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2003 Tese Ciafreitas.Pdf UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO CEARÁ FACULDADE DE MEDICINA DEPARTAMENTO DE FISIOLOGIA E FARMACOLOGIA PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM FARMACOLOGIA TESE PARA OBTENÇÃO DO TÍTULO DE DOUTOR EM FARMACOLOGIA ESTUDO SOBRE A ATIVIDADE ANTIMICROBIANA DE SUBSTÂNCIAS EXTRAÍDAS E PURIFICADAS DE SECREÇÕES DA PELE DE ANFÍBIOS CARLOS IBERÊ ALVES FREITAS FORTALEZA - CE - 2003 - UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO CEARÁ FACULDADE DE MEDICINA DEPARTAMENTO DE FISIOLOGIA E FARMACOLOGIA PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM FARMACOLOGIA ESTUDO SOBRE A ATIVIDADE ANTIMICROBIANA DE SUBSTÂNCIAS EXTRAÍDAS E PURIFICADAS DE SECREÇÕES DA PELE DE ANFÍBIOS CARLOS IBERÊ ALVES FREITAS Tese submetida à Coordenação do Curso de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia como requisito parcial para obtenção do Título de Doutor em Farmacologia Orientador:. Professor Dr. Krishnamurti de Moraes Carvalho Fortaleza - CE - 2003 - i AGRADECIMENTOS Ao Professor Krishnamurti de Moraes Carvalho por sua orientação e participação que ajudaram na elaboração, execução e revisão deste trabalho. Ao Professor José Luciano Moreira do departamento de Patologia e Medicina Legal desta Universidade, por sua amizade e dedicação inestimáveis, por sua participação no início deste trabalho. Aos colegas e amigos Professores da Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Dr. George Jimenez, por suas valiosas sugestões e auxílio na análise estatística, bem como Dr. Eduardo Coli que pelo apoio e amizade ao longo de nossa jornada. Ao Coordenador do Curso de Pós graduação em Farmacologia Dr. Ronaldo Albuquerque pela consideração e aos ensinamentos como professor. Aos demais que de alguma maneira contribuiram, sejam: colegas, bolsistas, funcionários e professores do Departamento de Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia em especial a Dra. Helena Serra Azul, Dra Gisela Costa Camarão, Dr. Vietla S. Rao, Dr. Rui Capaz. Ao Departamento de Química Orgânica, onde foi realizado parte dos estudos de determinação das estruturas, sob a coordenação do Prof. Dr. Edilberto R. Silveira. Aos colegas de convivívio na Universidade Estadual do Ceará José Eduardo Honório Júnior, Patrícia Campêlo, Jackson Cortez, Cláudio Patrocínio, Valéria, Rosa Germana, Marcelo Monteiro, Juliana, Solane, Clemilson, AronaiAlexandre, Carla, Andrea, Janaína, Ana, Inez, Luciana que sempre me ofereceram sua amizade e contribuição, cada um a seu modo, para a realização deste trabalho. Ao colega e amigo Dr. Bruno Andrade Cardi pelos conselhos e ajuda. À bolsista e amiga Amanda Xavier pela e inestimável colaboração neste trabalho. Aos amigos Flávio Cyreneu, Ana Kelen, Karlliely, Rosemeire, Fernando Albuquerque e Marcelo Bezerra pelo apoio neste final de percurso. A Eduardo Ferreira Araújo por me possibilitar o bom funcionamento do computador e aos esclarecimentos técnicos e apoio recebido. Aos meus pais. E agradeço em especial à minha esposa Marinalva por seu companheirismo, carinho, dedicação, paciência, sugestões e incenivo na digitação deste trabalho, também aos meus filhos ii Carlos Eduardo e Gabriel por terem sempre um sorriso dedicado a mim nas horas de dificuldade, mesmo com tantas ausências. Este trabalho foi realizado graças aos auxílios das seguintes instituições: Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), através de convênios com a Universidade Esadual do Ceará. Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES), por meio de convênio com o Curso de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Ceará e da concessão de Bolsa de Doutorado. Aos Laboratórios de Bioquímica Humana na pessoa da Dra. Lia Magalhães de Almeida e Neurofarmacologia, do Dr. Krishnamurti de Moraes Carvalho na Universidade Estadual do Ceará, onde foram desenvolvidos os experimentos necessários à realização deste trabalho. E acima de tudo e de todos, a Deus, por me fazer aceitar com paciência tudo o que não podia iii “Seríamos melhores se não tentássemos ser tão bons” Sigmund Freud iv SUMÁRIO AGRADECIMENTOS i - ii SUMÁRIO iv - vii LISTA DE TABELAS ix LISTA DE FIGURAS x - xiv RESUMO xv - xvi ABSTRACT xvii-xviii JUSTIFICATIVA xvix-xxi LISTA DE ABREVIATURAS xxii 1. INTRODUÇÃO 1 - 37 1.1. Um Breve Histórico das Drogas Antimicrobianas e a Resistência Bacteriana 1 - 3 1.2. Os Anfíbios 3 - 16 1.2.1. Considerações Gerais 3 - 4 1.2.2. Presença dos Anfíbios na Cultura do Homem 5 1.2.3. Distribuição 6 1.2.4. Características Pele dos Anfíbios 6 - 9 1.2.4.1. Glândulas Mucosas 9 1.2.4.2. Glândulas Granulosas 9 1.2.5. Componentes da Secreção de Anfíbios – Visão geral 10 - 14 1.2.6. Esteróides 15 1.2.6.1. Bufadienolídeos 15 Ocorrência na Natureza 16 1.3. Detecção de Atividade Antimicrobiana de Secreções Oriundas de Anfíbios – 16 - 17 Visão geral 1.3.1. Bufadienolídeos com Atividade Antimicrobiana 17 - 18 1.3.1.1. Bufadienolídeos Antineoplásicos 18 1.3.2. Diversas Substâncias Antimicrobianas Isoladas de Anfíbios Não Esteroidais - 18 - 19 Visão geral 1.3.3. Antimicrobianos Peptídicos Isolados de Anuras - Os mais estudados 19 1.3.3.1. Propriedades e Possíveis Mecanismos de Ação 19 - 21 v 1.3.3.2. Famílias Conhecidas de Peptídeos Antimicrobianos 21 a) Discoglossidae 21 - 23 Bombina variegata 21 Bombina orientalis 22 Bombina maxima 22 - 23 b) Pipidae 23 - 24 Xenopus laevis 23 Xenopus tropicalis 23 - 24 c) Hylidae 24 - 29 c.1. Phyllomedusinae 24 - 25 Phyllomedusa sauvagii 24 Phyllomedusa bicolor 24 - 25 Phyllomedusa distincta 25 Phyllomedusa hypochondrialis 25 Phyllomedusa tarsius 25 Phyllomedusa oreades 25 c2. Pelodryadinae 26 - 29 Litoria caerulea 26 Litoria chloris 26 Litoria citropa 26 - 27 Litoria dahlii 27 Litoria genimaculata 27 - 28 Litoria infrafrenata 28 Litoria aurea & L. raniformis 28 Litoria. splendida 28 - 29 Litoria xanthomera 29 d) Hyperoliidae 29 Kassina senegalensis 29 e) Pseudidae 30 Pseudis paradoxa 30 f) Ranidae 30 - 35 Rana brevipoda porsa 30 Rana rugosa 30 Rana catesbeiana 30 Rana sphenocephala 31 Rana clamitans 31 Rana esculenta 31 - 32 Rana ridibunda 32 Rana temporaria 32 Rana grylio 32 Rana palustris 32 - 33 Rana sylvatica 33 vi Rana tigerina 33 Rana berladieri, Rana luteiventris, Rana pipiens 33 Rana aerolata 34 Rana japonica 34 Rana tarahumarae 35 Rana tagoi 35 g) Myobatrachidae 36 Uperoleia mjobergi 36 h) Bufonidae 36 Bufo boreas, B. bufo, B. viridis 36 Bufo bufo gargarizans 36 1.3.4. Peptídeos Antineoplásicos. 37 1.3.4.1. Magainina 2 e peptídeos análogos 37 1.3.4.2. Litoria. aurea & L. raniformis 37 2. OBJETIVOS 38 3. MATERIAL E MÉTODOS 39 - 48 3.1. Animais Utilizados na Obtenção das Amostras 39 3.1.1. Bufo schneideri Werner, 1894- Bufonidae 39 3.1.2. Leptodactylus pentadactylus Laurenti, 1768 Leptodactylidae : Leptodactylinae 39 3.2. Obtenção do Veneno de Bufo schneideri 40 3.3. Obtenção de Extratos de Pele de Bufo schneideri 40 3.4. Obtenção do Veneno de Leptodactylus pentadactylus 41 3.5. Purificação por Cromatografia em Colunas 41 3.6. Cromatografia em Placa Delgada de Sílicagel 42 3.7. Obtenção de Dados para Avaliação dos Índices de Rendimento de Extração do 42 Veneno Bruto de Bufo schneideri 3.8. Estudos quanto a Variabilidade do Veneno Bruto e seus Componentes em 42 Diversas Localidades de Coleta 3.9. Determinação de Proteínas 43 3.10. Eletroforese 43 3.11. Determinação da Estrutura das Substâncias Utilizadas 43 3.11.1. Determinação da sequência de aminoácidos dos peptídeos 43 3.11.2. Determinação da estrutura das novas substâncias biologicamente ativas 43 (não proteicas) vii 3.12. Ensaio de Atividade Hemolítica 43 - 44 3.13. Ensaio de Atividade Antimicrobiana 44 - 47 3.13.1. Obtenção de Microorganismos 44 3.13.2. Preparação do Inóculo para Cultivo 45 3.13.3. Teste de Avaliação da Sensibilidade Antimicrobiana 45 - 47 a) Em Meio Sólido 45 - 46 Inoculação em Placa 45 Aplicação dos Discos e Amostra - Teste 45 - 46 Leitura de Resultados por Mensuração dos Halos 46 b) Em Meio Líquido 46 - 47 3.14. Avaliação dos Dados por Modelos Matemáticos e Estatísticos 47 - 48 3.14.1. Equação de Gompertz 47 3.14.2. Equação de Regressão Não Linear 48 3.14.3. Análise Estatística 48 4. RESULTADOS E DISCUSSÃO 49 – 119 4.1. Purificações Cromatográficas das Amostras de Bufo schneideri 49 - 50 4.1.1. Recromatografia do Pico1 parcialmente purificado de Bufo schneideri (F1) 50 4.2. Determinação da Estrutura das Novas Substâncias Biologicamente Ativas 51 - 55 (não proteicas) 4.2.1. Hellebrigenin 52 4.2.2. Telocinobufagin 53 4.2.3. Marinobufagin 53 - 54 4.2.4. Bufalin 54 - 55 4.3. Obtenção de Dados para Avaliação dos Índices de Rendimento Extração do 56 Veneno Bruto de Bufo schneideri 4.4. Cromatografia em Placa Delgada de Sílica 56 - 58 4.5. Estudos da Variabilidade do Veneno Bruto e seus Componentes em Diversas 59 - 60 Localidades de Coleta: 4.6. Purificações Cromatográficas das Amostras de Leptodactylus pentadactylus 61 - 64 4.6.1. Purificações Cromatográficas das Amostras de L. pentadactylus em Coluna 61 Filtrante Sephacryl S-400 4.6.1.1. Eletroforese do Pico 8 obtido pela Cromatografia em Coluna Filtrante Sephacryl 61 - 62 S-400 4.6.2. Purificações dos peptídeos de Leptodactylus pentadactylus 62 - 64 viii 4.7. Avaliação da Atividade Biológicas 65 - 119 4.7.1. Atividade hemolítica de amostras obtidas de Bufo schneideri 65 - 67 4.7.2. Atividade hemolítica de amostras obtidas de Leptodactylus pentadactylus 68 - 72 Amostras de natureza protéica 68 - 69 Amostras de natureza peptídica obtida em coluna hidrofóbica C18 com CLAE 70 - 72 4.7.3. Avaliação da Atividade Antimicrobiana 73- 107 4.7.3.1. Em Meio Sólido 73 - 78 a) Bufo schneider 73 - 77 b) Leptodactylus pentadactylus 78 4.7.3.2. Em Meio Líquido 78 - 119 a) Amostras de Bufo scneider 78 - 88 a.1. Extratos de Pele de B. schneideri 78 - 84 a.2 Amostras dos picos purificados obtidos de B. scneider 84 - 88 b) Amostras de Leptodactytlus pentadactylus 89- 111 b.1. Peptídeos 5, 6 e 7 de Leptodactytlus pentadactylus obtidos pela CLAE em C18 89 b.1.1. Avaliação da atividade tempo-dependente 89- 106 b.1.2.
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