon made their presence known in Arizona. In the next four months twenty ”1 persons were killed. The Indians even dared to penetrate as far north as Hooker1s Ranch, near the post of Cam? Grant, and 14 made their escape after killing two workmen►

This outbreak resulted in a controversy between General

n n 1 Bancroft, Hubert Howe, op.cit., p. 566. 13 • Arizona Citizen. September 23, 1876. ^

Ibid.. September 23, 1876. 112

Kautz and Governor safford which ultimately led to the offi­ cer’s dismissal. Beginning over the subject of the removal of the Chirioahuas, the killings on the San Pedro served as a further Irritant, safford was not satisfied with Kautz’a handling of the campaign and wrote the commander that if Im­ mediate results were not achieved Safford intended to or­ ganize a volunteer militia. This precipitated another %*ar- rel, and the resultant bad feeling continually hampered oper- 15 ations.

The Chiricahu&e moved down into Sonora, out of reach of the troops and continued their depredations throughout 1076 and into the following year. No serious outbreaks occurred, u but the constant border raids by small groups of Indians made the presence of troops a necessity! May 29, 1876, the Apa­ ches killed a mail carrier near Bowie and two days later ' killed a second one. Troops from Camp Grant under Lieutenant

Toney set out in pursuit, following the trail of the Indians into the Las Animas mountains, where they overtook a party of six, all of whom escaped in the maze of canyons, forcing the 16 troops to return to the poet empty-handed. Also in May,

Vietorio and his band escaped from the Hot Springs reserve- ( tion and fled into Mexico, where they began making sporadic raids across the border. In September, 1876, 800 more left

151 ------Arizona Citizen, September 30, 1876. 16.” ■ Report of the Secretary of %ar, 1877-78.. p. 137. San Carlos. Though they surrendered in Mexico several times, each time the authorities attempted to ship them back to San 17 Carlos they again ran away. Because of the increasing bor­ der raids the military recognized the need for a new post nearer the international boundary, and early in 1878, Fort

Httaehuea was established. Troops were drawn from Camp Grant 18 and other posts in the territory to garrison the new fort. —

The founding of this post in mo way interfered with Camp

Grant's importance, for the intermittent warfare with the

Apaches continued, justifying the presence of a large body of 19 troops at Camp Grant.

Meanwhile, there occurred a change in the Department of

Arizona. The quarrel between Xautz and Safford reached a climax. Safford, in hie message to the territorial legisla­

ture in 1877 had asked permission to raise a militia, aocus- 30 ing Kautz of inefficiency. ICautz and the governor then

engaged in a newspaper battle from which Safford emerged 21 victorious. Kautz was removed and Colonel 0. B. Willcox v- aesumed command March 7, 1878. Willcox immediately set to ___/

work to secure the right to follow laaurading bonds across

17. Bancroft, Hubert Howe, op.oit., p. 569. 18. Report of the Secretary of War, 1878-79. pp. 24-28. 19. Arizona Weekly Star, May 9, 1878. 20. Arizona Journal of Legislature. 1877, pp. 233-34. 21 • Bancroft, Hubert Howe, op.oit., p. 869. 114

the international boundary, but the central government of

Mexico refused. However, the Mexicans continued to maintain

their own troops along the border, for operations against the 82 Apaehea.

lllleox continued to use Camp Grant as the base of oper­

ations against the Apaches in southern Arizona. Major Comp-- ton, who was in command, was placed in charge of field opera­

tions. Several long scouting parties left the post during the

latter part of 1878 and the early part of 1879. On October

18, 1878, Captain Campbell left Camp Grant with twenty-five

men of Company A, Sixth Cavalry. Travelling along the upper

Gila to Ash Springs, this command covered 154 miles in fur­

ther search for renegade Apaches, returning October 23. Again

on January 21, 1879, Captain Campbell, with thirty-one men,

travelled 216 miles along the San Pedro, returning to Camp

Grant on the 30th without having seen an Indian. Further

scouting expeditions were made from Camp Grant by Lieutenant

Cheever in February, by Campbell and Tupper in May, and by

Tapper in June, all of them being unsuccessful, though they

were Intended to be of a preventative nature rather than 25 punitive. There was a different situation in this phase

of Indian warfare as compared to that in the early part of

the decade. In the first place, the Indians were in small,

/ S K ^ ------Report of the Secretary of far. 1878-79. p. 193. 25. Report of the Secretary of War, 1879-80. pp. 168-69. 115

scattered bands, seldom numbering more than a hundred, who v_ roamed the mountains, raiding isolated settlements and scur­ rying across the border at the first sign of the military. Finding the scattered bands under Vlotorio, Juh and Geronimo was almost impossible. In addition, the Indians were in pos­ session: of weapons as efficient as those of the army, fie- torio alone led raids across the border in 1879 killing a ^ 24 total of seventy-three persons. During September he made a raid near 0jo Caliente, and Captain Tupper was sent from the post at Mount Graham with twenty-nine men. This command traveled across 450 miles of mountainous country in a vain 25 effort to locate the Apaches, before they returned October 11.

The decade of the Seventies ended with affairs in a state of uproar. It had become evident that Crook*s work was not a settlement of the Apache problem, but merely another step. There was a change in nature of the warfare, to be sure, but the warfare was still continuing, and Camp Grant, now off#* daily Fort Grant, was still an important military post.

Meanwhile, life at Camp Grant was not all concerned with

Indian warfare. There is another phase in the history of the post which must not be overlooked. The post did not remain idle, but continued to grow in size. Hew developments, more

24. Bancroft, Hubert Howe, op.olt., p. 569. 26 • Report of the Secretary of War, 1880. pp. 221-22; Also Arizona Daily Star. September 2^7 1579. 116

progressive methods were appearing* There was a distinct social life, and the growth of a civilian community, in addition, there were other things to occupy the military besides the Indian war. Progress was beginning to overtake

Gamp Grant. In December, 1874, Lieutenant Theodore Smith, ) superintendent of government telegraph lines in Arizona, and

Sr. R. H. Howe, a builder and operator, left Tucson for Camps

Grant and Apache to prepare for the construction of a tele- 26 graph line from Camp Apache to Tucson, via Camp Grant. The

Interval of peace through 1875 aided in the construction of this line. In August, 1875, Kautz reported that work was progressing, with most of the labor falling on details from

Gamp Grant. With no Indians to fight, the government kept 27 the troops busy on construction jobs. Building this line made the War Department realize the value of the timber around the post, and the military reservation was extended 28 to include sufficient timber for government use. As work on the telegraph line continued, plans were made to extend it / 89 to Santa Fa. By November 9, the first leg of the line was 30 complete, and Warner Buck sent the first telegram to Tucson.

26. Arizona Citizen. December 5. 1874. 27. ------Report of the Secretary of War, 1875-76, p. 136. 28. ------Arizona Citizen. July 31, 1875. 29. Arizona Citizen, September 25, 1875. 30. Ibid.. November 20, 1876 117

Camp Grant was then in contact with the outside world.

There could be no repetition of the Camp Grant massacre, where the commanding offleer of Camp Lowell was unable to warn the post of the approach of the Tucsonians. In addition, it was a forward step in Indian fighting. How, hardly before the

Apaches could leave the scene of attack, troops from Camp

Grant could be in the field after them.

Though there was peace with the Indians during 1875, another problem rose to confront the military at Camp Great.

This problem assumed an International character. There was discontent in Sonora, which, in December, 1875, culminated in

open revolt by the revolutionary party under General Serna. »

By December 18 the loyalist forces under Pesquiera had forced

the rebels to flee across the border, where they encamped near San Rafael. On December 28, Governor safford wired

Kautz, asking for troops to force Serna back into Mexico, and 31 prevent further incursions across the border. Kautz re­

sponded to this request by ordering in two companies from

Camp Grant under Colonel Biddle, who was commanding Camp

Grant at this time, and one company from Camp Lowell. Col­

onel Biddle, Captain Tapper, Captain Rafferty, and the two

companies left Camp Grant a few hours after the orders were

received. On December 24 the company from Camp Lowell, under

Lieutenant Winchester, left for the Mexican border, where it

5TI ' T ! Arizona Citizen. December' 25, 1875. 118

32 was to make wont act with Biddle’s forces. However* * if the troops expected a fight, they were doomed to disappointment, for when Biddle arrived at San Bafael, Governor Safford in­ formed him that Serna had recressed the border. Biddle’s command remained in the vicinity for two days before return- 33 ing to Camp Grant on tho 28th.

A picture of life at the post in the period from 1874 to 1880 is not a complex one. Life was fairly simple in the 34 periods of ponce. Horae racing furnished much diversion.

There warn occasional trouble between the soldiers and the civilians and among the soldiers themselves, which served to 38 heighten life at the post. In August, 1874, when the ^

Eighth Infantry arrived in Arizona and a company was sent to share Camp Grant with the Fifth Cavalry. To relieve the monotony of camp life, they formed a minstrel troupe, and, calling themselves the Camp Grant Minstrels, toured the ter- 36 ritory giving their show. Men taking prominent part in this theatrical enterprise were privates Moore, Boyle, Jones, 37 Devine, Fitzgeral, swanton and Hillsman. Another method of

32. __ Arizona Citizen, December 25. 1878. 33. --- Ibid., January 1, 1876. 35 Ibid., June 6, 1874. *Ibld.. May 23, 1874. 37*Ihid., October 3, 1874. Ibid., December 12, 1874. n #

relieving the monotony was drinking. This was not Halted to the common soldier alone, for many of the officers were guilty. An example was Captain 2. H. Leib, who had gained quite a reputation as an Indian fighter. Leib was court- martialed October 7, 1874, for drunkenness, and sentenced to be cashiered, but because of his excellent record his sen­ tence was committed to loss of rank and command for six 38 months. The civilian population was increasing also, and played an important role in the drama of Camp Grant, in

1874, during the election, Buck’s store was the polling place with W. Whalen and 11. F. Smith acting as judges, and George

H. Stevens as inspector. 132 votes were cast for the lead- 39 lag candidates for delegate to Congress, Sidney R. Delong.

Teas and dinner parties were given by the civilians for the officers and their wives, and were reciprocated in kind. The

social center of the civilian community was the Sierra Bonita 40 Ranch of Henry C. Hooker. However, the civilian group fre­

quently caused trouble for the soldiers, for relations were

not always amicable. During September, 1875, a soldier named

Mackey and a civilian named Knox, while playing cards, became

engaged in a dispute which ended in a fist fight. Mackey,

ggr ' — ----- Arizona Citizen. April 17, 1875. 39. Ibid., November 21, 1874. 40. Lockwood, Frank C., Arizona Characters, p. 156. Ae this is the only reference to this volume by Lockwood, a© further citations will refer to it. 120

after being worsted by the civilian, shot Knox, though not 41 fatally. Mackey was sent to Tucson for trial. , The civil­ ians fou$it among themselves also. Late in November, 1895, a certain^E. Edmonds killed Fritz Bode in a knife fight over a woman. But there were occasions when the citizens and the military could gather for peaceful celebration. Thanksgiving

Day, 1875, was featured by horse racing in the morning, fol­ lowed by a sumptuous meal and a siesta. The evening was spent in serenading, in sharp contrast to the Christmas eve- 45 nlag of three years prior to this.

The year 187G was spent in fighting Indians and life at

Gamp Grant was not so peaceful, but the following year again found an Interval of peace which fostered the development of the post. There were unsuccessful attempts to nine the Dos 44 Cabezoe area, near the limits of the reservation. The new hospital which was constructed was reputedly the finest 46 in the territory of Arizona. The civilian community grew.

The firm of Norton and Stewart took over the antler's store, replacing Warner Busk. Stevens and Teague ran the stage line.

M. #. Stewart was postmaster and with the coming of civilian

--- 117------:------:-- ^-- Arizona Citizen. September 25, 1875; Ibid. October 2, 1075. * 42. Ibid., November 27, 1875. 43. Ibid.. November 27, 1875. 44. Arizona Weekly Star, June 28. 1877. 45. :------Report of the secretary of War, 1877-78. p. 214. v 121

life, a lawyer appeared in the person of T. A. Toney. The post even boasted a hostelry, the Hotel de Luna, run by Miles Wood, the exebuteher at old Camp Grant who was destined to 46 become one of the new post's leading citizens. With the . _j era of comparative peace.came a period of road building.

Camp Grant was connected with Camp McDowell, Camp Goodwin, L- Bowie, Maricopa Wells, Tucson, Camp Pinal, Florence and Yuma 47 by a series of military roads.

Life at Fort Grant had its harsher moments, however. In

September, 1877, an epidemic occurred among the women and

children which assumed alarming proportions for a time, though

there were no fatal results. And even though life was easier than it had been in years past, there were still a

number of desertions. The usual penalty for this was a term

at Alcatraz Island. A third difficulty encountered in the

late Seventies was the shortage of water, due to a series of

dry seasons. The water supply grew less each year, and by

late August, 1879, the running streams near the post had be­

come so stagnant that the animals were unable to drink the

water without becoming sick. As a result, water had to be 49 hauled some dietanoe. On the whole, however, conditions at

"itiT Hinton, Richard J., Handbook to Arizona, Business Di- rectory 47. Ibid., Appendix, xxii-xxiii. 48. Arizona Weekly Star. September 20, 1877. 49. Ibid., September 5, 1879. Fort Grant wore much improved as compared with previous years.

Before ending the story of Camp Grant in tho late Seven­ ties, it might be best to give a brief summary of the person­ nel at the post. Early in 1874 Major Brown tree in command, but in April, because of ill health, he was relieved from 50 duty, and returned to his home in New York* Captain A. T.

Smith commanded Camp Grant in 1875, with Company G, Fifth u" 61 Cavalry, and Company I, Eighth Infantry, a total of 117 men. 62 Before the year was out he was relieved by Colonel Biddle. Biddle did not remain long in command either, for by June,

1876, Major C. K. Compton had relieved him. It had increased in size also. Companies C, 0, and M, of the Sixth Cavalry,. and Company I, Eighth Infantry, totalling 248 men, were sta­ tioned there. In addition, it was headquarters for the Sixth 53 Cavalry. Compton remained in command for some time. In

July, 1878, Company I, Twelfth Infantry, under Captain Edmund Thompson end Lieutenant Augustus G. Tasoin came to Camp Grant.

Company I, Eighth Infantry, had departed, and it was not un­ til October, 1878, that the post was brought up to full

— Arizona Citizen. April 11, 1874. 51. Arizona Citizen. July 24, 1875; Also, Report of the Secretary of war , 1875-76. pp. 42, ,154-55. 52. t Supra., p. 117. 53. Report of the Secretary of War, 1876-77. pp. 56-67, 59, 65. 123

strength by the coming of another company of the Twelfth in- 54 fbntry and one of the Sixth Cavalry. July 3, 1879, the post again changed commanders. Major A. K. Arnold, Sixth

Cavalry, relieved Major Coapton and one company of the 55 Twelfth Infantry was withdrawn, leaving 175 men. Arnold remained in command for only four months, when he was replaced by Colonel Carr, who continued to command Camp Grant as the *- 56 , decade ended.

As the Seventies passed It has been shown how the na- ~1 tore of the Indian warfare changed. There had been many other changes, one of the most significant of which was the change in name, April 5, 1879, when the post was raised to 57 l- the status of a fort and called Fort Grant. It was to be known henceforth by that name, but the new name did not les­ sen the fact that its heyday of importance was over. Port Huaohuoa was rising to replace Port Grant as the key post inV / southeastern Arizona. Fort Huachuca, though a new post, was J destined to outlive Fort Grant by many years, to flourish and prosper long after Fort Grant * a military career was forgotten, but Fort Grant was yet to enjoy a quarter of a century of life in the shadow of Mount Graham.

■517 Report of the Secretary of War. 1878-79, p. 117. Aria- ona Weekly Star, October 177x878. Ibid., October 24, 1878. 55. Report of the Secretary of War, 1879-80, pp. 168-S9. t/ 56. Ibid.. 1880, pp. 216-18. 57. Letter from the Adjutant General's office. CHAPTER VIII

FORT GRANT IN THE EIGHTIES The decade of the 1880*s opened uith Arizona yet in the midst of Indian troubles. Viotorio was still at large, though he was destined to meet death before the close of the first y>ar. Juh and Geronimo were to make their names known and feared before the end of the decade. In addition, the year

1890 was to find the Indian problem solved; truly solved, in so far as the people of Arizona were concerned. Fort Grant was to survive the Eighties, though it was never to occupy as important a place as it had in who previous decade. As early as 1880 rumors were egrin circulated that the post was to be abandoned, btrtr~thire-was Lolonel Carr was in command of Fort Grant as -he year 1879 closed. Troops were in the field after Victorio, and on May 16, 1880, regimental iX heedquartei re again moved to Fort Grant, equipped for field duty, A command under Lieutenant Overton was in the field, and ranged over into Hew Mexico before returning to & 3 0 Fort Grant. Victorio was killed before the year was out, however, and hostilities ceased

The following year opened

Ibid., pp. 221-22. 135

reaain so for long. Nana, Vlctorio’s successor, led a raid across the border early in the year. Shortly afterwards, there occurred an outbreak on the San Carlos, and Juh and

Ceronimo, after killing the chief of police on the reserva­ tion and four soldiers who tried to stop their flight, es- 3 oaped and crossed the border into Mexico. Trouble began piling up which reached its peak at the Cibiou Creek massacre.

Late in August, 1881, word came to Colonel Carr that an In­

dian medicine man, Nokay Delklinne, was arousing the Apaches by promising to resurrect the dead Apaches, in order to form

an army to fight the soldiers. Carr immediately set out with

a small command for Cibiou Creek, where the medicine man had

his headquarters. The command consisted of Troops D and S,

and a company 6f Indian scouts. The medicine man was arrest- V— etil and his followers resorted to arms to free him. Some of

the Apache scouts joined the hostile Indians, m the ensuing

battle Captain Hentig and ten privates were killed before the 4 Apaches were defeated. Carr took forty-seven prisoners.

When word of tnis engagement reached headquarters at ah ippie

Barracks, it was greatly distorted. It was first thought

that Carr’s entire command had been exterminated and Fort

3. Lockwood, F. C., op.olt.. p. 185; Also, Bancroft, Hu­ bert Howe, op.clt., p. 5

Apache wiped out. Colonel Willoox immediately moved head­

quarter a to Fort Thomas and asked for all available troops / 5 x/ from California. Mild rumors circulated and the people de- *

manddd action. Then the true story arrived, and matters

calmed down a bit.

Reports of the fight had spread among the Indians, arousing them to a fever of excitement. Carr bad forty-sev­

en; prisoners, and he was now faced with the problem of get­

ting them to Fort Grant through country filled with hostile Apaches. He set out from the San Carlos agency October 1,

and proceeded to Fort Thomas. The following day he left for

Fort Grant. Four miles from Fort Thomas he received word

that the Indians were attacking a train at Cedar Springs.

The command split up, with Carr’s company remaining to guard

the prisoners, while the other part, under Captain Bernard,

proceeded to Cedar Springs, where it was discovered that the

Indians had fled. Setting out in pursuit, he was joined by

Lieutenants Overton and Glass, with two troops of the Sixth

Cavalry in the field from Fort Grant. Five miles out from

Cedar Springs word cane that a party of Indians was attacking

Fort Grant, and as moat of the garrison was in the field, it

was in danger of capture. -Overton’s company left for a rapid

dash to relieve the post, in a short time his command came upon the bodies of several soldiers recently killed, pro-

g- — '------Report of the Secretary of w&r, 1681-83. pp. 140-43. IS?

seeding onward, at 3 o'clock in the afternoon the company rode into an aadmah in a narrow canyon. Deploying his troops as skirmishers, Overton moved to the front, dismounting. Ber­ nard arrived at this point and deployed his men to the right, keeping then mounted. The two forces moved forward, firing as rapidly as possible. The Indians fell slowly back, tak­ ing cover among the lower rooks of the canyon. As the two lines converged, the Indians abandoned the lower rooks and moved up the mountainside. Eight fell and the battle con­ tinued by moonlight. At eight o'clock a small party under Lieutenant Bader arrived from Fort Grant, with the coming of reenforoeaents, the■Indians abandoned the fight shortly be­ fore nine o'clock. Bader then reported that the rumors of an attack on Fort Grant were false. The soldiers then took stock of their losses. Only one man. Sergeant Buford, Com­ pany C, Sixth Cavalry, was killed, but three privates were

seriously wounded, and many of the animals were killed. The

Indian losses were unknown. Immediately after the battle,

Lieutenants Pitcher and Brown arrived with the news that

Willoox and his staff and Carr and the prisoners were en route to Fort .Grant, so the command left for that post, arrlv- 6 ing; the following day.

The last bloody period of Indian warfare in Arizona had begun; it was to take three departmental commanders to de-

6. Boport of the Secretary of War. 1881-88. pp. 146-67. 128

feat the Apaches, and Willcox tras the first to go. Activities at Fort Grant were mmeroue la this period. Scouting parties from the post scoured the mountains, or were stationed near vulnerable places in the Gila and San Pedro valleys to pro­ tect the citizens. Despite this, there was criticism regard­ ing concentration of troops at the post, for no sooner would ^ the troops leave the small settlements than the marauding 7 bands from across the border swooped down to attack. April

S',- 1882, there occurred an outbreak on the San Carlos, l o c o 's band of Chlrioahues, numbering about 200, of shorn forty were men* revolted, killing Chief of Police Sterling and an in- ^ dlan sergeant. Troops were sent into the field from Fort

Grant. Lieutenant Sands and his command trailed Loco into the mountains, but after a brief fight retired from the field, feeling that the Indians were too numerous for his small 8 command. Loco escaped into Mexico and joined Juh and Ger-”1 onimo. Raiding parties continued to harass the territory.

An attack was made on Williamson * a ranch, near Stockton Gap, and Colonel A. 0. Braohett, commanding operations in the field from Fort Grant, dispatched Lieutenant Robert Banna,

7. : ' Arizona Daily Star. March 14, 1882. 8. Ibid., April 23, 1888. The day after Sand's fight, what purported to be a letter from Loco appeared. "Editor Star— Indiana heap whip Longknives today. Many Longknives. Indiana not many. Heap lick Lieutenant Sands and soldiers. Soldiers run like h— 1 to fort. Longknives heap like blan­ kets, pie and boots blacked. Indians eat roots and sleep on limb. Purty soon all Indians fight solders. (signed) Loco". with a troop of cavalry to the scene. The Apaches escaped. -*

This continued lack of success on the part of the troops n brought forth much criticism of Willcoz. The people of

Arizona were demanding the return of General Crook, the only departmental commander who had achieved any degree of success against the Apaches. Finally their cries wore heeded. Crook returned to the territory in September, 1882, and the people of Arizona settled back to await a repetition of the success 10 of 1872-73.

Crook immediately went into action. He abandoned use- 11 x/ less posts and shifted troops around in the territory. He

cleaned up the administration at San Carlo#, expelled all un­ desirable citizens from the limits of the reservation, and

instituted a new system of control, requiring enrollment of

all Indians, the wearing of identification tags, and period- 12 le roll call. His third step was to carry out arrangements

for a treaty with Mexico, whereby troops might cross the bor- 13 der at will. Meanwhile, Geronimo and his companions were

•till conducting raids. Early in March, 1883, Chato, mother of the petty chiefs, crossed the border with fifty Apaches

9. Arizona Daily Star, July 20, 1882. 10 * Bancroft, Hubert Howe, op;clt., p. 670. 11. Arizona Dally Star. October 18, 1882. Lockwood, F. C., op.clt.. p. 186. 13. Bancroft, op.clt., p. 670. and killed a dozen persons in Arizona before returning to - 14 Mexico* Crook immediately ordered troops out from Fort W*"

Bowie under Captain Rafferty and from Fort Grant under Cap­ tain Overtoni Captain Crawford and the Apache seomte were sent into the stein's Peak Range in an attempt to intereept 15 Ofcatoi March 29* Crook himself took the field at the head of a •detachment of fifty soldiers m d 200 Apache scouts* and marching into Mexico, with the cooperation of the Mexican forces* defeated and captured the Apaches, moat of the braves being away. In July* after constant pursuit, the remainder of the Apache#, except Juh, agreed to surrender if their past offences were forgiven and thoy were allowed to settle on a reservation; Nearly 400 returned* including (Jeronimo, Chato, 18 Natchez and Loco*

The Apaches remained at peace throughout 1884 and into the summer of 1885, i&en suddenly there was another outbreak and Crook was forced to take the field again; Oeronimo and

Natchez left the White Mountain reservation with 120 men, L 17 women and children* went on the warpath again.

14. Bancroft, op^oit*. S; 570. 15. Crook, George, Annual Report of Brigadier-General v- Qeor^e Crook. 1885. p. 24.

Bancroft, Hubert Howe* op. oit., p. 671; Also, Lock- wood, F. C., op. oit., pp. 186-8%; Arizona Daily Star. March 28, 1885. ---- 17. Bancroft, Hubert Howe, op. oit., p. 572; Lockwood. F. C., op. oit., p. 188. v 131

Immediately the troops went into aetion. Captain Crawford and the Apache scouts went into Mexico’s mountain fastnesses, scouring the country for the renegades. Fort Grant did not play a particularly important part at this period against the forces of (Jeronimo. It served as a base of supplies, though an occasional scouting party was sent out. Lieutenant John

Bigelow, Jr., led a few such expeditions. His diary, pub­ lished in Outing, gives the only account of activities at the post at this period. On September 29, 1885, a telegram ar- V- rived from headquarters at Fort Bowie, instructing the com­ manding officer to dispatch a command to Stocton Gap to in- 18 tercept a party of twenty-five bucks reported in that area.

Bigelow was detailed to lead the command which left Fort

Grant the evening of the 29th. fhe detachment consisted of — f twenty-six enlisted men, the remnants of Troops K end L, who were in the field. They were armed with carbines and 100 rounds of ammunition, having no side arms. They carried ra­ tions for four days in their saddle pockets. Before they had travelled far they were joined by a detachment under Lieu­ tenant Hunt, and together they proceeded through Stockton

Gap, separating at Gillespie Ranch, where they received orders to change their route and head for the railroad, where the old telegraph road to Fort Bayard crossed it. Bigelow’s

- = — ------Bigelow, John, Jr., ’’Trailing Oeronlmo'’, Outing, VIII, no. 4, p. 422. 132

command headed across country to Bailey’s Wells, where they 19 made camp. ,

The next day they proceeded to Smythe’s Ranch, where they made camp for the night. A report arrived at that time that a party of hostiles had been seen heading northward in- ^ to the Chirioahuas. October 1, Bigelow wired Crook from San 1 20 Simon about this, and the next day received word that the hostile Indians had been seen in the Dragoons. Bigelow was ordered back to Fort Grant but chose to ignore orders and 21 headed for Duncan. However, the pursuit was hopeless and the command spent the next five days travelling to Clifton,

Sheldon, Solomonville and back to Fort Grant, where they ar­ rived on October 8. The most exciting event which occurred ^ the last five days was the theft of seven loaves of bread 22 from the cook’s supply by Private Curly Young. Bigelow spent the next three months at the post occupying himself with purely routine duties, possibly as a penalty for dis- 23 obeying orders.

The campaigns of late 1885 not having proven successful.

General Crook was soon to feel the penalty of failure. With

— is:— :---- ;------:------Bigelow, John, Jr., op.clt.. VIII, no. 4, p. 423. 20. Ibid.. VIII, no. 5, p. 535. 21. Ibid., p. 537. 22. Ibid., pp. 537-543. 23. Ibid., VIII, no. 6, pp. 646-667. 133

the end of the year there was no marked Improvement in con­ ditions. Seventy-one persons were known to have met their ^ deaths at the hands of the Apaches. There were muraurings of discontent at Crookb handling of affairs, though his friends were still in the majority. Then came an event which shocked the whole territory. In January, 1886, Captain ^

Crawford and his Apache scouts, after having trapped Oeronimo 1/ and his band in the sierra Madras, were fired upon by Mexi­ can troops and Crawford was killed. Lieutenant Mans, second in command, was not sufficiently experienced to handle affairs and, making the promise that in March General Crook would meet Oeronimo unattended by troops, he returned to Arizona 25 with the body of Captain Crawford. Although there were ru­ mors that General Nelson A. Miles was to be sent to replace 28 Crook, the authorities were inclined to let Crook play out his hand. Ihen the conference with Oeronimo failed, through

no fault of Crooks, he was replaced on April 11, 1886, by ^ General Miles.

Miles immediately went into action and within nine days

after assuming command formulated his plan of campaign. It

consisted of dividing the territory into districts of obeer-

24. ---- * Arizona Weekly Star, January 24, 1886. 25. Lockwood, F. C., op.oit.. n. 188. 26. Bigelow, John, Jr., op.cit.. IX, no. 2, p. 113. 29. Bancroft, Hubert Howe, op. cit.. p. 573. vation end assigning each post to a certain district. Each eamanding officer was to be responsible for clearing all ^ hostile Apaches out of the area under his charge. Signal detachments were to be placed at strategic points to cover the movements of the Indians. All precautions were to be taken to avoid the capture of any supplies end ammunition. 28 The commands were to \keep in touch with headquarters.

Next, Miles proceeded to familiarize himself with the posts

in the territory, and visited-Foit Grant on his tour of in- 89 speotion, April 89. May 10, a command under Bigelow left 50 the post to police the section allotted to Fort Grant.

The campaign, begun with great rapidity, continued through­

out the summer, and in August, through the bravery of Lieu­

tenant Charles Gatewood, Geronimo and his band were finally v'

taken. This ended the final phase of Apache warfare. To

be sure, there was an occasional Indian raid, but never

again did the major portion of the united states army have

to be called out to subjugate those in an outbreak in A r i ­

zona. In the future, the Indiana were to cause no more

trouble than any other racial group as numerous. There was

an occasional Indian criminal, but the bandits and stage v/

robbers were to be far more of a menace on life and

~m: : ™ 1 Bigelow, John, JT., op.clt.. IX, no. 5, p. 428. 29. Arizona Weekly Star. April 29, 1867. 30. Bigelow, John, Jr., op.clt., IX, no. 6, p. 428. i m

property in the future.

The decade of the Eighties saw the troops performing civil duties In assisting peace officers track down criminals.

Soldiers at Fort Grant occasionally performed this duty. In

August, 1887, the Southern Pacific Railroad was robbed and a

detail was sent out under Lieutenant Johnson to serve as a 31 sheriff’s posse. Again in 1889 they were given an oppor­ tunity to serve in a similar capacity. In May there occurred

an event of amazing audacity on the part of a band of robbers.

U. S. Paymaster J. H. ahan, after paying off the troops at

Fort Grant, left for Fort Thomas. Approximately thirty miles

from Fort Grant the paymaster’s train, including eleven sol- v'

diers, was ambushed by robbers, in a narrow canyon. The ban­

dits had laid their plans carefully, end were able to drive

the guard back, wounding twelve, including one of the dri­

vers of the wagons. Under cover of their gunfire, the gang

broke open the strongbox and escaped with 129,000 of govern­

ment money. Troops and Indian scouts numbering 1700 wore or-

dared out, including a detachment- from Fort Grant under Lieu-

- tenant Clark. Sheriff William flreckenridge took charge of the 32 case. Swift action followed. Eleven men, most of them prom­

inent citizens of the Gila Valley, were arrested end held for i : sri ■ — — Arizona Weekly Star, September 1, 1887. 32. Valley Bulletin, May 17, 1889. 33. Ibid., May 24, 1889. trial. In October a grand jury Indicted seven of these men, 34 M. E. Cunningham, Gilbert Webb, Wilfred Webb, Warren Follett, 36 Thomas Iamb, Lyman Follett, and David N. Rodgers. Since feeling in the Gila Valley was in favor of the accused, the trial was transferred to Teeson, where, despite the fact that the accused were identified by men of the detatohnent which 36 was attacked, the jury returned a verdict of "not guilty."

There was some talk of a government investigation, bat nothing was ever done.

With the Indians finally subdued, there were no means of training the soldiers in actual warfare, so Miles arranged for a series of maneuvers in order that the troops might not grow soft. On August BO, 1887, he issued orders to the effect . v that the troops were to consider themselves on active field ^ duty throughout September and October, on September 1 the post commanders occupied their districts, locating outposts, signal and heliograph stations, and establishing conmunica­ tions with adjacent posts. Two weeks were spent in practice in field duties, and on September 17 a command left Fort v,

Huaohuoa with instructions to march to Fort Apache and re­ turn. It was ordered to march east of Fort Bowie, west of y

— - Valley Bulletin. June 7, 1869. Gilbert tfebb was a high official in the Mormon Chur oh in the Gila Valley. 35. Ibid.. October 4, 1889. 36. Ibid., November 22, 1889, December 20, 1889. 137

Fort Grant, touch the Fort Lowell military reservation, and from there mardh east of Fort Thomas and west of Fort Apache to a point north of the latter post# From there, the com­ manding officer was to notify Fort Apache, make camp, and get provisions. After a ten-day rest, they were to repeat the procedure, reversing the line of march on their return to

Fort Huachuca. Troops from the other posts were to prevent v 37 their fulfilling these orders. All went well with the "en­ emy* command from Fort Buachnca, until they reached Fort

Grant, where they were captured.

A command from Fort Grant was then sent out, under Lieu­ tenant C. P. Johnson, with instructions to capture Forts

Lowell, Bowie and Huachuca. immediately after leaving, John­

son went into hiding, while troops from the other posts

searched for him. He completed his mission successfully, ^

but on his way back to Fort Grant, he was captured, after,

according to General lilies, "a most remarkable and aueeeas- 53 ful raid?. This nay have been a poor substitute for the

real thing, but it gave the troops training which they could

not secure any other way, and Miles considered it worth con­

tinuing.

In October, 1888, the maneuvers were repeated. During

— Report of the Secretary of 7<*ar, 1888-89. p. 125.

Miles, Nelson A., The Personal Recollections of Gen­ eral Kelson a . Miles, p. b4&. 158

these maneuvers, Major Koyes, commanding Fort Lowell, cap­ tured a command from Fort Grant under.Lieutenants Clark and

James. It was not until he took them back to Fort Lowell that he discovered he had captured a command from Fort Grant ^ who were pursuing the "enemy", rather than tho "enemy" them- 39 selves. In September, 1889, mansevere were again held, but

In a little different manner. Troops throughout the terri- tory gathered at Fort Grant. An encampment of twelve troops of cavalry, four companies of infantry, and a detachment of the hospital corps was set up on September 15, to last four weeks. During this encampment soldiers were instructed In heliograph signalling; field hospital duty; attack and defense convoys; troop, company, m & battalion drills; reoonnaisanoos, and field maneuvers. It was extremely successful, with but two drawbacks. There was a scarcity of officers and a lack 40 of water In that area.

Life at Fort Grant consisted of more than Indian fight­ ing, chasing bandits and field maneuvers, however. There were routine duties to be performed in 1881 just as there had been prior to this time. During that year a reading room and 11- 41 brary was established at the post. There were also social events of importance, held chiefly at the Sierra Bonita Ranch,

------Arizona Weekly Star, September .27, 1868. 40* Report of the Secretary of War. 1890-91, pp. 163-64. ^ Ibid.. 1881. p. 297. 139

whieb remained the social center of the post in the Eighties.

On February 21, 1882, Ida Hooker, daughter of the rancher, : married H. W. Norton, of Horton and Stewart, one of Fort

Grant's leading citizens. Officers and their wives attended 42 the wedding. Social events were not limited to the offi­

cers and their wives, for the soldier# frequently entertain­ ed. The Arizona Weekly Star gave an excellent account of a

typical event of this sort which happened in January, 1884:

■ Upon the evening of Saturday night our chapel was lighted up. Why: a birthday party given to Miss Maggie SaBling, by her friend Henry Hallman, Sergeant, 1st Infantry band. Sergeant Hallman arranged everything in first-class style. You may know they had good music when I tell you they had ten pieces from the 1st Infantry band. At 8 o'clock the music struck up, and everything went as merry as a marriage bell until midnight. Ser­ geant Hailaan did not forget the inner works of man. He furnished eatables for everybody. Her did he forget that all soldiers, as well as most of our American citizens, enjoy on such occasions— drink. There were corks flying all over the room and many were the toasts drank to the fair lady and the hospitable sergeant. Among those present who enjoyed themselves were: Sergeant-Major CharItz and wife, Mr. Moyher and wife, Mr. Herbert and wife. Miss Rachel Abbott. The following gen­ tlemen were present: sergeants Smith, Gilhooly and Pryne, of Troop D, 6th Cavalry, quartermaster Ser­ geant Bowers, 1st Infantry, sergeant Nobles, Troop D, 3rd Cavalry, Sergeant Heed of the signal ser­ vice, Messrs. Pattison and Leroy, Private Abbott and Base Ball Kppler, of the 1st Infantry. Most of their officers and their ladies dropped in during the evening. 43

Life at the post had its seamier side, also. In 1882,

42i Arizona Daily Star. February, 24, 1882. 43. ---- Arizona Weekly Star. January 31, 1884. 140

though the Indian warfare was at its height, the soldiers still found tine enough to fight among themselves. On Jan­ uary 6 a detail was sent from Fort Grant to Willcox, to es­

cort Paymaster Oreary to the post. Arriving late at night,

the troops, to mitigate their fatigue, indulged in an excess

of liquor, sad two of thorn. Privates Radford and Vander- broolc. Troop i. Sixth Cavalry, engaged In a quarrel. Bed­

ford shot Yanderbrook and immediately left for an unknown 44 destination, adding desertion to his other crime. Another

unpleasant occurrence happened in March, 1892: three of the

Indian scouts who had been convicted for their part in the

Cibicu Creek massacre the year previous were hanged. March

3, the three. Dandy Jim, Dead Shot, and Skippy, were led to

the gallows before on assembled crowd of 203. Although fear

of an attempt to rescue them had resulted in the addition of 45 two companies to the garrison, nothing unusual happened.

Events like these served to add variety to life at the post,

unpleasant as they were.

Possibly the best picture of routine affairs at the poet

in the Eighties is found in Bigelow's diary, written at the

middle of the decade. His first notation concerning Fort

Grant was on September 12, 1685, when he served as officer of

the day. k private named Bill Smith, sentenced to five years

— ------Arizona Daily star, January 8. 1082. 45. ---- Ibid., March 4, 1688. 141

for desertion, sawed his shackles In an attempt to escape, but was recaptured. Bigelow’s comment showed that the sol­ diers at the post were not kept too busy, for he says: How many of our military prisoners are the victims of idleness and ennui and bitter dis­ appointment, whose troubles might have been pre­ vented by proper military training!" 46

A few days later, tiiile again serving as officer of the day,

Bigelow was forced to confine a private in the guard house for drinking. The following day the officer complained be­ cause the court fined the soldier only the dollar for two 47 absences from drill. Petty jealousy existed among the commissioned officers

and the jfon-commissioned officers at this time. Bigelow,

upon being Informed by the post tailor that non-commissioned

officers were having the same stripes put on their trousers that the commissioned officers had, commented that the offi-

dere should take measures to protect the distinctiveness of

their uniforms. The routine seemed to pall upon the officers,

if Bigelow is a typical example, for he was anxious to return

to the field. He stated that on September 19 there were more 48 men at the post than there were in the field. After a

brief absence in the field, he returned to the post, where he

46. Bigelow, John, Jr., op.oit.. VIII, no. 4, p. 420. 47. Ibid., p. 421. 48. Ibid., p. 421. spent three months, as he says:

"PFOBeoutlrig 24 cases before a general court- martial, commanding two separate detatohments of cavalry, the tag ends of troops in the field. It often seemed to me that I should find camp life a pleasant, restful change.” 49 Again, brief (Mention)mention must be made of Fort Grant' s personnel in the Eighties. As the decade opened, Colonel 50 Carr was in command. Part of the Sixth Cavalry was sta­ tioned at the post. The officers included Captain Kramer, 51 Captain Rafferty, and Lieutenant Overton. By October,

1880, Major A. X. Arnold was again in command. Colonel Carr having taken over field operations. The garrison consisted of 196 men of the Sixth Cavalry and Twelfth Infantry, and was 52 second only to Fort Apache in size. Arnold remained only 53 a little over a month, when Major James Biddle replaced him. 54 Colonel Foulk replaced Biddle early in 1892, and remained there until succeeded by Colonel A. 0. .Braehett, later in 55 the same year. In 1892 Company E, First Infantry, was 56 added to the garrison. April 25, 1883, Lieutenant Colonel

4 9 . ' : • a Bigelow, John Jr., op.cit.. VIII, no. 4, p. 421. wO # Report of the Secretary of war. 1880. pp. 216-18. 51. Supra., pp. 124, 130. 52. Report of the Secretary of War. 1880, pp. 22-23. ‘Arizona Weekly Star. December 2. 1880. 54. ------Arizona Dally Star. February 28, 1882. 55. Ibid., July 20, 1888. 56. — 77 Ibid., October 18, 1882. 143

Charles G. Bartlett, First Infantry, was sent to relieve 5? Brachett. Under Bartlett Fort Grant increased in size, un­ til it totalled 318 men, making it Arizona's largest post.

It was occupied by the Third Cavalry and the First Infantry.

Much construction work was done at this time. The post was lighted by a new system of lamp posts distributed throughout 58 59 the camp. A new hospital was built also. in 1086 the fort became regimental headquarters for the First Infantry, 60 Bartlett remaining in command. Fort Grant remained the largest poet in the territory for some time. In 1888, under

Lieutenant-Colonel E. P. Pearson, Twenty-fourth Infantry, it contained five companies of the Twenty-fourth Infantry and the Tenth Cavalry. Colored troops were stationed at the post 61 then.

The period of the Eighties was drawing to a close, end people felt that the country was at last at peace. Ho In­ dians were on the warpath in Arizona. The military had set­ tled down to a life of drill and maneuvers. Two posts had been abandoned during 1889, Fort McDowell, and Camp Verde, t--

Arizona was no longer the nation's battleground, but merely

57. Arizona Daily star. May 4, 1883. 58. Arizona Weekly Star. February 7, 1884. 59. Ibid., February 7, 1884. 60. Ibid.. April 15, 1896. 61. » Report of the Secretary of War, 1888-89. pp. 84-85. 144

another locality to train the army under conditions not to be found elsewhere. Miles had added the final touch to the

Apache warfare. By November, 1889, there were no Indians on the warpath. However, as Sheriff Reynolds was transporting the Apache Kid, last of the renegades, to the Yuma peniten­ tiary, the Kid escaped. Immediately troops were ordered out from Forts Thomas, Bowie, Grant, Huachuca, and Lowell, in 62 / search of the Apache Kid. Two decades had passed since the' beginning of the seventies when troops wore out from Camp

Grant after all the Apaches. At the beginning of the Eigh­ ties troops were out from Fort Grant after the renegades.

Now, at the beginning of the Hintiea, troops were out from Port Grant after a single Indian.

— — — - ;------Report of the Secretary of far, 1888-89. pp. 163-64. u CHAPTER IX

THE FINAL TEARS With the opening of the Ninties, Fort Grant passed into L— ^ „ » ^^'-rvcc>' t a period of it^a existance Actually, the need for m*ch^a post was gone. The Indian menace, which had been the chief justification for its existence, was gone; except for an occasional "bad' Indian like the Apache Kid, the authorities were to have no trouble that Fort Apache, located on the reservation, could not handle. There was, however, another force at work which was sufficiently strong enough to keep the post in existence for a much longer per­ iod than the necessity justified— it offered a market for the farm products of the Gila Valley, and the farmers fought every proposal for abandonment. They had one other argument:

Fort Grant did serve as an excellent training station for the army.

At this time. Fort Grant was a well organized community.

The Valley Bulletin of Solomonvllle carried a description of the post early In 1890.

Fort Grant Is a beautiful place. It has an extensive and well laid out parade ground, a mln- ature artificial lake and numerous fountains, well-shaded walks and drives, elegant officers1 quarters and men’s quarters, commodius corrals and stables, office buildings and warehouses, and a well appointed guard house; a public hall that is used for divine services, as a school for children, and a resort for amusement, a library supplied with a well selected assortment of 146

newspapers, magazines, and works on art, sciences, fiction, records of the rebellion, and history, a gymnasium and a signal service department. Each morning at daylight, target practice takes place, and continues all day if the wind and the weather / „J>emit. At sunrlae*. a signal gun la fired, and J from the time of its firing on a scene of bu&tTe and activity occurts until the sun sets. The usual duties incident to life in a garrison is per­ formed covering police and sanitary regulations, routine business and the holding of court martial. The view from the post is magnificent. As far as | the eye can reach southerly and northerly, extends ' a valley from fifteen to twenty miles in width, bounded on the east by the Graham and Chirioahua ranges and on the west by the Galiuro Mountains. The valley is dotted here and there with green fields and the sources of streams. Back of the post to the east can be observed the stately pine, pinon and cedar on the rugged mountainside and summit. The water la pure and sweet, and in ad­ dition to its natural coolness as it comes from the mountain, it is kept ice cold for personal use by artificial means, the government having an ice plant that manufactures 4000 lbs. daily, J\

This description, centrastihg^oddly with that of Bourke^s

t*@ntyb&fdoes not in all details agree with an official report published at the same time. General

3. H. Grierson, who inspected the post on May 30, 1890, sta- ted that the post was badly in need of repairs.

Fort Grant was still to see an occasional bit of action

against the Apaches. The years 1891, 1892, and 1893 passed

uneventfully. The Apache Kid was still at large, but during

this period he confined most of his activities to the land

------TT Valley Bulletin, May 30, 1890. 3 V 2. Report of the Secretary of far, 1390-91, pp. 992, 994, 172 147

below the International boundary. In 1894 there waa-one-

Indian de'predirtlen. In late January two Indians tried to

steal a horse from Emerson’s ranch near Monument. The affair was reported to the commanding officer at Port Grant and Port 3 3 San Carlos, and troops were sent out to investigate. During

August, 1894, a scouting party was sent out to investigate a report that the Kid with four other renegades were in the ? 4 vicinity of Ash Creek. No trace of the Indians were found.

During 1895 there occurred another Indian scare, on May 11,

as the troops at Port Grant were packed and ready to trans­

fer to Port Riley, Kansas, word came that a party of Indians * had been seen at Pomeroy’s ranch, rounding up some horses.

Two days later, a party of miners near old Port Bowie was '

fired upon. Troops were sent out, but no sign of these In-

dlans was found. In August, 1895, more was heard from the

Kid. A squaw came into Port Grant, offering to lead the

troops to the Kid’s hiding place in the Chiricahuas. she led

a troop, nnder the command of Captain Hoyle, into the Chiri­

cahuas, and from a high peak pointed out the location of the

Kid’s hiding place in the Sierra Madras. The location from

which she directed the troops was a signal point for the in-

vT ^ Report of the Secretary of War, 1694-95, p. 140 5 4- Ibid., 1895-90. p. 157.

ieekly Star. May 16, 1895.

Report of the Secretary of War, 1895-96. p. 138. 148

dians when they were on the Warpath. The expedition laid plans for going into the Sierra Madras, but little hope was 7 held for success. This was to be the last time troops from

Fort Grant occupied themselves with the Kid, or any other

Apache. This was the finale to a long record of Indian cam­ paigns.

The entire military system in Arizona declined during the final years of Fort Grant’s existence. During the summer of 1890 there were eight posts in the territory. Arizona was becoming civilized. The army was more ornamental than useful.

By 1893 there were only six posts left: Forts Apache, Bowie,

Grant, Huachuca, San Carlos and Whipple Barracks. Fort Lo­ well was abandoned, as was Fort Thomas. In addition there occurred a change in the Department of Arizona. Many posts in New Mexico, Utah and Colorado had disappeared, and on July

1, 1893, the Department of Arizona ceased to exist, being con­ solidated with New Mexico, Utah and Colorado, to form the newly created Department of Colorado. The following year

Fort Bowie was abandoned and Fort San Carlos was reduced to 1 a subpost under Fort Grant. On July 10, 1894, the last company of Apache scouts was demobilized. By 1895 only

na V>«ekj:T~5tar_. _eirt ember £, 1803. 7Report of the Secretary of Bar. 1890-91, pp. 82-83.^ ■3V ' 'ibid.. 1894-95. p. 137. 3Zl 'ibid.. 1895-96. p. 339.

5(7 1 Ibid.. 1094-95. p. 141 149

four posts remained in the territory, a situation which was to exist until Port Grant’s career was finally ended. f

^.-Possibly friore Important than the events themselves during the final yearsVis the chronicle of the men of Port Grant.

In 1890 Colonel : verson commanded the posX.) The officers in

May, 1890, included Major Norveil. Captain Wygant, Captain

Nordstrom, Captain Maxson, and Lieutenants Little, Donaldson,

Bigelow, Kvans, Woods, Loester. Dodge, Dade, James, and Ban­ nister. The Third infantry and Third Cavalry were stationed 12 there. Manuevers were held in June, in which these officers 13 participated. Late in the summer of 1890 there was a com­ plete change in personnel. Major T. S. Norvell, Tenth Cav­ alry, took command. Five companies of the Twenty-fourth In­ fantry and Tenth Cavalry replaced the Third Infantry and Third

Cavalry. The post, with 360 men, was the third largest in ys- tr o \ the territory. Norvell did not remain long in command, for in September, Colonel J. K. Kizn*#r became commanding officer, and Fort Gran% became regimental headquarters for the Tenth 15 r_ -. Cavalry. \ The years 1891, 1892, and 1893 were extremely quiet and untroubled. In 1894 Major A. K. Arnold, First

Valley Bulletin. May 30, 1890

Ibidrr June 13, 1890i

^^^%Report-oCjlha_Secrete^" ^ nrl

Graham-euTCTt y BUlXe t inT^6dQber^8, 1890. 150

Cavalry, returned to Fort Grant with five companies of the a * ^ 0 First Cavalry, replacing the Tenth Cavalry. The following

year found Colonel E. V, Sumner, Seventh Cavalry, with six

companies of the First and Seventh Cavalry, at Fort Grant.

It was the largest of the four remaining posts in the terri-

tory, and an extensive building program was carried on.

Very little happened the next two years, but in April, 1898, with the outbreak of war with Spain, Fort Grant did not suf­

fer the fate of many of the posts throughout the country,

but remained at full strength. Following the war, the post

became headquarters for the Ninth Cavalry

The turn of the century marked the beginning of the end in the life of the old post. Forty years of its existence

was past, and it was a new generation of men who controlled

its destiny?^ Its\greatest commander was dead, the man who

used Camp Grant as headquarters in 1872 and 1873, General

George Crook. Its greatest chronicler, John G. Bourke, died

before the end of the Century, gone to join Almy, Cushing,

General Lawton, and other men prominent in the military an­

nals of Arizona, who had served at Fort Grant. The Apache

RajtortHa^ ihfj Secretary' ofi !T

Ibid., 1895-96. pp. 84-85. ler. .^ Ibxd■ , pp. ^<52—23. v 19.---- ^ , Ibid., 1898, p. 191. A H"? 89. Ibid., 1899. p. 25. 151

wars were something loathe remote past to the men now sta­

tioned at Fort C-rptrt. year 1900 passed uneventfully.

|Vort Grant had become a way station on the route to the new

American frontier in the 'Philippines. Arizona had become an old established country whose broad deserts and high moun­

tains made it an excellent training station for new troops to learn to fight the nation's imperialistic battles across

the broad Pacific. In February, 1901, came orders for

Troops B and D, Fifth Cavalry, to be transferred to the Phil- & ippines. Major Cooper was commanding the post. By April

Fort Grant was practically deserted, with only one company

present, under the command of Lieutenant G. 0. Hall, Fifth ss- Cavalry. He remained until June, when he was relieved by

Lieutenant James McClintock. There was only one company

at the post that had once housed 400 men. This state of

affairs was not to last, however, for July 2% four troops of

the Fourteenth Cavalry, under Captain Overton, arrived at

the post. This command, consisting men, served to re­

juvenate the almost deserted post. On September 10, 1901,

Fort Grant was made regimental headquarters for the Fourteenth

Arizona Bulletin, March 8, 1901.

RepdrtReport of/ the Secr'etarySecretary dOf War, 1901, p. 265. James MoClintook was Tatar to become one of ArFiona *8 leading his­ torians. 184. Arizona Bulletin. July 26, 1901. Cavalry. Colonel Lebo took comiand of the post, relieving

Overton. Lebo wee no stranger at the post, having served there as a captain of the Tenth Cavalry in the eighties.

The Fourteenth Cavalry remained at Grant until 1903, when it was transferred to the Philippines. The transfer was not done Immediately. As early as February some of the hos­ pital staff left the post. By September 25 all had gone, a# leaving in their place two troops of the Fifth Cavalry. In

November there was only one left. Troop % having been sent to

Fort Apache. ^ during 1904 very little occurred. Captain

George Pritchard, Fifth Cavalry, commanded the post, with

Troop B of the Fifth Cavalry and eleven Indian scouts filling out the roll. In August Lieutenant P. ti. Sheridan, with troop C, Fifth Cavalry, took command of Grant, remaining there until June 13, 1905, when he was relieved by Captain John if. a# Jenkins, with Troop D, Fifth Cavalry.^ Jenkins was destined to be the last commander of the old post, for in October,

1905, it was abandoned, g-

The struggle against abantoSoAcelt hat^been a long and 153

bitter one during these final years. This last stage in the post’s abandonment began as early as 1890. After General

Grierson visited the post on May 30, 1890, he submitted an adverse report on conditions at the post, and suggested its abandonment along with Fort Lowell and Fort Bayard, New Kex- ^314" ico. However, nothing was done to follow Grierson’s sug­ gestion during the remainder of the Kinties, and Fort Grant lasted throughout the Spanish-American War. With the opening of the twentieth century, however, proposals for abandonment came in increasing numbers. By 1901 there was only one troop at Fort Grant. There was a brief revival in July that lasted until 1902, when orders came to abandon it. The post was saved by the Army Board Just prior to the fulfillment of these orders. Shortly after this began the trouble which was to play an important part in the final removal of troops from the post. The summer of 190% was very dry In the region of the Graham Mountains. Throughout the summer the water supply dwindled, until by August the situation was so critical that the soldiers were only allowed one canteen of water per-day.

^0T.'.4'4 -----, 1890-91. pp. 992* 949, 172. «#2. crtr Ar t- W , __ Arizona n, Tom . j^eov—RepoT -cc r e t a r y fJtfer, 1901, p. 265. ^

' a .vTizona Bulletin. September 6, 1901. Ibid., August 15, 1902. 154

When General Funston came through Fort Grant on hie tour of inspection, he recommended that it he abandoned, partly because it was unnecessary, and partly because of a lack of a constant water supply. This was a bitter blow to the people of the Gila Valley. They immediately began a fight to main­ tain the post. Miles Wood, one of the most important govern­ ment contractors in Arizona, led this fight. He attempted to explain the lack of water by pointing out that the reservoirs had been permitted to fill with debris the last few years, resulting in the storageV of less water. The principal ar- x. / guaent used against the removal of the post was the fact that it would destroy the market for the Gila Valley farm produce.

Clearly, Fort Grant was no longer desired as a unit of defense in Arizona, but its economic importance justified its exis­ tence. Apparently the fight was successful at this time, for the post remained.

Barely had 1903 opened when General Funaton made another tour of inspection, and announced that it was expected that

Fort Huachuoa would be enlarged and Fort Grant made a sub- post to the border station. Humors began to circulate that

Albuquerque and Globe were both trying to get the post moved near their respective cities. Another rumor was current

October 10, 1902. ^ 7 36. Ibid., October 10, 1902. 37 •Ibid., February 20, 1903. 33. 6/ loid., October 10, 1902; July 24, 1903, 155

that the Southern Pacific was going to build a reservoir at the post to maintain a constant water supply. The people of the Gila Valley petitioned the War Department to retain the post. Again Fort Grant was permitted to remain, though the people realized they were fighting a losing battle. By 1904 it had again dropped to a one company post. Gradually all supplies were sold or destroyed. / Colonel West visited the post in March to inspect \the quartermaster’s / property and £5,000 worth of equipment was destroyed.

In April General Baldwin, inspector general of army posts, gave the people of the GJ Valley new hope by ordering

the repair of troop quarters iera was another shortage

of water, and Baldwin recommended the sinking of deep wells, although nothing was done about this. \ The new hope was not

fulfilled. By 1905 the people were reconciled to the fact

that the post was faced with abandonment. On June 29, 1905, 1

the Secretary of War ^issued an order for its permanent aben-

donment. Governor Kibbey asked the War Department to turn

the military reservation over to Arizona, but his request was

bulietfo, March 15, 1802. 9 40. Ibid.. January 8, 1904. (,M- A4. Ibid. t April 8, 19j, ^

^ H e ^ o ~ r 1904, pp. 61-62, 161. 4 6 e "" Arizona Bulletin, June 10, 1904. refused. On October 4, 1905, Captain Jenkins marched Troop

D across the parade grounds for the last time and out into the 011a Valley, leaving the little post lying deserted in the shadow of towering Mount Graham, except for a single care-

One more phase of the history of the post should be men­ tioned. Life at. Fort Grant in its final years, inconsequen­ tial and rowdy at times, deserves notice. The soldiers fought among themselves, and during these years there were a number of killingsjamong the colored soldiers, chiefly over women and gambling. In July, 1903, occurred an encounter worth mentioning. Several years earlier, the prohibition of liquor at the post canteen turned the Bonita saloons into the f?) favorite gathering place for soldiers. On July 13, 1903, members of Troops 21 and I were gathered in a saloon in Bo­ nita, drinking and enjoying themselves when members of Troop

E arrived. There had long been ill feeling between the men of 2 and those of the other two troops. It reached a climax over some trifle\ There were about fifty soldiers in the room when trouble started and revolvers, carbines, slingshots, tables, or anything that might work as a weapon was used.

1 '.rjiona Bulletin.-Septemberptember 23, 190b.

1306, £$$, p. 159. 'Z1 IT VO, |H Graham County "Builetiiu Bui islo!

u m y -4, February 22, 1901. 157

The fight lasted almost twenty minutes, resulting in two serious injuries and many minor casualties. The men were brought before a court martial and punished.

There also were fights between the civilians and the soldiers. A typical case of this sort occurred in October,

1901. On October 11 a sergeant came down to Bonita to look for deserters, and after becoming drunk insulted a local citizen, James Kennedy. In the ensuing fight Kennedy chas­ tised the sergeant. As a result of the beating, the sergeant -rso y 3 had to be hospitalized. Lieutenant Jewell came down from the post and filed a complaint, but after hearing the case,

Judge Wood decided that the action of Mr. Kennedy was Justi­

fied.

However, life at the post was not always so violent.

Parties, weddings, and similar events occurred. During 1903 SI ° f a school was opened at the post. The regimental bands, when they were stationed at Fort Grant, served a social need

in the Gila Valley by giving concerts and entertainments and -^re­ playing for local dances. ' Also in 1903 the post was the

center of a new movement, known as the "Black Movement to

Central Africa," whereby an expedition of American Negroes

*1 / mt .Ar4gonH-feui^nstTh,Arizon July 17, 1903. ^ 50. Ibid., October 11. 1901.

^ n Ibid.. March 14, 1902.

Ibid., May 9, 1902. 158

would be sent to Africa for the purpose of establishing a

haven for colored people, thereby solving the Negro pbtrblem.

I However, in September,\1903, his son was caught stealing a

\revolver and both were dxpelled from the reservation.

Sunday School was established at the post in 1903. That

same year the twentieth century version of the old Camp Grant

Minstrels were presented by members of the Fifth Cavalry -56r who had organized their show In the Philippines. Life was

varied and spicy at the old army^post, even to the end.

When Captain Jenkins left Fort Grant for the last time,

he left behind a post of many memories. Men who had made a

name in Arizona and American military annals had begun their

military careers at Fort Grant. it had seen the Apache war­

fare at its height, and had taken a major part in the solu­

tion of the Apache problem. But its long career as a mili­

tary post was at an end. Seven years later it was destined

to begin a new one, but this work was not concerned with its

later career. As a military post it had served Arizona long

and well and its history is the history of the growth of the

state from 1860 to 1905. It is the history of the Apache

warfare, it is the history of Arizona in miniature.

)r -^3- j rs rlAgiyig. r-j4Lotin, September 25, 1903. 'Z ' 54 • Ibid., October 2, 1903. ye -55. Ibid.» October 23, 1903. Not only were troops travelling from Fort Grant to the Philipines, but occasional­ ly the reverse was true. BIBLIOGRAPHY Books

1, Bancroft, Hubert Howe, Arizona and New Mexico, 1550 1888. The History Co., San Francisco, California, 1585. 2. Barnes, Will C., Arizona Place Names. University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, 1935.

3. Bourke, John Gregory, On the Border with Crook, 2nd. ed. Charles Scribner's Sons, New York, 18557“

4. Browne, J. Ross, Adventures in the Apache Country. Harper and Brothers, New YorE7 1869.

5. Clum, Woodworth, Apache Agent. Houghton-Mifflin Co., New York, 1936.

6. Cremony, John C., Life Among the Apaches. A. Roman and Co., San Francisco, New York, 1868.

7. Davis, Britton, The Truth about Geronimo. Yale Uni­ versity Press, New Haven, 15257

8. DeLong, Sidney R., The History of Arizona. Whitaker and Ray Company, San Francisco, 1906.

9. Disturnell, W. C., Arizona Business Directory and Gazeteer. W. C. DisturnellT Compiler and Puollsher, Bacon and Co., San Francisco, 1881.

Dodge, Ida Flood, Our Arizona. Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York, 1929.

Duim, J. P., Jr., Massacres of the Mountains. Harper and Brothers, New York, 1886.

12i Elliot, Wallace W., and Co., (compilers) History of Arizona Territory. Wallace W. Elliot and Co., San Francisco, 1884.

13. Hall, Edward H., The Great West. D. Appleton and Co.. New York, 1866. ------160

14. Hamilton, Patrick, m @ of Arizona. 3rd. ed. A. L. Bancroft and CoT, 15. Upham and Go., San payot'

17- t n e ^ ^ n°: ■ E 1907.

18. Jackson, Helen Hunt, A Century of Dishonor. Roberts Brothers, Boston, ~ ^

19. Lockwood, Francis Cummins, Arimna Characters. The Times-Mirror Press, Los Angeles, 19S3: ao- ^

El. HcCllntock, James H., Arizona— The Youngest state, i. S. J. Clarke, Chicago, l9l6.

SB. Manypenny, George H., Our Indian Wards. Robert Clark and Co., Cincinnati, 1880.

85. Miles, Nelson A., Personal Recollections and Observa­ tions of General Nelson A. Miles. The~ferner~Co. Chicago,

24. Rockfellow, John A., Log of an Arizona Trail Blazer. Acme Printing Co., Tucson, 1553. •

“• j- =•ura— 161

Articles

1. Bigelow, John, Jr., * Trailing (Jeronimo", outing, VIII, 4, b; IX, 2, 4, (1086-87).

2. Bloom, Lansing B., (editor) "Bourse on the Southwest", New Mexico Historical Review, IX, 4, (October, 1934).

3. Cargill, Andrew Hayes, "The Camp Grant Massacre", Arizona Historical Review, VII, 3, (July, 1936).

4. Clurn, John P., "Ss-kim-in-zin", New Mexico Historical Review, III, 4, (October, 1928).'

5. Hammond, George P., "The Camp Grant Massacre: A Chapter in Apache History", Proceedings of the Paclf1c Coast Branch of the Amerlean Historicala s socla11 on, 1929.

Ogle, Ralph H., "Federal Control of the Western Apaches, 1848-1866", New Mexico Historical Review. XIV. 4: XV. 1, 2, 3, (OctoFer, 1939-July, 1940]". ' 162

Official Documents v 1 y Annual Reports of the Secretary of War, Government ^rln^Tng Office, Washington, 1866-1906.

2. Annual Reports of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, 1871,15^2. Government Printing Office, Washington, 1592, 1593. 3. Annual Reports of the Governor of Arizona, 1070-1905. Government Printing ofiles, WashTngton, 1071-1906. .

4. Crook, Brigadier-General George, Annual Report of Brigadier General George Crook, 1883/ Government" Printing office, Washington, 1884.

5. Hamersly, Thomas H. S., Complete Regular Array Register of the United States; For One Hundred Years, (197^ 157577 T. H. S. Hamersly, Washington,“1081. 7 7 6. Heitman, Francis B., Historical Register and Dictionary of the United States Army. Government Printing Office, Wa shington, 1903. 7. Kelly, George H., (editor) Legislative History, Arizona, 1864-1912. Manufacturing Stationers, Inc., phoenix, 19551 8. Orton, Brigadier-General Richard H., Records of the California Men in the War of the Rebellion. State ~ Office, Sacramento, 1890. r*\ 9. Scott, Lieutenant-Colonel Robert N., (compiler) The War of the Rebellion; a Compilation of the Official Records"' o f the Union and Confederate Armies. L, pt. I; IX, pt. 1 Government Printing office,Washington, 1883. 10. Toulouse, Major J. H., Reports of the Military Depart­ ment of Arizona. (Typed copy in the Arizona Pioneers Historical society Library, Tucson, Arizona.) 1868.

11. Tyler, Lieutenant-Colonel R. o., (compiler) Revised Out­ line of the Posts and Stations in the Military Division Qf the Pacific, Commanded by Major-General John M. S c h ofleldTGovernment Printing Office, WasEIHgton, 1872.

\ 163

Homiseript*

1. Corbusier, William H., Record of William Henry Cor­ busier, Colonel. U. 8. krmy. Retired, typewritten manuscript in Universityor Arizona Library. 2

Tucson.

3. Fish, Joseph, Manuscript on the History of Arizona. Arizona State Law and Legislative Library, phoenix.

4. Hughes, Mrs. Samuel, Reminiscences of Mrs. San ___ jwritten copy in possession ofArizona pioneers Historical Society Library, Tucson.

5. Letter from the Adjutant-General»s Office of the War Department to James H. MoClintock. (undatecTT Original in Arizona State Law and Legislative Library, phoenix. Copy in writer's possession.

6. Letters of J. H. Stout. Collection in university of Arizona Library, Tucson.

7. Letters of william J. Rosa. Collection in University of Arizona Library, Tucson.

8. Muffley, Bernard W., A History of the Lower San Pedro Valley in^Arizona. TEesis, University of Arizona,

9. Oury, Williams., The Camp Grant Massacre. Manuscript in the Arizona pioneers Historical Society Library, Tucson. 164

Newspapers

1. Alta California, San Francisco, February 3, 1872.

2. Arizona Bulletin, Solomonvllle, September 14, 1900- ^ i m : 3. Arizona Citizen, Tucson, 1870-October, 1877.

4. Arizona Dally Star, Tucson, (January-February 9, June 26, 1879-March 7, 1880) 1882-June, 1883; July, 1888- (1890-95; 1897) November, 1901-1905.

5. Arizona Weekly Star, Tucson, June-November, 1877 (1878)' (1880}-(1884)-(l88G)-(1888)-1891-(1892) 1894-95; 1897- 99.

6. Arizona Miner, Prescott, (1869-71).

7. Connell, Charles T., nApache Past and Present", Arizona Daily Citizen, Tucson, May 1, 1921.

8. Every Saturday, Boston, August 19, 1871. (clipping)

9. Graham County Bulletin, Solomonvllle, June 20, 1890- December TO, 189^7 10. Valley Bulletin, Solomonvllle, February 21, 1889-June 13, 1890.

11. Weekly Arizonian, Tucson, January 26, May 10, 1860; November 17," TBI>7; 1868-69-1871. l-K Pord^J--'

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