International Journal of Advanced Research and Publications

ISSN: 2456-9992

Agroforestry And Poverty Reduction In Cameroon: The Case Study Of Manyu Division

Achu Frida Njiei, Isaac R. Tchouamo, SOCPA Antoine

University of Dschang, Cameroon, Department of Agricultural Extension And Rural Sociology Faculty of Agronomy and Agricultural science (FASA) [email protected]

University of Dschang, Cameroon, Department of Agricultural Extension And Rural Sociology, Faculty of Agronomy and Agricultural science (FASA) [email protected]

University of Yaounde 1, Cameroon, Department of Anthropology Faculty of Arts, Letters and Human Sciences (FALSH) [email protected]

ABSTRACT: This study was conducted in Manyu divison where human activities have been responsible for the disappearance of forest lands thus possing difficulties to indigenous communities who depend on forest resources as means of livelihood. To replace sources of livelihood from the disappearing forest, most communities in Manyu Division of the South West Region of Cameroon have resorted to vigorous research for alternative means of livelihood formally obtained from the forests. Growing scarcity of forest products used for food, medincine and income generation has led to domestication to replace resources which were formally obtained from the forest. Domestication of these resources provides an aveune to increase their production and growing market demands for the products. This study examines the contribution of Agroforestry to poverty alleviation among indigenous populations who formally depended on forest resources as means of livelihood. Information was obtained from eleven randomly selected villages producing a variety of Agroforestry products through domestication while respondents were identified through snowball sampling procedure. Data collected for the study were primary and secondary while qualitative and quantative method were used in anaylses of the findings. According to the study agroforesty can significantly contribute to poverty reduction in Manyu division if an enabling enviroment backed by infrastrcture can be provided to actors of this domain of agriculture.

Key Words: Agroforestry, Domestication, Indigenous forest tree, Poverty Reduction,

Introduction activities more sustainable. According to Leakey and Sustainable Development Goals 1, 2 and 15 also seek to Simons (2008) Agroforestry has been practiced eradicate extreme poverty, hunger, achieve food security, traditionally in Cameroon and to make it effective and promote sustainable forest management, and halt land sustainable requires application of improved knowledge degradation through Agroforestry (ICSU and ISSC, 2015). integrated into the country’s farming systems. Meanwhile Alleviation of poverty and eradication of hunger among Alao and Shuaibu (2013) views Agroforestry as a priority goals that must be achieved by nations as dynamic ecologically based natural resources management indicated on the international policy agenda which aims at system through integration of trees on farms that sustains improving living standard through livelihood approaches. production for increased social, economic and To achieve this policy objectives most nations especially environmental benefits for land users at all levels. the developing countries where hunger and poverty have Agroforestry in this context has been limited to the been endemic have evolved into search for alternative cultivation of indigenous forest trees species on farmland sources of food through domestication of which (NTFPs) alongside other crops. In Manyu division where were formerly gathered from forest environment and used this study was carried out Agroforestry species have been as food and sources of income by indigenous cultivated alongside cocoa, coffee, and other food crops communities. According to the World Bank’s 2008 World such as cassava, and other food items. According to Development Report, growth in the Agricultural sector in Leakey, (2010) the practice of Agroforestry alongside Africa and this includes forestry and Agroforestry is four other agricultural products occupies farmers year round times more effective in overcoming poverty than growth for agricultural activities that yield both food and income in other sectors. Agriculture is and remains the backbone to the population. Agroforestry products are among the of most African economies in Cameroon the primary most veritable sources of calorific intake in Cameroon and source of livelihood and survival. About 70% of rural an important element for poverty alleviation. They population relies on subsistence agriculture as livelihood contribute enormously in raising rural incomes, ensuring activity. In Cameroon, more than 80 percent of the rural food security, and consequently improving welfare of population depends on agriculture as a means of smallholders who are involved in farming and livelihood (FAO, 2008). However, the overall Agroforestry (Ebenezar K al.; 2011). The domestication performance of agricultural sector in Cameroon has not of indigenous trees is a technique for the intensification of been impressive over the past decades (Tassah, I. T, and Agroforestry as a low-input farming system delivering Lambi, C.M 2019). Most of the food produced comes multifunctional agriculture for the relief of poverty, from small-scale farming and improving productivity been malnutrition, hunger, and environmental degradation in hampered by both, economic, cultural and environmental tropical and subtropical countries (Leakey, 2010, 2012a). factors which must be overcome to make agro related Almost half of the world’s agricultural land has at least 10

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ISSN: 2456-9992 percent tree cover, making Agroforestry crucial to the Objectives livelihoods of millions (FAO, 2013). Trees play a crucial The objective of this study is to; role in almost all terrestrial landscapes and provide a  Identify the indigenous forest tree species range of products and services to the rural and urban integrated into Agroforestry systems in the study dwellers (ICRAF, 2013) in sub-Saharan Africa and area. elsewhere. According to the World Fact Book (2015), the  Examine the contribution of Agroforestry to World population growth rate stands at 1.06 % with a total poverty alleviation development in Manyu of 258 births per minute worldwide. This implies that Division. while food availability is decreasing due to economic, social and environmental problems that directly negatively METHODOLOGY affect ecosystems due to the increased incidence of The study used qualitative and quantative design with exploitation, the necessity to find alternative sources of direct observation as main data collection technique. This food and calorific intake is even more paramount. There is study was carried out with the help of both the primary growing evidence that tree domestication can help rural and secondary methods of data collection done with the communities to be self-sufficient in food production, help of interviews, observation, focus group discussions, support their families on an area less than 5 hectares of questionaires, was part of the techniques for investigation. land and contribute to the payment of educational Mixed methods in this research led to better understanding obligations (Schreckenberg et al., 2006; Degrande et al., and analysis. This argument is also relevant in the current 2006). There are many indigenous tree species that have research work. the potential to produce marketable food, fodder, and non- food products (Leakey, 1999; Leakey et al., 2005). Sample Population Furthermore, some of these tree species are now the Manyu division comprises of four sub-divisions: Akwaya, subject of tree domestication programmes destined to Eyumojock, Mamfe and Upper Bayang. It has a improve the yield and quality of these tree products population of over 181,039 inhabitants distributed (Leakey et al., 2003; Tchoundjeuet al., 2006). The benefits unevenly among the subdivisions. According to the 2005 derived from trees could be realised by identifying and population census of the Manyu division, the total integrating more trees into the agricultural landscapes the distribution is represented as follows: Akwaya (47 %), world over. This is obvious because agriculture developed Eyumojock (19.9 %), Mamfe (17.4 %) and Upper Bayang out of man’s ability to identify and domesticate plants that (15.1 %). Respondents were mostly farmers, community were useful for food, income, medicine, energy and other leaders, agricultural technicians, extension officers, farmer uses, including tree crops like cocoa, coffee, rubber etc. In associations, marketers and NGOs implicated in the an era of increasing population, growing food insecurity Agroforestry. As earlier mentioned 11 villages were and the quest for achieving food self-sufficiency, there is studied out of 235 villages Manyu division. The eleven need to domesticate NTFpS species. This is due to their villages were randomly selected because Agroforestry is contribution to household income and food self- highly practiced with and added advantage of sufficiency in rural areas which go a long way to enhance accessibility. Another added advantage was that the non livelihood. This is demonstrated by the growing demand forestry products were display in most of the village for Agroforestry products as a result of their high markets and this facilitated the allocation of nutritional value and income generation potentials questionnaires to some of the respondents. In most of (Vinceti, 2013) While agriculture has attracted investment these villages, forestry species were already cultivated in money, investment in the forestry sector has been even in the backyards of many homes. It was discovered extremely low though there are potentials to develop the that the eleven villages selected for the study cultivated sector alongside agriculture (Paddybruton, 2016). Perhaps most of the forestry species found in Manyu division. the greatest problem encountered in the distribution of

Agroforestry products is lack of accessibility because Table 1: Sample Size determination most indigenous species are obtained from enclaved forest communities where transportation difficulties have Research Techniques Number of Target population hindered their availability in urban markets. used Informants Domestication of some of the indigenous species has Administrators Interviews 12 Questionnaires and increased food availability in domestic markets and Farmers 164, 8 FGD improve livelihood amongst the Manyu people. Manyu FGD Questionnaires’ and NGO’s 8,8 FGD divison is endowed with several indigenous forest trees FGD species with high economic value like eru (Gnetum spp Community Leaders Interviews 11 leaves), bush mango (Irvingia spp almonds), country Total 211 onion(Afrostyrax lepidophyllus) (Fuashi et al; Ewane et al; Ndumbe et al 2010) which when invested upon could Table 1 indicates the target population, research improve income and health sources for the poor. This techniques used in obtaining information and the number paper calls for investment in Agroforestry as cornerstone of informants per target population. These interviews gave to poverty alleviation and social transformation for us an insight of knowledge on indigenous trees on indigenous communities who formally depended on farmlands and the contribution to income generation. gathering of these resources from the forest. Focus group discussions were also conducted with informants who were also farmers to compliment missing data. Questionnaires were also administered to leaders of NGO while we also conducted a focus discussion with

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ISSN: 2456-9992 leaders of NGO. Interviews were also conducted with various uses to the community. In line with these community leaders to understand the field situation of observations studies by Intel et al. (1997) estimated that indigenous trees on farmland in Manyu. The sample size over 300 million people in the world derive part or all of in total was therefore 211 informants representing Manyu their livelihood and food from forests. Table 2 indicates division. The data collected was analysed with the help of most of the indigenous NTFPs found in Manyu division content analysis. Observations were made on tree types though some are yet to be domesticated. Irvingia found in Manyu and their economic importance, their uses gabonensis and I. wombulu (bush Mango), and the challenges faced in domestication faced in the heudolotii “Njansa”, Gnetum africanum “eru”, Afrostyrax domestication of the various trees in the different villages kamerunense “Bush onion”. Irvingia gabonensis/I. of the study area.Selection of participants was by wombulu “Bush Mango”, are the most domesticated forest snowball sampling. The method was useful in identifying species. key informants and other actors involved in Agroforestry. A field inventory was carried out across an agricultural Table 2: List of Non-Timber Forest Products in Manyu landscape in the study area. For the purpose of getting a Division better understanding of the composition of Agroforestry species across a typical farm plot in the area, a floristic NTFPs Scientific names transect of 1000 mx 20 m was mapped out and sampled Njansa Ricinodendron heudolotii across a 7 hectares farmland. A floristic transect is a line Bush mango Irvingia gabonensis/ I. wombulu Eru Gnetum africanum following a route along which a survey or observations are Bitter kola Garcinia kola made (Buckland et al., 2007). Delimiting the outline of the Kola nut Cola acuminate transect entailed collecting GPS points at the edges of the Bush pepper guineensis plot, pinning poles and stretching nylon ropes along the Chewing stick Garcina mannii four edges of the transect and attaching to fixed points on Bush onion Afrostyrax kamerunense Erat Sacoglottis gabonensis the poles. These GPS points were latter located on a Ngongo leaves Maranthocloa spp georeferenced satellite image uploaded in MapInfo Yoruba stick Masularia accuminata software; the purpose of this being solely for spatial Eweya Lentinus squarosulus location on a map. All major Agroforestry species were Hausa stick Carpolobia spp counted along the transect to determine their densities. The choice of transect in the location isolated for this Odashi Gongronema latifolium Hot leaf Piper capense study was suitable since preliminary observations Kpaih kpaih Tetrapleura tetraptera indicated the presence of a wide variety of Agroforestry Njabe oil Bailonella toxisperma species that are representative of the study area. One side Sweet alligator Afromomum spp of the plot was studied along the line in a bid to model a Rattan Lacosperma spp cross section of plants in the given case for a visual Forku Prunus Africana Shea nut Poga oleosa appreciation of the estimated height and spacing of tree Orku Tefairia spp species in the plot. The belt transect on the other hand Xylopia Xylopia hypolampra (1000 x 20 m) was closely examined, the focus being on Okoyong sweet Trychoscypha accuminata observing the variety of shrubs and trees (1.5 m to 11 m) Odeh Lasianthera Africana as well as crops found in the plot. On this basis, a Source: Mamfe Rural Council Monographic Study, 2004 diagrammatic representation of the case study was modelled. It is worth noting that the aim of this transect Tree domestication, population growth and poverty was not to exhaustively cover every individual alleviation species in the plot (reason why there was a generalization According to respondents, non-timber forest products when referring to plants below 1 meter). which were formerly gathered from the wild are getting increasingly scarce as villagers have to trek far off to RESULTS AND DISCUSSION collect these products. Population growth with increasing number of consumers renders it difficult to continue Identification of Agroforestry Resources in Manyu harvesting the same resources in the same manner due to Division the difficulties involved. In a group discussion one of the It was observed that rural dwellers in Manyu division use informants lamented that Indigenous forest tree species and Agroforestry products (AFP) for subsistence, as a source of income. These “It is true that bush manago is available for observations are also in line with earlier studies by everybody in the community but before you could Nivedita and Pramod, (2016). Identifying Agroforestry get hold of enough harvest for sales from the products used as source of income generation and other wild you need to trek for very long distances means of livelihood. The many services provided by the into the forest. This is because most of the trees forest and adaptation of indigenous forest species on around our neighbourhood forest had been farmland have enormous benefits to these people whose destroyed and not enough can be gathered from main form of livelihood are agriculture and forestry. This the remaining trees due to competition from is in conformity with a study by Falconer (1990), who other gatherers”. indicated that one third of people in the Oku mountain region of Cameroon supplement their income with the sale As a response to these problems, most communities in of Prunus africana bark and artisan activities. Manyu has Manyu have resorted to domestication of trees and varieties of these indigenous plant species which have diversification of agricultural production. Respondents

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ISSN: 2456-9992 revealed that diversification of agriculture through Agroforestry practices have increased revenue sources among people in most communities. Another informant from the study holds that;

“Domestification of bush mango has actually helped to increase our income. We no more need to trek for very long hour’s in search of these fruits because there have been cultivated in our farms”.

It is expected that increased domestication of forest trees into farmland could be a veritable avenue for poverty reduction if these communities are provided with incentive packages to encourage Agroforestry practices. However, despite the perceived advantages of diversification, domestication is still limited to certain species of trees which are increasingly being integrated into the farming practices in the study area. It was observed that farmers mostly intergrated Irvingia gabonensis “bush mango”, Irvingia wombulu (dry season bush mango) and Ricinodendron heudelotii “Njansa” into their farms. This is as a result of their high economic value, increasing demand in the local market, encouraging financial rewards, availability of seeds, early maturity of about four to five years for the improved species and the fact that these trees provide shelter and serve as wind breaks which helps to protect vulnerable food crops in farms like maize, plantains etc from destruction. In line with the findings of this study Asare, (2005). Fondoun et al., (1999) observes that R. heudelotii is also found in Figure 1: Some plant species on farm land in the Manyu. bush fallows, cocoa (Theobroma cacao) plantations, homegardens and crop fields where it is used for soil fertility. 450 421

400

Agroforestry species on farmland in Manyu Findings from the floristic survey showed that a wide 350 variety of trees ranging from 1 m to 11 m height are planted amongst other plants in farmlands in the study 300 279 area. These trees are planted at intervals of about 4 to 10 meters from each other to allow for sufficient lighting for 250 other low lying crops. As seen on the diagram (figure 1), 200 176 trees observed in along the transect included: Cocoa, bush mango, orange trees, plantains, njansa trees, palm trees 150 etc. Plants below one meter were also observed and included the following: pepper plants, farm shrubs, 100 73 residential forest trees and maize etc. It is worth noting 39 50 21 16 that although the transect used in this study was 11 7 6 6 5 4 3 3 representative of this region in terms of its diversity of 0 Agroforestry species, not all species were found here. Figure 1 present a transcent diagram that presents most of

the different trees species found in the study area. (Density) individuals/ha of Number

Garcinia kola Garcinia

Citrus sinensis Citrus

Cocos nucifera Cocos

Colaacuminata

Psidium guajava Psidium

Elaeisguineensis

Mangifera indica Mangifera

Dacryodes edulis Dacryodes

Irvingia wombulu Irvingia

Persea americana Persea

Theobroma cacao Theobroma

Gnetumafricanum

Irvingia gabonensis Irvingia Afrostyrax kamerunensis Afrostyrax Species heudelotii Ricinodendron

Figure 2: Density of some Agroforestry species in farm lands in Manyu.

To estimate the extent to which tree species were planted on farm, the densities of different species found in the area

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ISSN: 2456-9992 were determined. Cocoa (Theobroma cacao) had the A greater proportion of farmers (See Figures 1 ), more than highest density (421 trees per ha), followed by orange 70% belong to “Njangi groups” with their savings handled (Citrus sinensis) with 279 trees per ha. This is possibly by these groups which are informal sector associations for because cocoa is a major cash crop in the area and is an both collective savings and as labour union. However, element for international trade. Oranges are also highly despite their belonging to this social groups many farmers cultivated because apart from domestic demand, there is a in the Agroforestry sector have realized the necessity in increasing foreign demand for the fruits from belonging to cooperative organizations. These cooperative neighbouring Nigeria. Respondents pointed out that societies has earlier mentioned provide stable markets for traders from Nigeria buy the unharvested trees and hire their produce, especially those handling Agroforestry local labour for harvesting. The case is similar for other sector. However, despite these advantages some farmers fruits such as pear (Persea americana), plum (Dacryodes are reticent to joining cooperatives because they do not edulis), and others. Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) and provide immediate cash needs and the time must be coconut (Cocos nucifera) also occurred at high densities sacrificed before getting benefits. Nevertheless, members of 73 and 39 trees per ha respectively (Figure 1). Palm oil testified that they profited from price stability and better is extracted from palm fruits to supply mainly the local prices, steady markets and ofcourse better benefit sharing. market, whereas coconut is sold both locally or bought by This Figure represents the growth rate of cooperative Nigerian traders who usually come to buy other products. activities as experienced in some villages in Manyu; According to Franzel et al., (1996) Sonwa, (2004) Farmers Okoyong (45%), Egbekaw (50%), Nchang (17%), Ossing prefer trees that produce edible and market-oriented (26%), Bachuo Akabe (20%), Eyomojock (54%), products as there are veritable instruments for income Bayangbu (72%). The relatively higher presence of generation and poverty alleviation. Other indigenous cooperatives in Upper Bayang and Bayangbu is explained species that are candidates for domestication occurred at by the presence of FREEPROM cooperative and its lower but impressive densities including Eru (Gnetum satellite cooperatives position in these market areas. africanum) with 176 vines per ha, Irvingia wombulu and I. gabonensis (bush mango) with respectively 21 and 11 trees per ha, as well as Dacryodes edulis (plum with 16 100 trees per ha), Garcina kola (bitter kola with 4 trees per ha), 90 Cola acuminata and Afrostyrax kamerunensis, each with 3 80 trees per ha. The abundance of these species vary from 70 place to place across the landscape. The findings of this 60 study are in line with those from earlier studies by Jiofack 50 et al. (2012) and Sonwa et al., (2007) who observed most 40 30 of the plants in cocoa agroforests in the Centre and South 20 Regions of Cameroon, respectively. 10 0 Contribution of Agroforestry to poverty alleviation in Manyu Division According to the study Agroforestry has serve as an instrument for poverty alleviation in the study area in the following ways; Njangi groups cooperative Contribution of Agroforestry to Household Income Amongst the respondents in study area, managing revenue from Agroforestry practices has been successful by Figure 3: Percentage Respondent belonging to “Njangi” belonging to Common initiative Groups (CIGs) and groups and Cooperatives cooperative societies which remains a cornerstone for income generation and poverty alleviation. This is because CIGs are more organized than individuals. Secondly, it is easier to raise revenue through CIGs for expansion of production and marketing. Another major economic activity identified in the study area is cocoa production, which is also seen as a major economic life wire amongst activities in the area. Cocoa production takes place along gathering from the wild or harvesting of already cultivated Agroforestry trees. According to respondents, the harvest of these products is seasonal and revenue must be managed to sustain livelihood all year round. For efficient management of revenue obtained from this seasonal sale of products families’ project estimates on what they already have and what they do not have so that resources can be used sustainably with having negative impact o family activities.

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ISSN: 2456-9992

from planting the wild species that require at least 10 90 years before results are observed. Therefore, with 80 knowledge of hybrids or grafted species farmers prefer to 70 wait to acquire the improve breeds that take shorter 60 periods-averagely four to five years to mature. Besides 50 40 handling education, health care bills and reinvesting in the 30 farms, farmers have savings that are earmarked for bigger 20 projects like building houses or possessing small 10 automobiles like motorcycles to help in commercial 0 purposes. A good number of farmers indicated that with what they gather from the wild they are able to get more than five hundred thousand francs CFA (500.000 FRS) in a season. A good number of farmers testified seasonal income between a ranges of 500.000FRS to 1000, 000FRS. It was revealed that some of these farmers are Education Savings Health care Seedlings Inputs able to create capital to embark on other business ventures that enable them to sustain their livelihoods and improve their living standards. A good number of farmers admitted Figure 4: Household spending from revenues of having created other smaller businesses in the informal Agroforestry products sector of agroforesry resources from sales. Respondents revealed that Cooperative Credit Unions handled savings Respondents revealed that benefits derived from the sale of most of these farmers. So many of these credit unions of forest products are not only used for household food like Mamfe Cooperative Credit Union, Eyumojock provision but also for education, health care bills, cooperative credit union, Okoyong cooperative credit savings, acquisition of farm inputs as well seedlings for union have helped farmers to acquire loans for the nurseries (figures 4). According to respondents views expansion of farmlands. Some farmers testified to have education takes the highest expenditure from earnings acquired more land and expanded their farms, thus from tree products. Inputs are generally rated at close to increasing their acreage in production of Agroforestry 90% because Manyu division is a dominantly an products. The development of these savings goes a long agroforest zone. This is dominated by cocoa cultivation way to improving settlement (Photo 1 & 2). Some farmers and most farmers have small holdings whose major have succeeded to improve their household conditions by investments are insecticides and pesticides to spray cocoa constructing better houses for their families. This was farms. Other aspects are sales of cutlasses and files for observed especially in most villages like Bessong abang, clearing. According to informants health care expenditure where some farmers testified to have been able to also takes a significant part of earnings from forest constructed new houses from these savings resources. Nuring seedlings sold by farmers is another avenue where ploughing back profits to diversify cultivation and introduce new systems. According to the study from the different villages in Manyu this element presented the following contributions in the following villages; Bachuo (32%) Okoyong (64%), Egbekaw (52%), Bessong Abang (55%), Nchang (17%), Ossing (23%), Bachuo Akabe (20%), Eyomojock (40%) and Bayangbu (72%). In some localities, very few farmers are making the effort to domesticate by acquiring seedlings of target domesticated trees like Irvingia gabonensis (bush mango), Irvingia wombulu (dry season bush mango) and Rhicinodendron heudoloti (Njansa). In other areas like Egbekaw (52%) and Bayangbu (72%) more strides are made because there are accompanying structures providing seedlings from company nurseries like CAFECO in upper Bayang covering these areas. Thus innovations are trickling down and more than 50% of sample respondent in the two afore-mentioned localities confirmed to have planted a minimum of 10 to 25 seedlings of target trees. With continuous efforts in Photo 1: Rural settlement in Bessong abang Photo partnership with forestry or logging companies, NGOs and Cooperatives projections can be made in the future where Agroforestry introduced in agriculture in Manyu will be an emerging activity sector that diversifies rural systems, overcomes rural poverty and guarantees integrated development for rural areas. A retarding factor to this emerging reality is the availability of seedlings. With new developments, farmers are advised to desist

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study area. This therefore has brought about diversity in food production, increased living standards and household income. Apart of sustainability of these trees, they equally served as windbreaks and shade to other fragile plants, which cannot resist the strength of wind. As a result, they protect the environment from destruction from other food trees on which livelihood of indigenous people depends. This means that the there is an urgent need to encourage the practice of domestication of indigenous forest trees needs to be encouraged in the study area. In order to make this action meaningful, this study suggests that the government through legislation enact and implement laws that protect certain indigenous plants species which are threatened to extinction. Through the laws, it will be possible to strengthen and mobilize the capacity of national and local institutions including development agencies in the process of protecting indigenous species through domestication. There is need for the government to train extension workers to help in the valorization of products from indigenous tree species. This is because throughout the study respondents failed to mention any innovations brought about by extension services on Agroforestry in the study area. According to this study extension, education could improve farmer awareness on Photo 2: An Improved house said to be constructed from Agroforestry practices on avenues such as tree-crop the revenue from NTFPs in Okoyong village interactions, nursery establishment, seed pretreatment and tree pruning activities which are grossly inadequate to According to respondent’s farmers that have embraced create awareness amongst farmers in the study area. tree domestication and Agroforestry practices, 48% Farmers should also be encouraged increase the admitted obtaining to be obtaining benefits from domestication of indigenous trees and retain existing ones; Agroforestry. Out of the 48% enjoying the benefits from though domestication has been hampered by increased Agroforestry, 12% at testified an increased in revenue cost of the nursed plants. Furthermore, the ability of from the activities.Also more than than 5% of the Agroforestry trees to mitigate against the vagaries of respondents admitted to weakness benefits from the sale climate change provides evidence that cultivation of these of Irvingia ganbonensis (bush mango) and Irvingia trees will also improve farms incomes through wombulu (dry season bush mango). According to the diversification. respondents, the integration of indigenous forest trees into their farming systems has views increased yields of food REFERENCES and also improved revenue. Farmers were identified with [1] O.C. Ajayi, F. Akinnifesi, G. Sileshi, S. Chakeredza, this trends in the villages of Otu, Ekok, Ayoke and S. Mng'omba, I. Nyoka., and A. E., Anselm and A. Enokon in Eyumojock sub-division. 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[34] Achu Frida Njiei received the B.A. and M.A. degrees Anthropology from University of Yaounde I in 2002 and 2006, respectively. From 2011 to present date, she worked with the Ministry of Scientific Research and Innovation, as a Researcher in the National Center for Education in the department of Social Studies.

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