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World War I: Dissent and Discord in Milwaukee Loyola University Chicago Loyola eCommons Master's Theses Theses and Dissertations 1966 World War I: Dissent and Discord in Milwaukee Mary Antonette Henke Loyola University Chicago Follow this and additional works at: https://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_theses Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Henke, Mary Antonette, "World War I: Dissent and Discord in Milwaukee" (1966). Master's Theses. 2140. https://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_theses/2140 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses and Dissertations at Loyola eCommons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of Loyola eCommons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 License. Copyright © 1966 Mary Antonette Henke WORLD WAR I: DISSENT AND DISCORD m MIIMAUKEE by Sister Mar.F Antonette Henk., O.S.M. A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of LQyola University 1n Partial PUltillment or the Requirements tor the Degree or Master ot Arts LIFE Slater Mary Antonette Henke, O.S.)(. wa_ born in Thorp, Wiseenlin, October 30, 1923. She 8_ graduated frOm Thorp High School, Thorp, Wlsconsin, June, 1941 and bee... a slster, Servant or Mary, June, 1945. Atter taking course. at Vlterbo Colleg.,, . Lacro••• , Wisconsin and Diocesan Te&ohers' College, St. Paul, Minnesota, the author taught in various gn.4e schools statted· bY' her C_unit7. She received the 4egne ot Bachel.r ot uts trOll St. Th.... College, st. Paul, Minnesota, Aupst .. 1957 and began her graduate .tu4ie. at L0701& UnivenitY' 1n .Tuae, 1960. ii PREFACE AlthOugh a stud, sucb as thi. milbt better be the work ot a lool01011st or ot a psrcbolOS1at. neyerthelesa. 1t 1s the h1a~ totian who first terrets out tbe tacta and studl.. the Inter~ personal relatlons of a partlcular people In a partlcular are. at .. &1yent1.e. !be purpose Of th1. tbesla 1. to &Dallze tbe relat10ns ot ~. Oerun population ot Milwauke. to tbeir tel10w cltizena dur­ ina the perlod of the Firat World War. ~o\llhOut thia atuq an att.,t baa been ucle to cliscoYer evidence. ot anr pro-Geraan attltudes Oft the part ot tbe 01t1" Gfn.... n-Aurlcanl and to &8certaln tbe ..ount and tbe Inun.i tJ' of tbe antl-Qeraan .entiMent dlrected toward. tbat el.. ent dur­ lna tbe war. The more Important .ource. ot information tor tbe .tudJ are. tbe new.pa,er., partlcul.ar17 the !Alp.e .Imp1 and the JU.­ ar4t-ltrtl4, the ".29911n "'Ine .t! R.toR and yanGu oth­ er periodica18, and \be blear.pbie. ot .en Who t1gured ,rom!. MfttlJ In tbe area at that t1M. !be writer .t.be. to acknowle4le the courteous as.istance ncelnd trOll tbe .tatt at tbe Kilwautee hblle LlbraJ7, the 111 MilwAukee County Historical Society, and the Lad,.srn1 th Public Librar,.. !be research on this ,roJeet was begun at the SUSIestion of Mr. Paul Soterin ot the Milwaukee Public Libra17 to whOll the wrlter is greatl,J indebted. To Dr. Robert HcClugpae under wboa. directlon this studl was completed the writer 1s de.,ll ,rate. full also to Mr. theodore Mueller tormer curator ot the Milwau­ kee Count,. B1storical Bu1ld1n, tor his interest and sUSlestions, to Siater *17 Marcelline and Mr. Douala, Kina who aided in the t"ina ot the tinal draft. 'inal17. the writer expresses Irat. ltude to her Superiors &Dd ber tellow Slsters, the Servants of *17, tor the opportuni t, ot pur.n.t1ft1 ,",duate work and tor the encour..... nt and acta ot kindness acoorded her in tbe comple­ tion ot thi. undertaktnl. 1v TABLE OF CONTEN'1'S Chapter t Page I. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 1 The German-American aocietl--The term German-Ameri­ can.-A statio "»eutachiUm"--Cauaea and Conditions tavorable tor German imm1gration•• Waves ot 1mm1gra­ tion-.Qerman population ot Milwaukee--Catholic 1m­ migration--Lutheran immigration-.Gerun Jews in Mil­ waukee--Other crouPS--"Jbrt7-eightera"--Turnvereine-­ H.. Germany--A4vertiaement or Wisconain--Booka-­ Increase Lapham--Pamphleta-.Lettera--Wisconsin Board or Immigration.-Bole ot barbor in immigration-­ H1nterland•• arewery and other induatriea--Zona Gale and Milwaukee. II. WAR BIOINS IN IUBOPI. • • • • • • • • • • • •• 25 World War I begins.-National German-American Alli­ ance--S,mpatn, ot Alliance tor Central Powera-­ Anti-German propaganda--Ingli.h censorahip ot the news media--Vn1ty ot G~.Americana--HJphenated Americana.-La,Jalty and patriotism-.German-language pre.. in America--Sociali.t opposition to WAr-­ Irish-Americ&ft8 opposed to war--Senator Robert LaFollette and neutrality_ III. THBBLBCrIOH OF 1916. • • • • • • • • • • • • • 36 American neutrality-.German-language preas demands a tNe neutralit7--Detea.t or arms embargo--S1nking ot the Luai:tUia-.W11li_ Jennings Bryan--Alliance is oritica! or President Wilaon-.Danger ot "hJphen­ atuff-.Theodore Roosevelt and the German-Americans-­ Wilson and the "bJphenatea"--Irish and German-Ameri­ can oppo.ition to Wilson--Heutrality Leagues--Alli­ ance not representative ot all G~-Americana-­ German-Americana urged to applJ tor citizenship-. German~ericana work tor favorable candidate in Republican Pa7ty-.Theodore Roosevelt as poasible candidate--oharles Evana Bughea--Republican Conven­ tion--Sooialist candidatea--Progressive Party v disbands--Ilection campaign--M1lwaukee Journal backs Vilson--Wilson re... elected•• Elec~Ion s~at!stlcs ot Milwaukee and the state--Evaluation ot election results. IV. WORLD WAR I AlfD MILWAUKIE • • • • • • • • • • • 18 German government announces policy ot unrestricted submarine wartare-Severance ot diplomatic relations with Germany.-National German-American Alliance backs the PJ'esident--W1sconsin Alliance opposed to diplomatic bre&k--Milwaulteeana tly flag--Oerman­ Americans postpone Austrian and German war relief aid bazaar--Uer.man Ridder v1ait. Colonel Houae-­ Milwaukee Alliance anti... war--Louis Lochner holds ltaergenc7 Peace League meeting in the city.... Pos­ sible boycott ot city because of supposed 41810y­ alty-.Milwaukee SociaU.t. hold mass war protest-... Zimmerman telesram--Milwaukee protests loyalty-­ Milwaukee All1&nee still violently opposes war-­ City stages mass lo,yalty rally--Wisconsin Defense League-.State senate senda resolution ot support to Wub1ngton-.War preparedness b1 city--Declar.... tion otwar~-lancuage pres. backs President-­ Milwauke. L!!UJ: remains opposed to war--Socialist P'iii,- 10.e piOiirnent men--Pormer SociaUsts &ccuse part,- ot pro-GeJ'JD&n1sa-St. Louis Anti-War Pro­ clam&tion.. V1ctor Berser--Socia1.. Democrats ..ror­ _tion ot local C0\1J'le1l ot Detense-.Res1strat1on tor draft-Gen... l Chal'lea King.... Co.rcion in Loan Drives--People'. Council. peace paoup, tor1)idden to meet in 01 t7-Americardzation ot 01 ty--Pro-Ger­ man Accusations--Besultant an'moa1t7-.M1lwaukee Soc- 1al1.t ~7 at111 ant1.war•• llect1ona ot 1918-­ LQyalt7 1saue--Hoan re-elected--Depoaed from co­ cba1rmanab1p ot Count)' Counc1l ot J)etense... Berger elected to Congre.a.-Menbera retuse to aeat him-­ Di.801u.t10n ot All1ance-Armiatice... llomecoming reception reru... to hear Boan--Proteat meetins-­ M11waultee "el &wa.r4ed Pulitzer Pr1ze--M11waukee m me loc"! vote. V. CONCLUSIOX. • • . .. • • .. • • • • • • 130 BIBLIOGIAPBY ••• • • • . .. .. • • • • • • • 131 CHAPl'ER I ~HE GERMAB AMERICANS ~he German Amer1ca which came 1nto ex1stence in the m1d­ dle of the nineteenth centu17 was a mental "rieb1et" rather than a politlcal or territor1al area.l It was a distlnct and easill recognlzable society within the framework of the new American soclety. "Because the Germans were unable to respect or, some­ t1mes to understand the social hab1ts and standards of culture of their Amerlcan ne1ghbours, particularly in the newly devel­ oped reg10ns, they sought to preserve as much as possible of their old world hablts and culture.,,2 The Germans, then, who came to America in such large numbers in the perlod from 1840 to 1900 did not readily adopt the American culture but continued to ltve at the CUltural stage and, as far as posstble, 1n the cul­ tural surrounding of the Germany which they left behind. The term German American, whlch unhappily tor the people of Milwaukee was construed to mean an Amer1can with divided allegi­ ance during World War I, was originall, applied to Amerlcans who lJObn Sawgood, ~he Tragedy of German-Amerlca (Bew York, 1940), p. 267. - - 2Ib1d., 41, 58, 59, 271. 1 2 were of German extraction, either born in Germany or born ot Ger­ man immigrant parent.. It .imply aeant American, but ot German descent. However, during the European war ot 1914-1918, thl. term took on a new meaning which was mOlt distre.sing to tbe indl viduals thus called slnee it imp11ed that .uch an Aaerlcan was a German tirat and then an A_ricAn, tbat hi_ tlr_t alle- 11ance vas to Germany even thOUCb his adopted baae sutt.red thereby. Otten tbe•• people were reterred to as bJpbenated A.erlcan, Which ... interpreted to mean ,oattb1nc le.1 than true or loral Amerlcana.' The,e Ge:naan-Aaerlcans on tbe vbole wen not coneemed with Germanizing tb. t1nlted Statel. It.s obvioUl that tbey a ltatlo but th11 ,r8lervat1on ot the cu1tl~ted DeU~IOh~joe German cultun bad nothing to do Wi. "h tore1ppol1cl. 1mperi­ all.1Il or Pan-CJerm&Dl ••, ,1no. 1 t va. ccme.med 111 th the 'tum­ '1,"&n" wi'b l1ns1ns locletie., bowUllg and plnochle clubs, and all tbe other tblnel Whicb can be included 1n the oe~ term ot "_»tb&19",,\."4 The German settler. beUeved tbat it.. ot the areat.st importance to prelerve and tranallit to tbelr descendant. ln perpetui t1 tbe pod Qenan .,. and unc.l. 'fbe1 Wilbed to !Clltton J.e. Child, D! oe~!Mr1c~ !a PoUticl 19~4-1911 (M&4110n, 1939), p. s,. 4carl Wlttke, "Aaer1can Germana in ~ World Wars," 1111- cOpl&n HI.!ye .2£. mltoD, XXVII (sept_ber 1943), 8, 9.- 3 be Americans but hoped to retain ineffaceably the mental and moral traits of the German ancestry.5 The city of Milwaukee is one of the American cities in + which this static Deutsch~um existed to a marked degree.
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