Language Acquisition - Nature Vs Nurture Cheat Sheet by Junyitor Via Cheatography.Com/30616/Cs/9147

Language Acquisition - Nature vs Nurture Cheat Sheet by junyitor via cheatography.com/30616/cs/9147/

TUTORIAL QUESTIONS Genie: The Wild Child (cont) Genie: The Wild Child (cont)

1) The Wild Child: How were Genie's motor, cognitive and social How was Genie's progress with language What does the case of Genie tell us about the skill affected? acquisi tion? nature- nur ture debate? Genie's gross motor skills were extremely Throughout testing, the size of Genie's 2) How about PKU? weak; she could neither stand up straight vocab ulary and the speed with which she 3) Can you think of anything which is 100% nor fully straighten any of her limbs, and expanded it continued to outstrip all nature / nurture? had very little endurance. Her movements anticip ati ons. By mid-1975 she could were very hesitant and unsteady and her accurately name most objects she Genie: The Wild Child charact eri stic "b unny walk", in which she encount ered, and clearly knew more words held her hands in front of her like claws How old was Genie when she was found? than she regularly used. By contrast, Genie while ambulat ing, suggested extreme had far more diffi culty with learning and 13 Years and 7 months difficulty with sensory processing and an using basic grammar. She clearly Why was Genie isolated? inability to integrate visual and tactile mastered certain principles of grammar, and informa tion; Doctors found it extremely When she was a baby her father concluded her receptive compreh ension consist ently difficult to test or estimate Genie's mental that she was severely mentally retarded, a remained signifi cantly ahead of her age or any of her cogni tive abiliti es, but view which intensi fied as she got older, product ion, but the rate at which her causing him to dislike her and withhold care on two attempts they found Genie scored at grammar acquisi tion occurred was far and attention. At approxi mately the time she the level of a 13-month-old; Genie's slower than normal and resulted in an reached the age of 20 months he decided to behavior was typically highly antisocial, unusually large disparity between her keep her as socially isolated as possible, so and proved extremely difficult for others to vocabulary and grammar. In everyday from that time until she reached the age of control, lacked situational awareness convers ations Genie typically spoke only in 13 years and 7 months he kept her locked What was abnormal about Genie's brain short utterances and inconsistently used alone in a room. functions? what grammar she knew, although her use of grammar remained signifi cantly better in What stimuli was Genie brought up with? Genie's entire brain was physi cally intact imitation, and her convers ati onal Her father kept Genie's room extremely and Shurley's sleep-studies found sleep competence markedly improved during her dark, and the only stimuli available were the patterns typical of a left-hemisphere stay but remained very low, which the crib, the chair, curtains on each of the dominant person, leading scientists to scientists found unsurpr ising and suggested believe she was most likely right-h and ed. windows, three pieces of furniture, and two provided evidence that the ability to Based on their early tests, doctors plastic rain jackets hanging on the wall; engage in convers ation was a separate Researc hers concluded that, if Genie suspected Genie's brain was extre mely skill from knowing languag e. vocalized or made any other noise, her right-h emi sphere dominan t; father beat her with a large plank he kept in How else did Genie communi cate? Reasons for Genie's right-h emi sph erical her room dominance despite being right handed In contrast to her linguistic abilities, Genie's nonverbal communi cation continued to What was the result of such an upbringing? Bellugi and Klima believed that Genie had excel. She invented her own system of Genie learned to make as little sound as been developing as a typical right-h anded gestures and pantomimed certain words as possible and to otherwise give no outward person until the time her father began she said them, and also acted out events express ions isolating her. They attributed the imbalance which she could not express in language. To between Genie's hemisph eres to the fact take full advantage of her nonverbal that Genie's sensory input as a child was communi cation abilities, in 1974 the Riglers almost exclusively visual and tactile, arranged for her to learn a form of sign stimula ting functions which are languag e. predomi nantly controlled in the right hemisph ere of a right-h anded person, and although this input had been extremely minimal it was sufficient to cause their lateral iza tion to the right hemisphere

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Genie: The Wild Child (cont) Bulgaria's Abandoned Children Bulgaria's Abandoned Children (cont)

What impact did Genie's case have on the BULGARIA, Mogilino Institu te - Didi lives in a special boarding school for critical period hypothe sis? - the highest number of physically and mentally those with behavio ural and learning difficu lt ies.

Susan Curtiss argued that, even if humans disabled children growing up in institu tions in She has wonderful carers and has made good friends. possess the innate ability to acquire Europe, - She goes to school every day and is top of language, Genie demonst rated the - country of extremes - at the Mogilino Institute, 75 physically and her maths class. necessity of early language stimula tion in mentally disabled children resided, - She makes her own clothes, goes to the the left hemisph ere of the brain to - half the children have been abandoned by shops to buy things she likes and visits start.Si nce Genie never fully acquired their parents museums and art galleries. grammar, Curtiss submitted that Genie - many remain confined within the building provided evidence for a weaker variation of - staff handed over to only ONE worker, in Isabelle: Language Depriva tion and the critical period hypothesis charged of all 75 children for the next 12 hours Neuropl ast icity The study of Genie's brain aided scientists in Didi Who was Isabelle? refining several existing hypotheses regarding - arrived at Mogilino just before filming began. brain lateral iza tion, especially its effect on Her mother could no longer cope with her Isabelle was born in 1932. She was an language. The disparity between Genie's teenage daughter's autism at home, so she illegit imate child and was kept in seclusion linguistic abilities and her competence in other abandoned her to the institute. for this reason aspects of human develop ment strongly - she was thrown into an environ ment where What charact eri stics did Isabelle's mother suggested there was a separation of cognition she could not make any friends or continue with have? and language acquisiti her education, because Mogilino is a place for Her mother had developed normally up to the uneducable and those living here do not the age of two years and then, as a result Genie: The Wild Child speak. - Didi deterio rated rapidly and would rock back of an accident, had become deaf-mute and How old was Genie when she was found? and forth relentl es sly. She shut down - just like had not been educated. 13 Years and 7 months all the others around her. How old was Isabelle when she was found INTER VEN TION Why was Genie isolated? 6 Years and 6 months INTERVE NTION When she was a baby her father concluded - The Bulgarian government put Unicef in How was Isabelle brought up? that she was severely mentally retarded, a charge of finding new placements for all the mother and child spent their time together in view which intensi fied as she got older, children of Mogilino, with the plan that the a dark room with the blinds drawn, causing him to dislike her and withhold care institute will shut once every child has been re- separated from the rest of the family. The and attention. At approxi mately the time she housed. parents of the mother did not permit her to reached the age of 20 months he decided to - The problems were not all about poverty or leave the house alone keep her as socially isolated as possible, so money, but rather about having a good level of from that time until she reached the age of genuine care that transfo rmed a miserable 13 years and 7 months he kept her locked existence into a fulfilling one. alone in a room. - "T heir cognitive develop ment has changed How was Genie brought up? at all levels (percep tion, attention, memory, and thinkin g)... they have become part of - Her father kept Genie's room extremely dark, and the only stimuli available were the particular groups and spend more time crib, the chair, curtains on each of the playing ." windows, three pieces of furniture, and two after the interve ntion, plastic rain jackets hanging on the wall

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Isabelle: Language Depriva tion and Neuropl ast icity (cont)

What was the result of such an upbring ing?

When her intelli gence was first tested at the age of six and a half, her mental age appeared to be about nineteen months. In place of normal speech, she made a croaking sound. As a result of lack of sunlight, fresh air, and proper nutrition, Isabelle had developed a rachitic condition that made locomotion virtually impossi ble. This condition yielded to proper treatment, including surgery, and Isabelle learned to walk and move normall y.As a result of lack of sunlight, fresh air, and proper nutrition, Isabelle had developed a rachitic condition that made locomotion virtually impossi ble. This condition yielded to proper treatment, including surgery, and Isabelle learned to walk and move normally. She also had apathetic behavior, which was later monitored and recovered in a ward flled with other children.

How was Isabelle's progress?

Eighteen months into her training her repertoire of words was estimated to be 1500–2500 words; she was also able to produce complex sentence structu res. Throughout her training she began to use correct inflect ional morphol ogy, pronouns, and preposi tio ns.By means of intensive training and a stimula ting environ ment, Isabelle improved so much that she was considered a child of normal intelli gence by the age of eight.

The "c rit ical period of learnin g" hypothesis states that for a must be exposed the language by a certain age to acquire language. It is said to be associated with a period of increased neuropl ast icity. It is also thought to end around the onset of puberty.