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Annotated Bibliography Miyeon Kim, Leyla Novini, Catherine Schmitz, Chuchu Wang Associate Professor Anezka Sebek Major Studio 1 2015 Bibliography Baron­Cohen, Simon. "Is There A Normal Phase of Synesthesia in Development?" Psyche 2, no. 27 (June, 1996): 10/12. Baron­Cohen is a professor of Developmental Psychopathy at Cambridge University. He is a cognitive scientist specializing in autism studies. Baron­Cohen discusses Daphne Maurer’s theory that all infants are born with synesthesia and wanes off by four months for most humans. Methods of testing neonatal synesthesia are distinguished between cross modal synesthesia. Baron­Cohen’s research on synesthesia development raises the question of how someone has this trait or can it be developed or learned. This leads to our question, “Can synesthesia be cultivated?” Bor, Daniel, Rothen, Nicolas, Schwartzman, David J., Clayton, Stephanie, and Seth, Anil K. "Adults Can Be Trained to Acquire Synesthetic Experiences." Nature: Scientific Reports ​ 4, no. 7089 (2014). Accessed October 7, 2015. doi:10.1038/srep07089. Bor is a British author and neuroscientist who completed first degree from philosophy and psychology in 1997 at Oxford University PhD at Cambridge University in 1998 in cognitive neuroscience, at the Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit. His research focuses on complex thoughts and how our brain supports that process. A recent experiment conducted by Daniel Bor’s group suggests it may be possible to learn synesthesia. Researcher David Bor had volunteers read e­books with 13 letters consistently written in a specific color. In addition, the volunteers spent 30 minutes every day associating the letters and colors, working on increasingly difficult tasks. By week five of the nine­week course, many subjects were already seeing results, with nine out of fourteen reporting seeing the colors when reading all­black text. At the end of the experiment, the effects had become strong for most participants. "The color immediately pops into my head," one of the subjects said of looking at road signs while driving, according to New Scientist. "When I look at a sign the whole word appears according to the training colors" (Bor et al 2014, 4). So this research, in some extent, ​ ​ demonstrates some evidence that synesthesia may be learned, which we want to keep exploring. 1 Caridad, Paul. 2015. Artist with synesthesia paints music the way she sees it. Visual News, April 19, 2015. Paul Caridad wrote his article on 2015 about the Artist with Synesthesia, Melissa McCracken. Melissa McCracken is an artist based in Kansas City. Her series of musical paintings well explain to people how she express her mind into paintings when she hears music. Until she was 15 she thought that everyone see the world same as her. In her life each letter and number is colored and the days of the year circle around her body. Later she realized that her brain is cross­wired. But she said that the way she see the music is really beautiful. It flows in a mixture of hues, textures and movements. For her synesthesia gives her a unique vibrance. In our project, we need to consider how colorful synesthetes’ world is and our work should reflect their view. Chen, Boliang. "The Shape of Poetry: A Typographic Exploration of Poetry and Synesthesia." RIT Scholar Works, no. 8692 (2015). Accessed October 17, 2015. ProQuest. ​ Chen works currently as a graphic designer for Aruliden. Chen’s smaller body of work is corporate and graphically focused. In May 2015, Chen submitted an MFA dissertation to RIT that explores the relationship between graphic design and sound color synesthesia. Chen’s dissertation walks through the problem and goal of wanting to explore and apply synesthetic effects to print design and poetry. Chen then goes on to explore different elements of typography, poetry, and synesthesia to find correlations and relationships between the fields and their elements. Chen tested out many combinations of these chosen traits graphically and analyzed each one based on their interactions with users via survey. In the end, Chen realizes that while graphic design and visual design need to utilize synesthetic qualities more, more research needs to be done in order to fully understand this topic and apply it to design. For our research, this source is important because it defines a system of approaching how to tackle subjective sensation in a seemingly objective manner. Moreover, Chen’s work is influential to our projects because it shows how to merge fields of study and domains of research by identifying key themes and points of interaction. Chen’s work will be specifically helpful because it breaks down and identifies key themes of sound color synesthesia into more easily digestible informational bits. Cytowic, Richard E. The Man Who Tasted Shapes. Massachusetts, Cambridge: MIT Press, ​ ​ ​ ​ 2003.296. 2 Richard Cytowic an American neurologist and author and he founded Capitol Neurology, a private clinic in Washington, D.C., and teaches at George Washington University Medical Center. He rekindled interest in studying synesthesia in the 1980s. Cytowic spent twenty years persuading colleagues that it was a real—and important—brain phenomenon rather than a mere curiosity. The book has two parts. In the first part, Cytowic first mentioned that he met a man who tasted shapes and said there were not enough points on the chicken during a dinner party at 1980, which led him to investigate on synesthesia. Then he introduced some feature about synesthesia such as it’s generic and consistent over time. Following that is the exploration of the biology basis of synesthesia, and through those experiments he found that a dose of amphetamine decreased the strength of MW's synesthesia, while amyl nitrite increased the strength of MW's synesthesia. In later chapters, Cytowic talked about all his previous studies on synesthesia so that it’s more widely known by people. In the second part, Cytowic discussed how the research on synesthesia had impact on other traditional neurological practice and how anomalous findings can lead to major discoveries on science. For our research, the history of scientific research on synesthesia is very important because it directly decide that if our research on this domain is reasonable or not, so from the book, we get the big idea that synesthesia is actually a real physical condition that could be explored by inferential statistic. – "Synesthesia: Phenomenology And Neuropsychology A Review of Current Knowledge." Psyche, 1995. ​ ​ As a professor of Neurology at George Washington University, Cytowic brought the study of synesthesia back into spotlight in a time where other scientists believed it was "too weird and new age”. In his article from Psyche, the phenomenology of synesthesia is distinguished from ​ ​ ​ ​ metaphor and sound symbolism. This demographic is dominated by females and non­right handers. People with synesthesia have a strong sense of memory, but suffer in math and navigation. Synesthesia appears in the left­hemisphere of the brain with the hippocampus as critical component for the experience. Although this information may not be the most current, this study over the demographic of synesthetes gives us a deeper insight into who will be our potential audience. Cytowic, Richard E., and Eagleman, David M. Wednesday is Indigo Blue. Massachusetts, ​ ​ ​ Cambridge: MIT Press, 2009 Cytowic an American neurologist and author and he founded Capitol Neurology, a private clinic in Washington, D.C., and teaches at George Washington University Medical Center. He 3 rekindled interest in studying synesthesia in the 1980s. Cytowic spent twenty years persuading colleagues that it was a real—and important—brain phenomenon rather than a mere curiosity. David Eagleman is an American writer and neuroscientist at Baylor College of Medicine, where he directs the Center for Synesthesia Research. He is the developer of “Synesthesia Battery”: a free online test by which people can determine whether they are synesthetic. He proposed that sensory processing disorder, a common characteristic of autism, may be a form of synesthesia. In the book “Wednesday is Indigo Blue”, the authors talked about the process of their pursuing of exploring synesthesia. Synesthesia means joined sensation, such as you can see the color of the voice or taste the flavor of a letter. Now in the world 4% of the population experience synesthesia. But most people are unaware of synesthesia and don’t consider it unusual until their adulthood. Synesthetes were dismissed and even asserted to be crazy and imaginative for a long time by people around Richard. Then in February 1980, he accidentally started to work on this. Most of synesthesia started from childhood and once the relation established, it will remain stable for life. Synesthesia can also be shaped by cultural factors, for example, when kids grow up, they learn a lot and they might lose synesthesia and turn it into some cognition and abstract thoughts. It also tends to run in families. Some skeptics believe that synesthetes are just saying metaphorically, like “She’s sweet”. But there’s a circular logic in saying this because maybe the metaphor stems from synesthesia. So from that aspect, we are all synesthetes. Thus, it’s not metaphorical language, also not vivid imagination through brain scanning. This passage gets us more information about synesthesia, which is inborn and appear during childhood, for our research it’s necessary for us to differentiate memory and synesthesia. This book gives us some direction on our research questions about ordinary people’s jointed sensation and how they work. Dicce, Anne­Marie Schoener. "My Life in Color: Synesthesia in Performance." 2009. Accessed October 17, 2015. ProQuest. Anne­Marie Schoener Dicce wrote her dissertation in 2009 for the University of California, San Diego in order to complete her Doctor of Musical Arts. Dicce is an opera performer as well as music educator.

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