Section 1 Step-by-Step Instruction Expensive, Inefficient, and Corrupt SECTION SECTION “ With very few exceptions, the city governments of the are . . . the most expensive, the Review and Preview most inefficient, and the most corrupt. . . . Such cities, The Industrial Revolution led to great like the decaying spots on ripe fruit, tend to corrupt changes in American life. Students will the whole body politic.” now read about the growing demand for government control of corruption and —Andrew D. White, educator and diplomat, describing government corruption, 1890 ruthless business practices.

ᮡ Poor city children The Section Focus Question

How did reformers try to end and Progressive Reform government corruption and limit the influence of big business? Objectives Why It Matters In the late 1800s, giant corporations gained Before you begin the lesson for the day, • Identify the problems in American politics control of much of American business. Some business leaders write the Section Focus Question on the during the Gilded Age. abused their power and were aided by corrupt government board. (Lesson focus: Reformers passed laws to • Describe the political reforms the Progres- officials. began to protest against the corruption. limit corruption and give people more direct sives supported. They urged government to limit the power of the huge trusts political power. They also used the press to • Explain how journalists contributed to and . expose government corruption and the abuses reform efforts. Section Focus Question: How did reformers try to end of big business.) government corruption and limit the influence of big Reading Skill business? Prepare to Read Place Events in a Matrix of Time Reform in the Gilded Age and Place As you read this textbook, notice The period after the Civil War came to be known as the that chapters often cover overlapping time periods. Build Background Gilded Age. Gilded means “coated with a thin layer of gold is complex and involves many continuing Knowledge L2 paint.” It suggests falseness beneath surface glitter. Some issues. To gain a better understanding of a period, In this section, students will read about place events from one chapter in the context of Americans worried that the glitter of American society was efforts to reform government and big busi- other events from the same time period. Think back hiding serious problems. The Gilded Age lasted from the ness. Remind students that they learned in to other chapters and to your own knowledge for 1870s through the . Chapters 17 and 18 about changes caused these connections. Two concerns shaped politics during the Gilded Age. by industrialization. Write the term gilded Many Americans feared that industrialists and other wealthy on the board and explain that it means Key Terms men were enriching themselves at the expense of the public. The other worry was corruption, or dishonesty in govern- “coated with a thin layer of gold paint.” civil service Ask students to suggest problems in gov- primary graduated income ment. Bribery and voter fraud appeared to be widespread. tax ernment, industry, and society that might recall Taming the Spoils System Critics said a key source be exposed if the “thin layer” were of corruption was the spoils system, the practice of reward- removed. ing political supporters with government jobs. The spoils system had grown since the Age of Jackson. Whenever a new Set a Purpose L2 President took office, job seekers swarmed to , I Read each statement in the Reading demanding rewards for their political support. Readiness Guide aloud. Ask students to 644 Chapter 19 Political Reform and the Progressive Era mark the statements True or False. Teaching Resources, Unit 6,

Reading Readiness Guide, p. 82 I Have students discuss the statements in pairs or groups of four, then mark their worksheets again. Use the Numbered Heads participation strategy (TE, p. T24) to call on students to share their group’s perspectives. The students will return to these worksheets later.

644 Chapter 19 In 1881, James Garfield became President. He was soon swamped with people seeking jobs. Four months later, Garfield was shot by a Teach disappointed office seeker. He died two months later. The assassina- tion sparked new efforts to end the spoils system. Vice President Chester A. Arthur succeeded Garfield. Arthur, a Reform in the Gilded New York politician, owed his own rise to the spoils system. Yet, he Age worked with Congress to reform how people got government jobs. p. 644 In 1883, Arthur signed the Pendleton Act. It created the Civil Service Commission. The civil service is a system that includes most Instruction L2 government jobs, except elected positions, the judiciary, and the I Vocabulary Builder Before teaching military. The aim of the Civil Service Commission was to fill jobs on this section, preteach the High-Use the basis of merit. Jobs went to those with the highest scores on civil Words exert and diverse, using the service examinations. At first, the Commission controlled only a few strategy on TE p. T21. jobs. Over time, however, the civil service grew to include more jobs. Key Terms Following the instructions Controlling Big Business In the late 1800s, big business Vocabulary Builder on p. 7, have students create a See It– exerted a strong influence over politics. Railroad owners and exert (ehks ZERT) v. to use; to put Remember It chart for the key terms in industrialists bribed members of Congress in order to secure their into action this chapter. votes. Outraged by such actions, many Americans demanded that I Have students read Reform in the something be done to limit the power of railroads and monopolies. Under the Constitution, the federal government has the power to Gilded Age using the Structured Silent regulate interstate commerce, or trade that crosses state lines. In 1887, Reading strategy (TE, p. T22). President Grover signed the Interstate Commerce Act. It I Ask: What big concerns did Americans forbade practices such as rebates. It also set up the Interstate have about government and politics Commerce Commission to oversee railroads. during the Gilded Age? (They feared that industrialists were getting rich at the The Problem of Corruption expense of the public and that there was corruption in government.) How did The Capitol building reformers try to control big business? is where Congress (Interstate Commerce Act, Sherman Anti- meets. trust Act) I Ask: Why do you think many poor city- dwellers supported corrupt politi- cians? (Possible answer: They needed the This hand is coming things politicians gave them in exchange for out of a window their votes. labeled “Trusts.” ) I To help students better understand the concept of reform, which is important to the understanding of this chapter, use the Concept Lesson Reform. Distribute copies of the Concept Organizer. Teaching Resources, Unit 6, (a) Interpret Cartoons Who is the man In many cities, illegal businesses often on the right? What is he getting from Concept Lesson, p. 91; Concept Organizer, p. 7 paid “protection” to police in order to the man in the window? avoid arrest. This 1894 cartoon compares (b) Draw Inferences What do you think Independent Practice this practice to corruption in the federal the giver expects in return? Have students begin filling in the study government. guide for this section. Interactive Reading and

Notetaking Study Guide, Chapter 19, Section 1 The Gilded Age and Progressive Reform 645 Section 1 (Adapted Version also available.)

Monitor Use the information below to teach students this section’s high-use words. As students fill in the Notetaking Study High-Use Word Definition and Sample Sentence Guide, circulate to make sure individuals understand the problems that arose during exert, p. 645 v. to use; to put into action the Gilded Age. Temperance leaders tried to exert pressure on lawmakers to ban alcohol. Answers diverse, p. 646 adj. different or varied Reading Political Cartoons (a) a U.S. sen- The population is made up of a large and diverse group of people. ator; stocks (b) preferential treatment in terms of legislation

Chapter 19 645 Progressives and President Benjamin Harrison signed the Sherman Antitrust Act in 1890. It prohibited businesses from trying to limit or destroy competi- Political Reform tion. The law sounded tough but proved difficult to enforce. Judges p. 646 sympathetic to business ruled in favor of trusts. Instead of regulating trusts, the Sherman Act was used to limit the power of labor unions. The Instruction L2 courts said strikes blocked free trade and thus threatened competition. I Have students read Progressives and Political Reform. Remind students to Corruption in the Cities Corruption was a particularly look for causes and effects. serious problem in city governments. As cities grew, they needed to expand services such as sewers, garbage collection, and roads. Often, I Ask: Who was Robert La Follette? (He politicians accepted money to award these jobs to friends. As a was a who introduced result, corruption became a way of life. numerous early Progressive reforms called In many cities, powerful politicians called bosses controlled work the .) done locally and demanded payoffs from businesses. City bosses I Discuss the reforms instituted in voting. were popular with the poor, especially immigrants. The bosses (primaries, recalls, , , handed out turkeys at Thanksgiving and extra coal in winter. Often, they provided jobs. In return, the poor voted for the boss or his direct election of senators) Ask: Why were chosen candidate. these reforms important to voters? (Pos- William Tweed, commonly known as Boss Tweed, carried sible answer: They gave voters more power corruption to new extremes. During the 1860s and 1870s, he cheated through a direct voice in government.) Ask: New York City out of more than $100 million. Journalists exposed How did the Seventeenth Amendment Tweed’s crimes. Cartoonist Thomas Nast pictured Tweed as a greedy reduce election abuses? (It let people vote giant and as a vulture feeding on the city. Faced with prison, Tweed for senators directly and so put an end to Thomas Nast cartoon of Boss Tweed fled to Spain. There, local police arrested him when they recognized bribing state lawmakers to vote for certain him from Nast’s cartoons. Still, when Tweed died in jail in 1878, thou- candidates.) sands of poor New Yorkers mourned for him.

Independent Practice How did the civil service system limit corruption? Have students continue filling in the study guide for this section. Progressives and Political Reform Interactive Reading and Vocabulary Builder Opposition to corruption led to the rise of the Progressive move-

Notetaking Study Guide, Chapter 19, diverse (dih VURS) adj. different ment. The Progressives were a diverse group of reformers united by Section 1 (Adapted Version also available.) or varied a belief in the public interest, or the good of all the people. The public interest, they said, must not be sacrificed to the greed of a few huge trusts and city bosses. Monitor Progress The Wisconsin Idea Wisconsin was one of the first states to As students fill in the Notetaking Study adopt Progressive reforms. Wisconsin governor Robert La Follette, Guide, circulate to make sure individuals known as Battling Bob, introduced various Progressive reforms that understand the reason for the Progressive became known as the Wisconsin Idea. political reforms. Provide assistance as La Follette opposed political bosses. He appointed commissions needed. of experts to solve problems. For example, his railroad commission recommended lowering railroad rates. As rates decreased, rail traffic increased, which helped both railroad owners and customers. Since the Age of Jackson, party leaders had picked candidates for local and state offices. In 1903, Wisconsin was the first state to adopt a primary run by state government officials. A primary is an election in which voters, rather than party leaders, choose their party’s candi- date. By 1917, all but four states had followed Wisconsin’s lead.

646 Chapter 19 Political Reform and the Progressive Era

Differentiated Instruction

L3 L3 Advanced Readers Gifted and Talented The Right Decisions Robert La Follette groups of four to discuss this idea. Then and other Progressives believed that peo- ask students to defend or disagree with La ple would make the right decisions if Follette’s position in a letter to the editor. given the chance. Their fight for reforms Tell students to include examples to sup- that gave more power to voters was a port their position. Answer result of this belief. Have students meet in It provided jobs on the basis of merit.

646 Chapter 19 Progressive Political Reforms The Before After p. 648 During the Progressive Era, Party leaders pick Voters select Instruction L2 reforms put more power in candidates for state PRIMARY their party the hands of voters. I Have students read The Muckrakers. and local offices candidates (a) Read a Chart What was Ask them to look for details to answer the recall? Which reform the reading Checkpoint question. allowed voters to pro- Only members of Voters can I pose laws? Discuss the role of the press in exposing state legislature INDIRECT INITIATIVE propose bills to corruption and other problems. Ask: can introduce bills the legislature (b) Identify Benefits What were the benefits of the How did journalists affect reform primary system? efforts? (Possible answer: They brought (c) Draw Conclusions Which corruption to the attention of readers.) Only legislators Voters can vote of these reforms would REFERENDUM I pass laws on bills directly you say is most Ask: How do you think muckrakers got important? Why? their name? (Possible answer: The corrup- tion they exposed was dirty and messy.) Only courts or Voters can I Assign students the worksheet Ida Tar- legislature can remove elected RECALL bell to explore how muckrakers influ- remove corrupt officials from officials office enced public thinking. Teaching Resources, Unit 6, Ida

Tarbell, p. 87 More Power to Voters Some states instituted reforms to put more power in the hands of voters. One such reform was the recall, Independent Practice a process by which people may vote to remove an elected official Have students continue filling in the study from office. The recall made it easier to get rid of corrupt officials. guide for this section. Other reforms gave voters a direct say in the lawmaking process. The initiative is a process that allows voters to put a bill before a state Monitor Progress legislature. In order to propose an initiative, voters must collect a certain number of signatures on a petition. The referendum is a way I As students complete the Notetaking for people to vote directly on a proposed new law. Study Guide, circulate and make sure Two Constitutional Amendments Many Progressive Place Events in a Matrix individuals understand how the muck- reformers backed a graduated , a method of taxation that of Time and Place rakers helped Progressive reformers. In the 1890s, the Populists I taxes people at different rates depending on income. The wealthy had also supported an income tax. Tell students to fill in the last column of pay taxes at a higher rate than the poor or the middle class. When the How did the roots of Populism dif- the Reading Readiness Guide. Probe for Supreme Court ruled that a federal income tax was unconstitutional, fer from the roots of ? what they learned that confirms or Progressives called for a constitutional amendment. The Sixteenth invalidates each statement. Amendment, which gave Congress the power to pass an income tax, was ratified in 1913. Teaching Resources, Unit 6,

Since 1789, United States senators had been elected by state legis- Reading Readiness Guide, p. 82 latures. Powerful interest groups often bribed lawmakers to vote for certain candidates. Progressives wanted to end this abuse by having people vote for senators directly. The Seventeenth Amendment, rati- fied in 1913, required the direct election of senators.

What reforms put more power in the hands of voters?

Answers Section 1 The Gilded Age and Progressive Reform 647 Reading Charts (a) The recall is a process that allows voters to remove an elected Differentiated Instruction official; indirect initiative (b) Voters, not party leaders, choose their party’s candi- L1 L1 L1 English Language Learners Less Proficient Readers Special Needs dates. (c) Answers will vary. The Muckraker Students will read about raker worksheet. Ask students to tell the Reading Skill Populism began in muckrakers on p. 648. To better under- class about Tarbell’s feelings regarding stand the role of muckrakers in the Pro- Rockefeller and . rural areas; Progressive movement was a reaction to problems caused by the rise of gressive Era and to learn more about Ida Teaching Resources, Unit 6, The Tarbell, have students complete The Muck- industry. Muckraker, p. 86 Possible answers: the pri-

mary, recall, initiative, referendum, and Seventeenth Amendment.

Chapter 19 Section 1 647 The Muckrakers Assess and Reteach The press played an important role in exposing corruption and

other problems. President compared reporters Assess Progress L2 who uncovered problems to men who raked up dirt, or muck, in Have students complete Check Your stables. Muckraker became a term for a crusading journalist. Progress. Administer the Section Quiz. Some muckrakers targeted big business. ’s work led to demands for more controls on trusts. She accused oil baron John D. Teaching Resources, Unit 6, Rockefeller of unfair business methods. Tarbell wrote:

Section Quiz, p. 92 Every great campaign against rival interests which the To further assess student understanding, “Standard Oil Company has carried on has been use the Progress Monitoring Transparency. inaugurated . . . to build up and sustain a in the oil industry. Progress Monitoring Transparencies, ” —Ida M. Tarbell, History of the Standard Oil Company Chapter 19, Section 1 Others described how corruption in city government led to inad- Reteach L1 equate fire, police, and sanitation services. (REES), a photog- If students need more instruction, have To further explore the topics in rapher and writer, provided shocking images of slum life. them read this section in the Interactive this chapter, complete the In 1906, ’s novel told grisly details about activity in the Historian’s the meatpacking industry. Sinclair described how packers used meat Reading and Notetaking Study Guide. Apprentice Activity Pack to answer this essential question: from sick animals and how rats often got ground up in the meat. Interactive Reading and How did muckrakers stir public opinion? Notetaking Study Guide, Chapter 19, How did industrialization affect the United States? Section 1 (Adapted Version also available.) Looking Back and Ahead The Progressive movement Extend L3 began at local and state levels. In the next section, you will see how Have students use the Internet to research three Presidents brought Progressive ideas into the White House. William Marcy “Boss” Tweed. Then, have them write an article in the style of the muckrakers denouncing Tweed’s corrup- For: Self-test with instant help tion. Ask students to share their articles Section 1 Check Your Progress Visit: PHSchool.com with the class. Provide students with the Web Code: mya-6151 Web Code below. Web Code: mye-0253 Comprehension Reading Skill 5. What happens in a primary and Critical Thinking 3. Place Events in a Matrix of election? 1. (a) Recall How was the spoils Time and Place Ida Tarbell 6. What did muckrakers try to do? system reformed during the wrote muckraking articles about 7. What happens in a successful Progress Monitoring Online Gilded Age? the Standard Oil Company. Why referendum? 8. How are tax rates structured Students may check their comprehension (b) Analyze Cause and Effect did she think this was necessary? What abuses do you think were How had Standard Oil’s business under the graduated income tax? of this section by completing the occurring under the spoils system practices changed American Progress Monitoring Online graphic that made reform necessary? industry? Think back to the Writing previous chapter to answer 9. Write a statement supporting the organizer and self-quiz. 2. (a) Identify Who were some of these questions. work of the muckrakers. Then, the principal muckrakers during write a statement opposing their the Progressive Era, and what did Key Terms work. For each statement, write each try to do? Answer the following questions in one question to ask the muckrak- (b) Link Past and Present What Answer complete sentences that show your ers about their methods and their impact do you think their efforts understanding of the key terms. goals. had on life in the United States They published articles, 4. Which jobs are civil service today? books, and photographs exposing corrup- positions? tion, poverty, and other problems.

648 Chapter 19 Political Reform and the Progressive Era

Section 1 Check Your Progress wrote The Jungle about the meatpacking industry. 4. Most federal government jobs are part of

1. (a) Legislation such as the Pendleton (b) Possible answer: The legislation and the civil service system. Act was passed, awarding civil service reforms that resulted from their efforts 5. Voters choose their party’s candidate for jobs on the basis of merit. help prevent those conditions today. an election. (b) Possible answer: People who were 3. Possible answer: Standard Oil used its 6. Muckrakers tried to expose corruption not qualified held government jobs. control over large areas of business to and other problems. 2. (a) Ida Tarbell wrote articles exposing unfairly drive out competition. It 7. People vote directly to pass a new law. the practices of Standard Oil; Jacob Riis formed a trust that gave control to a took photographs showing shocking central board. As a result, many other 8. The wealthy pay taxes at a higher rate images of slum life; Upton Sinclair businesses formed trusts and gained than people with a lower income. monopolies. 9. Questions should relate to position stated.

648 Chapter 19