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Wisconsin Magazine of History ISSN 0043-6534 WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY The State Historical Society of Wisconsin • Vol. 61, No. 3 • Spring, 1978 ••v^ V I f « a i THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF WISCONSIN RICHARD A. ERNEY, Director Officers WILLIAM HUFFMAN, President F. HARWOOD ORBISON, Treasurer JOHN C. GEILFUSS, First Vice-President RICHARD A. ERNEY, Secretary ROGER E. AXTELL, Second Vice-President Board of Curators Ex Officio MARTIN J. SCHREIBER, Acting Governor of the State EDWIN YOUNG, President of the University DOUGLAS J. LAFOLLETTE, Secretary of State MRS. WADE MOSBY, President of the CHARLES P. SMITH, State Treasurer Women's Auxiliary Term Expires, 1978 JOHN ANDERSON JOHN C. GEILFUSS LLOYD HORNBOSTEL, JR. FRANCIS PAUL PRUCHA, S.J. Cable Milwaukee Beloit Milwaukee E. DAVID CRONON MRS. R. L. HARTZELL ROBERT H. IRRMANN J. WARD RECTOR Madison Grantsburg Beloit Milwaukee ROBERT A. GEHRKE MRS. WILLIAM E. HAYES JOHN R. PIKE CLIFFORD D. SWANSON Ripon De Pere Madison Stevens Point Term Expires, 1979 THOMAS H. BARLAND MRS. PETER D. HUMLEKER, JR. CHARLES R. MCCALLUM F. HARWOOD ORBISON Eau Claire Fond du Lac Hubertus Appleton NATHAN S. HEFFERNAN MRS. EDWARD C. JONES HOWARD W. MEAD DONALD C. SLIGHTER Madison Fort Atkinson Madison Milwaukee E. E. HOMSTAD MRS. RAYMOND J. KOLTES FREDERICK I. OLSON DR. LOUIS C. SMITH Black River Falls Madison Wauwatosa Cassville Term Expires, 1980 ROGER E. AXTELL MRS. R. GOERES HAYSSEN ROBERT B. L. MURPHY MILO K. SWANTON Janesville Eau Claire Madison Madison REED COLEMAN MRS. FANNIE HICKLIN MRS. WM. H. L. SMYTHE CEDRIC A. Vic Madison Madison Milwaukee Rhinelander PAUL E. HASSETT WILLIAM HUFFMAN WILLIAM F. STARK CLARK WILKINSON Madison Wisconsin Rapids Nashotah Baraboo Fellows VERNON CARSTENSEN MERLE CURTI ALICE £. SMITH The Women's Auxiliary MRS. WADE MOSBY, Milwaukee, President MRS. JAMES NOYES, Madison, Treasurer MRS. DONALD R. KORST, Madison, Vice-President MRS. L. PRENTICE EAGER, JR., Evansville, Ex Officio MRS. JOHN C. WILSON, JR., Milwaukee, Secretary ON THE COVER: Emil Seidel (center foreground), Milwaukee's first socialist mayor, pictured about I9I0 in front of his residence at 1154 Twentieth Street. [WHi (X3) 33450] Volume 61, Number 3 / Spring, 1978 WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY Published quarterly by the State Historical Society of Politics, Religion, and Change Wisconsin, 816 State Street, Madison, Wisconsin 53706. in Polish Milwaukee, 1900-19.^0 179 Distributed to members as part Donald Pienkos of their dues. (Annual member­ ship, $10, or $7.50 for those over 65 or members of affiliated Daniel De Leon as American 210 societies; family membership, $12.50, or $10 for those over 65 or L. Glen Seretan members of affiliated societies; contributing, $25; business and professional, $50; sustaining, $100 or more annually; patron, Book Reviews 224 $500 or more annually.) Single numbers from Volume 57 Book Review Index 245 forward are $2. Microfilmed copies available through Accessions 246 University Microfilms, 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Wisconsin History Checklist 250 Michigan 48106; reprints ot Volumes 1 through 20 and most 256 issues of Volumes 21 through Contributors 56 are available from Kraus Reprint Company, Route 100, Millwood, New York 10546. Communications should be addressed to the editor. The Society does not assume responsibility for statements made by contributors. Second- class postage paid at Madison and Stevens Point, Wisconsin. Copyright © 1978 by the State Historical Society of Wisconsin. Paid for in part by the Maria L. and Simeon Mills Editorial Fund and by the George B. Burrows Fund. PAUL H. HASS EDITOR WILLIAM C. ISf ARTEN ASSOCIATE EDITOR JOHN O. HOLZHUETER ASSISTANT EDITOR WHi (X3) 33121 Polish mother and child in front of their newly built home in the Windlake Avenue area of Milwaukee's South Side, ca. 1885. Ttiis photograph, like several others which illustrate the article beginning on tlie facing page, was loaned to the Society for copying by ]ames J. Borzych of Milwaukee. 178 Politics, Religion, and Change in Polish Milwaukee, 1900-1930 By Donald Pienkos > RIOR to the Civil War, not more Milwaukee differed in several significant ways than a few dozen residents of from Poles who settled in other American ci­ Milwaukee were of Polish origin, but as a re­ ties. By and large they had come from the sult of the massive emigration that began in German-controlled provinces of Poland, which the 1870's, the Poles became a sizable, if little were politically repressed but industrially understood, factor in both Wisconsin and more advanced than the regions under Aus­ Milwaukee.' In 1906, roughly 68,000 of Mil­ trian and Russian rule.^ Few Polish emigrants waukee's 313,000 inhabitants were Polish, from these economically more backward sec­ either by birth or ancestry. They constituted tions of the partitioned country settled in some 22 per cent of the city's population- Milwaukee. Rather, they went to Chicago, second only to the Germans, who accounted Pittsburgh, and Detroit—cities where unskilled for 54 per cent of the total.^ The Poles of work in the stockyards, steel mills, and auto­ motive assembly plants was more plentiful. AUTHOR'S NOTE: This essay is a revised version of the Fewer jobs like these were available in Mil­ Fromkin Memorial Lecture, presented at the Univer­ waukee, which was well known for its many sity of Wisconsin-Milwaukee in the fall of 1974. I small precision-toolmaking firms and brew­ should like to express my appreciation to the Fromkin Research and Lectureship Committee and the Univer­ eries, though many unskilled Poles did find sity of Wisconsin-Milwaukee Library for funds to sup­ work in the tanneries, rolling mills, and meat­ port this project, and to Don Temple of the University packing houses. The Polish community in of Wisconsin-Milwaukee Cartographic Laboratory for heavily German Milwaukee thus became more the map of Milwaukee. tightly knit and more parochial than the more 1 Thaddeus Borun and John Jakusz-Gostomski, eds.. We, the Milwaukee Poles (Mihvaukee, 1946); Bayrd diverse, more cosmopolitan Polish settlements Still, Milxvaukee: The History of a City (Madison, (usually called Polonia by the Poles them­ 1948); Wenceslaus Kruszka, Historya Polska w Ameryce selves) in other American cities. "America's (Milwaukee, 1906), parts 3 and 7; Robert Carroon, Poznan," one writer called it, alluding to the "Foundations of Milwaukee's Polish Community," in the Historical Messenger of the Milwaukee County His­ torical Society (September, 1970), 88-95. Census of the United States, 1930 (Washington, 1932); '^ Kruszka, Historya Polska, part 7, 137. In 1900, and Bernard Fuller, "Voting Patterns in Milwaukee, the Poles of Wisconsin numbered 31,882 and ranked as 1896-1920" (master's thesis. University of Wisconsin- the third largest immigrant group in the state, after the Milwaukee, 1973), 41-61. Germans (242,777) and the Norwegians (61,575). By "In 1905, 12,482 (80.5 per cent) of the 15,500 foreign- 1930, the Poles had advanced to second position with born Poles of Milwaukee had emigrated from German- 42,.359, following the Germans (128,269 foreign-born) ruled territories, compared to 2,479 (16 per cent) from and ranking ahead of the Norwegians (34,359 foreign- "Russian" Poland and 539 (3.5 per cent) from .Austrian born). See Abstract of the Twelfth Census of the "Galicia." Tabular Statements of the State of Wiscon­ United States, 1900 (Washington, 1902); Fifteenth sin Census (Madison, 1906), 170ff. 179 : ! •• I Marine Historical Collection, Milwaukee Public Library Iron luorkers, lieavily Polish, at the North Chicago Rolling Mills in Bay View, 1884. Two years later, five persons were killed here when state militia put down a strike in support of the eight-hour workday. common origins of so many Milwaukee Poles American cities, the institutional development in the German provinces of their partitioned of Polonia in the Cream City was virtually homeland."* complete by 1910. By then Milwaukee's Po­ Because Polish migration to Milwaukee oc­ lish community possessed a stability and de­ curred earlier than the movement of Poles gree of organizational completeness that would from Austrian and Russian Poland to other endure for many years. In the heavily Polish neighborhoods of the city's South Side stood •* Borun, We, the Milwaukee Poles, esp. 242-244; a number of Roman Catholic parishes, which Adolph G. Korman, ".\ Social History of Industrial Growth and Immigrants: A Study with Particular were historically the centers of life in Polonia. Reference to Milwaukee, 1880-1920" (doctoral disserta­ These included the oldest parish, St. Stanis­ tion, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1959), 113-121. laus', erected in 1866, St. Hyacinth's (1882), Korman's dissertation was published as Industrializa­ St. Josaphat's (1888), St. Vincent's (1888), tion, Immigrants, and Americanizers: The View from Sts. Cyril and Methodius' (1893), St. John Can- Milwaukee, 1866-1921 (Madison, 1967). See also Hen- ryk Dzulikowski, Milwaukee Poznanskie Miasto (Chi­ dus' (1907), and St. Adalbert's (1908). In the cago, 1945). smaller Polonia on the city's northeast side 180 PIENKOS: POLISH MILWAUKEE were St. Hedwig's (1871), St. Casimir's (1894), ternal organizations and well-known through­ and St. Mary of Czestochowa parish (1907). out the community, he was politically influen­ Attached to each parish was an elementary tial, although, as he put it, he was "a Demo­ school administered by an order of Polish crat, but not active."'' sisters. In addition, several banks and loan Outside their own neighborhoods, of course, associations and scores of small shops and busi­ the Poles of Milwaukee were a distinct mi­ nesses, real estate firms, and two newspapers nority whose dealings with non-Poles were run by Poles were by then in operation. A usually with Germans. In a city that was no­ large number of Polish fraternal societies, in­ ticeably less ethnically cosmopolitan than, for cluding one foimded in Milwaukee, were ac­ example, Chicago, it was understandable that tive.'' Poles tended to be defensive in their dealings Into the early 1900's it was Catholic clerics with the German majority, ancl to be respon­ who provided much of the leadership among sive toward expressions of anti-German rhe­ Milwaukee's Poles.
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