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THE HISTORY of FORT GRAHT by Jerome Stone a Thesis Submitted To The history of Fort Grant Item Type text; Thesis-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Stone, Jerome Wilson, 1916- Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 05/10/2021 17:28:39 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/553587 THE HISTORY OF FORT GRAHT by Jerome Stone A Thesis submitted to the faculty of the Department of History in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in the Graduate College University of Arizona 1941 HAS" Tfflt K TH-Vraa, v 6^?o'xs> & 4!tT i> a*i? k (jliiDU/ :ii-t '"' 3 J JladBe s X X 61© f 7 •vsjt'. 3\v a tiJ sX o**g:> in,:; IsXQVlM <5979/ / 9 7 V 6 y . 2- TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER I The Early Tears 9 CHAPTER II The Post-War Tears 17 CHAPTER III The Camp Grant Massacre 38 CHAPTER IV The Aftermath: Vincent Colyer 53 CHAPTER V General Howard and the Camp Grant Reservation 68 CHAPTER VI The Campaign of 1872-73 84 CHAPTER VII The Late Seventies 108 CHAPTER VIII Fort Grant in the Eighties 124 CHAPTER IX The Final Tears 145 BIBLIOGRAPHY 159 <\MAP \ 1 4 1 0 5 a INTRODUCTION In the early territorial history of Arizona, during the period of the bloody Indian wars, probably no one military post enjoyed a more varied career than did the post finally known as Fort Grant. Throughout the Apache wars it was the key post at the western angle of the triangle of forts in the heart of the Apache territory — Bowie, Apache and Grant. Founded before either, its existence covered a longer span of years, encompassing almost the whole territorial period in Arizona’s history. From 1060 to 1905 Fort Grant led a precarious existence. Hardly a year passed without at least one proposal for abandonment, yet it remained. However, it did not stay in one place tnese forty-five years, for few posts have had such a perambulating career or appeared under so many aliases a? Fort Grant. From {.ay U, 1860 to August 6, 1660, it was located at the junction of Aravaipa Creek with the san Pedro, under the name of Fort Aravaipa.* On A igus-t 6, the name was officially changed to Fort Breckenridge.^ It remained Fort Breckenridge until Kay 18, 1862, when Colonel James H. Carleton, commander of the California “'Hamersly, Thomas A 8./ Complete ijr^y Register of tue United states for One Huncxyud ars, -18^6), pt. 2, • Ibid. , p. 1. TPougfi 'fl iae-y.be cohTusing to^Trnr-r^uex ^ for the make of accurae./i tntA host *i 11 called by its offi­ cial name at the dat(y oT the rveferenae-tr^lt. 2 Volunteers, changed tne name to Fort Stanford in honor of 9 Governor Leland Stanford of California. It still remained at the junction of the Aravaipa and the San Pedro River. Sometime between October, 186^, ana July, 1865, the name was apparently changed back to Fort breckenridge; for, though there is no official record of a change in name, there are references found to the post under the name of Fort Brecken- 4 ridge in July, 1065. - on November 1, 1865, the name was &- changed to Camp Grant. Meanwhile, it was moved from it location on the San Pedro to the Graham Mountains, near the 6 present town of Safford, during the early part of 1873. T- April 5, 1879, it was named Fort Grant. By its very location the post was destined to be bound inexfcrteab-ty with the history of the Apache problem in Ariz­ ona, and It is the purpose of this thesis to show how the post was connected with this particular phase of Arizona's history, as well as to give a comprehensive history of the post itself. To -nr- f non op tion Of t.h blem f3c±Tr(T~the ;TtTitnroivilian pnpulmt&cm. It is The Uar of the Rebellion, IX, pt. 1 otter from the Adjutant-General's Office of the War Department. 5 necessary to goo b; ck a few years prior to the founding of the post, to trace the rise of the Apache problem. For this ^ >V6W4- \ Arfee writer relied chiefly upon the work of Ralph H. Ogle. ^ v x x' x Before 1822, in so far as the United States was con­ cerned, there was no Apache problem; for the Americans rarely contacted this particular tribe of Indians. However, with the opening of the Santa Fe trail in 1822, *bich connected Santa Fe with the East and made it the center of trade in the Southwest, the lure of gold drew an ever-increasing horde of frontiersmen, prospectors, and adventurers into the South­ west, into the land of the Apache and the Navajo. This sud­ den influx of Americans gave the Indians Just cause to fear an increasing encroachment upon their land. The Apaches, \ always a divided nation, felt the need of a united front against the Invaders. In 1838 the Mimbrenos band made Mangas ji Coloradas, or Red Sleeves, so called because of his custom / o j L»V of bathing his arms in the blood of a slain enemy, the chief \ // of their tribe. By consolidating the various bands, he was able to drive all the Mexicans from what is now southwestern ^ OgVef^rV¥phj3^'"T^:e^-ucr Federalrcuoi-ex ,Government and the west­ ern Apa<#he", Jjejr Sexleo Bistorlcal/Hevlew. XIV. Mo. 4. October. 1039. ill ' ------ ad., p. -ew-. 4 New Mexico. During this period, however, the Apaches still \ / maintained a relative degree of friendship with the Ameri­ o cans .f <sV ~x -n c 'IaV ' - \ There was, howevef^ a grnd$l increase in ill feeling between the Americans andk the^paches. The Mexican War served to further this dis for large numbers of troops passed through the Apache preserves. Wise men among the -x 12 military saw the danger ahead. sooner or later the Apache must be controlled. This need came sooner than expected, for with the treaty of Quadelupe-Hidalgo the Mexicans dropped the burden of the Apaches into the laps of the Americans. The Americans were faced witn the task of stopping raids across the border. This was to prove difficult. After en­ joying a period during which they had not only been unmoles­ ted but actually encouraged in their border raids, the Apa­ ches were in no mood to let this fertile ground of plunder and conquest lie fallow and increased their raids into sono- 13 ra and Chihuahua. With the attempts to restrict their raids over the bor­ der, it was inevitable that they should turn upon the Ameri­ cans. By 1850 it began. On February 2, 1050, a band of i t s tsf^rem^x-ldatlon used by Mangas was the alliance by marriage of his daughters with chiefs of neigh­ boring tribes. Crempny, John C., Life Among the Apaches. pp. 30, 308. \ --------- ------------- 12. / Ogle, Ralplr H.\ op.cit., p. 339. 13. Ibid., p. 359. 5 14 Gila Apaches attacked the settlement of Dona Ana; and Major Enoch Steen, in command of troops in southwestern Mew Mexico, set out in pursuit. Immediately a second hand attacked the town and drove off all the stock. Major Steen advised the construction of a fort at Santa Rita as a measure toward con- 15 trolling the Apaches. Captain A. «. Bowman, who was sent out the same year to investigate the situation, reported that the Indians were in desperate straits, facing starvation, and 16 advised the construction of a six company post. Fort Web­ ster was established near Santa Rita, not as a result of these recommendations, but primarily as a protection for the bound- . 17 ary commission, under James K. Bartlett. Several attempts were made to secure peace with the Apaches, but they were 18 not successful; and when the boundary commission moved on 1 4 . " " Dona Ana is a small town located a few miles north of • the present town of Las Cruces. 15. Ogle, Ralph H., op.cit., p. 359. Santa Rita is lo­ cated a short distance from the present town of silver City, in a southeasterly direction. 16.. ' Ibid., pp. 339-40. According to Ogle, the Apaches stated that they must steal from someone, and if they were not permitted to steal from the Mexicans, the Americans re­ mained the only victims. 17. Bartlett and the boundary commission attempted to survey the boundary between the U. S. and Mexico following the treaty of Guadalupe-Bidalgo. Bartlett had trouble de­ spite the presence of troops. Ibid., pp. 340-42; Also, Lockwood, Frank C ., Pioneer Days in Arizona, pp. 100-106; Bartlett, James R., personal MealnTscenoea; McClintock, James H., Arizona, the Youngest state. I. pp. 116-17. 18. Ogle, Ralph H., op.cit., pp. 339-40. the post was abandoned. The Apaches felt that they had been responsible for the soldiers* departure and again began a series of attacks on the Mexicans, devastating northern so- 19 nora- At this time, also, occurred an event Wiich at first glance may seem trivial but which in its repercussions was extremely far-reaching. Gold was discovered in the Pinos ■"w Altos, near Santa Rita,zand a party of 150 gold seekers has­ tened to the scent of the new discovery. Mangas Coloradas, chief of the Mimbrenos, who occupied the territory around the Pinos Altos, attempted to turn them away with stories of vast untouched fields of gold in remote Sonora.
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