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Copyright © and Moral Rights for This Thesis Are Retained by the Author And/Or Other Copyright Owners R Tarawallie, Idrissa Mamoud (2018) Public services and social cohesion at risk? : the political economy of democratic decentralisation in post‐war Sierra Leone (2004‐2014). PhD thesis. SOAS University of London. http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/26185 Copyright © and Moral Rights for this thesis are retained by the author and/or other copyright owners. A copy can be downloaded for personal non‐commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the copyright holder/s. The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. When referring to this thesis, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given e.g. AUTHOR (year of submission) "Full thesis title", name of the School or Department, PhD Thesis, pagination. Public Services and Social Cohesion at Risk? The Political Economy of Democratic Decentralisation in Post-War Sierra Leone (2004 – 2014) Idrissa Mamoud Tarawallie Thesis submitted for the degree of PhD Department of Development Studies SOAS – University of London February 2017 1 Abstract On account of the many failures of the centralised state, decentralisation has become the preferred mode of governance in many countries in the developing world. Widely supported by international development agencies, it promises efficiency and equity in public service delivery and social cohesion in post-war societies by bringing government closer to the people. Crucial in the decentralisation promise, is resource diversion through clientelistic networks at the local level to consolidate political strongholds. But despite the ubiquitous nature of decentralisation interventions in sub-Saharan Africa, the continent has the smallest number of formal political economy-based analytical reviews of decentralisation and public service delivery, and research into the nexus between decentralisation and social cohesion remains an unexplored academic territory. This thesis seeks to compensate for this literature gap, provide critical insights into the politics of post-war governance reform and its neoliberal institutionalism, and the unexplored relationship between decentralisation and social cohesion in post-war Sierra Leone. Based on a qualitative multi-site case study in four local councils selected across Sierra Leone’s geo-political divide, the thesis unpacks the politics of democratic decentralisation and its neoliberal governance reform agenda. It provides a thick critical analysis of the motivations of Sierra Leone’s post-war decentralisation reform and its uneven public service delivery across localities. It argues that Sierra Leone’s decentralisation project is a patchwork of disparate socio-political, economic and ideological interests at the local, national and international levels. And while some progress has been made in local public service delivery, this cannot be linked solely to decentralisation. In addition, Sierra Leone’s decentralisation project lacks a holistic inclusion of crucial elements of social capital and has negative effect on social cohesion, especially in ethnically diverse localities. The thesis concludes that political affiliation does not necessarily determine a council’s service delivery and management performance outcomes. And measuring councils’ performance outcomes with technocratic tools unproductively seeks to transform political entities into barometers to measure donor investment in the decentralisation 2 process, and not councils’ accountability to their electorates. Such a technocratic approach to governance is both normatively intricate and empirically unrealistic. 3 Table of Contents ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................................ 2 LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................................... 7 LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................................. 7 DEDICATION ..................................................................................................................................... 8 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ...................................................................................................................... 9 ACRONYMS .................................................................................................................................... 12 AUTHOR’S DECLARATION ............................................................................................................... 18 CHAPTER ONE ................................................................................................................................ 19 RESEARCH AIMS AND METHODOLOGICAL SETTINGS ...................................................................... 19 1.0 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................... 19 1.1 RESEARCH RATIONALE AND STUDY GOALS........................................................................................ 23 1.2 RESEARCH QUESTION ................................................................................................................. 30 1.3 METHODOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS: FIELDWORK, DATA ANALYSIS AND ETHICAL ISSUES ............................ 31 1.3.1 Study Sites Selection....................................................................................................... 32 1.3.2 Description of the Study Areas........................................................................................ 34 1.3.3 Data Gathering Tools ..................................................................................................... 36 1.3.4 Field and Post-Fieldwork Data Analysis........................................................................... 39 1.3.5 Ethical Considerations .................................................................................................... 40 1.3.6 Fieldwork: Practical Challenges and Limitations .............................................................. 41 1.4 THESIS ORGANISATION AND OVERVIEW ........................................................................................... 43 CHAPTER TWO ............................................................................................................................... 45 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK AND CONCEPTUAL DEBATES .............................................................. 45 2.0 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................... 45 2.1 THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF DECENTRALISATION IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES .......................................... 46 2.1.1 The Decentralisation Debate: Motives and Claims .......................................................... 49 2.1.2 Understanding Decentralisation: A Mixed Bag of Ideas? ................................................. 52 2.1.3 Decentralisation: A Service Delivery Tool? ...................................................................... 54 2.2 DECENTRALISATION AND SOCIAL COHESION: AN UNCHARTED TERRITORY ................................................ 57 2.3 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK: THE BASIS OF ANALYSIS .......................................................................... 64 2.4 NEOLIBERAL INSTITUTIONALISM INTERNATIONAL VERSUS NATIONAL INTERESTS ......................................... 69 2.5 CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................................ 71 CHAPTER THREE ............................................................................................................................. 73 SIERRA LEONE - A HISTORY OF DICTATORSHIP, WAR, PEACE AND GOVERNANCE REFORM ............ 73 3.0 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................... 73 3.1 THE POST-INDEPENDENCE STATE IN SIERRA LEONE: WAR, PEACE AND GOVERNANCE REFORM ..................... 74 3.2 THE EVOLUTION OF SIERRA LEONE’S POST-WAR DECENTRALISATION REFORMS ........................................ 78 3.3 DECENTRALISATION MOTIVATIONS: EXTERNAL OR INTERNAL? ............................................................... 83 3.4 POLITICAL, FISCAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK OF DECENTRALISATION ......................................... 86 3.4.1 Political Decentralisation................................................................................................ 87 3.4.2 Fiscal Decentralisation ................................................................................................... 89 3.4.3 Administrative Decentralisation ..................................................................................... 94 3.5 THE LOCAL GOVERNMENT ACT: COMPROMISES, AMBIGUITIES AND CHALLENGES ...................................... 95 3.6 CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................................ 98 4 CHAPTER FOUR ............................................................................................................................ 100 THE POLITICS OF DECENTRALISED FINANCING AND COUNCILS’ MANAGEMENT PERFORMANCE
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