organisation of microbicide data 773

The disinfecting effect of PVP- extents to different classes of micro-organisms including spores and viruses. The most important application is the medical disinfection of skin with solutions containing 1–10% PVP-iodine.

Microbicide group (substance class) 21. OXIDIZING AGENTS Chemical name 21.3. Sodium iodate Chemical formula INaO3 Structural formula NaIO3 Molecular mass 197.90 CAS-No. 7681-55-2 EC-No. 231–672–5. EEC-no. 10 EPA TSCA Section 8 (B) Chemical Inventory Synonym/common name iodic acid sodium salt Supplier SIGMA-ALDRICH Chemical and physical properties Appearance white powder Content (%) 99.5 Density g/ml (20 C) 4.28 pH (0.1 M in H2O) at 25 C 5.5–7.0 Stability iodates release oxygen on heating; sensitive to light and humidity; incompatible with metal powder Solubility g/I (20 C) 90.9 in H2O; insoluble in methanol Toxicity data

LD50 oral 505 mg/kg mouse LD50 intraperitoneal 119 mg/kg mouse LD50 intravenous 108 mg/kg mouse ACGIH TLV-CL (threshold limit for iodine); USA: 0.1 ppm

Antimicrobial effectives/applications As an oxidizing agent sodium iodate disposes of a broad spectrum of antimicrobial efficacy. Since its oxidizing power is by far not as strong as that of chlorates it may be used as a preservative for cosmetic and pharmaceutical products. In the EEC Cosmetics Directive it is listed among the preservatives allowed for use in cosmetics with a maximum concentration of 0.1% for rinse-off products only. Other application: for mucous membranes.

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1,2-benzisothiazolin-3-one (BIT), activated N-S bond, 16 239, 245, 259, 323 activated S-N bond, 31 1,3-bromo-chloro-dimethylhydantoin activated surfaces, 113 (BCDMH), 143 adaptation, 98, 266, 278 1,3-dibromo-dimethylhydantoin (DBDMH), 143 adequate protection, 278 1,3,2-Bezodithiazoles, 31 Aerobacter, 319 1,3,2-Bezodithiazole-S-oxides, 31 aerobic growth, 253 1,6-dihydroxy-2,5-dioxahexane, 357 Alcaligenes, 352 2-benzimidazolyl-methylcaramate (BCM), 323 alcohols, 20, 271 2-bromo-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol (Bronopol), aldehydes, 14, 20, 31, 99, 260 130, 243, 259 algae, 123, 124 2-Hydroxybiphenyl, 301 algicides, 3 2-mercaptopyridine, 12 alkaline earth ions, 278 2-methyl-4-isothiazoline-3-one (MIT), 130, alkanolamides, 264 230, 245, 259 alkylamidobetain, 272 2-methyl-4,5-trimethylene-isothiazolin-3-one, 18 alkylamidoglycinate, 272 2-n-octyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one (OIT), 323 alkylaminoethyl sulphates, 271 2-(thiocyanomethylthio) benzothiazole, 130, 321, alkyl ammonium compounds, 434 323, 435 alkylating agents, 20 2,2-dibromo-3-nitrilopionamide (DBNPA), 163, 260 alkylbenzyldimethyl ammonium salts, 272 2,4-Hexadienoic acid, 289 Alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium 2-(4-Thiazolyl)benzimidazole, 300 chloride, 130, 153 3-Acetyl-4-hydroxy-6-methyl-pyron, 299 alkylpolyglycocides (APG), 272 3-Aryl-5,6-dihydro-1,4,2-oxathiazines, 28 allergenic potential, 265 3-hydroxy-3-methylamino-thioacrylchloride, 19 allergic to fragrances, 273 3-iodo-2-propinyl-butylcarbamate (IPBC), 277, 435 allergy, 273 3-mercapto-3-chloro-N-methyl-acrylamide, 19 Alternaria sp., 361, 363 3,5-Dimethyl-tetrahydro-1,3,5-2H- amphipathetic molecule, 10 thiadiazine-2-thione (DAZOMET), 260 amphoteric , 272 4-chloro-2-hydroxybiphenyl, 559 amylases, 230 4-chloro-2-phenylphenol, 559 Anabaena, 364 4-chloro-3-methylphenol (PCMC), 323 anaerobic bacteria, 380 4-hydroxybenzoic acid ethyl ester, 294 anaerobic growth, 253 4-hydroxybenzoic acid methyl ester, 294 anionic surfactants, 222, 264, 271 4-hydroxybenzoic acid propyl ester, 294 antibacterial agents, 264, 265 4-(2-tert.-Butyl-5-methylphenoxy)phenol, 33 antibacterial efficacy, 265 4,5-dichloro-2-(n-octyl)-isothiazolin-3-one, 19 antibacterial hand washing products, 263 4,5-trimethylene-2-methyl-isothiazolinone, 32 , 20, 96, 297 5-chloro-2-methyl-isothialzolin- anti-dandruff, 263, 264 3-one (CMI), 19, 130 anti-dandruff agents, 273 5-chloro-2-methyl-4-isothiazolin- antifouling paints, 38, 113 3-one (CIT), 230, 259 antimicrobial, 263 16s rDNA, 254 antimicrobial action, 272 28th ATP, 245 antimicrobial agents, 263, 268 76/768 EEC, 268 antimicrobial efficacy, 268, 271 b-propiolactone, 20 antimicrobial efficacy of alcohol, 271 abiotic factors, 97 antimicrobial enzymes, 41 acceptance criteria, 279 antimicrobial hand wash preparations, 264 Achromobacter, 352 antimicrobials for plastics, 326 acid producing bacteria, 161 antioxidants, 271 Acidum benzoicum, 288 antiperspirants, 265 acne, 264 anti-plaque additives, 273 acquired resistance, 20, 98 antiseptic effect, 268 acrolein, 162 , 96 action of enzymes on plastics, 333 antiseptic substances, 274 activated halogen atoms, 16 AOX values, 323

779 780 index aroylethytlene, 15 biofouling, 94 ARTCA, 136 biofouling control, 171 artificial contamination, 278 biostable, 208 Aspergillus sp., 352, 361, 363 biphenyl, 300 Aureobasidium sp., 361, 363 biphenyl-2-ol, 301 autoinducers, 100 bis(tributyltin)oxide, 130 aviation fuel biocides, 195 bis(trichloromethyl) sulfone, 130 aw value, 269 BIT, 31 Azaconazole, 26 blue-green algae, 228 azole fungicides, 12 bluestain in service, 426 azoles, 26 BNPD, 129 body odour, 263 babies, 267 Boko test, 208 Bacillus, 352 booster biocides, 38, 41 Bacillus subtilis, 319 boron, 433 bacteria, 122, 177 breakpoint chlorination, 145 bacterial degrade of wood, 422 broad spectrum efficacy, 275 bacterial diversity, 255, 256 bromamines, 129 bacterial morphologies, 254 bromine, 142 bacterial spores, 266, 280 bromine chloride, 128 , 3, 30, 268 bromo-1-(bromomethyl)-1,3- bacteriostasis, 268 propanedicarbonitrile, 130 Balanus improvisus, 124 Bromuconazole, 26 basidiomycetes, 124 Bronidox, 276 batch mode, 102 Bronopol, 163, 272, 276 bath products, 264 Brown, 4 BCDMH, 128 brown rot, 124 benzalkonium chloride, 272, 276 brown rot fungi, 424 , 272 building-related illness, 361 benzimidazole fungicides, 435 butylhydroxyanisol (BHA), 273 benzisothiazolin-3-one (BIT), 18 butylhydroxytoluol (BHT), 273 benzoic acid, 288 benzothiophene-2-carboxamid-S,S-dioxides, 27 C-14 demethylase, 12 benzoylureas, 35 calcium benzoate, 288 benzyl alcohol, 276 calcium carbonate, 251 beta-bromo-beta-nitrostyrene, 130 calcium dipropionate, 291 Bethoxazin, 29, 436 calcium hypochlorite, 128, 143, 147 Bifenthrin, 35 calcium sorbate, 289 , 99 Candida albicans, 352 bio-availability, 272 Candida sp., 361 biocidal blends, 130 Cannizzaro’s reaction, 21 Biocidal Products Directive 98/8 carbendazim, 435 EG (BPD), 65, 261 carboxylates, 271 biocidal program, 126 carboxymethyl cellulose, 350 biocide efficacy determination, 101, 103, 199 catalase, 99 biocide partitioning, 195 catalase control, 395 biocide treatment, 101, 102 cationic biocides, 99 biocides, 15, 96, 126, 192, 263 cationic surfactants, 264, 271 biocides for plastics, 325 CCA, 432 biocorrosion, 94 cell-cell communication, 100 biodeterioration, 94 cellulases, 230 biofilm assays, 101 cellulose derivatives, 264 biofilm development, 253 bromide, 272 biofilm formation, 254 Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, 276 biofilm monitoring, 125 Chaetomoium sp., 361 biofilm phenotypes, 94 challenge tests, 278 biofilm resistance, 97 chelate formers, 12, 13 biofilms, 21, 41, 93, 94, 121, 122, chelating agents, 29, 33, 271 161, 253, 353, 364 chelation, 10 biofilm-specific phenotype, 100 chemical preservation, 204, 212 index 781 chitin, 416 creams, 264 chitin synthesis inhibitors (CSIs), 436 creosote, 434 Chitosan, 416 critical concentration, 221 chloramines, 129 cross-contamination, 282 Chlorella, 364 crust, 317 Chlorhexidin cultivation of biofilms, 101 chlorinated cyanuric acid derivatives, 128 cuprous oxide, 38 chlorinated phenols, 322 cyaniminodithiocarbonates, 27 chlorine, 20, 98, 142 cyanobutanes, 243 chlorine-containing compounds, 104 cyanuric acid, 147 chlorine dioxide, 128, 152 cycles of concentration, 121 chlorine generators (chlorinators), 151 Cyfluthrin, 35 chlorine releasing agents, 20 Cypermethrin, 35 Chlorococcum, 364 Cyproconazole, 26 chloromethylisothiazolinone/ cytochrom P-450, 12 methylisothiazolone (3:1), 274 cytoplasm, 4, 10 Chloronicotinyle, 37 cytoplasmic membrane, 4, 10, 11, 14 Chloropyriphos, 37 chlorthalonil, 435 Dantobrom, 136 chrome tannage, 317 DBNPA, 129, 130 Chroococcus, 364 degrade of wood by beetles, 421 Citrobacter spp., 266 degrade of wood by insects, 421 Cl2, 128 degrade of wood by termites, 421 Cladosporium sp., 361, 363 dehydracetic acid, 299 classes of biocides, 127 dehydroacetic acid, 275, 299 cleaning and disinfection, 281 Deltamethrin, 35 cleaning efficacy, 103 deodorants, 263 cleansing products, 264 description of cosmetic products, 263 clostridia, 272 Desulfovibrio spp., 186 clostridian spores, 266 DGH, 129 Clostridium perfringens, 267 dialdehydes, 14 Clostridium tetani, 267 diatoms, 123 coccoid bacteria, 264 dibromdicyanobutane, 274 Coleoptera, 421 Dichlofluanid, 39 COLIPA, 281 dichlorobenzyl alcohol, 276 colloids, 219 Diclosan, 33 colour changes, 230 Dictyna civica, 366 compounds with activated halogen atoms, 31 didecyldimethylammonium-chloride, 321 concept, 269 diethyldicarbonate, 298 consumer health diffusion coefficient, 10 continuous mode, 102 Diflubenzuron, 35 cooling towers, 123 dihydrouracil, 15 cooling water systems, 95, 121 dimethyldicarbonate (DMDC), 298 copper, 38 dimethylpyrocarbonat, 298 copper-8-hydroxyquinoline, 13 diphenyl, 300 copper-azole, 433 disinfectants, 96, 141, 268, 305 copper citrate, 433 disinfection, 204, 271, 282 copper dimethyl dithiocarbamate, 433 dismutation, 21 copper-n-cyclohexyldiazenium, 433 dispenser system, 278 copper quaternary ammonium compounds, 433 dispersants, 252, 256 copper/ ionizers, 153 disproportionation, 99 copper sulfate, 142 dissolved oxygen (DO), 131 copper thiocyanate, 38 distribution coefficient, 6 Corbicula, 124 Dithiocarbamates, 129 Corbicula fluminea, 125 DMDM-hydantoine, 276 corrosion, 231 dodecyldimethyl ammonium chloride, 154 cosmeceuticals, 263 dodecylguanidine hydrochloride, 130 Cosmetic Guidelines (76/768/EEC), 273 Dowicil, 200, 276 cosmetics with anti-microbial claims, 268 DPD (N,N’-diethyl phenylenediamine) Council of Europe, 281 method, 146 782 index

Dreissena polymorpha, 125 Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA), 282 drinking water distribution systems, 95 Farnesol, 273 droplet size, 264 fault prevention analyses, 282 drums and containers, 235 FDA, 136 DTEA, 129 fenoxycarb, 36 durability, 420 field evaluation methodologies, 428 D-value, 280 FIFRA, 136 filamentous bacteria, 380 easy-care coolants, 208, 209 filamentous mould, 123, 124 ecdysone antagonist, 37 Fipronil, 37 EDTA, 271, 273 floating biofilms, 93 efficacy of preservatives, 267 Flufenoxuron, 35 efficacy spectrum, 274 fluorfolpet, 17 Ehrlich, Paul, 9 food industry, 95 EIFS, 348, 365 formaldehyde, 20, 164, 241, 256, 260, 261, 276 electrolytes, 264 formaldehyde dehydrogenase, 21 electronegative group, 16 formaldehyde dismutase, 21 electronic cell counting, 256, 258 formaldehyde donors, 241 electrophilically active microbicides, 6, 13, 14, 19, 21 formaldehyde-releasing compounds, 260, 276 electrophilically active substances, 17 formate, 256 electrophilicity, 14, 17 formic acid, 275 electrophilic substances, 31 foul-release coatings, 38 emollients, 272 FQPA, 136 emulsion polymerisation, 221 Frazer, 4 emulsions, 264 fuel distribution system, 177 Enterobacter spp., 266 fuel-soluble biocides, 194 Enterobacter coli, 265 functional product damage, 266 enzymatic slime control, 393 fungal degrade of wood, 423 enzyme inhibitors, 265 fungal toxins, 266 enzyme production, 230 fungi, 124, 177 enzymes, 99, 266 fungicides, 3, 25, 268 EPA, 136, 437 fungistasis, 268 Epicoccum, 363 Fusarium sp., 352, 361, 363 ergosterol, 12, 26 ergosterol biosynthesis, 12 gas formation, 229 Escherichia coli, 319, 352 general stress response, 99 esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid, 294 Geotrichum, 353 Ethancarboxylic acid, 291 Germall, 272 ether sulphates, 271 Gleocapsa, 364 Ethyl 4-hydroxybenzoate, 294 Gluconoacetobacter,228 ethylene glycol hemiformal, 259, 260 Gluconoacetobacter liquefaciens, 243 ethylene oxides, 20 glucose oxidase, 41 ethyl-urethan, 298 glutaraldehyde, 20, 129, 130, 164, 260 EU Directive, 263 glycerol, 272 European hazard class system, 421 glycerol monolaurate, 273 evaluation criteria, 278 glycol, 272 evaluation of polymer dispersion biocides, 246 Glydant, 272 evaluation of preservatives in the Gram-negative bacteria, 4, 20, 256, 267 marine environment, 429 Gram-negative cells, 9 exopolysaccharide glycoalyx polymers, 21 Gram-positive bacteria, 4, 11, 20, 21, 256, 267 export of antimicrobials, 61 Gram-positive Micrococcus, 256 exposure assessment, 84 Gram-positive mycobacteria, 9, 11 extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), Guidelines for good manufacturing 21, 93, 98, 131 practice (CGMP), 265, 267, 281 extracellular polysaccharide (EPS), 380 eye products, 267 hair conditioners, 264 haloalkylsulfenylchlorides, 17 facilitated transport, 10, 13 halogen biocides, 128 facultative bacteria, 380 halogenated phenols, 559 facultatively anaerobic microorganisms, 256 hardwoods, 420 index 783

Hazard Analysis Critical juvenile hormone, 36 Control Points (HACCP), 282 juvenile skin problems, 264 heath risk, 267 health safety and the environment, 437 kaolin, 251 heat transfer, 123 Kathon CG, 272 heat transfer resistance (HTR), 131 killing efficacy, 103 heavy metal based biocides, 240 Klebsiella, 267 hemi-formals, 214 Klebsiella pneumoniae,98 heterocyclic N,S compounds, 322 Klebsormidium, 364 Hexaconozole, 26 Hexaflumuron, 35 labeling of antimicrobials, 54 hexahydrotriazines, 214 lactic acid bacteria, 296 Hexetidine, 273 lactoperoxidase, 41 high performance liquid chromatography lanosterol, 12 (HPLC), 223 Lantiobiotics, 298 high-throughput screening, 42 latices, 219 homogenisation of biofilm cells, 101, 103 leather, 317 Hormoconis resinae, 177 leaving group, 16 housekeeping, 251, 256 Leeuwenhoek, 4 humectants, 264, 272 Legionella, 96, 123 hydrocarbon-utilizing microorganisms, 179 Legionella pneumophila, 123 , 98, 128, 142, 237, 271 levels of microorganisms, 267 hydroviscous coatings, 41 Limnoria, 426 hygiene conditions, 283 Lister, 4 hygiene recommendations, 283 lithium hypochlorite, 143, 147 hygiene technology, 281 lotions, 264 hypochlorite ion (OCl), 144 hypochlorites, 20 macrofouling, 124 hypochlorous acid (HOCl), 144 macro-invertebrates, 121 Magnusson and Kligman, 246 Imidacloroprid, 37, 436 mains water, 278 Imidazoles, 26 malodours, 230 import of antimicrobials, 61 manufacturing hygiene, 267 improving plant hygiene, 237 manufacturing process, 263 inactivation, 280 marine borer damage to wood, 425 incubation, 280 Marine Environmental Protection infections, 265 Committee, (MEPC), 373 ingredients, 278 marine fouling, 124 initiators, 219, 222 medical devices, 95 inoculation volumes, 280 membrane active agents, 21 inoculum, 279 membrane active compounds, 30 inorganic bactericides, 34 membrane active microbicides, 6, 10, 14 insect growth regulators (IGR), 436 membrane active substances, 20 insecticides, 34 mercury, 240 International Biodeterioration metal-based wood preservative system, 432 Research Group (IBRG), 227 metallic compounds, 415 International Maritime metalworking fluids, 5 Organisation (IMO), 373 Metconazole, 26 intrinsic resistance, 20, 97 methane, 256 in-use tests, 278, 281 methane bacteria, 3 iodine, 151 methanol, 256 iron and manganese oxidizing bacteria, 161 Methanotrophs, 256 irradiation sterilisation, 272 methods of assessment for wood preservatives, 426 irritation, 274 Methyl 4-hydroxybenzoate, 294 Isoptera, 421 Methylacetic acid, 291 isothiazolin (MIT/CIT/BIT), 259 methylamine, 256 isothiazolinone derivatives, 17 methylene bisthiocyanate (MBT), 130, 261, 435 isothiazolinone ring, 18 Methylotrophs, 256 isothiazolinones, 276 Methylparaben, 294 isothiazolones, 129, 434 methyl-urethan, 298 784 index mica, 251 nitrate, 293 micelle, 221 nitrite, 293 microbe inhibitors, 265 nitrosating, 215 microbial activity (ATP) test, 401 non-anionic surfactants, 222 microbial aggregates, 93 non-ionic surfactants, 272 microbial contamination, 177, 263 non-oxidizing biocides, 129, 384 microbial degradation of plastics, 325 norms, 268 microbial resistance to microbicides, 20 Nostoc, 364 microbial spoilage, 269 nucleophiles, 16 microbial toxins, 266 nucleophilic cell components, 15, 16 microbial volatile organic nucleophilic components, 6, 14, 21 compounds (MVOC), 361 nutrient limitation, 99 microbially influenced corrosion (MIC), 94, 121 microbicidal, 3, 206 official regulations, 267 microbicides, 3, 268 O-formals, 214 microbiological acceptance criteria, 268 oilfield application for biocides, 157 microbiological degradation, 177 oligo-dynamic action, 415 microbiological safety, 265 o-phenylphenol, 260, 301 microbiology of polymer dispersions, 224 oral care products, 265 microbistasis, 268 oral cavity, 267 microbistatic, 3, 206 oral hygiene, 263 microbistats, 3 organic wood preservative chemicals, 433 Micrococcus, 319, 352 organometallic compounds, 4, 19 microfouling, 122 organostannic compounds, 415 microtextured coatings, 41 organotin compounds, 38 mineral dispersions, 251, 256 ORP (oxidation-reduction potential), 146 mineral raw materials, 272 ortho-phenylphenol (OPP), 322, 323 mineralization, 3 Oscillatoria, 364 minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), 274 OSHA, 357 minimum microbicidal concentration (MMC), 274 OTC drugs, 268 mixing vessels and storage tanks, 234 other uses, 273 monitor, 115 OTO (orthotolidine) method, 146 monoaldehydes, 14 outer membrane, 4, 20 monochloro-o-phenylphenol, 559 overdose, 207 monoglyceride derivatives, 271 O/W emulsion, 264 monomers, 219 oxidizers, 127 monothiomalonicacid monoamide derivatives, 18 oxidizing agents, 20 moulds, 179, 275, 320 oxidizing biocides, 98, 127, 128 mould and staining fungi, 423 oxine, 13 Mucor sp., 361 oxine copper, 13 multicide inhibitors, 27 ozone, 107, 142, 151, 271 mutants, 20 mutations, 20 packaging, 265, 269 Myavert# C, 41 Paecilomyces, 363 mycotoxins, 272 parabens, 294 Mytilus edulis, 124 para-Chloro-m-cresol, 30 paraformaldehyde, 214 N-(3,4,-dichlorophenyl)-N’-acryl-urealene, 15 parahydroxybenzoic acid esters (Parabens), 277 Na-hydroxymethylglycinate, 274 parallel synthesis, 42 NaOCl, 128 partition coefficient, 6, 274 NaOCl þ NaBr, 128 passive transport, 10 natural antifouling compounds, 114 Pasteur, 4 n-butyl-BIT (BBIT), 32 pathogenic bacteria, 204 N-Cyclohexyl-benzothiophen-2- pathogenic organisms, 267 carboxamid-S,S-dioxide, 27 p-chloro-m-cresol (PCMC), 322 neutralization, 145 penetration of preservatives, 420 N-formals, 214 Penicillium sp., 353, 361, 363 N-haloalkylthio compounds, 17 pentachlorophenol (PCP), 5, 322, 435 N-hydroxymethyl-N-methyldilithiocarbamate, 321 peracetic acid, 108, 128, 237 nisin, 295 perfume oils, 273 index 785 periplasm, 14 preservative systems, 263, 267 Permethrin, 35 prevention, 115 peroxides, 20 Preventol1 TP OC 3082, 27 peroxygens, 107 prions, 266 persister cells, 100 product contamination, 266 pharmacopoeias, 278 product preservation, 263, 265, 270 PHB esters, 274 product spoilage, 263 pH changes, 229 product surface, 275 pH potential, 270 production hygiene, 263, 267, 281 pH values, 270, 274 production water, 270 phenol, 260 programmed cell death, 100 phenol derivatives, 4, 20, 260, 277 Propiconazole, 26 phenoxyethanol, 273 Propionibacterium acnes, 264 phenylethylalcohol, 272 Propionic acid, 290 phenylpyrazole, 37 Propyl 4-hydroxybenzoate, 294 phenylsulphamide fungicides, 435 Propylparaben, 294 Phoma, 363 protection, 269 Phormidium, 364 protection of textiles, 411 p-hydroxy-benzoic acid, 20 proteins, 264 physical-chemical conditions, 269 proteolytic enzymes, 296 physical treatment, 204 Proteus vulgaris, 319, 352 Pigment-Volume-Concentration (PVC), 348 prototropic tautomerisation, 19 pimaricin, 296 pseudomonads, 256 pipelines and hoses, 234 Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 7, 20, 97, 267, 319 piroctone olamine, 273 Pseudomonas putida, 20, 278 pKa values, 10 Pseudomonas spp., 177, 266, 352 planktonic assays, 101 public health, 305 planktonic bacteria, 94, 382 pyrethroids, 34, 436 planktonic cells, 21 pyrithione, 12 planktonic organisms, 131 pyrithionedisulfide, 12, 13 plant design, 234 pyrithionedisulfinate, 12, 13 plant extracts, 264 pyrithione sulfonic acid, 12 plant hygiene, 237 plaque, 265 quaternary amines, 142 plaque formation, 265 quaternary ammonium compounds QACs), plasicizer, 5 99, 130, 166, 272, 276 Pleurococcus, 364 quaternary ammonium salts, 20 polyacrylic acid (PAA), 252, 256 quats, 129 polyhexamethylene , 142, 143 quorum sensing, 42, 100 Polymer Dispersion Group, 227 polymer dispersions, 219 Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), 254, 255 RAL UZ, 102, 357 polymeric materials, 325 raw material contamination, 265 poly(oxy)ethylene(dimethylimino) raw material quality, 278 ethylene(dimethyl-amino)ethylene dichloride, 153 raw materials, 265 poly quat, 153 ray tissues, 420 Polyurethanes, 327 rDNA Internal Spacer Analysis (RISA), polyvinyl alcohol, 219, 222, 233 254, 255, 256 potassium benzoate, 288 reaction-diffusion interaction, 98 potassium (E,E)-sorbate, 289 real-time monitoring, 256, 258 potassium monopersulfate, 145 recreational water, 141 potassium nitrate, 293 redox, 223 potential risk, 284 redox potential, 270, 387 potential vinyl compounds, 16 re-fill systems, 278 precipitated calcium carbonate, 251 registration of antimicrobials, 51 Predicted Environmental Concentration (PEC), 79 regulation of antimicrobials, 51 preservation, 204, 263 regulations in the EU, 268 preservative challenge testing, 266, 267 regulatory compliance, 51 preservative protection, 266 regulatory negotiation, 58 preservatives, 263, 267, 273 removal of biofilm cells, 101, 103 786 index reregistration of antimicrobials, 47 stabilized chlorine, 147 residual monomer, 226 Stachybotris sp., 361 resistance, 97, 207, 266 staining of flexible PVC, 329 resonance-stabilized system, 15 Stemphylium, 363 Rhizopus, 363 Staphylococcus, 256 Rhodotorula rubra, 352 Staphylococcus aureus, 20, 264, 319 Rhodotorula sp., 361 Staphylococcus epidermis, 264 risk assessment, 79, 80, 86 Stitchococcus, 364 Risk Characterisation Ratios (RCR), 79 Streptoverticillium reticulum,329 risk to health, 263, 267 structural degradation of plastics, 332 road and rail tankers, 235 Subtilin, 298 succession, 353 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, 352 sugar surfactants, 264 salicylic acid, 273 sulfate reducing bacteria, 161, 177 sanitizers, 141, 305 sulfites, 292 Scenedesmus, 364 sulfur aerobic bacteria, 123 screening, 43 sulfluramid, 36 Scytonema, 364 sulfur dioxide, 292 Sea-Nine, 39 sulfurous anhydride, 292 selection, 20, 208 sulphate-reducing bacteria, 3, 123 self-polishing coatings, 40 sulphates, 271 self-preservative properties, 265 sulphonates, 271 semi-volatile organic compound (SVOC), 359 sun protection, 264 Serratia, 267 superchlorination, 145 Serratia marcescens, 352 surface-active microbicides, 11 sessile bacteria, 382 surface-bound biocides, 113 sessile microorganisms, 125 surface effect, 275 shampoos, 264 surface-generated biocides, 114 shock, 141 surfactants, 220, 271 sick-building syndrome, 361 surfactants and/or colloids, 219 silver, 142, 151, 154 syneresis, 229 silver compounds, 108 synergism index, 130 skin compatibility, 274 synergistic combinations, 130 skin-sensitisation, 261, 274 system cleaning, 204 slime, 93, 121 slime-forming bacteria, 123, 380 talc, 251 slow growth rate, 99 tanning, 317 sodium benzoate, 273, 288 Tebuconazole, 26 sodium bromide, 149 Tebufenocide, 37 sodium dichloroisocyanurate (dichlor), 148 technical water systems, 95 sodium dichloro-s-triazinetrione, 143 temperature tolerance, 275 sodium dimethyldithiocarbamate, 321 test cultures, 279 , 143, 147 test methods, 146 sodium metabisulfite, 292 Tetraconazole, 26 sodium nitrite, 293 tetracyclines, 298 sodium propionate, 291 tetrahydro-3,5-dimethyl-2H-1,3,5- sodium sulphite, 292 thiadiazine-2-thione, 321 soft rot, 124 thiazole/benzothiazole fungicides, 435 softwoods, 419 Thiazolylpyrazolones, 29 soil rot fungi, 424 thickening agents, 264 sorbic acid, 275, 289 thiabendazole, 299 Sphaerotilus natans, 131 thiamethoxam, 436 spoilage, 266 thioacrychlorides, 19 spore-forming bacteria, 123 thiohydroxamic acids, 33 spores, 20, 272, 353 thiocarbamoylpyrazolones, 29 sporicidal effects, 20 thiocloprid, 436 sporicidal microbicides, 20 thiocyanates, 129 sporistatic, 20 THPS, 129, 166 sporogenic species, 20 tinting pastes, 350 sporulation, 20 Tolylfluanid, 38 index 787 tolylfluanide, 17 unstabilized chlorines, 146 toothpastes, 265 toxicology of the preservatives, 208 validation, 263, 279 toxins, 267 validation of effective preservation, 277 toxophoric, 9, 14 vegetable tanning, 317 toxophoric groups, 9 viable but non-culturable (VBNC), 103 toxophoric structural element, 15, 19 vinyl group, 15 transport limitation, 98 viruses, 266 trentepholia, 364 viscosity changes, 229 TRGS, 611, 215, 216 visible surface growth, 230 triazole fungicides, 434 vital counting, 256 triazoles, 26 vital staining, 258 Tribonema, 364 tributyltin(TBT), 38 water, 270 trichlor, 148 water cooling systems, 126 trichloroisocyanuric acid, 148 water-free powders, 266 trichloro-s-triazinetrione, 143, 148 water-free products, 269 Triclosan, 33, 273, 277 water-soluble biocides, 194 Trichoderma sp., 361 water solubility, 274 Triflumuron, 35 wet blue, 317 Trilocarban, 274 wet white, 317 tri-n-butyl tin oxide, 433 white rot, 124 trioxan, 214 white rot fungi, 425 tris(aroylethyl)amine, 15 W/O emulsion, 264 TTC, 273 wood decay fungi, 424 Tylosin, 298 wood preservative design, 430 wood preservative formulations, 430 Ulocladium, 363 wood protection, 419 ultrapure water, 95 wood structure and chemistry, 419 ultraviolet light (UV), 142, 152 ultraviolet sterilisation, 236 yeasts, 123, 179, 320 UV irradiation, 271 underdose, 207 zebra mussel, 124 unsaturated aldehyde, 15 zinc pyrithion, 273