Annexure I Public Disclosure Authorized 1 . 1 . History

The Kerala Panchayat Raj Act, was brought into effect in 1994. This Act was basically a mixture of the provisions of the old Kerala Panchayat Act and the provisions of the Constitution. The significant feature was the provision that the Government shall, after the commencement of the Act, transfer to PRls all institutions, schemes, buildings and other properties connected with the subjects listed in the respective schedules dealing with these functions.

The first elections to the three-tier Panchayat Raj set up were held in September 1995 and Public Disclosure Authorized the Panchayats came into being on the 2nd of October. A significant event was the issue of a comprehensive government order in September 1995, transferring various institutions and staff to the three tier PRls. Another noteworthy event was the budget of 1996 which had a separate document known, which detailed the grants-in-aid, and the schemes transferred to the local bodies. Thus, the allocation for the local bodies was seen as an independent subset of the State Budget giving it the stamp of legislative approval and protecting it from the vagaries of executive decision-making.

There was a change of Government in May 1996 and the Left Democratic Front Government embarked on a policy of massive decentralisation. Two landmark events in Public Disclosure Authorized enlarging and deepening the process of decentralisation need to be mentioned. First is the launching of the People's Planning Campaign on 17th of August, 1996. This was spearheaded by the State Planning Board in partnership with the Department of Local Administration (now appropriately renamed as the Department of Local Self Government), with the full association of political parties, non-government organisations, professionals and elected members. It went beyond a government sponsored programme and soon assumed the nature of a movement resulting in an alliance of all those who reposed faith in decentralisation. It succeeded in harnessing public action for participatory planning at the grass roots level and created not only a favourable environment for genuine decentralisation but also built up a powerful demand for radical reform in the legislative, administrative and developmental systems, thereby helping to formalize and institutionalise the paradigm shift to a people-centered, bottom-up approach to planning Public Disclosure Authorized and development giving a direct and continuing role to the people.

Simultaneously the Committee on Decentralisation of Powers under the late Dr. S. B. Sen was set up. The Committee laid down clear and coherent first principles in its inception report in August 1996 and they have been accepted as the guiding light of government policy. Later the Committee on Decentralisation of Powers interacted closely with the People's Planning Campaign and this synergy resulted in recommendations for basic restructuring of laws of local government. These recommendations were incorporated into the Kerala Panchayat Raj Act in February 1999, providing the legal foundation for healthy and accountable institutions, the local governments. These and further recommendations of the Sen Committee have contributed immensely in institutionalising the gains of People's Planning Campaign into a solid foundation for local governance.

1.2. Background

There are certain peculiar Socio-political features, which need to be clarified for a dear understanding of Panchayati Raj in Kerala.

First is the relative size of the three tiers. The Grama Panchayats (999 Nos) are very large in size. This has several implications. It provides the natural "right size" for several development services, especially viable service areas for PHCs, Veterinary Hospitals, Krishi Bhavans and so on. On the other hand, it makes it difficult for direct participation by people for the whole village and the problems can be surmounted only by limiting it to the ward level --i.e., the constituency of a Grama Panchayat Member. With large Grama Panchayats and relatively compact Districts (14 Nos), it was difficult to earmark exclusive functions for Block Panchayats (152 Nos.) which they alone can perform better than others.

Next is the rural-urban continuum, which exists in the settlement pattern in Kerala. This is reflected in the functional responsibilities of rural and urban local bodies. PRls especially the Grama Panchayats have several civic and regulatory functions and the municipal bodies have several developmental and welfare functions.

Another feature is the influence of the political milieu. All elections are fought on party basis and there is considerable polarization in the political composition of local governments. This had led to the pollcy decision to treat PRls as non-hierarchical - i.e., the District Panchayat has no control over Block or Village Panchayats. This arrangement while it keep the system free of political victimization, strengthens local government autonomy and instills a sense of responsibility, creates operational problems in monitoring, reporting, financial supervision, passing down of information and even in integration of plans across tiers.

1.3. Decentralisation and Local Governments

Decentralisation in Kerala is marked by a rare clarity of vision about the nature of local governments and the process of empowering them. This vision is best captured in the words of the Committee on Decentralisation of Powers:

"Local Self-Government (LSG) is essentially the empowerment of the people by giving them not only the voice, but the power of choice as well in order to shape the development which they feel is appropriate to their situation. It implies maximum decentralization of powers to enable the elected bodies to function as autonomous units . with adequate power, authority and resources to discharge the basic responsibility of bringing about "economic development and social justice", It is not enough to formally transfer powers and responsibilities to the Local Self Government Institutions (LSGls), They have to be vested with the authority to exercise them fully, which requires concordant changes not only in the appropriate rules, manuals, government orders and circulars governing development administration, but also in the conventions, practices and even, the value premises of the governmental agencies, Decentralisation does not mean just deconcentration where a subordinate is allowed to act on behalf of the superior without any real transfer of authority, or delegation where powers are formally conferred on a subordinate without any real transfer or authority, It implies devolution where real power and authority are transferred to enable autonomous functioning with the defined areas.

Decentralisation in its true sense would be democratic decentralisation. With the constitutional recognition accorded to Grama Sabhas and Ward Committees, the necessary condition for genuine participatory democracy has been created. The greater the involvement of these people's bodies and the more effective their functioning, the fuller would be the real1zation of the objectives of LSGls. So power should flow through the elected bodies and its members to the people and should not be blocked at any level, as power ultimately belongs to the people and it is only legitimate that it is handed over to them.

Thus LSGls would facilitate exercise of legitimate and legal authority by the people and the elected bodies. It should put an end to the various extra-constitutional power centres influencing the development process at the grass roots level. Often power is seen, felt and recognized by its abuse at times, arbitrary discretionary exercise of power is found attractive. Power denotes separation and distance from the powerless and is distinguished by typical symbols and trappings. It is not this 'power' that is to be transferred to the LSGls. It is the power to build capabilities, increase production, reduce inequalities and promote harmony that is to be vested in them a facilitative power. Development is basically enhancing the capabilities of people and enlarging their choices.

The transfer of power has to be more in the vertically downward direction than in the horizontal direction. In other words, the powers of the State to bring about development are to be handed over to the LSGls and not just the powers now exercised by the functionaries of the State at the corresponding level. Horizontally, the power to decide what to be done, how to be done, and the priorities of doing, will move to the elected institutions. The officials will retain their professional power to advice but they have to act as per the decisions of the elected bodies. The role of the departments, henceforth, would be, not to take decisions by themselves, but to help the people to take decisions and then carry them out. Their professional role would expand while their administrative role would shrink.

Decentralisation is a process and cannot be achieved in one stroke. It has to undergo a continuous process of redefining, adapting and adjusting. So it is essential to closely iv. Complementarity - This is closely related to the principle, of role-clarity. While functions should not be overlapping and repetitive they should merge into an overall unity through a process of horizontal integration. This would mean that the activities of higher levels should complement those of the lower levels and the programmes implemented by all agencies in a given LSGI would be consistent with local needs and priorities and would converge into an integrated local plan. v. Uniformity - This implies that the norms and criteria for selection of beneficiaries sites or prioritization of activities and pattern of assistance within a given LSGI would be the same for all programmes implemented within its area irrespective of the agency sponsoring such a programme. vi. People's participation - It is necessary to involve the people fully particularly those sections hitherto excluded from the development process. And participation should not be limited to mere information giving or consultation or contribution or even seeking prior concurrence. It would reach the level of empowering the people to take their own decisions after analysing situation. Genuine participation is not the same as mobilization.

The LSGls provide the institutional structure to facilitate participatory democracy. The reservation of seats for Women, Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in various LSGls is meant to ensure greater participation of vulnerable sections in the process of development. People's participation should be there in all stages of a development programme right from identification of a need and formulation of a scheme through its planning, implementation, operation and maintenance as well as monitoring and evaluation phases. The Grama Sabhas and Wards Committees are ideal vehicles for promoting direct decision-making and mobilizing local resources in cash, kind and labour. vii. Accountability The LSGls are accountable to the people within their jurisdiction and in certain respects, to the whole nation. The accountability to the people is not to be left to the elections alone to be settled. There has to be provision for continuing social audit of the performance of the LSGls in the Grama Sabhas and Wards Committees as well as by special groups. The accountability to the nation can be ensured through objective audit both concurrent and post-facto. viii.Transparency - Every decision taken has to be based on norms and criteria evolved on the basis of social consensus and the rationale behind each decision has to be made public. There should be freedom to the people to know every detail of how money is going to be spent, before a scheme is taken up and how it was spent, after its completion. The procedures and the language of the administration need to be demystified and made people-friendly...

1. 5. Objectives of decentralisation

The objectives of decentralisation could be summarised as follows: 1. To improve the quality of investment by allocating resources for priorities fixed by the local people. 2. To facilitate emergence of local solutions to developmental problems through improved planning, better implementation, use of traditional knowledge and appropriate technology etc. 3. To exploit local production possibilities. 4. To enable people's participation leading to better vigil in execution of schemes followed up with better upkeep of assets. 5. To provide the enabling environment for people to make contributions in kind and cash for development programmes identified by them for priority action. 6. To bring about a convergence of resources and services to tackle development problems with greater vigour. 7. To unleash public action resulting in a demand led improvement in the delivery of developmental and welfare services.

In the process of realising these objectives it was felt that it would lead to a new politics of development emerging out of dialogue and consensus rather than conflict and collusion and help forge a realistic approach to development based on a clearer understanding of problems and issues at the grassroots level.

2.1. legal Framework of the Panchayat Raj System

The Kerala Panchayat Raj Act particularly through the amendments brought about in 1999 has several innovative features laying a strong legal foundation for building up strong local self government institutions. The salient features are described below:

Grama Sabha The Kerala model of decentralisation aims at empowerment of the people particularly the common man. It envisages power flowing to the people through the Panchayat Raj Institutions, which are to serve as a vehicle for participation. The policy aims at giving not only voice to the people ~ut the power of choice as well. Though Kerala does not have traditional villages which are natural sociological units marked by a compact spatial cluster of settlements with a social pattern in their layout. It has made a bold attempt to induce people's participation by creating a fourth tier in the form of Grama Sabhas equated with the electoral constituency of a Village Panchayat Member, as all the electors of the Ward are members of the Grama Sabha. The powers and responsibilities of the Grama Sabha as defined in the Act are given in Annexure I. Though Kerala has only a very small tribal population (just about a percent of its total population), it provides for separate Grama Sabhas for tribals wherever their population is 50 or more in a ward. Such Grama Sabhas have the same powers and responsibilities of the general Grama Sabhas. In the case of Municipalites, the Grama Sabha is known as Ward Sabhas. Definition of functional domains Kerala has attempted to define the functional areas of the different tiers of PRIs as precisely as possible. In areas related to infrastructure and management of public institutions, the functional differentiation is sharp and clear, but in productive sectors it is difficult to clearly earmark functions separately for each tier. Only through experience can the natural functional area in such sectors get marked. There is a clear recognition that there is a role-range for local governments Agent, Adviser, Manager, Partner and Actor - with the objective being to reduce the agency role and expand the autonomous actor role. The Kerala Act classifies functions as mandatory functions, general functions and sector-wise functions. The functions assigned to the three tier Panchayat Raj Institutions are discussed in Chapter 3.

Committee System All Village and Block Panchayats have three Standing Committees and the District Panchayat five Standing Committees. The Standing Committees are constituted in such a way that every Member of the Local Government gets a chance to function in one Standing Committee or the other. Each Standing Committee is assigned certain subjects and these Committees are expected to go into the subject areas both at the planning and implementation stage in great detail.

For the purpose of co-ordination, a Steering Committee is constituted consisting of the President and Vice President of the Panchayat and the Chairpersons of Standing Committees. In addition, there are Functional Committees for different subjects which can include experts and practitioners and the Panchayats are free to constitute Sub Committees to assist the Standing Committee or Functional Committees. There is also provision for constitution of Joint Committees with neighbouring Local Governments.

Control by Government The amended Kerala Panchayat Raj Act drastically reduces the powers of direct governmental control over Panchayat Raj Institutions. While Government can issue general guidelines regarding national and State policies, it cannot meddle in day to day affairs or individual decisions. The Government can cancel resolutions of the Panchayat only through a process and in consultation with the Ombudsman or Appellate Tribunal according to the subject matter of the resolution. Similarly a Panchayat can be dissolved directly by government, only if it fails to pass the budget or if majority of its members have resigned. In all other cases a due process has to be followed and the Ombudsman has to be consulted before dissolution takes place. This is a unique feature which does not exist even in Center-State relations.

Setting up of independent institutions In order to reduce governmental control and in order to foster the concept of self government, the Act provides for creation of independent institutions to deal with various aspects of local government functioning. They are listed below: a) The State Election Commission. The Election Commission has been given powers which go beyond those required for the conduct of elections. It is empowered to delimit Wards which were formerly done through the executive and it has been given powers to disqualify defectors. b) The Finance Commission. This has been given the mandate as required by the Constitution. The first SFC was constituted in 1994 and the second SFC in 1999. c) Ombudsman for Local Governments. This is a high power institution consisting of seven members - a High Court Judge, two District Judges, two Secretaries to Government and two eminent public men selected in consultation with the Leader of Opposition. Later this was converted to a one member institution with a high court judge. This institution has been given vast powers to check malfeasance in local governments in the discharge of developmental functions. d) Appellate Tribunals. These are institutions to take care of appeals by citizens against decisions of the local government taken in the exercise of their regulatory role like issue of licence, grant of permit etc. e) Audit Commission. Though this has not yet been legislated, a policy has been taken to set up an Audit Commission which would be independent of governmental control and would function on.the lines of Comptroller and Auditor General of India and would be able to set its own standards of audit. f) State Development Council. This is headed by the Chief Minister and consists of the entire Cabinet, Leader of opposition, Vice-Chairman of the State Planning Board, the Chief Secretary, all the District Panchayat Presidents who are also Chairperson of District Planning Committee and representatives of other tiers of local governments. This institution is expected to take the lead in policy formulation and in sorting out operation issues.

Supremacy of the elected body The President of the Panchayat Raj Institutions has been declared as the executive authority. The senior most officials of various departments brought under the control of the Panchayat Raj Institutions have been declared as ex-officio Secretaries for that subject. The Panchayats have full administrative control including powers of diSciplinary action over its own staff as well as staff transferred to it. In order to ensure a healthy relationship between officials and elected Members, the Act prescribes a code of conduct, which lays down certain directive principles of polite behaviour, respect for elected authorities and protection of the freedom of the civil servant to render advice freely and fearlessly.

Responsible governance features In order to promote people's participation and make the PRls agents of good and responsible governance, certain special features have been laid down in the Act. There is a chapter on right to information. The Act mandates publishing of a Citizen's Charter by every PRI describing clearly the entitlements of a citizen vis-a-vis a Panchayat with respect to the quality and standards of various services rendered by the Panchayats. 2.2 Decentralised planning Process

As mentioned earlier, decentralised local level planning has been used as the engine for harnessing public action in favour of decentralisation. In order to shake the system and force the process, a campaign approach has been followed. This campaign has succeeded in setting the agenda for decentralised development.

The People's Planning Campaign has succeeded in providing a concrete methodology for participatory planning for local level development. The roots of the methodology can be traced back to an experiment carried in Kalliassery Panchayat of Kannur District in the early 90s. In 1996 it was modified and adapted for large-scale application. The salient features of this methodology are described in Annexure 2, stage by stage.

2.3. Finances of PRls

The first State Finance Commission was constituted in May 1994 and it gave its report in February 1996. This Commission did not have the benefit of knowing the full extent of decentralisation as powers were transferred only in September 1995 and even this was a general transfer and did not clearly indicate the quantum of responsibilities assigned to local governments. However, the Commission did commendable work in analysing the resource mobilisation aspect in local governments and suggested fundamental changes to ensure rationalisation and to control tax evasion. Though the Finance Commission recommended one per cent of the net revenue of the State to be devolved to local governments, the Government went far beyond and decided to devolve 35 to 40% of the Plan Funds to local governments

Only the Grama Panchayats and Municipalities are given the power of taxation. The establishment cost of Block and District Panchayats are met by a non-plan grant-in-aid from Government. The major taxes levied by Village Panchayats are Property Tax, Profession Tax, Entertainment Tax and Advertisement Tax, the last one practically not exploited. The assigned taxes by the State Government consist of Land Revenue and Surcharge on Stamp Duty and the shared tax is the Motor Vehicle Tax. The Kerala Panchayat Raj Act provides for levy of user charges and also availing of institutional finance by Panchayat Raj Institutions.

2.4. Role of State Government

Genuine decentralisation demands that there should be a gradual withdrawal of direct executive control over local governments. This has to be balanced with the need for accountability. The best option is to create independent regulatory institutions or strengthen existing ones. Kerala has gone considerable ahead in this process.

As decentralisation progresses, the attitude of the State Government towards the local government has to go through appropriate phases which has administrative implications. In the initial days patience and tolerance are highly essential as several mistakes could be made - some of them bonafide and a good number of them malafide. Government should have all eyes and ears to grasp the complexities of the process. Quickly this sho~ld be followed by a corrective phase where the focus is on helping local governments to set their house in order. This would mark the period of stabilization and institutionalization. Thereafter the regulatory institutions should take over and have both preventive as well as punitive systems in place to avoid mal-administration and malfeasance

2.5. Performance Assessment

Decentralization has had several positive spin-offs. They are summarized below: 1. The formula based devolution of funds has ensured that funds have flowed to every nook and corner of the State including the hitherto outlying and backward areas, facilitating public investment. 2. The cornerstone of Kerala's decentralization has been people's participation. The processes have been designed to facilitate intervention by the interested citizen at all stages of the development process right from generation of developmental ideas through project planning, project implementation, up to monitoring. 3. Decentralization has resulted in better targeting especially in the case of individual benefits by insisting on a due process in the selection of beneficiaries. The quality of identification has certainly improved. 4. Decentralization has opened up opportunities for wide ranging reforms. Already right to information, prescription of dire process in giving of benefits, outsourcing of technical services, community management of assets and simplification of procedures have taken place. More reforms in the form of independent regulatory institutions, improved management systems both financial and administrative, enhanced accountability mechanisms etc., are in the offing. 5. In development matters local governments have significant achievements. The important ones are: • As is evident from the performance, local governments have done well 'in provision of minimum needs infrastructure both to househol.ds as well as to communities. This is particularly true of housing, sanitation, water supply, infrastructure of hospitals and schools and connectivity. • The introduction of the mandatory Women Component Plan has been a path breaker. Local governments have gradually matured in their planning for gender sensitive schemes. Earmarking of 10% of the plan outlay for women has helped considerably the disadvantaged groups among women like widows, and has improved the provision of services which are of direct benefit to women. The local governments have to be further guided to improve the quality of planning to engender it fully. • Local government plans have shown a strong anti-poverty bias. More funds have flown to families below poverty line through local governments than would normally have been. • Local governments have evolved good models in water supply, improvement of quality of education, improving agriculture productivity, etc. They have generally shown a preference for affordable technologies and appropriate solutions. There have been some positive steps in areas like integrated natural resource management

The Kerala Development Programme has been launched in 2002 to take decentralization to a new trajectory of growth and maturation. It seeks to analyze the experience of People's Plan Campaign and address issues thrown up by experience. The objectives of the programme are:

• To make Government's policy commitments to decentralization unambiguously clear. • To take decentralization from the campaign mode to a phase of institutionalization to make it sustainable. • To focus attention on the needs, opportunities and concerns arising out of experiences so far and devise clear strategies and action plans to address them • Motivate and guide local governments to concentrate on local development and improve delivery of services avoiding waste and inefficiencies. • To bring about an organic relationship between transferred departments and local governments and bring in role clarity. • To launch a comprehensive capacity building programme going beyond plan formulation and implementation and stressing management, governance and long term development issues

Certain innovations have been introduced in the planning methodology to make it more participatory and quality oriented. They include, preparation of a Vision document by a Working Group consisting of Experts drawn from among elected members, practitioners, officials, academicians and activists. The functions of this Working Group are: o Analysis of the development sector(s)/area(s) assigned to it. o Evaluation of the performanceduring the last five years. o Identification of existing problems, gaps, needs, possibilities. o Generation of a shared vision on the development of the sector(s)/area(s) o Suggesting an action plan to realize the vision with priorities and reasons for the priority. o Preparation of draft projects to implement the action plan. o Identification of spillover projects. o Updation of development reports. o Monitoring of projects every quarter. o Any other task assigned by the DPC or local government Annexure II Po~r and reSflQMtbt\tt~s of GRIM. Sabt\as ~.~\nt~~~~k.\

"3 A. Powers, functions and rights of the Grama Sabha,-­

(1) Grama Sabha shall, in such manner and subject to such procedure, as may be prescribed, perform the following powers and functions, namely:­ (a) to render assistance in the collection and compilation of details required to formulate development plans of the Panchayat; (b) to formulate the proposals and fixing of priority of schemes and development programmes to be implemented in the area of Village Panchayat; (c) to prepare and submit to the Village Panchayat a final list of eligible beneficiaries in the order of priority relating to the beneficiary oriented schemes on the basis of the criteria fixed; (d) to render assistance to implement effectively the development schemes by providing facilities locally required; (e) to provide and mobilise voluntary service and contribution in cash or in kind necessary for the development plans; (f) suggesting the, location of street lights, street or community water taps, public wells, public sanitation units, irrigation facilities and such other public utility schemes; (g) to formulate schemes to impart awareness on matters of public interest like cleanliness, environmental protection, pollution control and to give protection against social evils like corruption, illicit and clandestine transactions; (h) to promote harmony and unity among various groups of people within the area of the Grama Sabha and to organise arts and sports festivals to develop good-will among the people of that locality; (i) to monitor and render assistance to the beneficiary committees engaged in the developmental activities within the area of the Village Panchayat; (j) to verify the eligibility of persons getting various kinds of welfare assistance from the Government such as pensions and subsidies; (k) to collect information regarding the detailed estimates of works proposed to be implemented in the area of the Grama Sabha; (l) to make available details regarding the services to be rendered and the activities proposed to be done by the concerned officials in the succeeding three months; (m) to know the rational behind every decision taken by the panchayat regarding the area of the Grama Sabha; (n) to know the follow up action taken on the decisions of the Grama Sabha and the detailed reasons for not implementing any of the decisions; (0) to co-operate with the employees of the village panchayats in the sanitation processes and rendering voluntary service for the removal of garbage; (p) to find out the deficiencies in the arrangements for water supply, street lighting etc. within the area of the Grama Sabha and to suggest remedial measures; (q) to assist the activities of parent-teacher associations of the schools within the area of the Grama Sabha; (r) to assist the public health activities especially prevention of diseases and family welfare, within the area of the Grama Sabha; (s) to perform such other functions as may be prescribed from time to time.

(2) The Grama Sabha shall, in its ordinary meeting or in a special meeting convened for the purpose, discuss the report referred to in sub-section (6) of section (3) and it shall have the right to know about the budgetary provisions, the details of plan outlay, item-wise allocation of funds and details of the estimates and cost of materials of works executed or proposed to be executed within the area of the Grama Sabha.

(3) The Audit report or the performance audit report placed for the consideration of the Grama Sabha shall be discussed in the meeting and its view, recommendations and suggestions shall be communicated to the concerned Village Panchayat.

(4) The quorum of the Grama Sabha shall be ten percent of the number of voters of its area and the procedure for convening and conducting meetings of the Grama Sabha shall be such as may be prescribed: Provided that the quorum of the meeting of a Grama Sabha which was adjourned earlier for want of a quorum shall be fifty when convened again.

(5) The officers of the Village Panchayat shall attend the meetings of the Grama Sabha as may be required by the president and an officer nominated by the Village Panchayat as the co­ ordinator of the Grama Sabha shall assist the convenor in convening and conducting the meetings of the Grama Sabha and in recording its decisions in the Minutes Book and also in taking up follow up action there on.

(6)The Grama Sabha may appoint, elect or constitute, general or special sub-committees for the detailed discussion on any issues or programmes and for the effective implementation of the schemes and its decisions and in furtherance its rights and responsibilities: Provided that such committees shall consist of not less than ten members of whom not less than half shall be women.

(7) Resolutions may be passed on majority basis, in the meetings of the Grama Sabha in respect of any issue within its jurisdiction, however, effort should be made to take decision on the basis of general consensus as far as possible.

(8) When beneficiaries are to be selected according to any scheme, project or plan, the criterion for eligibility and order of priority shall be fixed by the panchayat subject to the terms and conditions prescribed in the scheme, project or plan and such criteria shall be published in the manner prescribed and intimated to the Grama Sabhas.

(9) The priority list prepared by Grama Panchayat after inviting applications for the selection of beneficiaries and conducting enquiries on the applications received, shall be scrutinised at the meeting of the Grama Sabha in which the applicants are also invited and a final list of the deserving beneficiaries, in the order of priority, shall be prepared and sent for the approval of the Grama Panchayat: Provided that the village panchayat shall not change the order of priority in the list sent by the Grama Sabha for approval."

The responsibilities assigned by the Act are:

"3.B. Responsibilities of Grama Sabha.­

(1) The Grama Sabha shall have the following responsibilities, namely:­ (i) dissemination of information regarding developmental and welfare activities; (ii) participating 'in and canvassing of programmes of Health and Literacy and such other time bound developmental programmes. (iii) Collecting essential socio-economic data; (iv) Providing feed back on the performance of development programmes; (v) Resort to moral suasion to pay taxes, repayment of loans, promote environmental cleanliness and to maintains sociaL harmony;

2 (vi) mobilise local resources to augment resources of the panchayat; (vii) supervising development activities as volunteer teams and (viii) make arrangements for reporting urgently incidence of epidemics, natural calamities etc.

(2) The Grama Sabha shall make periodical reports to the village panchayats in respect of matters specified in section 3.A."

3 Annexure III Saltent Features of PeQpte's "a"ntna Campa.ltn MethodololY Salient Features of Peoples Planning Campaign methodology are outlined below:

1) Needs identification: Through a meeting of Grama Sabha, the felt needs of the community are identified. There is a period of environment creation to mobilise maximum participation in the Grama Sabha. Statistics reveal that about 10 - 12 %of the rural population has participated in the Grama Sabhas held as part of the People's Planning Campaign. The Grama sabha meetings are held in a semi structured manner with plenary sessions and sub group sessions dealing with specific developmental issues. The decisions are minuted and forwarded to the Panchayats.

2) Situation analysis: Based on the demands emanating from the Grama Sabha and based on developmental data, both primary and secondary, exhaustive Development Reports have been prepared and printed in the case of every Panchayat Raj Institution in the State. These reports describe the status in each sector of development with reference to available data, analyse the problems and point out broad strategies for further development.

3) Strategy setting: Based on the Grama Sabha feed back and the Development Report, a one day seminar is held at the PRI level in which participation of experts, elected members, representatives nominated by Grama Sabhas, practitioners from among the public is ensured. The development seminars decide the broad priorities and general direction of developmental projects to be taken up for a particular year.

4) Projectisation: The ideas thrown up by the above three stages are translated in the form of. projects by Task Forces at the PRI level. For each PRI, there are about 12 Task Forces dealing with different sectors of development. Each Task Force is headed by an elected member and is convened by the concerned government official. The Vice Chairman of the Task Force is normally a non-government expert in the sector. The projects are prepared in the suggested format outlining the objectives, describing the benefits, explaining the funding and detailing the mode of execution and phasing of the project.

5) Plan finalisation: From among the projects based on the allocation communicated, the concerned PRI finalizes its plan for the year and this plan is submitted to the DPC through the Expert Committees.

6) Plan vetting: The Expert Committees at the Block and District level vet the projects for their technical viability and consonance with the government guidelines on planning and costing and forward them to the District Planning Committee. The expert committees at state level vet the projects of District Panchayats and Corporations.

7) Plan approval: The DPC gives the formal approval to the plans after which the PRI can start implementation. It is to be noted that the DPC cannot change the priority of a PRI. It can only ensure that government guidelines are followed. Administrative approval for implementation is given project-wise by the PRI. Every PRI has unlimited powers of Administrative sanctions subject only to the limits of its Financial resources.

The most noteworthy feature of the decentralised planning process is the freedom to plan and prepare projects according to local priorities for which a huge grant-in-aid, practically untied, is devolved to the PRls. The only restriction on the PRI is that they have to spend at least 40% on the productive sector - meaning agriculture and allied activities, industries, self­ employment etc., and not more than 30% on infrastructure. A general stipulation that 10% of the funds have to be spent on women development projects is also there. The Special Component Plan/Tribal Sub-Plan component for each local government is indicated clearly. Also upper-limits subsidy for beneficiary orienteq schemes is stipulated by the Government largely in consultation with the PRls. Thus one third of development schemes in the State are conceptualized, formulated and implemented by local governments.

A remarkable feature of the People's Planning Campaign has been the effective capacity building efforts taken up. In the first year a cascading system of training was introduced to enable quick outreach to the cutting edge level. About 600 Key Resource Persons (KRPs) were identified at the State level both from Government and outside representing various disciplines. At the district level about 10,000 District Resource Persons (DRPs) and at the local government level about 100,000 Local Resource Persons (LRPs) were selected. All the DRPs and LRPs and a good number of KRPs were selected by the Local Governments themselves from government officials, professionals and activists. The massive training programme ensured that at the level of the Village Panchayat, there would be nearly 100 persons sensitized on the objectives and methodology of decentralised planning. These Resource Persons took active part in spearheading the campaign as well as intervening in critical stages of the Plan preparation and implementation cycle.

In order to fortify and simplify the training system in the second year, handbooks on various development sectors were prepared by expert panels and circulated widely among the local governments and Resource persons. These handbooks outline the problems and possibilities of the sector and contain model projects, which can be adapted according to local needs. Sixteen such handbooks were prepared.

Now the focus is on strengthening the capacity of the Task Forces on various sectors. Institutions like Medical College, Agricultural University, State owned research and development centres etc., are being utilised to provide high quality technical training to members of Task Forces in their respective disciplines. In addition, local governments which have evolved successful models are now utilised to train fellow local governments by exposing them to the models evolved.

All these training programmes are getting consolidated and institutionalised around the Kerala Institute of Local Administration, one of the few institutions of that kind existing in the country. It was set up by pooling the funds of various Village Panchayats and Municipal bodies and this institute is perceived as one owned by the local governments and has excellent credibility in reaching out to them. The experience from the training programmes is being utilized to strengthen the Kerala Institute of Local Administration which is expected to grow into a national centre of excellence for capacity building for local governments. Annexure, IV Review of Status of lmplementattGn k.~~~ft~

1. The Water 25/26 Any industriall Poor. - Delay on part of KSPCB. (Preventio developmental activity Most of - In-consistent with the Panchayat nand requires valid consent to the LSGs Raj Act/Municipalities Act. Control of establish or consent to are not - Inadequate staffing of LSGs. Pollution) operate issued by the insisting - Circular of KSPCB is not legally Act, 1974 Kerala State Pollution for binding on LSGs Control Board. consent. ' 251 LSGs to obtain consent to Poor - Inadequate follow up by B. discharge the sewage and - Lack of awareness of LSGs. from KSPCB ,- Inad uate staffi of LSGs 25126 Poor

s s r such of awareness assistance and furnish - Inadequate follow up by KSPCB such information to the KSPCB for its functions and performance

3 LSGs are lia to pay Poor awareness LSGs. 2. The Water water cess for the water - KWA has been entrusted with (Preventio consumed Isupplied supply of water and paying cess nand partially. Control of - Lack of fund. Pollution) 5 LSGs have to file monthly Poor of awareness LSGs. Cess Act, return to KSPCB - KWA has been entrusted with 1974 supply of water.

3 The s have no direct Poor - Lack of awareness of the Act. Environme powers and duties under - Further delegation by State nt this Act: However, the Government LSGs is invalid. (Protection powers and functions of - A comprehensive legislation is ) Act, 1986 the Central Government required. are being delegated to the State Government, which :are passed on to the LSGs. 4. The 4(1 ) Municipal authority shall Poor - Lack of technical knowledge. Municipal be responsible for the - Lack of fund Solid implementation of the - Lack of qualified technical Wastes provisions of these rules, staff. (Manageme and for any infrastructure - Lack of co-ordination with KSPCB

nt and i development for & other Government agencies. Handling) Icollection, storage, - Lack of involvement of public.

1 Clean Kerala Mission (CKM), the SPY. . - Lack of litical will. rity or Satisfact B to speed up the an operator of a facility ory authorization process shall make an application - LSGs to prepare comprehensive in Form-I, for grant of proposal for waste management. authorization 4(3) The municipal ty Poor - Lack of technical know shall comply with these - Lack of fund rules as per the - Lack of qualified technical staff. implementation schedule - Ineffectiveness of CKM laid down in Schedule I. - Lack of litical will 4(4) The m act - Lack of up B shall furnish its annual ory in Form-II 7(1) Municipa so waste Poor - Lack of awareness among generated in a city or a - Lack of qualified technical staff town, shall be managed - Non availability of technical and handled in accordance advice. with the compliance - Lack of statutory authority to criteria and the procedure CKM I laid down 'in Schedule-II. - Lack proper site for disposal of wastes 5. Circular nspect coastal area to Poor - Lack of awareness Coastal No.C3/ identify the violations and Notification Regulation 21688/ repot to the State - Lack of qualified technical staff. Zone 96 Government Authorities - No co-ordination of activities. Notificatio dated for legal action n, 1991 17-7-96 .of LSGD 6. The Bio­ Municipal Corporation or Poor awareness among LSGs Medical municipal board or Urban - Lack of suitable land. Wastes Local Bodies (ULB) made - Lack of fund. (Manageme responsible for providing - Lack of interest of LSGs. nt and suitable common handling) disposalli nci neration 'Rules 1998 sites. 4(1 ) Manufacture, store, of enforcement effort by distribute or use of carry prescribed Authorities. bags less than 8x12 inches - Lack of manpower in LSGs (20x30 cm) in size and - Lack of proper instrument for 7. The which do not have checking the thickness Recycled thickness less than 20 - Lack of awareness. Plastic micron has been - No direct authority to LSGs. (Manufactu bited reand ~~--~--~~~~~------~P-oo-r-.--~r-o--~~e-n~f~o-rc-e-m-e-n-t--'~~b"-y--~ Usage) and containers cribed Authorities.

2 se 3(4) Poor - Lac of awareness among Pollution authorities, local bodies - Lack of technically qualified (Regulation and other concerned staff. sand authorities shall take into Control) consideration all aspects Rules, 2000 of noise pollution as a parameter of quality of life to avoid noise nuisance and to achieve the objective of maintaining the ambient noise standards. 9. Details the duties and on functions of LSGs under this Act including that for environmental protection and conservation. are empowered Poor to collect fee or charges - Attitude of the public. for facilities like ~ Policy of State Government sanitation, water supply, and dr 218 Water courses, streams, - Delay in decision making at State water storage etc shall be Government level. transferred to LSGs. - Resistance from respective departments. - Lack of interest on the part of LSGs LSGs to provide facilities Poor on awareness among LSGs. for the collection and - Lack of fund. removal of garbage and - Lack of technical expertise. other solid wastes - Lack of infrastructure. citizen is responsib Poor - Lack of awareness among t for the collection, storage public. and disposal of garbage - Poor enforcement by LSGs. other solid wastes as per - Lack of proper facilities the instructions of LSGs. LSGs are emp to Poor - Lack of awareness enter into contract with - Poor enforcement. owner or inhabitant of a - Lack of proper facilities to offer. premise for collection and of wastes. LSGs shall proper Poor of awareness. facilities for final disposal - Lack of technical expertise. of and other solid - Lack of infrastructure &fund 219G provide Poor of awareness facilities for recycling, expertise. treatment, and disposal of - Lack of infrastructure. garbage and other solid - Lack of fund .wastes. awareness. for making arrangements - Lack of technical expertise. for the removal of wastes - Lack of infrastructure. dumped in premises other

i than residential. 219J LSGs shal prohi the Poor - Lack of awareness. storage of garbage or · Lack of technical expertise. other solid waste more - Lack of infrastructure. than 24 hours in any

Poor awareness. - Lack of technical expertise. - Lack of infrastructure & fund

219M Wastes awareness transported only in expertise. covered vehicles. - Lack of infrastructure & fund 219L Littering of wastes at Poor - Lac of awareness & nical street or public places expertise. - Lack of infrastructure. · Lack of will on the of LSGs 219S Impose a penalty of Rs 50 Poor awareness. to Rs.250 for violation of · Lack of infrastructure. rovisions of the Act - Lack of direct rs. 233 & Regu of awareness. 233A establishment of effectiv - Lack of technical expertise. industries and trades ely - Lack of co-ordination without causing adverse followin - Delay on the part of other impact on the public by g Departments. licensing the activities. - Inconsistent with the Water and Application to be referred Air Act to District Medical Officer in case of a lution C Consult with the LSGs Poor - No nated before establishing - LSGs not involved in decision industrial estates/parks or making process al economic zones. - Lack of technical staff in LSGs. 234A Transfer of all water Poor interest supply and drainage - Delay in taking decision by schemes handled by KWA Government. to LSGs. - Objections of KWA. - Lack of 'se of LSGs.

4 Water and Poor ative rom

Munici palit sewerage and the services o Resistance from KWA. ies (Act), under the Kerala Water . Lack of interest of State 1994 Authority shall vest with Government. the LSGs. ,. Lack of infrastructure & fund. ay assets. - Lack of infrastructure & fund.

Being astructure LSGs. maintain public latrines. carried - Lack of fund. out - Lack of 0 & M facilities.

326 LSGs shall arrange for - Lack of infrastructure of LSGs. removal of rubbish, solid . Lack of fund. wastes, and filth. i-Lack of technical ","vr,or,',C""," 327 Owners and occupiers of Poor - Lack of initiative from LSGs. all premises shall provide - Lack of awareness of public.

receptacle for storage, o Lack of infrastructure. segregate and deposit the - Lack of proper disposal facilities. waste as per the instructions of LSGs. 417 mayor prohibits certain kinds of cultivation, which may be out injurious to the public partially health. 419 LSGs may direct the owner Being - Lack of in LSGs or person having control carried - Lake of awareness. over the watercourse, out spring, tank, well or other partially place of water to clean and keep them safe if it is contaminated. 422 s may p t or Being rastructure regulate the washing of carried - Lake of awareness. animals or fishing in public out watercourses. 7 LSGs may direct owner or Being of infrastructure of LSGs occupier of any building or carried . Lake of awareness. land to remove the filth or out noxious or wild vegetation partially or clear, cleanse, or otherwise put the land in state 447A LSGs sha be consul r - No coo before establishing - LSGs not involved in decision industrial estate makin rocess

5 448 te Not of awareness. establishment of effectiv - Lack of technical expertise. industries and trades ely - Lack of co-ordination without causing adverse carried - Delay on the part of other impact on the public by out Departments. licensing the activities. - Inconsistent with the Water and Application to be referred Air Act to District Medical Officer in case of a lution 449 LSGs may direct any Not - Lack of awareness. factory, workshop, effectiv - Lack of technical expertise. workplace or premises to ely · Lack of infrastructure. abate the pollution or enforce · Lack of will on the part of LSGs nuisance caused by them d and to prohibit their operation if they fail to with the direction. 11. The Kerala 4 o person all develop or satl act - Poor or routine treatment Municipalit redevelop any parcel of ory rules by LSGs y Building land or construct or · Follow up action is lacking. Rules, 1999 reconstruct or make · Technical scrutiny lacking .. addition to any building · No environmental consideration. without obtaining develop permit or building permit from LSGs. (3) The owner shall remove Not · No compliance to ru all rubbish, refuse or satisfact - No timely action from LSGs. debris of any description ory - Lack of infrastructure. from the 23(1 ) No lopment or Poor · No ance to the rules construction at places of · No timely action from LSGs. deposits of solid wastes, - Lack of infrastructure. excreta, or other · Lack of interest of LSGs offensive matters, until it is removed there from 23( and Poor awareness. construction in any area · Lack of technical Expertise. notified by the · Lack of infrastructure. government of India as · No support from authority CRZ under the concerned. Environment (Protection) Act 1986 and rules made under shall be subject to the restriction contained therein. (iv) Development of plot more Poor of awareness. than 50 are or more, 10% - Lack of technical expertise. .of the total area shall be - Constraints on land resources .

6 for recrea nal space and the minimum of a single piece of open space shall not be less than 2 are. 57 (11 ) Discharge of in Poor - Lack of awareness a technical sewage and effluent, prior expertise. approval of Kerala State - Lack of co-ordination Pollution Control Board is - Lack of interest ,reqUired. - Inconsistent with Kerala Munici iUes Act 59 Hazardous occupancy Poor - Lack awareness atechnica obtain clearance from expertise. Kerala State Pollution - Lack of co-ordination Control Board. - Delay on the part of other .Departments. - Inconsistent with KMA top rainwater awareness. harvesting arrangement ory - Lack of technical expertise shall be made as an - Lack of interest. integral part of all new : buildin or extension. 12. The Kerala 15(1 ) LSGs having Kadavu or Poor - Lack awareness Protection riverbank for removal of expertise of River sand shall maintain such - Lack of interest a infrastructure. Banks and river or Kadavu bank in Regulation safe condition and protect of Removal its bio-physical of Sand environment Act, 2001 15(2) To erect concrete pi ars Poor - Lack of awareness a to block direct access of expertise

i vehicle to the riverbank. - Lack of interest a infrastructure. 15(3) To esta check post at Poor - Lack of awareness & technical each Kadavu and maintain expertise proper account of sand - Lack of interest a infrastructure. removed from the Kadavu. 15(4) Poor - Lack of awareness a attuvanchi on the expertise riverbank to protect the - Lack of interest a infrastructure. riverbank. 16 Prepare river ban Poor - Lack of awareness a technical development plan for expertise establishing, coordinating - Lack of interest a infrastructure. and protecting river banks for upkeep of the bio­ physical environment of the riverbanks. Conditions for sand Poor rations in a

7 8 Annexure V Eftvironmente' '",p'-'cations of lace' Go~ts and Mtttptton ~ M~.t_~fafl~~~~~~. ldlM.

1. Functions of Panchyati Raj Institutions (as outlined in The Kerala Panchayat Raj Act, 1994) and their environmental implications ...... 2 1.1. Grama Panchayats ...... 2 1.2. Block Panchayat ...... 18 1.3. District Panchayat ...... 23 2. Functions of Nagarpalika Institutions (as outlined in The Kerala Municipality Act 1994) and their environmental implications ...... :...... 32 3. Environmental Analysis of Development interventions of other departments ...... 54 1. Functions of Panchyati Raj Institutions (as outlined in The Kerala Panchayat Raj Act, 1994) and their environmental implications

1.1. Grama Panchayats ~~F~ FUnctior)s " "';;:"::/ Causative, factorI activity , Iinked to Adverse, effects of the base: activityl poor service ILevel of Mitigation measures :', '~i:,.:.:~r . "', 'the functIOn ,,' ,delivery , ,environmental 'c 1;" ,J, .. x ;~;;':'~:' " , ' . , ,' .. , : , . impact ! A. Mandatory Functions ~Regulating building - Building construction - Land congestion H -Minimise conversion of wetland, environmentally I construction - Land reclamation Land use - Ground water depletion sensitive areas and agricultural land changes -Increased risk of flooding - Enforce roof top rain water harvesting in water • Waste generation • Reduced vegetative cover scare low lying areas and in hilly areas; -Increased radiation • popularize ground water recharge structures in suitable terrains - Reduced assimilative capavity - Depleting land and water resource • Sanitary toilets in each household - Control mining and quarrying activites for - Land water and air pollution construction materials - Promote use of alternate technology/materials. • Promote planting of trees in homesteads 2. Protection of public - Encroachment - Undesirable land use M -Identification and demarcation of puramboku / lands against • Poor compliance - Loss of open space other govt land encroachment. - Loss of buffer • regular monitoring of public land • removal of enchroachments Maintenance of • Poor upkeep of DWS - Depleting groundwater H -Involvement of community for Maintenance of traditional drinking - Filling up - Loss of storage capacity traditional drinking water sources water sources. • Source contamination -Increased vector menace - Cleaning of source and surroundings I - Prohibit solid waste dumping, except in designated - Water quality deterioration - Reduced water availability facilites • Promote ground water recharge structures suitable to the terrain conditions 4. Preservation of ponds - Poor upkeep - Depleting groundwater H • Cleaning and de-silting of source and other water - Filling up of waterbodies - Loss of storage capacity - Avoid solid/liquid waste dumping in and around the tanks. - Source contamination - Reduced recharge potential areas - Promote rearing of larvivorous fish - Water quality deterioration ! - Ecosystem imbalance .Controlwashing and bathing ghats . -Increased vector menace - Control spread of weeds -Increased water/vector borne diseases 5. Maintenance of - Poor upkeep • Reduced flushing H • Prohibit solidi liquid waste dumping into the canal waterways and canals • Filling up • increased risk of flooding • Periodic cleaning and de-silting to ensure flow and '---­ 51 Functions Causative factorI activity linked to Adverse effects of the base activityl poor servke Level of Mitigation measures 0 the function delivery environmental 1 impact under the control of - Loss of storage capacity flushing Village - Reduced transporation efficiency - Promote bank strengthening (preferably through Panchayats. - Ecosystem imbalance planting trees, bamboo, local grass varieties, • Increased vector menace mangroves etc) • Depleting groundwater • Control washing and bathing ghats • Infestation of undiseable species • Control activities like coconut husk rotting • Control spread of weeds (de-weeding) • Prohibit discharge of solid/liquid waste from houseboats and promote eco friendly technologies -Control pollution/ oil spill from mechanized boats rc;: --tcotlection and.Waste generation New -Increased pollution load H • Identification of suitable sites for solid waste disposal of solid generation waste (Plastic _Poor aesthetics, foul smell management facilities waste and regulation etc) • Increased vector menace • Installation of appropriate solid/liquid waste 0: liquid waste. Poor producer responsibility • Increased disease burden management facilites dIsposal. -Inadequate common _ Disrupted ecosystem fUnctions • Provide adequate buffer zones between waste facilities management sites and habitation zones, water • Poor compliance bodies etc • Promote segregation at source • Provide appropriate disposal facilities for bio­ degradable, non bio degradable and bio medical wastes • Promote occupational safety measures for those who are handling waste • Enforce ban on plastic -IEC activities 7. Storm water drainage / - Lack of system -flooding M • Minimise disruption of natural drainage systems • System deficiency - Water stagnation, clogging and Increased • Provide adequate and well maintained storm water • Lack of periodical attention soil moisture drainage - Ecosystem disturbance • Promote rain water harvesting and ground water -Increased vector menace recharge structures that are suitable to the local conditions T I Maintenance of I - Waste generation -Increased contaminants H - Periodic monitoring and surveillance environmental - Littering • Increased vector menace -Installation of appropriate solid/liquid waste hygiene. - Open Defecation -Increased disease incidence management facilites - Water stagnation - Poor aesthetics -Minimise disruption of natural drainage systems - Provide sanitary toilets for households Provide and maintain appropriate sanitation facilities for all public places ______'-____-''--Promote good practices and appropriate

.)" 'Sc Functions Causative factor/activity linked to Adverse effects of the base activity/ poor service Level of Mitigation measures nf the function delivery environmental I " impact technologies - Take up vector control measures r:--~ 9. Management of public - Littering -Increased contaminants M - Develop waste collection system for the public markets. -Inadequate waste -Increased vector menace market management system -Increased disease incidence -Installation of appropriate solidi liquid waste - Lack of cleaning - Poor aesthetics management facilites - Provide and maintain appropriate sanitation facilities for markets - Take up vector control measures 10. Vector Control. - Water stagnation - Harmful side effects of chemical control M - Maintain environmental hygeine - Waste accumulation measures - Use biological controls -Increased disease incidence - Use of chemical controls (use only those chemicals • Increased contaminants in land, water and that are not banned) air • Poor aesthetics -Increased vector menace' , ~ Regulation of • Absence of designated areas - Open slaughtering M - Provide designated areas for slaughtering slaughtering of for slaughtering -Increased contaminants - Provision for storage, collection and disposal of animals and sale of - Littering - Unhygienic surroundings solid waste meat, fish and other - Waste generation • Increased vector menace - Vector control easily perishable food - Poor upkeep - Ensure that meat!fish and other perishable food is stuffs etc. - Risk of Food poisoning -Absence of waste disposal -Increased disease incidence hygienically handled and stored facilities 12. Control of eating - Littering, - Unhygenic surroundings M - Ensure hygienic handling of food stuff places. - waste generation -Increased vector menace - Ensure that oldl decayed food is not sold - poor upkeep - Risk of food poisoning - Ensure that the place and sourroundings are clean - Poor compliance - Ensure availability of potable water for cooking - Provision for storage, collection and disposal of solid waste - Promote bio-gas generation from kitchen/food waste or vermi-composting - Vector control 13. Prevention of food - use of harmfull • Health hazards M • Monitoring, spot checks and punitive action to adulteration. carcinogenic adulterants prevent food adulteration i-: 14. Protection of roads - Littering - Poor aesthetics • Periodic maintenance and other public - Poor maintenance - Damaged roads properties. -Increased emissions -Increased risk of road accidents 4 51, Functions Causative factor/activity linked to Advers~e effects of the base activity/ poor service Level of Mitigation measures np the function delivery environmental i impact 15. Street lighting and its -Energy use -Increased energy consumtion L - Provision of adequate street lighting maintenance. • Lack of street lights and! or • Wastage of energy • Observe switiching on and switching off schedules Poor maintenance • Reduced safety and security • Use energy efficient luminaries • Higher risk of road accidents • Use renewable energy sources for street lighting I • takeup measures to prevent damage to street lights and wiring • Take measures to prevent energy theft • Community participation for management

~---,-- ,-;~ 16. Adopt immunisation No environemtnal implication NA N NA programmes. '17: Effective No environemtnal implication NA N NA implementation of National and State Level strategies and programmes for prevention and control of diseases. -~.~- f-=~ --~ 18. Establishment and • Use of firewood! dung -Increased Emissions M -Identification of suitable site maintenance of burial cakes • Ground Water contamination -Incorporate Sufficient buffer between burning and and burning grounds. -Indiscriminate burial and • Depletion of firewood burial gound sites from habitation and water bodies burning • Depletion of firewood - Use of efficient crematoria • Increased emissions • Ground water contamination 19. Issue of licenses to • Subjective depending on • Subjective depending on type of trade! H • Screening of projects to understand their dangerous and type of trde activity environmental impact and adopt mitigation offensive trades. • Not following licensing -Increased risk of chemical, industrial, measures procedure, illegal activities biological hazards, Increased risk of • Strict control on liscensing accidents • Periodic inspection and spot check by competent -Increased risk of social issues! crimes- authorities to ensure compliance trafficking, illicit brewing, alcoholism, theft etc '10. Registration of births NA NA N NA and deaths. I h 'Providing bathing and • Use of soap and detergents • Water contamination L • Designate areas for washing and bathing . washing ghats. • Indiscriminate use of water • Increase in alkalinity of land • Control of washing and bathing ghats bodies 22. Provision for ferries • use of fossil fuels • Pollution from mechanized boats L .Assessment of the traffic and provision of adequate elittering -Increased risk of boat capsizing! accidents number!trips of ferries - 5 Sl Functions Causative factor/activity linked to Adverse effects of the base activity/poor service Level of Mitigation measures no the function delivery environmental I impact ,--L-­ -Insufficient capacity I - Pollution and oil spills from mechanized - Assessment of the physical condition and capacity overloading boats of the ferry • Absence of safety • Ensure that the number of people never exceed the equipment and measures capacity • Poor maintainace of boats • Provide life jackets, floats, life guards • Periodic maintaince of engine and boat • Prevent littering & provide appropriate collection and disposal facilities rzr- Provision for parking Absence of parking space Congestion L • Identification and demarcation of suitable land for spaces for vehicles off street parking near the crowded areas Z4. Construction of Construction activity Use of construction material I waiting sheds for travelers. -Zr Provision for toilet - Uses of soap an detergents • Water contamination it. • Provision of sanitary toilets and bathing facility in facilities and bathing - Open defecation -Increase in alkalinity of land public places ghats at public • Untidy use of public place - Unhygienic public place • Efficient operation and maintainance of these places. • poor maintenance - Poor aesthetics facilities • Higher risk of contagious diseases • Contamination of water bodies wastage of water 26. Regulate the conduct • Littering - Noise pollution M • Provide public sanitation facilites and solid waste of fairs and festivals. • High risk activities (like use -Increased pollution load management measures of firework) • Poor aesthetics (post festival) - Control use of Public Address System - Use of PA system -Increased risk of festival related hazards - Preventive &. preparedness measures and - Untidy use of. public place and other man made disasters (stampede, contigency plan for managing disasters - Absence of sanitation fire outbreaks, food poisoning) facilties ~ - 27. Issue license to - Licensing domestic dogs Increased risk of rabies M - Vaccination and sterilization of stray dogs domestic dogs and to - Vaccination/ Killing of stray - Establishment of animal care facilities destroy stray dogs. dogs - B. General Functions 1; Collection and NA NA N NA updating of essential

statistics , 2. Organise voluntary NA NA N NA workers and make them participate in collective activities. ~ I 6 51 Functions Causative factor/activity linked to Adverse effects of the base activity/ poor service Level of ,t:a,u,,,, the function delivery environmental l " ". impact 3. Organise campaigns NA NA N NA for thrift. 4. Awareness building • Lack of sensitivity towards • Increased abuse and social evils L Refer to social safe guards report .agailjst;, ,~!kial. evils human rights issues and like ,0 :: 0" drinking, legal provisions for dealing I c~m~~roRtj9,r with social evils l?flQ:at~otJcs; dowry, apu$.e "'of Women and

chl~gren.· ! 5. Ensuring maximum • Suboptimal representation • Marginalisation of socially backward H • Ensure proportionate participation of all peoples participation of vulnerable sections sections and vulnerable groups stakeholder groups at all stages of • Local environmental and • Non-inclusive growth • Refer to social safe guards report for mitigation development. natural resource • Development plans are not environment measures for social impact considerations are not friendly therefor causing adverse impacts factored-in in development planning process .~ Organise relief Occurrence of natural Accidental environmental damages L .Mobilise community volunteers to assist relief activities during calamities activites in case of a disaster natural calamities. • Prepare an inventory of resources required a'nd mob lise additional resources - r Inculcating • Poor environmental • Development plans are not environment H .IEC campaigns for environmental awareness environmental sensitivity amongst people friendly therefor causing adverse impacts • Mainstreaming environmental considerations into awareness and .Indisciminate extraction and development planning motivating local contamination of natural resources for • Capacitate local govts and citizens for action for development activities environmental management environmental up gradation. - --:::--­ 1-::-­ 8. Promotion of co- Subjective depending on Subjective depending on the activity • Screening of activites for environmental impact and operative sector. Economic activity selected by implementation of mitigation measures

the group I 9. EnhanCing communal Lack of communal harmo,ny Socail unrest M • Refer to social safe guards report for mitigation harmony. measures for social impact i--10. Mobilisation of local Subjective depending on the Subjective depending on the activity S • Screening of activites for environmental impact and resources in cash or development activity implementation of mitigation measures in kind including free envisaged • Refer to social safe guards report for mitigation surrender of land for measures for social impact , developmental purposes. ~ 11. Campaign on legal Lack of awareness about Exploitation of weaker sections M ~-Refer to social safe guards report for mitigation awareness among entitlements measures for social impact ~ -­ 7 functions Causative factor/activity linked to Adverse effects of the base activity! poor service Level of Mitigation measures lSInb the function delivery environmental I impact weaker sections. ~.-. 12. Campaign against lack of awareness about Exploitation of weaker sections M • Refer to social safe guards report for mitigation economic offences. entitlements measures for social impact

<---13-:- 'Organising Subjective depending on Subjective depending on the activity S Screening of activites for environmental impact and neighborhood groups Economic activity selected by implementation of mitigation measures and self -help groups the group focusing on the poor. '1"4:­ Awareness building on Lack of awareness about Lackadaisical attitude among ctizens M • Refer to social safe guards report for mitigation civic duties. duties measures for social impact

C. Sector-wise functions -j Agriculture 1. Cultivate waste lands Wasteland remain Production is not enhanced M • identification of waste land and suitable and marginal lands. uncultivated interventions • Group farming for marginal lands -~-2. '"Ensure optimum B utilisation of land.

-~ 3. Soil protection Soil erosion and soil quality • Loss of top soil M • Promote soil protection measures suitable for local deterioration • Decline in productivity conditions '-4. Production of organic B Promote production, use and marketing of organiC manure. manure 5. Establishment of B nurseries. 6. Encourage the system B co-operative group farming. 7. Organise self help B groups among farmers -,-r-=­ 8. Encourage B horticulture and vegetable cultivation. 9, Fodder development. Shortage of fodder • Open grazing l Promote fodder cultivation in waste lands • Loss of species • reduced green cover leading to erosion I­ - 10. Plant production. B 11. Seed Protection. B 12. Farm mechanisation. Mechanization • Consumption of non renewable resources L Controlled mechanization and sharing of equipments

8 -.--~. 51, - Functions Causative factor/activity linked to Adverse effects of the base activity/poor service Level of Mitigation measures 00 the function delivery : environmental : impact -Increased emissions through group farming and cooperatives - Labour loss 13. Management of Krishi B Bhavans

J'~nlmal Husbandry and Diary farmln, - 1. Cattle Development B Programmes. 2. Diary farming. Rearing cattle - Waste generation L - Appropriate facilities for handling waste -Open grazing! removal of green cover for -Monitoring and survelliance for cattle diseases or fodder the diseases spread through cattle -Increased risk of diseases! vectors spread through cattle 3. Poultry farming, bee - Waste generation L - Appropriate facilities for handling waste keeping, piggery -Increased risk of diseases! vectors of -Monitoring and survelliance for diseases or the development, goat animal origin diseases spread through animals rearing, rabbit rearing etc. 4. Running of veterinary - Waste generation L -Appropriate facilities for handling waste hospitals. f--­ 5. Running of ICDP sub- B centres. L6. Preventive Health B Programmes for animals. I-=-- ­ Prevention of cruelty NA NA N to animals. 8. Implementation of NA NA N fertility improvement programmes. 9. Control of diseases of Poor surveillance and -Increased incidence of diseases of animal L - Monitoring and surveillance animal origin. mitigation measures origin • Prevention and mitigation measures 'III. Minor Irrigation T. Maintenance and Poor upkeep • Water stagnation M - Periodic maintenance of irrigation canals implementation of all - Reduced groundwater recharge • Participatory irrigation management minor irrigation • Loss of resource projects within Crop 10"I lower productivity the area of a village I. Panchayat. - Siltation and capacity loss - breaching and flash flooding I 9 -- ..-r; 51 functions Causative factorI activity linked to Adverse effects of the base activityl poor service Level of Mitigation measures no the function delivery environmental j i impact 1. Implementation and Poor upkeep - Regulated use of resource B - Periodic maintenance of irrigation structures and maintenance of all de-siltation micro irrigation projects. --~3. - Put into practice -Inefficient use and wastage of water B - Promoting water conservation measures water conservation. resource - Promoting rain water harvesting and recharge - Water shortage measures -IEC campaigns - ­ IV. Fishing 1. Development of • Waste generation - Pollution of water bodies (as in the case of M - Provide technical support to farmers fisheries in ponds, - Land conversion prawn hatcheries) - Prevent destruction of mangrove vegetation for pisci -culture in fresh - New and alien species - Depletion of mangrove vegetation for conversion to hatcheries water and brackish conversion into hatcheries - Control disposal of wastes from hatcheries and water and -Introduction of new species affecting local processing centres mariculture. varieties • Select local species or those suitable for local - Eutrophication and reduction in dissolved conditions oxygen levels • Surveillance and monitoring for spread of diseases .Spread of fish diseases • Preventive measures against disease spead - Overcrowding leading to death - 2. Improvement of fish N seed production and distribution of off springs. 3. Distribution of fishing • Increase in number of • resource depletion M • Enforce implementation of KMFRA through fisheries implements. fishing boats and gears • Use of certain types of fishing gears department • Use of banned gears leading to depletion of specific species, • Facilitate participation of fishing community catching the juveniles • Water contamination from discarded By­ members and their associations in enforcing - By catch discarded by catch fishing/trawling ban and abolishing banned gears fishing craftsl vessels • Pollution from mechanised crafts and nets • Over fishing • Develop local consensus for fisheries resource • Use of fossil fuels conservation • Reduce by catch, or find alternate uses for by catch (as chicken feed or manure or other uses) or provide facilites for disposal of by catch • Provide facilities for maintenance of rnecbanized fishing crafts to increase energy efficiency and reduce pollution • Safety of fishermen at sea- provide equipments, capacity building and lEe campaigns -- 10 51 Functions Causative factor/activity linked to Adverse effects of the base activity! poor service Level of Mitigation measures no the function delivery environmental impact 4. Provide assistance for NA NA~------+~N -----+ fish marketing. 5. Provide mlmmum ()pen deficiation • Contamination of land and water L • Provide suitable sanitary toilets and waste basic facilities for • Unhydenic sourroundings management facilties fishermen families. • Helath hazards 6.-1 Implementation of NA N fishermen Welfare f-:_~h~m_e_s.-:-____-L.______--' V. Social Forestry 1. I Growing trees for - Selection of species, • Introduction of foreign/alien invasive L • Selection of local varieties which can be used for cattle feed, fire wood - Planting species of plants leading to destruction of cattle feed, fire wood or fruit bearing trees and growing of fruit local species • Ensure community participation for sustain ability of trees. 2. I Organise compaigns for planting of trees and to build environmental awareness. TIAHorestation of - Selection of species -Introduction of foreign/alien invasive -Selection of local varieties which can be used for waste land. _ Growing plants in nurseries species of plants leading to destruction of cattle feed, fire wood or fruit bearing trees J -Planting and maintenance local species .- Ensure community participation for sustain ability of · _Lack of community - M.ono-~ulture plantations affecting species ~ the initiative participation dIversIty -Maintainence and management of the forested area Li VI. Sma-:I""Is-c-a""l-e-:l-n""d-u-st-r""ie-s--L~ ~ ~~ ~------4 1. I Promotion of cottage­ • Subjective depending on S • Screening of the activity for harmful environmental village industries. the type of industry impact and implementation of mitigation measures selected 12. I Promotion of I N handicrafts. 3. Promotion of • Subjective depending on S J-Screening of the activity for harmful environmental traditional and mini the type of industry impact and implementation of mitigation measures industries. selected I ~---.J ~~~ ~------I VII. Housing 1. I Identification of the '-Identification of land - Land congestion M I -Minimise conversion of wetland, environmentally homeless people and -Identification of • Reduced ground water sensitive areas and agricultural land the pramboke' beneficiaries recharge/infiltration, - Provide support for roof top rain water harvesting I_ dwellers and provide _ House construction -Increased risk of flooding, water logging in water scare low lying areas and in hilly areas; 11 51 Functions Causative factor/activity linked to Adverse effects of the base activityl poor service level of Mitigation measures np the function delivery environmental r-L. impact them with lands for • Provision of amenities - Reduced vegetative cover popularize ground water recharge structures where house construction I _ Waste generation - increased radiation ever suitable and with houses. • Filling and conversion of environmentally • Sanitary toilets in each household sensitive areas - Control mining and quarrying activites for -Mining! quarrying of construction material construction materials • Contamination of land and water - Use of alternate technology! materials • Promote planting of trees in homesteads 2. Implementation of -Identification of land - Land congestion M -Minimise conversion of wetland, environmentally rural housing -Identification of - Reduced vegetative cover sensitive areas and agricultural land programmes. beneficiaries - increased radiation • Provide support for roof top rain water harvesting - House construction -Mining and quarrying for construction in water scare low lying areas and in hilly areas; - Provision of amenities material popularize ground water recharge structures - Waste generation - Contamination of land and water • Sanitary toilets in each household - Control mining and quarrying activites for construction materials ol - Use of alternate technology! materials. • Promote planting of trees in homesteads 1 3 Implementation of L Promote disaster resistant construction practices shelter upgradation programmes. r-;-;,.:-­ - VIII. Water supply r--:-­ 1. Management of water - Lack of periodic - Water contamination L - Periodic maintenance supply schemes maintenance -avoid contamination of water at source and in the within a village network panchayat • Supply potable good quality water - Avoid leaks and wastage of resource • Periodic maintenance 2. Setting up of water - Resource depletion M -Assess the water need and capacity of source supply schemes • Destabilization of soil • Recharge of source and protection of catchment within a village easures areas panchayat. - Resrouce extractlOn IX. Electricity and Energy r I Installation and -Energy use • Increased energy consumtion L I - Provision of adequate street lighting maintenance of street • Lack of street lights and! or • Wastage of energy • Observe switiching on and switching off ss:hedules lights. Poor maintenance • Reduced safety and security .•Use energy efficient luminaries • Higher risk of road accidents use renewable energy sources for street lighting • t. akeup measures to prevent damage to street lights and wiring ------~------~- ~ 12 SI Functions Causative factorI activity linked to Adverse effects of the base activityI poor service Level of Mitigation measures no the function delivery environmental ! impact - Take measures to prevent energy theft -Community participation for management ---z. -Encourage the B • Linkages with solid waste management and poverty consumption of bio­ alleviation function gas. X. Education ~ Management of • Poor maintenance - Increased risk of accidents! building ~"'" the phy,j"t coodtt;oo of the bu"djog. Government Pre­ - Absence of appropriate collapse! fire etc Ensure that there are no impending hazards with in primary Schools and sanitation measures - Poor environmental! personal hygenie and in the vicinity of the school Primary • Prepare a disaster management plan, conduct Schools. . regular mock drills • Provide adequate and appropriate sanitation facilities l~z. - Implementation of NA NA B literacy programmes. -~ 3. Management and NA NA B promotion of reading rooms and libraries. --xrPublic Works 1. Construction and - Road construction I. Reduced vegetative cover H • Design and alignment with minimal environmental maintenance of - Poor maintenance -Increased radiation . impact village roads within a /- Resource depletion 'owe that the oaturat drajoage pattem j, oot village panchayat. I" - Increased emission affected while constructing the road , • Reduced water recharge! increased runoff • Provide enough storm water drains, culverts, . prOvision for drains to in retaining walls . - Filling up of drainage channels leading to I water logging and flooding .Minimise cutting of trees for road development -Increased risk of road accidents • Promote planting of trees on road site • Increased emissions • Provide adequate lighting and road signs! reflectors and the like z. Construction of '-. Building construction • Land congestion M • Minimise conversion of wetland, environmentally buildings for I - Reduced·vegetative cover sensitive areas and agricultural land institutions including -Increased radiation • Provide support for roof top rain water harvesting those transferred - Mining and quarrying for construction in water scare low lying areas and in hilly areas; from the materials popularize ground water recharge structures Government. • Sanitary toilets in each household . • Control mining and quarrying activites for c:onstruction materials • Use of alternate technology! materials. • Promote planting of trees - - 13 'St ... IFUnCtiOns]-.causative factor/activity linked to -Adverse effects of the base activityl poor service Leve-l--l~O( -Mitigation measures no the (unction delivery environmental I· . impact r-j(II. Public Health and Sanitation ------1 1. Running of I •Generation of municipal • Injuries and infection H.Provide facilities for solid/liquid waste dispensaries, Primary and bio-medical waste • Vector menace management and management of bio medical Health Centre~ and • Un-hygienic conditions waste sub-centres (wIth all • Facilitate disease surveillance systems of • Provide adequate sanitation facilities medicines. ) 2. Management of.Waste generation T • Provide facilities for solidlliquid waste maternity and Child management and management of bio medical I I Welfare Centres. waste_ ·:- Carry out B ------!­ immunisation and I other preventive measures. 4. Implementation of NA NA B k family welfare - programme. 5. Implementation of • Poor implementation can lead to M • Provide sanitation facilities in market places, bus sanitation increased risk of health hazards stand, and educational institutions etc programmes. • Provide sanitary toilets in all houses • Precautionary mea sures for pollution prevention XIII. Social Welfare ------'------'---~-----=------~---'------! 1. Running of.Lack of adequate L • Assess the physical condition of the building. Anganwadis. maintenance Ensure that there are no impending hazards with in 1I • Absence of own buildings and in the vicinity of the school -Inadequate sanitation • Provide adequate sanitation facilities facilities I- 2~.-"S=-a-n-c"""'ti-o-m:-'n-g--an-d--:-+---:N-'A­ NA N distribution of pension to destitute, widows, handicapped and agricultural labourers. 3. Sanctioning and NA NA N distribution of unemployment I wages. 4. Sanctioning of NA NA N financial assistance ~ _~f~o~r~th~e~~m~a~r~ri~a~ge~~o~fJ______L______~______~ .. 14 'sl Functions Causative factor/activity linked to Adverse effects of the base activity/ poor service Level of Mitigation measures no the function delivery environmental impact the daughters of widows. 5. Implementation of NA NA N Group Insurance Scheme for the poor. "xIV-:-Po-verty Alleviation ~. Identifying the poor. NA NA N 2. Implementation of - Subjective depending on - Depends on the type of economic activity S - Ensure that the environmental impacts of the self employment and the type of economic activity if any are mitigated. Group Employment activity Schemes for the poor especially for women. - Providing community - Subjective depending on • Depends on type of asset S ~f assets of continuing the type of asset! activity I benefits to the poor.

~ - XV. Scheduled Caste-Scheduled Tribe Development 1. Implementation of - Subjective depending on • Subjective depending on the scheme S - Conduct an assessment for environmental impact beneficiary oriented the scheme and implement appropriate mitigation measures schemes under S.C.P, T.S.P. 2. Running of nursery • Lack of adequate -Increased risk of accidents! building L - Assess the physical condition of the building. schools for Scheduled maintenance collapse! fire etc Ensure that there are no impending hazards with in Caste-Scheduled • Absence of own buildings • Poor environmental/personal hygenie and in the vicinity of the school Tribes. -Inadequate sanitation - Provide adequate and appropraiate sanitation facilities facilities ~-- 3. Arrange basic - Absence of/inadequate - Poor environmental! personal hygenie B - Provide sanitation facilities facilities in Scheduled sanitation facilities • Promote use of renewable energy for remote Caste-Scheduled inaccessible areas Tribe Colonies. 4. Provide assistance to NA NA N Scheduled Caste- Scheduled Tribe Students. 5. Provide discretionary NA NA ~ N assistance to ScheduLed Caste- I Scheduled Tribe when L _necessary. - 15 sf Functions---­ ICa-usative factor/activity linked to Adverse effects of the base activity/poor service Level of Mitigation measures no the function delivery environmental impact ----­ XVI. Sports and Cultural Affairs ---:;----­ -----­ --­ ----­ 1. Construction of.Clearing of vegetation, • Land modification M Provide storm water drains or recharge facilities for playgrounds. leveling, & Construction • Loss of vegetative cover the run off activity • Reduction in ground water recharge --­ 2. Establishment of NA NA B Cultural Centres XVII. Public Distribution System 1. Examining the • Food adulteration • Food poisoning L - Periodic inspections by competent authorites to complaints against • sale of low quality products • Health hazards ensure the quality of supplies and to prevent food the Public adulteration Distribution System and find out and implement remedial measures. ----­ 2. Organise campaigns NA NA N against offences relating to weights and measures. 3. General supervision • Food adulteration • Food poisoning L Periodic inspections by competent authorites to and guidance of - sale of low quality products - Health hazards ensure the quality of supplies and to prevent food Ration Shops, Maveli adulteration Stores, Neethi Stores and other public distribution systems and start new public distribution centres, if necessary. ------XVIII. Natural Calamities Relief (--rProtection of Relief - Lack of prepareness and - Delay disaster response and recovery M • Prepare a disaster management for the village Centres. capacity to respond - Conduct mockdills - Mobilise community volunteers to assist relief activites in case of a disaster - Prepare an inventory of resources required and moblise additional resources -Check if equipments (including communication channels), disaster relief centres and supplies for disaster relief are functional 2. Conduct works -Subjective depending on - Subjective depending on the type of S • Ensure that the construction/ infrastructure relating to natural the type of asset/activity asset! activity development! or any other civil work involved has calamity. The work minimal environmental impact. 16 r--sr-- 'FUrictions -Causative factorI activity linked to_ Adverse effects of the base activityl poor service Level of --Mitigatiofl-measures no the function delivery ,­ environmental impact to compensate -damages caused to the assets should be , done by the respective panchayats. - - -- XIX. Co-operation 1. Organise Co-operative NA NA B societies within the boundaries of village panchayat. -~Z. Strengthen [the NA NA N- existing co-operative - institutions.

---~-- ­

17 1.2. Block Panchayat

-- .. - ._-­ - ._. _.. IJtili~p (;(wprnmpnt

Prnvitip tprhni.-

(2) Arrange • Timeliness of the input • Timeliness of supply of inputs to match the • Ensure that the agricultural inputs provided either inputs required for • Supply of chemical crop calender by the department or support provided by the LSGI schemes at the village fertilizers and pesticides • Contamination of air, water and land match the seasonal requirements of agriculture level. .Use of new/alien varieties • Ecosystem imbalance • Promote agricultural practices that are suitable for of crops the local agroclimatic conditions • Promote organic manure • Promote local! sutable varieties of crops B

(4) I Management • Poor implementation • Poor water management M watersheds falling • water scarcity within the Block • Soil erosion and loss of too soil 18 g master plan • Community participation in planning and implementation to ensure sustainability • Micro-watershed based sub plans to the projectised and implemented by GPs • Mobilizing community support in kind and labour at GP level • Convergence with NREGA and social forestry implementation • Initiatives covering more than one Panchayats to be implemented by the Block ~~------~~----~.

B

• Contamination of land and water • Provide adequate and appropriate waste management facilites

i~~,~':";;~;~~i~n ;,nrl I • Poor maintenance .; Water stagnation M.Periodic maintenance of irrigation structures and maintenance of all • Reduced groundwater recharge de-siltation Lift Irrigation • Loss of resource I •Participatory irrigation management Schemes and Minor .Crop loss Irrigation Schemes covering more than • Siltation and reduction in capacity one village • Increased risk of breaching and flash panchayats. flooding • Reduced operational efficency

of • Unhygenic handling of • • Promoting hygienic han of fish at landing landing catch centres

.. Scale Industries

19 - Pollution • Screening of projects for their environ industrial estates. industries pollution impact and implementing mitigation measures • Construction activities • Health hazards • Provide common facilities for treatment of -Increased risk of industrial accidents and industrial effluents chemical hazards - Regularly monitor pollution parameters with • Land conversion support from competent agencies - Reclamation of wetlands and -Implement mitigation measures for abating environmentally sensitive areas pollution - Reduced vegentation cover • Preparedness plan for managing chemical or industrial aCCidents - Conduct regular mockdrills .Minimise conversion of wetland, environmentally sensitive areas and agricultural land - Provide adequate buffer from habitation areas - Promote planting of trees ~------+ 2. I Promotion of • Establishment of polluting • Pollution of land, water, air & noise - Screening of projects for their environmental industries with industries pollution impact and implementing mitigation measures investment limit of - Construction activities - Health hazards· - Provide common facilities for treatment of one third of 5.5.1 -Increased risk of industrial accidents and industrial effluents chemical hazards - Regularly monitor pollution parameters with - Land conversion support from competent agencies • Reclamation of wetlands and • Implement mitigation measures for abating environmentally sensitive areas pollution - Reduced vegentation cover • Preparedness plan for managing chemical or industrial accidents • Conduct regular mockdrills -Minimise conversion of wetland, environmentally sensitive areas and agricultural land • Provide adequate buffer from habitation areas Promote olanting of trees - Subjective depending on ective depending on type of entreprise I 5 • Screening of projects for their environmental type of entreprise impact and implementing appropriate mitigation measures

B

NA N

20 depending on ution S .Minimise non renewable type of technology • Depletion of non renewable resources resources .Choose environment friend

of I • Lack of maintenance -Increased risk of accidents L - Assess the physical condition of the building. - Absence of sanitation - Poor environmental and personal hygeine Ensure that there are no impending hazards with in facilites · and in the vicinity of the school - Provide adequate sanitation facilities

Maintenance of I •Poor maintenance I - Marginal dust emission I L - Provide enough storm water drains, culverts, Village roads _ Construction of new roads provision for drains to in retaining walls connecting more than • Promote planting of new avenue trees one ~llage panchayat • Provide adequate lighting and road signs! with the Block reflectors and the like Panchayat and other roads vested in block panchayat. Z. I Construction of • Site selection and clearing - Mining and quarrying of construction .Minimise conversion of wetland, environmentally buildings for - construction material sensitive areas and agricultural land institutions - Land conversion • Provide support for roof top rain water harvesting transferred from -Increased radiation in water scare low lying areas and in hilly areas; Government • Increased chances of flooding popularize ground water recharge structures - Sanitary toilets in each household • Control mining and quarrying activites for construction materials • Use of alternate technology! materials. • Promote of trees

community • Generation of bio medical • Unhygienic H • Disposal facilities for solid! liquid and bio medical health centers and waste • Vector menace waste Taluk Hospitals with -Absence of appropriate • Risk of contagious diseases • Provision for segregation at source and all systems disposal facilities • Increased risk of building collapse and management . of medicine within - Lack of maintenance accidents • Surveillance for contagious diseases the Block Panchayat. • Implement vector control programmes and IEC campaigns • Preparation of hospital preparedness plans .Assessment of Dhvsical condition of the

21 /B

B • Convergence of NREGS initiatives with wate implementation of planning, social forestry initiatives etc employment assurance schemes in co­ ordination with the 2. I Skill upgradation B poor for self employment and giving wage employment for people below poverty line.

M:>n", ,,<>m<>nt of nr<>. 6 t)""r ""1.-"",,, • Unhygienic conditions L • Assess the physical condition of the building. • Spread of contagious diseases Ensure that there are no impending hazards with in • Absence of sanitation • Risk of accidents, food poisoning etc and in the vicinity of the hostel facilites • Poor hygeine • Provide adequate sanitation facilities • Periodic monitoring

operative Societies meant for Scheduled Caste/Scheduled Tribes.

B

22 1.3. District Panchayat

---~ ." .... -----­ Mnnili<:rltinn nf tnp .1 Ark nf rnnrtiinAtinn • Tprhnirrll snags in projects prepared bv B - Proactive role of District Panchayat in mobilizing technical expertise elnadequate technical GPsl block adequate and competent technical support for the available from support e Poor quality of projects I implementation grama/Block Panchayats Government-non­ Government

:;.,~~:~~. _.. -. to,-hn;,-:>1 I _Lack of coordination - Technical snags in projects prepared by B - Proactive role of District Panchayat in mobilizing -Inadequate technical GPsl block adequate and competent technical support for the support I e Poor quality of projects I implementation grama/Block Panchayats

Prepare schemes after 1 - Lack of coordination - Poor convergence of projects at various - Need for convergence and forward and backward taking into account levels. linkages between projects at various levels. the schemes of the Village Panchayat and the Block Panchayat to avoid duplication and to provide forward-backward

I? I i~;~~;;;~~-~~-t·;r.<:hpti I Pnn;: imnlpmpntAtinn I _Poor water management M _ Development of water shed master plan to suit the management in - water scarcity local conditions water-sheds covering • Soil erosion and loss of top soil • Mobilize competent technical support for developing more than one Block • Poor agricultural productivity master plan Panchayat area - Convergence with NREGA and social forestry implementation -Initiatives covering more than one BLOCK Panchayats ----+­to be implemented by the District Provide for • Timeliness of the input • Timeliness of supply of inputs to match the I M • Ensure that the agricuLturaL inputs provided either agricultural inputs ,-h",",i,-:>l crop calender the department or support provided by the LSGI 23 - Contamination of air, water and land match the seasonal requirements of agriculture - Use of new!alien varieties - Ecosystem imbalance - Promote agricultural practices that are suitable for of crops the local agroclimatic conditions - Promote organic manure - Promote local! sutable varieties of

• Use of pesticides - Pollution H - Prevent indiscriminate use of harmful chemicals • Use of biological controls • Harmful chemicals entering food chain • Ensure that the chemicals used for pest control • Health hazards doesn't have any harmful impact on human beings! - Spread of the biological control used other animals and plants! environment against the Dest! vector f-:c~. ,I 1­ B

• Promotion of commercially -Impact of invasive alien species on local L - Suitability of the plant to local agro climatic valued foreign species varieties conditions B

-r __ Pr~n"If'ltinn of _ Promotion of commercially -Impact of invasive alien species on local S -Assess the suitability of the crop to local agro valued foreign species varieties climatic conditions, terrain, soil and water - Suitability of commercial - Soil erosion (for ex: cardomon, tea, etc on availability crops for local agro high land slopes) - Mitigation measures for possible negative impacts climatic conditions! -Increased water use (water intensive topography crops! trees)

10. Application of bio-; Use of genetically I-Impact of GM crops 1M I •Prohibit use of genetically modified crops technology modified varieties

g - Contamination of land water and air L • Provide appropriate and adequate facilities for handling solid and liquid waste generated.

B

24 B

B

• Poor disease surveillance • Increased risk of diseases L • Surveillance and preparedness measures against • Absence of preparedness • Loss of livestock animal diseases and Mitigation measures • Increased risk of disease vectors spread • Surveillance and preparedness measures against through animals (viz Swine flue) animal borne diseases I - I -I'ropaganng new I • Dep-e-n--:d-s-o-n"'C"ty-p-e-o--:f:----+-.--=Depends on type of technology I • Assess the intervention for possible harmful impacts methods of field trials technology/ intervention intervention proposed. before promoting the same and pilot projects proposed. 8. LOcally relevant B research and ment

Development of I •Ground water recharge • Possible trigged hazards if the technology M • Moblise technical support and develop ground water ground water Suitability of the method adopted is not suitable regeneration projects suitable to the terrain and soil resources to the terrain conditions • Uncontrolled extraction of ground water conditions (ex: recharge in steep • Control the extraction of ground water for slopes might lead to commercial and industrial purposes landslides) • Extraction of ground water resources 2. • Poor maintenance • Water stagnation M - Periodic maintenance of irrigation structures and de­ maintenance of minor • Reduced groundwater recharge siltation irrigation schemes • Loss of resource • Participatory irrigation management covering more than .Crop loss one Block Panchayat Command area - Siltation and reduction in capacity development -Increased risk of breaching and flash flooding Reduced ~~~~~.:~"~ efficency ------~. • Unhygenic handling of fish I.Low quality fish L • Encourage hygienic handling of fish on board, in the marketing catch landing centres and markets

____-L • Provide storage facilities

25 3. - I Management of I • Waste generation • Unhygenic conditions I L Encourage hygieniC handling of fish district level .•Contamination of land and water resources Provide faicilites for management of waste and bye pisciculture centres, catch net making units, fish markets, feed mills, ice plants and cold

4. • Poor upkeep -Increased risk -Assess the physical condition of the building. Ensure - Absence of sanitation collapse, fire outbreaks etc that there are no impending hazards with in and in facilities - Poor hygiene the vicinity of the school - Prepare a disaster management plan, conduct regular mock drills - Provide adequate and appropriate sanitation facilities 5. new - Suitability of the new - Depletion of fisheries resource due to over -Assess suitability and appropriateness of the new technologies technology to local exploitation technology with regard to resource use and socio conditions • Depletion of selected species due to the economic value systems type of gears used (ex: impact of ring seine, purse seine etc) 6. Provide implements • Use of banned gears - Depletion of fisheries resource due to over S • Enforce implementation of KMFRA through fisheries required for • Fishing during banned exploitation department fishermen perod • depletion of selected species due to the • Facilitate participation of fishing community -Bycatch type of gears used (ex: impact of ring members and their associations in enforcing seine, purse seine etc) fishing/trawling ban and abolishing banned gears and nets • Develop local consensus for resource conservation • Reduce by catch, or find alternate uses for by catch (as chicken feed or manure or other uses) or provide for disposal of by catch - Provide facilities for maintenance of mechanized fishing crafts to increase energy efficiency and reduce pollution • Safety of fishermen at sea- provide equipments, capacity building and lEe campaigns 7; • • •

26 - Establishment of polluting - Pollution of land, water, air &: noise H - Screening of projects for their environmental impact scale industries industries pollution and implementing mitigation measures - Construction activities - Health hazards - Provide common facilities for treatment of industrial - Waste generation -Increased risk of industrial accidents and effluents and waste chemical hazards - Regularly monitor pollution parameters with support - Land conversion from competent agencies - Reclamation of wetlands and -Implement mitigation measures for abating pollution environmentally sensitive areas - Preparedness plan for managing chemical or - Reduced vegentation cover industrial accidents - Conduct regular mockdrills -Minimise conversion of wetland, environmentally sensitive areas and agricultural land - Provide adequate buffer from habitation areas - Promote planting of trees 3. Setting up - Establishment of polluting • Pollution of land, water, air &: noise H ----~• Screening of projects for their environmental impact industrial estates industries pollution and implementing mitigation measures - Construction activities • Health hazards - Provide common facilities for treatment of industrial - Increased risk of industrial accidents and effluents chemical hazards - Regularly monitor pollution parameters with support • Land conversion from competent agencies • Reclamation of wetlands and -Implement mitigation measures for abating pollution environmentally sensitive areas • Preparedness plan for managing chemical or • Reduced vegentation cover industrial accidents - Conduct regular mockdrills -Minimise conversion of wetland, environmentally sensitive areas and agricultural land - Provide adequate buffer from habitation areas • Promote planting of trees .;:------1.-~.

27 - Storage of hazardous raw -Increased risk of chemical hazards - Provide common facilities for treatment of industrial and common facility I materiaLs - Contamination of land water air effLuents and wastes centers • Disposal of pollutants -If storage involves harmful/ hazardous cchemicals then take sufficient precautionary measures for preventing pollution and accidents • RegularLy monitor pollution parameters with support from competent agencies • ImpLement mitigation measures for abating pollution - Preparedness plan for managing chemical or industrial accidents • Conduct regular mock drills I 9. t ImDlementation of I-Establishment of Polluting - Pollution of land, water ft air, noise 5 ----+1·.Screening of projects for their environmental impact industries industries pollution and implementing mitigation measures development credit • Health hazards • Regularly monitor pollution parameters with support schemes • Increased risk of chemicaL hazards/ from competent agencies industriaL accidents • Implement mitigation measures for abating pollution - Preparedness plan for managing chemical or industrial accidents

• Land filling - Land congestion -Minimise conversion of wetland, environmentally housing complex and - Clearing the site - reduced ground water sensitive areas and agricultural land infrastructure - Land conversion recharge/infiltration, - Enforce roof top rain water harvesting in water scare development - Construction of buildings -increased risk of flooding low lying areas and in hilly areas; popularize ground Mobilisation of water recharge structures - Construction of roads - Reduced vegetative cover housing finance - Sanitary toilets in each house - Waste generation -Increased radiation -filling and conversion of environmentally - Control mining and quarrying activities for sensitive areas, agricultural land construction materials -Mining/ quarrying/ transportation of - Promote use of alternate technology/materials. construction material - Promote planting of trees in the land / homesteads -Increased load on transportation, water - Provide infrastructure facilities for sullage / sewage suppLy and sewage infrastructure treatment and disposal - Promote recycling and reuse of water • Provide solid waste management facilities -Provide adequate open space, recreatiopal facilities and parking space

- Poor maintenance - Wastage of water M - Supply potable good quality water • Construction of treatment - potabLe water scarcity .Avoid leaks and wastage of resource 28 - Contamination of drinking water -Minimise environmental impacts during construction - health hazards - Periodic maintenance - resource depletion - Source protection and recharge ---t-,.- 2. Taking------~~-+~----~------~~ over of water - Poor maintenance - Wastage•. of water -Supply potable good quality water supply schemes _ Water resource extraction - potable water scarcity - Avoid leaks and wastage of resource covering more than _ Contamination of drinking water - Periodic maintenance one Village Panchayat _health hazards • resource depletion

M n~, ,,,,u,,- maintenance

B

Management - Poor upkeep -Increased risk of accidents/ building L - Assess the physical condition of the building. Ensure Government high -Absence of sanitation collapse, fire outbreaks etc that there are no impending hazards with in and in schools (including facilities - Poor hygiene the vicinity of the school Lower and Upper - Prepare a disaster management plan, conduct Primary Schools regular mock drills attached to high - Provide adequate and appropriate sanitation schools) facilities . Management - Poor upkeep -Increased risk of accidents/ building e.Assess the physical condition of the building. Ensure Government Higher - Absence of sanitation collapse, fire outbreaks etc that there are no impending hazards with in and in Secondary Schools facilities - Poor hygiene the vicinity of the school - Prepare a disaster management plan, conduct regular mock drills - Provide adequate sanitation facilities 3. Management of - Poor upkeep -Increased risk of accidents/ building L' j;Assess the physical condition of the building. Ensure· Government Technical -Absence of sanitation collapse, fire outbreaks etc that :h~~e are no impending hazards with in and in Schools facilities _ Poor hygiene the VICInity of the school - Prepare a disaster management plan, conduct regular mock drills Provide adequate sanitation facilities ._---1--­ 4. Management - Poor upkeep -Increased risk of accidents/ building L Assess the physical condition of the building. Ensure Government - Absence of sanitation collapse, fire outbreaks etc that there are no impending hazards with in and in Vocational Training facilities e Poor hygiene the vicinity of the school Centres and - Prepare a disaster management plan, conduct Ploytechnics mock drills 29 5. I Management of - Poor upkeep -Increased risk of accidents/ building L - Assess the physical condition of the building. Ensure Government -Absence of sanitation collapse, fire outbreaks etc that there are no impending hazards with in and in Vocational Higher facilities - Poor hygiene the vicinity of the school Secondary Schools - Prepare a disaster management plan, conduct regular mock drills - Provide adequate sanitation facilities ment of I IB District Institute for Educational and Training Co-ordination of centrally and State sponsored programmes related to education fie Works - Felling of trees, site - Reduced vegetative cover M - Design and alignment with minimal environmental maintenance of all clearing, leveling -Increased radiation impact district roads vested - Construction of road - Resource depletion - Ensure that the natural drainage pattern is not within the District - Poor maintenance of road -Increased emission affected while constructing the road Panchayat other than - Reduced water recharge / increased runoff - Provide enough storm water drains," culverts, major district roads. provision for drains to in retaining walls -Increased risk of road accidents -Increased emissions - Minimise cutting of trees for road development - Promote planting of new avenue trees - Provide adequate lighting and road signs/ reflectors and the like - Minimise conversion of wetland, agricultural land and sensitive areas - Construction of buildings - Land congestion M -Minimise conversion of wetland, environmentally building sensitive areas and agricultural land for I - Reduced vegetative cover institutions -Increased radiation - Enforce roof top rain water harvesting in water scare transferred - Mining and quarrying for construction low lying areas and in hilly areas; popularize ground materials water recharge structures - Sanitary toilets - Use of alternate technology / materials. - Promote planting of trees in the land

Management of I -Generation of bio-medical ,-Pollution of land, water, air - Disposal facilities for solidi liquid and bio medical district hospitals with waste -Increased risk of health hazards IH waste all systems of 30 -Absence of appropriate - Vector menace - Provision for segregation at source and management disposal facilities -Increased risk of health hazards • Surveillance for contagious diseases - Poor upkeep of hospitals • spread of contagious diseases -Implement vector control programmes and lEe - Poor disease surveillance campaigns and mitigation measures • Preparation of hospital preparedness plans • Assessment of physical condition of the hospital building and take up mitigation measures • Poor upkeep • Increased risk of accidents/ building ~------t-. Assess the physical condition of the building. Ensure - Absence of sanitation collapse, fire outbreaks etc that there are no impending hazards with in and in facilities - Poor hygiene the vicinity of the building and • Provide adequate sanitation facilities disabled

of B actors State

at

to B

2 Establishment of • Poor upkeep -Increased risk of accidentsl building L • Assess the physical condition of the building. Ensure welfare centres for - Absence of sanitation collapse, fire outbreaks etc that there are no impending hazards with in and in the handicapped and facilities - Poor hygiene .the vicinity of the building destitute • Provide adequate sanitation facilities

~r~~~,ii-~o' ...­ npnpnrk nn thp tvnp nf npnpnrl~ on the type of infrastructure , $- I-Screening of projets for their environmental impact and taking up mitigation measures

- Poor upkeep -Increased risk of accidentsl building L -Assess the physical condition of the building. Ensure metric hostels -Absence of sanitation collapse, fire outbreaks etc that there are no impending hazards with in and in facilities - Poor hygiene the vicinity of the school - Prepare a disaster management plan, conduct regular mock drills • • Provide adequate sanitation facilities 2. Management of - Poor upkeep ... _. _._ _ _ _. _____ . ,-Assess the physical condition of the building. Ensure

J vocational training .Absence of sanitation collapse, fire outbreaks etc that there are no impending hazards with in and in 31 • Prepare a disaster management plan, conduct regular mock drills • Provide adequate sanitation facilities

• Site clearing, • reduced ground water recnarge • Provide adequate drainage facilities and provisions stadium • Leveling and compacting • Reduced vegetative cover for ground water recharge • construction • Increased radiation • filling and conversion of environmentally sensitive areas, agricultural land • Mining/ quarrying/ transportation of construction material

B

N

2. Functions of Nagarpalika Institutions (as outlined in The Kerala Municipality Act 1994) and their environmental implications

Causative factor I activity Adverse effects of the base activity and .or of poor Mitigation measures thefunction service delivery

32 r-sr-- Functions Causative factor/activity linked to ~Adverse effects of the base activity and .or of poor Level of Mitigation measures 1 np the function service delivery environmental impact 1. Regulating building - Building construction - Land congestion H -Minimise conversion of wetland, environmentally construction. • Land reclamation -Ground water depletion sensitive areas and agricultural land - Land use changes • Increased risk of flooding - Enforce roof top rain water harvesting in water scare • Waste generation - Reduced vegetative cover low lying areas and in hilly areas; • High rise structures -Increased radiation - popularize ground water recharge structures in suitable terrains - Hazardous use of buildings - Reduced assimilative capavity - Sanitary toilets in each household - Absence or inadequacy of - Depleting land and water resource • Control mining and quarrying activites for sanitation facilities - Land water and air pollution construction materials - Absence of storm water - Poor hygenie • Promote use of alternate technology! materials. drainage facilities! solid • Increased load on infrastructure services- waste management road, water supply and sewage networks, - Promote planting of trees in homesteads! avenue trees facilties public transportation, parking, solid waste • Unauthorised management • Provide adequate parking space for commerciallinstitutional and other landuses constructionsl • Increased hazards encroachment -Accidents at construction sitel • Provide facilities for storm water drainage and treatment of sewage and sullage construction safety - Regulate FSI to match the capacity of available • Proliferation of slums infrastructure facilities • Low standard of living • Prhibit hazardous landuses in and around residential and institutionallanduses .Monitor and remove unauthoised construction and encroachments • Develop and implement slum rehabilitation programmes - Landuse planning and preparation of urban master plans ;,.- 2. Protection of public - Encroachments • Undesirable land use H • Identification and demarcation of puramboku I other land ~ from - Unauthorised constructions - Loss of open space govt land encroachment. • Loss of buffer - regular monitoring of public land - sprawling of slums • removal of enchroachments • Monitoring slum proliferation and initiate rehabilitation measures 3. Conservation of • Poor upkeep of DWS • Depleting groundwater H -Involvement of community for Maintenance of traditional drinking • Filling up - Loss of storage capacity traditional drinking water sources water sources. - Source contamination -Increased vector menace • Cleaning of source and surroundings • Water quality deterioration • Prohibit solid waste dumping, except in designated • Reduced water availability facilites - Promote ground water recharge structures suitable to the terrain conditions -_._...... ­ -_L..­ '-- ­ ..,.., .J.J ---~------~-- --- Sf Functions C-,i-usailve factor/activity linked to Adverse effects of the base activity and .or of poor Level of YH"~d' "" measures np the function service delivery environmental impact i----'-­ --- 4. Preservation of ponds - Poor upkeep - Depleting groundwater H - Cleaning and de-silting of source and other water - Filling up - Loss of storage capacity -Avoid solid/liquid waste dumping in and around the tanks. - Source contamination -Reduced recharge potential areas - Water quality deterioration - Promote rearing of larvivorous fish - Ecosystem imbalance - Control washing and bathing ghats -Increased vector menace - Control spread of weeds - Increased water!vector borne diseases ----- ~ Maintenance of • Poor upkeep • Reduced flushing H • Prohibit solidi liquid waste dumping into the canal waterways and canals - Filling up - increased risk of flooding • Periodic cleaning and de-silting to ensure flow and under the control of - Waste diposal • Loss of storage capacity flushing the - Reduced transporation efficiency - Promote bank strengthening (preferably through Municipality. • Ecosystem imbalance planting trees, bamboo, local grass varieties, -Increased vector menace mangroves etc) • Depleting groundwater - Control washing and bathing ghats • Infestation of undiseable species • Control activities like coconut husk rotting • Control spread of weeds (de-weeding) • Prohibit discharge of solid/liquid waste from houseboats and promote eco friendly technologies • Control pollution/ oil spill from mechanized boats 7. Storm water • Lack of system -flooding H-­ • Minimise disruption of natural drainage systems drainage. - System deficiency - Water stagnation, clogging and Increased - Provide adequate and well maintained storm water - Lack of periodical attention soil moisture drainage -Mixing of storm water and - Ecosystem disturbance - Undertake cleaning and peridodic maintaince of sewage • Increased vector menace drains -Integrate ground water recharge structures with storm water drains - Promote rain water harvesting and ground water recharge structures that are suitable to the local conditions ------8. Maintenance of - Waste generation -Increased contaminants H • Periodic monitoring and surveillance environmental - Littering -Increased vector menace -Installation of appropriate solid/liquid waste hygiene. - Open Defecation -Increased disease incidence management facilites - Water stagnation - Poor aesthetics - Minimise disruption of natural drainage systems - Provide sanitary toilets for households - Provide and maintain appropriate sanitation facilities for all public places • Promote good practices and appropriate technoloiies

34 'St' Functions Causative factor/activity linked to Adverse effects of the base activity and .or of poor Level of 'Mitigation measures no the function service delivery environmental ~ ; impact - Take up vector control measures 1--., 9. . Management of public - Littering -Increased contaminants M - Develop waste collection system for the public markets. -Inadequate waste -Increased vector menace market management system - Increased disease incidence -Installation of appropriate solid/liquid waste - Lack of cleaning - Poor aesthetics management facilites -Absence of sanitation - Provide and maintain appropriate sanitation facilities facilities for markets - Take up vector control measures 10.­ Vector control. - Water stagnation - Harmful side effects of chemical control M - Maintain environmental hygeine - Waste accumulation measures - Use biological controls -Increased disease incidence - Use of chemical controls (use only those chemicals -Increased contaminants in land, water and that are not banned) air - Poor aesthetics -Increased vector menace n Regulation of -Absence of designated - Open slaughtering M - Provide designated areas for slaughtering r . slaughtering of areas for slaughtering -Increased contaminants - Provision for storage, collection and disposal of solid animals and sale of -Uttering • Unhygienic surroundings waste meat, fish and other - Waste generation -Increased vector menace - Vector control easily perishable food - Poor upkeep - Ensure that meat/fish and other perishable food is stuffs etc. - Risk of Food poisoning -Absence of waste disposal -Increased disease incidence hygienically handled and stored facilities ~2. Control of eating- - Littering, - Unhygenic surroundings M - Ensure hygienic handling of food stuff houses. - waste generation -Increased vector menace - Ensure that old/ decayed food is not sold - poor upkeep - Risk of food poisoning - Ensure that the place and sourroundings are clean - Poor compliance - Ensure availability of potable water for cooking - Provision for storage, collection and disposal of solid waste - Promote bio-gas generation from kitchen/food waste or vermi-composting I - Vector control roo Prevention of food - use of harmful! - Health hazards M -Monitoring I spot checks and punitive action to adulteration carcinogenic adulterants prevent food adulteration 14. Maintenance of roads -Uttering - Poor aesthetics L - Periodic maintenance . and other public • Poor maintenance - Damaged roads - Establishment of waste collection systems properties. -Increased emissions -Increased risk of road accidents 15. Street lighting and its -Increased energy consumtion L • Provision of adequate street lighting -Energy use -, - - ~- 35 ----~ Sl Functions Causative factor/activity linked to -Adverse effects of the base activity and .or of poor Level of Mitigation measures no the function service delivery environmental j ' I impact maintenance. - Lack of street lights and! - Wastage of energy - Observe switiching on and switching off schedules or Poor maintenance - Reduced safety and security - Use energy efficient luminaries - Higher risk of road accidents - Use renewable energy sources for street lighting - takeup measures to prevent damage to street lights and wiring - Take measures to prevent energy theft - Community participation for management 16. Adopt immunisation No environemtnal NA N NA measures. implication f7~ Effective No environemtnal Nt.. N ~-- implementation of implication National arid State level strategies and programmes for prevention and control of diseases. 18. Establishment and - Use of firewood! dung -Increased Emissions M -Identification of suitable site maintenance of burial cakes -Ground Water contamination -Incorporate Sufficient buffer between burning and and burning grounds. -Indiscriminate burial and • Depletion of firewood burial gound sites from habitation and water bodies burning - Depletion of firewood • Use of efficient crematoria • Increased emissions • Ground water contamination ------;-;-~ 19. Issue of licences to Not following licensing Increased risk of chemical, industrial, H -Screening of projects to understand their dangerous and procedure, biological hazards, accidents environmental impact and adopt mitigation measures offensive trades and illegal activities Increased risk of social issues! crimes- Strict control on liscensing industries. trafficking, illicit liquor trade, alcoholism, Periodic inspection and spot check by competent theft etc aut~orities to ensure compliance ZOo Registration of births NA N and deaths. ~ Providing bathing and • Use of soap and detergents • Water contamination L • Designate areas for washing and bathing washing ghats. -Indiscriminate use of water -Increase in alkalinity of land - Control of washing and bathing ghats bodies 22. Arranging ferries. - use of fossil fuels - Pollution from mechanized boats - Assessment of the traffic and provision of adequate • littering • Increased risk of boat capsizing! accidents number/trips of ferries • Insufficient capacity! • Pollution and oil spills from mechanized • Assessment of the physical condition an51 capacity of overloading boats the ferry -Absence of safety - Ensure that the number of people never exceed the equipment and measures capacity • Poor maintainace of boats • Provide life jackets, floats, life guards -- 1­36 ~ - Functions Causative factor/activity linked to Adverse effects of the base activity and .or of poor Level of Mitigation measures nq the function service delivery environmental - 1·--; .impact .: - Periodic maintaince of engine and boat - Prevent littering ft provide appropriate collection and disposal facilities - -.-:;-­ 23. Providing parking -Inadequate parking space, • Indiscriminate parking on streets L • Ensure that enough off street parking is provided spaces for vehicles. especially in high rise - Traffic congestion when building permissions are granted structures! high FSI areas • Increased emissions! pollution • Provide on street parking in commercial areas -Identify public and private land where in pay and park facilities can be provided 24. Construction of - Construction activity Filling up of wetlands/agricultural land ! M -Minimise conversion of wetland, environmentally waiting sheds for - Absence of sanitation environmentally sensitive areas sensitive areas and agricultural land travellers. facilities - Enforce water conservation and harvesting practices - Littering • Provide Sanitation facilities - Maintenance of waiting sheds and bus stands • Establish waste collection and disposal systems 25. Providing toilet - Uses of soap an detergents - Water contamination M - Provision of sanitary toilets and bathing facility in facilities and bathing - Open defecation -Increase in alkalinity of land public places ghats at public - Untidy use of public place - Unhygienic public place - Efficient operation and maintainance of these places. - poor maintenance - Poor aesthetics facilities - Higher risk of contagious diseases - Contamination of water bodies wastage of water 26. Regulating the • Littering - Noise pollution M • Provide public sanitation facilites and solid waste conduct of fairs and - High risk activities (like use -Increased pollution load management measures , festivals. of firework) - Poor aesthetics (post festival) • Control use of Public Address System - Use of PA system -Increased risk of festival related hazards • Preventive ft preparedness measures and contigency - Untidy use of public place and other man made disasters (stampede, plan for managing disasters - Absence of sanitation fire outbreaks, food poisoning) facilties 27. Issue licence to - licenSing domestic dogs Increased risk of rabies L - Vaccination and sterilization of stray dogs domestic dogs and - Vaccination! Killing of • Establishment of animal care facilities destroy stray dogs. stray dogs '28.­ Providing basic • Encroachment - Unhygienic conditions H • Provide common! individual sanitation facilities facilities in slum - Absence of water supply ft -Increased risk of epidemics -Improve drainage facilities in slum areas areas. sanitation facilities -Flooding • Provide facilities for treatment of sullage and sewage or connect to municipal sewage network • Provide solid waste collection facilities • Provide street lights ,-:-­ 79: Amenities including - Encroachment! absence of -Increased risk of road accidents L • Provide foot paths in all roads and prevent 37 rsr-- functions Causative factor/activity linked to ~Adverse effects of the base activity and .or of poor level of Mitigation measures nJ;> the function service delivery environmental im[l3ct foot path and road foot path • Traffic congestion encroachment of footpath crossing facilities for • Provide zebra crossings, foot over bridges and pedestrians. underpasses in busy roads

~ -~ -=~ --~ To. Preparation of • Unplanned growth • Sprawling of slums H • Prepare a master plan for city development detailed town • Insufficient infrastructure and amenities planning and Action plan for implementation in a phased manner. B. General functions ,~-~ 1. Collection and NA NA N updating of essential statistics. ~~ ~-- I--=-~ ~- 2. Organising voluntary NA NA N NA workers and make them participate in collective activities. ry- Organise campaign NA NA N NA for thrift 4. Awareness building • Lack of sensitivity towards • Increased abuse and social evils L Refer to social safe guards report against social evils human rights issues and like drinking, legal provisions for dealing consumption of with social evils narcotics, dowry and abuse of women and children. - ~- r--s.­ Ensuring maximum • Suboptimal representation .Marginalisation of socially backward H • Ensure proportionate participation of all stakeholder people's participation of vulnerable sections sections and vulnerable groups groups in all stages of • Local environmental and • Non-inclusive growth • Refer to social safe guards report for mitigation development. natural resource • Development plans are not environment measures for social impact considerations are not friendly therefor causing adverse impacts factored-in in development planning process 6. Organise relief • Lack of prepareness and • Delay disaster response and recovery H • Prepare a disaster management plan for the village activities during capacity to respond • Conduct mockdills natural calamities. .Mobilise community volunteers to assist relief activites in case of a disaster . • Prepare an inventory of resources required and moblise additional resources • Check if equipments (including communication _c:hannels), disaster relief centres and supplies for -~ 38 functions Causative factor/activity linked to Adver-ie -effects of the base activity and .or of poor Level of Mitigation measures the function service delivery environmental impact r-~~------~--~------~r------~=-~------r~d~is-a~st-e-r-r-e~li-e7f-a-re~fu-n-c~t7io-n-a~I------7. Inculcating • Poor environmental • Development plans are not environment H -IEC campaigns for environmental awareness environmental sensitivity amongst people friendly therefor causing adverse impacts • Mainstreaming environmental considerations into awareness and .Indisciminate extraction and contamination development planning motivating local of natural resources for development • Capacitate local govts and citizens for environmental action for its activities management f--c --­ upgradation. 8. Development of Co- Subjective depending on Subjective depending on the activity S • Screening of activites for environmental impact and operative Sector. Economic activity selected implementation of mitigation measures by the group 9. I Promoting------~~~ communal • Lack of communal harmony • Socail unrest M.Refer to social safe guards report for mitigation harmony. measures for social impact t-w.t-Mobilising local .-Subjective depending on • Subjective depending on the activity S • Screening of activites fpr environmental impact and resources in cash or the development activity implementation of mitigation measures in kind including free envisaged • Refer to social safe guards report for mitigation surrender of Land for measures for social impact developmental purposes. r-rr.-tpr()pagating legal • Lack of awareness about I • Exploitation of weaker sections M • Refer: to,social safeguards report for mitigation awareness among the entitlements measures for social impact weaker sections. 12. I Campaign against. Lack of awareness about 1-. Exploitation of weaker sections I M • Refer to social s,!fe;;guards report for mitigation economic offences. entitlements measures for social impact hrlOrganising • Subjective depending on • Subjective depending on the activity S • Screening of activites for environmental impact and neighbourhood groups Economic activity selected implementation of mitigation measures and self-help groups by the group with focus on the • poor. 14. I Awareness building on • Lack of awareness about • Lackadaisical attitude among ctizens M • Refer to)ocial safeguards report for mitigation civil duties. duties measures for social impact

C. Sector-wise distribution of functions ~1. AgricU,_lt_u_r,....e____--:-cc---.----r 1. Bring into cultivation • Wasteland remain • Production is not enhanced M • identification of waste land and suitable barren land and uncultivated interventions surrounding land. Group farming for marginal lands ----__J__ f 2. Ensure optimum B f--=-__+-u,c.::tilization of land. 3. Soil conservation. Soil erosion and soil quality • Loss of top soil M.Promote soil measures suitable for local 39 ---.",-~ ---- 51 Functions Causative factorI activity linked to AdverSE effects of the base activity and .or of poor - Cevel of Mitigation measures ~o the function service delivery environmental j impact deterioration -Dedine in productivity c()nditions 4. Production of organic Promote-pr()duction, use and marketing of organic manure. manure ----I-~ "'-5. Establishment of B nurseries. --- 6. Promotion of co­ B operative-group farming. ---- 7. Organising self-help B groups among farmers. ----g:---- ~motion of B horticulture and vegetable cultivation. 9. Implementation of Shortage of fodder -Oper grazing - Promote fodder cultivation in waste lands fodder crop • Loss of species development. .reduced green cover leading to erosion ------:w-:­ Encourage plant B protection activities. 1~ DeveLopment of seed B production. r--n:­ Implementation of Mechanization .Consumption of non renewable resources L Controlled mechanization and sharing of equipments farm mechanisation. -lncrE ased emissions through group farming and cooperatives • Labo ur loss

-~ 13. Running of Krishi B Bhavans - -~ Organise Agricultural B exhibitions. - II. Animal Husbandry and DairyF'arming r--:------~- --­ 1. Implementation of B cattle improvement programmes. -~. ------~- --­ 2. Increase the • Rearing cattle -Waste generation L - Appropriate facilities for handling waste production of milk. - Use better breads with .Oper grazing! removal of green cover for • Monitoring and survelliance for cattle diseases or the higher milk production fodd< r diseases spread through cattle .lncrE ased risk of diseases! vectors spread thrOl gh cattle

-~- 3 Poultry farming, bee Waste generation I L -Appropriate facilities for handling waste keeping, piggery Increa~ ed risk of diseases! vectors of animal Monitoring and surveillance for diseases or the dev~lopment, goat ()~gi~ diseases spread through animals ------~------~ 40 ,;~~~--~ sT Functions Causative factorI activity linked to ~~Adverse effects of the base activity and .or of poor -Tevel of ''''''5U'"V'' measures 0 the function service delivery environmental 1 impact ~~ -~ ---­ -----­ rearing and rabbit rearing. ~~- ---­ 4. Running of veterinary - Waste generation • Contamination of land & water L -Appropriate facilities for handling waste hospitals. -Increased risk of diseasesl vectors of - Monitoring and survelliance for diseases or the animal origin diseases spread through animals ---­ ---­ r--s:--­ Running of !.C.D.P. B sub-centres. -----­ 6. Formulation and - Poor surveillance - Spread of epidemics L­ - Monitoring and surveillance for animal diseases and implementation of -lack of preparedness and - Reduced productivity animal borne diseases preventive-health mitigation measures elmplementation of preventive health programmes programme for animals. -----­ -----­ -=,:­ ~Prevention of cruelty NA NA N to animals.

~-~ s.­ Implementation of NA NA N fertility improvement programmes. ---­ 9. Control of animal - Poor surveillance -Increased risk of diseases of animal origin M -Monitoring and surveillance for animal origin origin disease. -lack of preparedness and diseases and animal origin diseases mitigation measures -Implementation of preventive health programmes ---­ 10. Running of veterinary - Waste generation - Land and water contamination L - Provide appropriate facilities for handling waste poly-clinics and Regional Artificial Insemination Centres. ---­ 11. Providing of speciality B services in animal

hus~andry. -----­ -----­ 11. Conduct cattle­ pouLtry shows. III. Minor Irrigation: ---­ 1. Implementation and Poor upkeep - Water stagnation M - Periodic maintenance of irrigation canals maintenance of all - Reduced groundwater recharge - Participatory irrigation management minor and lift - Loss of resource irrigation projects - Crop lossl lower productivity within the Municipal areas. - Siltation and capacity loss - breaching and flash flooding . 2. Implementation and Poor upkeep - Water stagnation M - Periodic maintenance of irrigation structures and de- Maintenance of all - Reduced groundwater recharge siltation micro-irrigation - Loss of resource - Participatory irrigation management projects. -Crop loss ---­ 41 ~. Functions Causative factor/activity linked to ·Adverse effects of the base activity and .or of poor Level of Mitigation measures no, the function service delivery ! environmental i ·Y' •..:0.. -, impact • Silta tion and reduction in capacity -Increased risk of breaching and flash flooding 3: Carry out -Inefficient use and wastage of water B • Promoting water conservation measures conservation of water resource • Promoting rain water harvesting and recharge • Water shortage measures .IEC campaigns .._.­ 4. ~plementation of • Water resource extraction • Ground water shortage L - Control resource extraction for commercial and ground water • Reduced recharge due to • Undesirable impacts if the technology is industrial use resources land use changes not appropriate • Promoting interventions that are suitable for the development. local terrain, soil and hydrological conditions. IV. Fisheries: 1. Implementation of • Waste generation • Pollution of water bodies (as in the case of M • Provide technical support to farmers Pisi-culture in ponds, • Land conversion prawn hatcheries) • Prevent destruction of mangrove vegetation for fresh water and • New and alien species • Depletion of mangrove vegetation for conversion to hatcheries brackish in water, conversion into hatcheries • Control disposal of wastes from hatcheries and and development of • Introduction of new species affecting local processing centres marine products. varieties • Select local speCies or those suitable for local • Eutrophication and reduction in dissolved conditions oxygen levels - Surveillance and monitoring for spread of diseases • Spread of fish diseases • Preventive measures against disease spead - Overcrowding leading to death . _. 2. Promotion offish-seed N production and distribution. 3. Distribution of fishing -Increase in number of • resource depletion M • Enforce implementation of KMFRA through fisheries implements. fishing boats and gears - Use of certain types of fishing gears department • Use of banned gears leading to depletion of specific species, • Facilitate participation of fishing community -catching juveniles • Water contamination from discarded By- members and their associations in enforcing • By catch discarded by catch fishing/trawling ban and abolishing banned gears and fishing crafts/ vessels • Pollution from mechanised crafts nets • Over fishing • Develop local consensus for fisheries resource conservation • Use of fossil fuels • Reduce by catch, or find alternate uses for by catch (as chicken feed or manure or other use§) or provide facilites for disposal of by catch • Provide facilities for maintenance of mechanized fishing crafts to increase energy efficiency and reduce pollution ~.- - 42 Sl Functions Causative factor/activity linked to Adverse effects of the base activity and .or of poor Level of Mh'5U,"V" .. ,ca>u, c> no the function service delivery environmental I __L--_ impact • Safety of fishermen at sea· provide equipments, capacity building and IEC campaigns

----~- 4. Providing assistance NA NA N for fish marketing.

---~- 5. Providing of minimum Open deficiation • Contamination of land and water L • Provide suitable sanitary toilets and waste basic services for • Unhydenic sourroundings management facilties fishermen families. • Helath hazards 6. Implementation of NA NA N fishermen welfare scheme. 7. Development of - Unhygenic handling of • Low quallty of catch L • Promoting hygienic handling of fish at landing traditional landing catch centres centres. - Provide storage 8. Administrative - Poor upkeep • Increased risk of accidents/ building L - Assess the physical condition of the building. Ensure control of fisheries - Absence of sanitation collapse, fire outbreaks etc that there are no impending hazards with in and in schools. facilities • Poor hygiene the vicinity of the school - Prepare a disaster management plan, conduct regular mock drills - Provide adequate and appropriate sanitation facilities -­ V. Social Forestry: 1. Growing of trees for - Selection of species, -Introduction of foreign/alien invasive L - Selection of local varieties which can be used for fodder or fuel and -Planting species of plants leading to destruction of cattle feed, fire wood or fruit bearing trees growing of fruit trees. local species - Ensure community participation for sustainability of the initiative 2. Organise campaign B for planting of trees and environmental awareness. I--r- Afforestation of - Selection of species -Introduction of foreign/alien invasive I - Selection of local varieties which can be used for waste land. • Growing plants in nurseries species of plants leading to destruction of cattle feed, fire wood or fruit bearing trees - Planting and maintenance local species • Ensure community participation for 5ustainability of - Lack of community • Mono-culture plantations affecting species the initiative participation diversity • Maintainence and management of the forested area , VI. Small Scale Industries: 1. Promotion of cottage­ • Subjective depending on S • Screening of the activity for harmful environmental village industries. the type of industry impact and implementation of mitigation measures - -­ 43 . c-, Sl functions Causative factor/activity tinked to Adverse effects of the base activity and .or of poor lev-el of ""u"v. 'llLu.v.~. no,' the function service delivery environmental I " impact -- selected 2.~- Promotion of N handicrafts. 3. Promotion of • Subjective depending on S • Screening of the activity for harmful environmental traditional and mini the type of industry impact and implementation of mitigation measures industries. selected 4. Establishment of Mini • Establishment of polluting • Pollution of land, water, air &: noise H • Screening of projects for their environmental impact Industrial Estates. industries pollution and implementing mitigation measures • Construction activities • Health hazards • Provide common facilities for treatment of industrial -Increased risk of industrial accidents and effluents chemical hazards • Regularly monitor pollution parameters with support - Land conversion from competent agencies - Reclamation of wetlands and • Implement mitigation measures for abating pollution environmentally sensitive areas - Preparedness plan for managing chemical or • Reduced vegentation cover industrial accidents • Conduct regular mockdrills .Minimise conversion of wetland, environmentally sensitive areas and agricultural land • Provide adequate buffer from habitation areas • Promote planting of trees 5. Encourage the • Establishment of polluting • Pollution of land, water, air &: noise H • Screening of projects for their environmental impact industries with industries pollution and implementing mitigation measures investment of one­ • Construction activities • Health hazards • Provide common facilities for treatment of industrial third of S.S.1. limit. • Increased risk of industrial accidents and effluents chemical hazards • Regularly monitor pollution parameters with support • Land conversion from competent agencies - Reclamation of wetlands and • Implement mitigation measures for abating pollution environmentally sensitive areas • Preparedness plan for managing chemical or • Reduced vegentation cover industrial accidents • Conduct regular mockdrills • Minimise conversion of wetland, environmentally sensitive areas and agricultural land • Provide adequate buffer from habitation areas Promote planting of trees I~ -Formulate and • Subjective depending on • Subjective depending on type of entreprise 5 • Screening of projects for their environmental impact implement self­ type of entreprise and implementing appropriate mitigation measures employment schemes in Industrial Sector. T= Promotion of small • Establishment of polluting • Pollution of land, water, air &: noise '-~- • Screening of projects for their environmental impact 44 Sl Functions Causative factor/activity linked to Adverse effects of the base activity and .or of poor Level of Mitigation measures ~o the function service delivery environmental I im act -- -.--~.--- scale Industries. industries pollution and implementing mitigation measures • Construction activities • Health hazards • Provide common facilities for treatment of industrial • Increased risk of industrial accidents and effluents chemical hazards • Regularly monitor pollution parameters with support • Land conversion from competent agencies • Reclamation of wetlands and .Implement mitigation measures for abating pollution environmentally sensitive areas .Preparedness plan for managing chemical or • Reduced vegentation cover industrial accidents • Conduct regular mockdrills .Minimise conversion of wetland, environmentally sensitive areas and agricultural land • Provide adequate buffer from habitation areas • Promote planting of trees -- 9. Implementation of S Screening of projects for their environmental impact the entrepreneur and implementing mitigation measures development programmes. VII. Housing: 1. Identify the homeless • Identification of land • Land congestion ~.•-"'lo;m;se ooovecs;oo of weU"d, eov;roomeo"lly and purampoke • Identification of • Reduced ground water sensitive areas and agricultural land dwellers and to beneficiaries rechargelinfiltration, • Provide support for roof top rain water harvesting in provide house sites • House construction • Increased risk of flooding, water logging water scare low lying areas and in hilly areas; and houses. - Provision of amenities - Reduced vegetative cover ' popularize ground water recharge structures where ever suitable • Waste generation • Increased radiation • Filling and conversion of environmentally - Sanitary toilets in each household · sensitive areas • Control mining and quarrying activites for construction materials • Mining! quarrying of construction material • Use of alternate technology! materials - Contamination of land and water • Increased load on infrastructure • Promote planting of trees in homesteads 2. Implementing housing -Identification of land - Land congestion M '-Minimise conversion of wetland, environmentally programmes. -Identification of - Reduced vegetative cover sensitive areas and agricultural land beneficiaries -Increased radiation - Provide support for roof top rain water harvesting in - House construction -Mining and quarrying for construction water scare low lying areas and in hilly areas; - Provision of amenities material popularize ground water recharge structures - Waste generation - Contamination of land and water • Sanitary toilets in each household • Control mining and quarrying activites for construction materials • Use of alternate technology/ materials.

45 --­ s\ funct]-ons Causative factor/activity linked to Adverse effects of the base activity and .or of poor Level of Mii:igatfon mea sures no the function service delivery environmental ! ! impact • Promote planting of trees in homesteads r-r Implementing the L PromotedTsas-ter resistant construction practices shelter rejuvenation programmes. ---­ -,;----- 4:­ Popularlsing the low- B Promotion of disaster resistant construction practices cost housing. rs:­ Encourage housing co- N operative societies. ---­ 6. Implement the • Land filling • Land congestion H .Minimise conversion of wetland, environmentally development of • Clearing the site • reduced ground water sensitive areas and agricultural land housing complex and • Land conversion recharge / infiltration, • Enforce roof top rain water harvesting in water scare infrastructure. • Construction of buildings • increased risk of flooding low lying areas and in hilly areas; popularize ground water recharge structures • Construction of roads • Reduced vegetative cover • Sanitary toilets in each house - Waste generation • Increased radiation • filling and conversion of environmentally • Control mining and quarrying activities for sensitive areas, agricultural land construction materials • Mining/ quarrying/ transportation of • Promote use of alternate technology / materials. construction material - Promote planting of trees in the land / homesteads -Increased load on transportation, water • Provide infrastructure facilities for sullage / sewage supply and sewage infrastructure treatment and disposal • Promote recycling and reuse of water • Provide solid waste management facilities • Provide adequate open space, recreational facilities and Irking sp~ce --­ --­ 7. Mobilise fund N necessary for housing. VIII. Water Supply: ~Maintain water supply - Lack of periodic • Water contamination L • Periodic maintenance schemes within the maintenance • avoid contamination of water at source and in the respective Municipal network area. - Supply potable good quality water • Avoid leaks and wastage of resource • Periodic maintenance --­ 2. Arrange water supply - Construction, • Resource depletion M • Assess the water need and capacity of source schemes within the • laying of pipelines, • Destabilization of soil • Recharge of source and protection of catchment respective • Source protection measures areas Municipalities. • Resrouce extraction --­ --­ -----­ IX. Electricity and Energy:

1. Install street lights. -Energy use • "''-, .oQ;)","U energy consumtion L Provision of i'ltiPnlli'lte street lighting 46 ------­ ----­ 5l Functions Causative factor I activity linked to Adverse effects of the base activity and .or of poor Level of -i,litigation measures no the function service del ivery environmental I impact • Lack of street lights and! • Wastage of energy • Observe switiching on and switching off schedules or Poor maintenance • Reduced safety and security • Use energy efficient luminaries - Higher risk of road accidents • Use renewable energy sources for street lighting • takeup measures to prevent damage to street lights and wiring • Take measures to prevent energy theft • Community participation for management ------:-;-­ ------­ ----­ 2. Encourage-­ the B - Linkages with solid waste management and poverty consumption of bio­ alleviation function

gas. --­ 3. Promote the non­ • Subjective depending on • Pollution S • Minimise the use of fossil fuels and non renewable conventional energy type of technology • Depletion of non renewable resources resources sources. - Choose environment friendly technologies

~------­ X. Education: ------­ ------r--­ 1. Run the Government • Poor maintenance -Increased risk of accidents! building L - Assess the physical condition of the building. Ensure pre-primary schools, - Absence of appropriate collapse! fire etc that there are no impending hazards with in and in primary schools and sanitation measures - Poor environmental I personal hygenie the vicinity of the school High schools. • Prepare a disaster management plan, conduct regular mock drills • Provide adequate and appropriate sanitation facilities 1-:-­ ----­ ------­ 2. Implement literacy programmes ---r- Run the Government - Lack of maintenance -Increased risk of accidents L • Assess the physical condition of the building. Ensure Industrial Training - Absence of sanitation • Poor environmental and personal hygeine that there are no impending hazards with in and in Centres in the facilites the vicinity of the school Municipal area. • Provide adequate sanitation facilities 4. Run the Government - Poor upkeep • Increased risk of accidents! building • Assess the physical condition of the building. Ensure Higher Secondary - Absence of sanitation collapse, fire outbreaks etc that there are no impending hazards with in and in Schools in the facilities • Poor hygiene the vicinity of the school Municipal area. • Prepare a disaster management plan, conduct regular mock drills • Provide adequate sanitation facilities 5. Run the Government - Poor upkeep -Increased risk of accidents! building L • Assess the physical condition of the building. Ensure Technical Schools in • Absence of sanitation collapse, fire outbreaks etc that there are no impending hazards wit./1 in and in the Municipal area. facilities • Poor hygiene the vicinity of the school • Prepare a disaster management plan, conduct regular mock drills • Provide adequate sanitation facilities ----­ ------­ 47 '--Sl- Functions Causative factorI activity linked to Adverse effects of the base activity and .or of poor level of Mitigation measures rio the function service delivery environmental j ~~ ~~impact ~'-~ ­ -~ 6. RUn the Government • Poor upkeep • Increased risk of accidents/ building l • Assess the physical condition of the building. Ensure Vocational Training • Absence of sanitation collapse, fire outbreaks etc that there are no impending hazards with in and in Centres and facilities • Poor hygiene the vicinity of the school Polytechnics in the • Prepare a disaster management plan, conduct Municipal area. regular mock drills • Provide adequate sanitation facilities

~-~ T Run the Government • Poor upkeep • Increased risk of accidents/ building l • Assess the physical condition of the building. Ensure Vocational Higher • Absence of sanitation collapse, fire outbreaks etc that there are no impending hazards with in and in Secondary Schools in facilities • Poor hygiene the vicinity of the school Municipal area. .- Prepare a disaster management plan, conduct regular mock drills • Provide adequate sanitation facilities XI. Public Works: ~-:-- 1. Construct and • Felling of trees, site • Reduced vegetative cover M • Design and alignment with minimal environmental maintain the roads clearing, leveling • Increased radiation impact except National • Construction of road • Resource depletion • Ensure that the natural drainage pattern is not Highways, State • Poor maintenance of road -Increased emission affected while constructing the road Highways and major - Reduced water recharge/ increased runoff - Provide enough storm water drains, culverts, District roads within provision for drains to in retaining walls the Municipality. -Increased risk of road accidents .Minimise cutting of trees for road development -Increased emissions - Promote planting of new avenue trees • Provide adequate lighting and road signs/ reflectors and the like • Minimise conversion of wetland, agricultural land and sensitive areas 2:­ Construction of -Construction of buildings -land congestion M -Minimise conversion of wetland, environmentally building for _ Reduced vegetative cover sensitive areas and agricultural land institutions including -Increased radiation - Enforce roof top rain water harvesting in water scare those were • Mining and quarrying for construction low lying areas and in hilly areas; popularize ground transferred from materials water recharge structures Government. • Sanitary toilets • Use of alternate technology/ materials. - Promote planting of trees in the land xiI. Public Health and Sanitation: T Run Dispensaries, • Generation of bio-medical - Pollution of land, water, air H-lODisposal (,dlities (0' solidi liquid ,nd blo medbl IPrimary Health waste -Increased risk of health hazards waste Centres and sub • Absence of appropriate • Vector menace • Provision for segregation at source and management centres under all disposal facilities -Increased risk of health hazards • Surveillance for contagious diseases . systems of medicines. - Poor upkeep of hospitals -Implement vector control programmes-'!I!d IEC -- -~- 48 rsr- Functions Causative factorI activity linked to Adverse effects of the base activity and .or of poor Level of Mitigation measures service delivery environmental nb, the function r----'--'­ . impact - Poor disease surveillance - spread of contagious diseases campaigns and mitigation measures - Preparation of hospital preparedness plans -Assessment of physical condition of the hospital building and take up mitigation measures iz.-­ t-onduct child welfare N centres and mother care homes. 3. Organise remedial - Poor surveillance -Increased risk of health hazards M - Disease surveillance and other preventive - Lack of preparedness and - spread of contagious diseases -Implementation of preventive health programmes measures against mitigation measures, -IEC campaigns disease. 4. Implement family B welfare programmes, 5. Implement sanitation - Poor implementation can lead to increased B - Provide sanitation facilities in market places, bus programmes. risk of health hazards stand, and educational institutions etc - Provide sanitary toilets in all houses -;;;:.. 6. Run Public Health - Generation of bio-medical - Pollution of land, water, air H - Disposal facilities for solidi liquid and bio medical Centres and Taluk waste -Increased risk of health hazards waste hospitals under all - Absence of appropriate - Vector menace - Provision for segregation at source and management system of mediCine, disposal facilities -Increased risk of health hazards - Surveillance for contagious diseases in Municipal area. - Poor upkeep of hospitals - spread of contagious diseases -Implement vector control programmes and IEC - Poor disease surveillance campaigns and mitigation measures - Preparation of hospital preparedness plans - Assessment of physical condition of the hospital building and take up mitigation measures XIII. Social Welfare: 1. Run Anganvadis. - Lack of adequate L - Assess the physical condition of the building. Ensure maintenance that there are no impending hazards with in and in - Absence of own buildings the vicinity of the school -Inadequate sanitation • Provide adequate sanitation facilities facilities 1--: ._. ._. 2. Sanction and N distribute pension to destitutes, widows, handicapped and agricultural labourers. I Sanct;on and N distribute

_~ _unemployment _. 49 ~ -Functions Causative factorI activity linked to Adverse effects of the base activity and .or of poor --Level of "" "5~' .vd measures ~o the function service delivery environmental impact --- wages. 4. Sanction financial N assistance for the marriage of the daughters of widows. ----- 5. Implement Group N Insurance Scheme to the poor sectors. 6. Provide grant to B orphanages, 7. Start institutions for - Poor upkeep -Increased risk of accidents/ building -Assess the physical condition of the building. Ensure the welfare of collapse, fire outbreaks etc that there are no impending hazards with in and in handicapped, - Poor hygiene the vicinity of the building destitutes etc. - Provide adequate sanitation facilities -- "XiV. Eradication of poverty: ~-- 1. Identify the poor. N Z. Implement self - Subjective depending on - Depends on the type of economic activity S - Ensure that the environmental impacts of the employment and the type of economic activity if any are mitigated. group employment activity schemes for the poor, especially for women. - 3. Create community - Subjective depending on - Depends on type of asset S assets to get the type of asset! activity continuing benefit to the poor. 4. Develop the skills of B those below poverty line to do self- employment and for remunerative employment. 5. Provide basic Depends on the type of Depends on the type of infrastructure S Screening of projets for their environmental impact facilities for self- infrastructure facility facility and taking up mitigation measures employment schemes. f-=:-, - --- XV.Development of the Scheduled Caste/Scheduled Tribe: "':J Implementation of .SobjecHye depending on -Subjective depending on the scheme S • Conduct an assessment for environment,al impact beneficiary oriented the scheme and implement appropriate mitigation measures schemes under Special Component Plan (SCP) '------­ 50 ~.--. ~l Functions Causative factorI activity linked to Adverse effects of the base activity and .or of poor level of Mitigation measures '10 the function service delivery environmental . impact and Tribal Sub Plan (TSP) 2. Run Nursery schools - Lack of adequate -Increased risk of accidents/ building L - Assess the physical condition of the building. Ensure for the Scheduled maintenance collapse! fire etc that there are no impending hazards with in and in Caste I Scheduled -Absence of own buildings - Poor environmental I personal hygenie the viCinity of the school Tribe. -Inadequate sanitation - Provide adequate and appropraiate sanitation facilities facilities 3. Provide basic - Absence ofI inadequate - Poor environmental I personal hygenie B - Provide sanitation facilities facilities in the sanitation facilities residential centres for the Scheduled Castel Scheduled Tribe. 4. Provide financial NA NA N assistance for the Scheduled Caste I Scheduled Tribe Students. 5. Provide assistance NA NA N discreationally to the Scheduled Caste and the Scheduled Tribes who deserve. 6. Run Pre-rnetric - Poor upkeep - Unhygienic conditions L -Assess the physical condition of the bUilding. Ensure hostels in MuniCipal - Dilapidated buildings - Spread of contagious diseases that there are no impending hazards with in and in area. - Absence of sanitation - Risk of aCCidents, food poisoning etc the vicinity of the hostel facilites • Poor hygeine - Provide adequate sanitation facilities - Periodic monitoring -- 7. Develop Scheduled B Caste I Scheduled Tribe Co-operative Societies. 8. Run post-metric - Poor upkeep - Unhygienic conditions L -Assess the physical condition of the building. Ensure hostels in Municipal - Dilapidated buildings - Spread of contagious diseases that there are no impending hazards with in and in area. -Absence of sanitation - Risk of accidents, food poisoning etc the vicinity of the hostel facilites - Poor hygeine - Provide adequate sanitation facilities - Periodic monitoring 9. Run Vocational - Poor upkeep -Increased risk of accidentsl building L - Assess the physical condition of the building. Ensure Training Centres for - Absence of sanitation collapse, fire outbreaks etc that there are no impending hazards with in and in the Scheduled facilities - Poor hygiene the vicinity of the school Caste/Scheduled -- 51 51 Functions Causative factorI activity linked to Adverse effects of the base activity and .or of poor Level of' Miiigation measures no the function service delivery environmental ! impact -'--­ tribe jn Municipal .Pre pare a disaster management plan, conduct area. reg lar mock drills • Pro vide adequate sanitation facilities XVI. Sports and Cultural Affairs: ------­ I. Construct playgrounds • Site clearing, • reduced ground water recharge/infiltration L • Pro vide adequate drainage facilities and provisions and stadiums • Leveling and compacting • Reduced vegetative cover for ground water recharge • construction • Increased radiation • filling and conversion of environmentally sensitive areas, agricultural land • Mining/ quarrying/ transportation of construction material ----­ XVII. Public Dlstribution system: f--:r:­ Examine Complaints • Food adulteration • Food poisoning L ·Periodic inspections by competent authorites to against Public • sale of low quality products • Health hazards ensl re the quality of supplies and to prevent food distribution system adul teration and to find out and implement remedial measures. ---z:­ Organise campaigns NA NA N against offences relating to weights and measures. 3. General Supervision • Food adulteration • Food poisoning L Perio die inspections by competent authorites to of Ration shops, • sale of low quality products • Health hazards ensul e the quality of supplies and to prevent food Maveli Stores, Neethi adult eration Stores and other public- distribution systems and to provide guidance, and start new public distribution centres if

necessary. L ______--­ --­ --­ 'XViII. Natural Calamity relief: ----­ -----,---:-­ - 1. Maintain relief • Lack of prepareness and • Delay disaster response and recovery M .Prel are a disaster management plan for the city centres. capacity to respond .Con duct mockdills • Fitness of relief centres .Mot lise community volunteers to assist relief acti ites in case of a disaster .Prel are an inventory of resources required and mot ise additional resources --­ 52 ~ Functions causative factorI activity linked to Adverse effects of the base activity and .or of· poor l.evel of Mitigation measures np .the function service delivery environmental , I impact ; • Check if equipments (including communication channels), disaster relief centres and supplies for disaster relief are functional • Assess the physical condition of the building and take up maintenance measures cz.­ Organise relief • Lack of prepareness and • Delay disaster response and recovery S • Prepare a disaster management plan for the city activities. capacity to respond • Conduct mockdills • Mobilise community volunteers to assist relief activites in case of a disaster • Prepare an inventory of resources required and moblise additional resources • Check if equipments (including communication channels), disaster relief centres and supplies for disaster relief are functional • Ensure that the construction! infrastructure development! or any other civil work involved has minimal environmental impact. XIX. Co-operation: ------1. Organise Co-operative B Societies within the ~lJnicipal area. ------r-z.­ Distribute N Government grants and subsidies.

The projects dealing with Infrastructure, industries, intensive landuses, high magnitude resource consumption and some of the service sectors like sanitation are found to be the causing adverse impacts of high magnitude and intensity. This is mainly due to inadequate compliance to the stipulated protocols and poor environmental management measures.

53 3. Environmental Analysis of Development interventions of other departments

S! Projects Causative factor I activity linked to the project Adverse effects of the activity Level of MItigatlOO Measures ~o environm I ental impact_ 'I ..'t ;.f ;;", '.. f..­ Y Sustainable - technology • Use of chemical fertilizers L - Minimise the use of chemical fertilizers and Development of • group farming - Adaptability issues pesticides Rice Based - supplementary income sources - Replacement of Local rice varieties • Prevent contamination of water bodies Farming System - input support for other high yielding varieties with fertilizers and pesticides; - water management - Use of non renewable energy - monitor water quality parameters in -insurance sources surface and ground water sources - Promote organic manure, organic farming - credit support - pollution • labour loss practices, and integrated pest - infrastructure development management • mechanization - Promote and conserve local rice varieties • promotion of specialty rice - Controlled mechanisation and sharing of -procurement and marketing farm implements 2 Coconut • Entrepreneurial ventures for production of value - Subjective based on type of L • Screening of projects to understand the Development added products enterprise- Low impact since these harmful environmental impacts and take • marketing and credit agencies. are small agro based industries up appropriate mitigation measures. • increase in production and productivity of coconuts - establishment of nurseries for the production of quality coconut seedlings, - distribution of quality coconut seedlings - replanting Irehabilitation of root wilt affected palms • Promotion of micro enterprises. ~.- -Development of (1) Protection and ecological restoration of the • Construction activities for M • Mitigation of hanmful impacts of Kuttanad Wetland water spread area ; infrastructure development (roads, construction activities Eco System 12) Measures for salinity and flood management in buildings and the like) to facilitate - Ensure that the new construction activities Kuttanad:­ agriculture as well as tourism and does not block the drainage canals -Modernisation of TMB ; their impact - Bank strengthening of canals -Improving the efficiency of TSW and leading - use of non renewable energy - Periodic desilting of canals resources, channel; - Ban reclamation of paddy fields and - Regulation of flood water in kayal area near CfrD -pollution wetlands and Rani Chithira Blocks; • labour loss • Ensure that the houseboats doesnot - Complete construction of AC canal with removal • contamination due to pesticide and dispose untreated waste to the backwaters of all blocks; fertilizer use -Minimise the use of chemical fertilizers and 54 rSI Causative factor/activity linked to the project Adverse effects of the activity Level of Mitigation Measures environm ental impact_ .Monitoring and assessment; • Increased pollution load due to pesticides • Supporting research study by a consortium of tourism related activities • Prevent contamination of water bodies competent organizations on TMB operations and • Eutrophication with fertilizers and pesticides; Kayal ecology; • Increased weed and vector menace • monitor water quality parameters in (3) measures for pollution control: use of domestic • Increased risk of fish diseases and surface and ground water sources at toilets linked to ferro-cement septic tanks either their spread regular intervels individually or a cluster of few houses; • Environmental impact of micro­ • Control activites like dewatering of paddy (4) Total elimination of aquatic weeds: systematic enterprises- subjective depending fileds to reduce the harmful effects like programme all over kuttanad and rest of Alappuzha on the type of enterprise siltation in backwaters, contamination with for elimination of water hyacinth; harmful pesticides and chemical fertilizers, (5) Measures for augmenting bio diversity in the eutropication and weed! vector growth backwaters : • Take up comprehensive deweeding • Promote mangrove restoration along the banks of activities Vembanad Kayal and Kayamkulam kayal; .Control disposal of solid and liquid waste • Programme for revival of Pearl spot and giant to canals and backwaters prawns on a life cycle approach; • Promote organic manure, organic farming (6) Improving health and sanitation: install roof top practices, and integrated pest rainwater harvesting for all houses using ferro management cement tanks; • Promote and conserve local rice varieties (7) Declaring Kuttanad as special agricultural zone; 8) Provide infrastructure support to paddy • Controlled mechanisation and sharing of cultivation: farm implements • Need for restoration of KWS, Onattukara and • Screening of enterprises! indistries to Thuravoor pattanakkadu rivers, canals, drains understand the harmful environmental and water bodies like ponds; impacts and take up appropriate mitigation • Orumuttus creation of 33 permanent Kottacchira measures . across Kariyar; • Provision of other infrastructure to promote paddy cultivation; • Supply of pumps and agricultural machinery for common use at Padashekharam level; • Onattukara first paddy cultivation; Promotion of rice sesame rotation in Onattukara; (9) enforce a crop calendar: • Certified seed production for Kuttanadd and Onattukara; • Support for soil test based fertilizer application; • Pest forcasting and early warning service; L I (19) Strengthening research and extention: 55 'SlIPro]ects Causative factor/activity linked to the project Adverse effects of the activity Level of I Mitigation Measures no environm I ental impact (11) Strengthening economic viability of farming: (12) Coconut based enterprises and integrated farming: • Supporting a crash programme on re-planting diseased and low yielding palms; • Massive coconut revival programme for improving health and productivity; • One -time support for establishing integrated livestock and crop production in garden land; • Providing insurance cover to ducks- subsidy on premium; • Promotion of cluster based and market linked value addition- one time support to clusters for infrastructure; • Paddy- fish integration for ecological and economic security and farmers training; • The DoA-DoF-KAU jointly train and build capacity of farmers; (13) Actions to promote fishery wealth of Vembanad Kayal : • Cluster based cage- subsidy support; • ranching involving large scale hatchery reared production of post-larvae; • fish hatcheries for raising adequate quality fingerlings; .fresh water prawn and karimeen urgent conservation measures; (14) Promoting fishing infrastructure, capacity and fishermen welfare: • Group based enterprise on ornamental fish culture; • cold storage facility for the fishing communities; .training and capacity building of fishermen ad fingerlings production, improving sanitation and hygiene in processing units in Kuttand; (15) Infrastructure support to facilitate responsible tourism: introduction and promotion of farm tourism involving farm families 4 Matsyakeralam(N - Fresh water fish culture in ponds and tanks I -Introduction of alien species of • Prevent destruction of mangrove 56 Adverse effects of the activity Level of Mitigation Measures ~l Projects Causative factor I activity linked to the project no environm i ental I , impact ew scheme) (3750ha); weedsl fishes and their spread vegetation for conversion to hatcheries and • Paddy and Fishl prawn culture in Padasekharamsl affecting local species fish farms derelict water bodies 2250 Ha; • Increased risk of spread fish diseases • Do not promote introduction of alien • Integrated fish farming 260 Ha; • Overcrowding in water bodies species of weedsl fishes; introduce new leading to death and diseases varieties only after extensive studies • Ornamental fish production units 150 units; regarding their impact nd with adequate • Fish seed rearing units 300 units; • Pollution from hatcheriesl aquaculture units technical support • Fish seed production unitsl seed banks including • Control disposal of wastes from hatcheries cold water fish 25 units; Fish feed production • Conversion of mangrove rich areas for aquaculturel prawn hatcheries and processing centres units 10 units; • Select local species or those suitable for • Larvivorous fish culturel production units 50 local conditions units; • Surveillance and monitoring for spread of • Establishment of quality control labs 5 units; diseases • Reverine/Brackish water/Estuarine fisheries stock enhancement programmes including Sanctuaries In all Districts; • Establishment of Demonstration farmsl Panchayat level community fish ponds In all Districts; • Shrimp Farming in Pokkali Fields I in private ponds 3700 ha; • Mussel/Oyster/clam/crab farming 450 units; • Sea weed culture 150 units; Fin fish - cage and pen culture 300 units; • Crab culture 300 units; Depuration units 15 units; • Integrated training programme on aquaculture In all Districts; • Establishment of Extension service units I Documentation etc. In all Districts; • Mobile aqua clinics 5 Nos.; • Preparation of study materialsl Hand books IDocumentation etc. In all Districts; • Insurance scheme for Farmers (FFDA/BFFDA) All farmers; • Establishment of Farmers Club In all Local Bodies; • Marketing support and publicity campaign In all , Districts 5 Food Security • group farming, • Use of chemical fertilizers L • Minimise the use of chemical fertilizers and Project • fallow land cultivation, • Suitability of the variety of rice pesticides • Replacement of Local rice varieties • Prevent contamination of water bodies 57 Sl Projects Causative factor/activity linked to the project .A-averse effects of the activity Level of I Mitigation Measures environm ental > •. .1 impact • issuance of soil health cards, for other high yielding varieties with fertilizers and pesticides; • enhancing irrigation and water management • use of non renewable energy • monitor water quality parameters in services, sources surface and ground water sources • assured seed supply, • Pollution • Promote organic manure, organic farming • provision of interest free credit, • labour loss practices, and integrated pest • promoting labour friendly mechanisation, management • cattle rearing, • Promote and conserve local rice varieties • pulses cultivation, poultry, • Controlled mechanisation and sharing of farm implements • fisheries programmes, etc. for supplementing farmers income. • increasing minimum support price ft assured procurement. 1-;-6-~R-as-"h-:-t-:ri'-y-a-7;K--cri'-sh;-y-+--:1~. To incentivise the state so as to increase public 8----1-- Vikas investment in agriculture and allied sectors; Yojana(RKVY) 2. To provide flexibility and autonomy to states in the process of planning and executing schemes in the agriculture and allied sectors; 3. To ensure the preparation of agriculture plans for the districts and states based on agroclimatic conditions, availability of technology and natural resources; 4. To ensure that the local needs/ crops/priorities are better reflected in agriculture plans of the states. 5. To achieve the goal of reducing the yield gaps in important crops through focused interventions; 6. To maximize returns to the farmers in agriculture and allied sectors; 7. To bring about quantifiable changes in production and productivity of various components of agriculture and aLLied sectors by addressing them in a holistic manner. 7 Swarnaj ayanthi • Skill training to 150 nos. of SHGs.; -Subjective, depending on Choice of S • Screening of projects to understand the Gram Swarozgar • skill training to 2500 nos. of individual activity harmful environmental impacts and take Yojana (SGSY) beneficiaries; up appropriate mitigation meas~res. • Assistance for starting economic activity to 21,000 Members of SHGs; • assistance for starting economic activity to 8873 L nos. of individuals .L. --~------, 58 Sl Projects Causative factor/activity linked to the project Adverse effects of the activity Level of Mitigation Measures no environm i ental I impact 8 Housing Schemes: - Building construction; - Land congestion M·· • Minimise conversion of wetland, -Indira Awaz • Land reclamation - reduced ground water environmentally sensitive areas and Yojana - lAY -land use conversion recharge /infiltration, agricultural land (General); - waste generation - increased risk of flooding - Support roof top rain water harvesting in • Reconstruction - Absence of appropriate sanitation facilites - Reduced vegetative cover water scare low lying areas and in hilly of One Lakh areas; popularize ground water recharge -Increased radiation Housing Scheme structures (MN LAKSHAM • filling and conversion of environmentally sensitive areas - Sanitary toilets in each household VEEDU - Control mining and quarrying activites for - Mining! quarrying/ transportation of PUNARNIRMANA construction materials PADHATHI); construction material - Unhygienic conditions • Promote Use of alternate technology! - EMS Housing materials. scheme; - Contamination of land and water • Promote planting of trees in homesteads -Suraksha Housing Scheme; • SC/ST housing schemes 9 NREGP - Water conservation and water harvesting; B Convergence with watershed programmes - Drought proofing (including afforestation and tree and social forestry programmes plantation) ; -Irrigation canals, including micro and minor irrigation works; - Provision of irrigation facility to land owned by households belonging to Sc!ST or to land of beneficiaries of land reforms or that of the beneficiaries of lAY; - Renovation of traditional water bodies including desilting of tanks; - Land development; • Flood control and protection works, including drainage in water-logged areas; • Any other work, which may be notified by the Central Government in consultation with the State Government. 10 Attappady - Afforestation, B Environmental • Production of Seedlings, Conservation and \_ Production of fencing posts, Wasteland . Deve It- opmen ConservatlOn of Forest land, 59 Mitigation Measures ~l Projects Causative factor/activity linked to the project Adverse effects of the activity Level of no environm ental impact ~ Project • Conservation of Check Dams, • Construction of Contour bunds, • Construction of drainage canals, • Construction of Pits &Structures, • Employment Generation. 11 Integrated • Harvesting every drop of rainwater for drinking • Appropriateness of the technological B • Development of water shed master plan to Wasteland water supply, irrigation, pasture development, interventions to the terrain, agro- suit the local conditions Development fisheries, plantations including horticulture and climatic conditions • Technological interventions should be Programme floriculture, etc; suitable for the local agro-climatic, hudro (lWDP)IHARIYALI • Employment generation, geological and topgraphic settings (State Share • poverty alleviation, • Mobilize competent technical supportfor 8.33%) .community empowerment and development of developing watershed master plan human and biological resources of the rural areas; .Community participation in planning and • Mitigating the adverse effects of extreme climatic implementation to ensure sustainability conditions, such as, drought and desertification • Micro-watershed based sub plans to the on crops, human and livestock population, etc; projectised and implemented by GPs • Restoring ecological balance by harnessing, .Mobilizing community support in kind and conserving and developing natural resources, i.e., labour at GP level land, water, vegetative cover especially • Convergence with NREGA and social plantations; forestry implementation • Encouraging village community towards sustained • Initiatives covering more than one community action for the operation and Panchayats to be implemented by the maintenance of assets created and further Block development of the potential of the natural resources in the watershed. 12 Clean Kerala • Upgradation of solid waste management facility B Mission :20 Local bodies (15 ULB,5 G.P) ; • Remediation for solid waste processing & disposal facility: 3 Local bodies; • Incorporating waste management measures for slaughter houses: 3 Slaughter houses; .Mitigation of special waste management issues: 5 locations; • Start up activities for Regional Engineered Land Fill: 1 RELF; .Modelliquid waste management systems for institutions: 4 institutions; • Model liquid waste management systems for 60 51 Projects Causative factor I activity linked to the project Adverse effects of the activity Level of MWgat1Or1 Measures no environm I . ental :J impact colonies: 5 colonies; - Sanitary complex cum retiring facilities-Especially for women in bus station, major Government Hospitals, Tourist Centres and Pilgrim spots: 8 nos; - Support for improvements and innovations in institutional sanitation facilities -Girl and baby friendly toilets. (one school and 1 Anganwadi in all municipalities, 4 schools and 4 anganwadies in every corporation- total 58 LSG ; - Awareness campaigs in all LSGs f-,~ ..~ .~~ T3 KuduiTIbasree - target for micro-enterprise development and - Depends on the type of activity S - Screening of projects to understand the Subsidy: 285 nos selected harmful environmental impacts and take up appropriate mitigation measures. Special , - Depends on the type of activity 5 - Screening of projects to understand the Development selected harmful environmental impacts and take Fund for MLA ­ up appropriate mitigation measures. Area Development 14 BuriaTground - Land identification -Infiltration and ground water M -Identification of suitable site pollution - Sufficient buffer from habitation and water bodies -.Mitigatio measures to prevent infiltration . i 15 Setting up of - Land identification -Absence of appropriate facilities for M -Identification of suitable site slaughter House - Building of slaughter house solid Iliquid waste management • Sufficient buffer from habitation and water • Waste generation bodies • Provide appropriate facilities for treatment and disposal of liquid and solid waste

~~ ~ 16 Special Area • infrastructure excluding roads - Construction in environmentally M - Assess the project for possible harmful Development ­ sensitive areas impacts and implement mitigation Integrated measures Coastal Area Development Projec~

~.~ 17 Restoration of B water bodies (SS 25%) 18 CoaSt.al Zone - new sea wall to be constructed - 89 Km. • Appropriateness of the protection M • Use technologies appropriate for the local Management - utilise modern technologies like geo-textiLes, measure adopted conditions 61 eet

polyethene • Promote soft shore protection measures foreshore with bio materials for coastal protection. • construction of new sea walls • Appropriateness protection M - Use technologies appropriate for the local • reformation of the existing sea wall measure adopted conditions • establishing permanent benchmarks in the • Promote soft shore protection measures­ coastal area and for conducting Pilot studies using new techniques. • popularizing domestic solar power packs and B ANERT integrated other renewable energy systems; with TESM and • energy audit based intervention plans for flats, other hostels, guest houses, home stays, resorts, hotels, Departments tourist homes Renewable Energy • decentralised energy generation, captive and Energy generation, co-generation and demand side Management management ..

- Assistance to 115 units under margin money loan • Screening of projects to understand -the to Small Scale I to small scale enterprise units, harmful environmental impacts and take Entrepreneurs -108 units under Sick unit rehabilitation of micro up appropriate mitigation measures'. and small enterprises, -13 units through equity contribution and cluster activity 23 Establishment of • establish raw husk defibering mills in the state • Waste generation - lack of L -Appropriate measures to manage the coir Defibering without any area restriction appropriate handling facilites pith waste Mills - husk collection • establishment of 25 Defibering Mills - renovation of existing 30 Defibering Mills. on -fire protection by creation and maintenance of Convergence with and I B Ensure Convergence 5000kms fire lines; watershed projects watershed projects ------~------62 5l Projects Causative factor/activity linked to the project --:Adverse effects of the activity Level of Mitigation Measures no environm I i ental I ifTIpa~ __ - fire protection works utilizing the services of VSSs, - prevention of ganja cultivation, - strengthening of infrastructure facilities of forest stations, intelligence gathering, legal support, nfrastructure facilities for rapid action force, infrastnucture for communication facilities, - protecting the sandalwood forests and monitoring activities ------.------­ 2S Regeneration of -400 ha new areas in addition to continuing B Degraded activities in 1Z,000 ha ; would be operated (Denuded) Forests through VSSs. ; - Special protection of unique eco-systems like shola forests, sandalwood areas, mangroves and other eco-systems fauna in special areas; • acquiring areas lying inside/outside traditional . forest areas and these areas may be enclosures or corridors --­ 26 Eco Tourism: - managing tourism in an eco-friendly way in - Number of tourists visiting the M - Control the number of tourists visiting the locations destination location - open more locations as eco-tourism spots with - Construction and other -Minimise construction and infrastructure involvement of local people and through VSS ; infrastructure development development activities and ensure that the - development of eco-tourism products, to be activities at the destination impacts are minimal marketed in partnership with Tourism - Uttering - Provide appropriate waste management Department! Private Promoters. • Negative impacts on the ecosystem techniques and society in remote / sensitive areas ­ ----:-;------.. 27. Extension • encourage homestead and agro-forestry practices; - Use of invasive foreign species B - Use local varieties of trees which can be Forestry - Urban forestry activities; used for fodder, fuel wood or fruit bearing -partiCipatory greening programme and trees biodiversity conservation, , -environmental awareness campaigns - 'Gramma Vanam Programme'. _Planting bamboo in riversides with the . involvement of local bodies - Conservation and consolidation of the river and stream bank with the participation of local people; ------63 ~------?l Projects- Causative factor/activity linked to the project Adverse effects of the activity Level of Mitigation Measures flo environm i ental impact e--L­ -- - raising nurseries for distribution of seedlings, - replanting of road side areas, compact areas of public lands 28 -River Action Plan - site specific projects for implementation with B various development schemes like NABARD assistance, NREGA, Integrated Watershed. management programme etc in Periyar basin. 29 Urban -Improving infrastructural facilities and helping in -Increased pressure on land and H - Screening of individual projects for Infrastructure the creation of durable public assets in small and water resources in Urban areas environmental impacts Development medium towns; -Increased pollution load- waste - Preparation of city development / master Scheme for Small - Decentralising economic growth and employment generation plans with environmental considetations I and Medium opportunities and promoting dispersed -Increased land conversion for -Minimise conversion of wetland, Towns (UIDSSMT) urbanization; construction activities environmentally sensitive areas and -Increasing the availability of sites for housing, - Proliferation of polluting industries agricultural land commercial and industrial uses - Traffic congestion - Enforce water conservation practices - promoting the principles of planned and orderly - Air pollution - Sanitary toilets in each household spatial development.; - Control mining and quarrying activites for -Integrating spatial and socio-economic planning construction materials - preparing and implementing Town/City - Use of alternate technology/materials. Development Plans.; • Promote planting of trees in homesteads, - Promoting resource-generating schemes for the I avenue trees urban local bodies - Provide adequate parking space for commercial/institutional and other landuses - Provide adequate open spaces and recreational facilities - Provide facilities for storm water drainage and treatment of sewage and sullage

I ­ Provide soild waste collection and management facilities - Regulate FSI to match the available infrastructure facilities -landuse planning and preparation of urban master plans To Integrated - Housing, -Increased land conversion for H -Minimise conversion of wetland, Housing and Slum - Shelter upgradation, construction activities environmentally sensitive areas and Development - sanitation, -Mining for construction materials agricultural land Programme - roads, - Reduction in infiltration/ increased - Enforce water conservation practices -- --'-----­ ---._­ 64 Sl Projects Causative factor/activity linked to the project Adverse effects of the activity [ever of Mitigation Measures po environm , ental, I, .'<,.j " i .~' ; , impact ! ',:b' ", '"',,,<., " (IHSDP) - drains, run off - Sanitary toilets in each household - footpaths, - Control mining and quarrying activites for - Social amenities like construction of Primary construction materials Health Centres, Anganwadi buildings etc. - Use of alternate technology/ materials. - Promote planting of trees in homesteads and avenue trees - Provide facilities for storm water drainage and treatment of sewage and sullage 31 Jawaharlal Nehru • Secure effective linkages between asset creation -Increased land conversion for H -Minimise conversion of wetland, National Urban and asset management so that the infrastructure construction activities environmentally sensitive areas and Renewal Mission and services created in the cities are not only - Reduction in infiltration / increased agricultural land (JNNURM) maintained efficiently, but also become self- run off • Enforce water conservation practices sustaining overtime. • Reducation of vegetation cover - Sanitary toilets in each household • Ensure adequate investment of funds to fulfill - Control mining and quarrying activites for deficiencies in the urban infrastructure services. construction materials • To take up urban renewal programme, ie, • Use of alternate technology! materials. redevelopment of inner cities area to reduce • Promote planting of trees in homesteads congestion. and avenue trees • For providing basic service to urban poor. - Provide adequate parking space for commercial/institutional and other landuses - Provide facilities for storm water drainage and treatment of sewage and sullage - Regulate FSI to match the available infrastructure facilities - Landuse planning and preparation of urban master plans

65 Annexu~v. Sta. ofthe Envt~t ~ of Lotat Go~~ts ~StQl~"'.l~~_~~

1. Kottarakara Grama Panchayat...... 2 2. Nedumudi Grama Panchayat...... 14 3. Vadakarapathy Grama Panchayat ...... 24 4. Vizhinjam Grama Panchayat ...... 33 5. Koyilandi Municipality ...... 47 6. Manjeri Municipality ...... 59 1. Kottarakara Grama Panchayat

1.1. Resource Analysis

Location: Kottarakkara represents the southern-midland agroecological zone of Kerala. The Grama Panchayat has an area of 17.4 km 2 and is characterized by gentle to moderate sloping hillocks and flat-bottom valleys. Kottarakkara is an important town, Taluk Head Quarter and traffic junction in Kollam District where NH 208 crosses the MC road. The Kollam-Shencotta Railway line traverses Kottarakkara. The area is characterized by urban sprawl, the development interventions being concentrated mostly besides NH 208 between the Market junction and the College junction (Figure 1.1 )

Land resources: The major rock type of the area is quartz feldspathic gneiss with garnet and sillimanite. Patches of charnockite are also seen mostly within this unit. These two rock varieties are classified as high-grade granulites belonging to the Kerala Khondalite Belt. Tropical weathering of these rocks resulted in the formation of laterites. The relative relief of the area ranges from 20 to 120 m above MSL About 55% of the total area lies between 40-80 m.

The topography is typical of the unduLating midlands of Kerala and the landform here can be generally classified into; valleys, gentLe to steep slopes, and hillocks. The soil types are laterite, alluvium and rocky incipient, of which Laterite soil is predominant. The flat-bottom valleys support clay rich soil, resting on colluvic material that is good for brick making. The soil in the valley-head is well drained sandy clay loam.

Mixed crops dominate the landuse pattern. The valley where paddy was chiefly cultivated is now in a state of deterioration due to increased land reclamation for buildings. The slope regions are being used extensively for rubber plantations. Though urban sprawl is increasingly evident, agro-based village structure still persists in several wards. [(lTT.~R.l.I·:I·:ARA (;R.l.1\I.\ P.\NCHA,_Y.:"A:.::.:T____....i1:U6.4J~\'61" - ,. ~ \" "~~. t

0.1).1

e­ ll' 10' ·~J~=~~~l~------=16~='51~=" Figure 1. 1. Location

Water resources: The hills and elevated portions show wide fluctuation in water table. The open wells often have 10-15 m depth and almost extend up to the basement rock. The foot -slopes and valleys support perennial wells and exhibit only marginal fluctuation even during summer. There are th'irteen streams in the Panchayat, of which three are major. These streams ultimately reach Kallada or Ithikkara rivers. Two sub-canals of the Kallada irrigation project pass through the Panchayat, providing irrigation to a large part during lean period. Dug wells are the major source for extracting drinking water. 95% of the population depends on dug wells for tapping drinking water (Panchayat Development Report- 9th Plan). During summer, about 55% of the people experience drinking water scarcity. At places, the dug wells are subjected to microbial contamination. The stage of groundwater development is 67%, and hence the area is placed under the safe category . At places, bore wells are sunk generally up to 60-80m, after identifying fracture zones.

3 Biodiversity The entire area is inhabited and as such there are very few areas supporting laatural vegetation. Some of the sacred groves harboring native biota are located which are attached to temples and old families. The famous sacred groves in Kottarakkara are Jadayan Kavu, Pandivayal Kavu, Kadamkulam Kavu, Peruvanmoozhi Kavu, Vairavan Kavu, Parayattu Kavu and Konnakkal Kavu. Plant species like Calamus rotang, Sterculia balanghas, Acacia intsia, TerminaUa crenulata, Calycopteres tloribunda, Pistacia oleosa and Entada pursaetha are commonly found in these sacred groves. Similarly, temple ponds and streams represent the remnant aquatic biota.

Atmosphere The region has a tropical humid dimate, with an oppressive summer and plentiful seasonal rainfall. The rest of the year has generally dry conditions. On an average, there are 134 rainy days in the area during which the annual rainfall received is nearly 2663 mm. Though it is less than the state average, the temporal distribution of rainfall is moderately good. The atmospheric quality is generally good except for relatively higher level of dustin the town areas.

Human settlements There has been appreCiable land modification and change in the landuse pattern due to change in seasonal crops to annuaLs and also due to increased housing and infrastructure developments and public facilities. The major occupation of the people is agriculture with nearly 24% of the total working population coming under marginal cultivators and laborers. The major organized employment provider is cashew sector, which is beset with various problems. There are nearly 20 small-scale enterprises set up by self-help groups.

Culture & Heritage Kottarakkara, or the "Place of the Palace", was once the capital of 'Elayadathu Swaroopam', a principality ruled by a branch of Travancore royal family. The famous Ganapathy Temple and the 700 year old Mar Thoma church are the main religious centres at Kottarakkara. The internationally famous classical art form Kathakali was conceived and flourished in this temple under the patronage of the Raja of Kottarakkara who lived in the first half of the 19th century. The Kottarakkara Thampuran Memorial Museum of Classical Arts has been instituted in memory of Kottarakkara Thampuran, the father of Kathakali. Meenpidippara, a hillock is considered as a potential tourism spot in the Panchayat (Regional Analysis Report, 2002).

1.2. DPSIR Analysis of Key Environmental issues

The key environmental issues prevailing in Kottarakkara are:

1. Undesirable land use changes 2. Increasing traffic congestion 3. Poor waste management practices

These problems are analyzed with respect to the driving force, pressure, state, impact and response (DPSIR).

Driving forces The commercial developments are concentrated, to a large extent, by the side of National Highway 208 between the Railway over-bridge near Railway station and College junction east of Kizhakketheruvu. A few commercial complexes, have also come up by the side of MC Road near the Pulamon junction. The major locations of activities at Kottarakkara are concentrated around the Mahaganapathy temple. This includes Taluk Office, Market, Government Hosptt(ll, __ .

4 KSRTC and Private Bus stand etc. All these locations are on the ridge extending almost north­ south with gentle side slopes. The congestion and pressure on this area necessitated the requirement of additional land in natural continuum. The land, where there was pressure of growth, was essentially valleys designated for paddy fields. During 70's, there was significant reduction in the unit cost of paddy fields leading to conversion of paddy fields for better economic returns. Consequently, in the rural side of the panchayat, the trend was to convert paddy fields to perennial crop lands and in areas adjacent to commercial centres, the trend was to divert paddy fields for construction of residential and commerciaL estabLishments. Correspondingly, there was modification of hills due to extraction of red earth and rocks for reclamation of paddy fieLd areas. The impacts of such Landscape modifications were not addressed environmentally, ecologically, Legally or administratively. Therefore, there was no sociaL pressure, initially against landscape modifications.

The number of shops in the panchayat has doubLed over a period of 5 years (Figure 1.2). The requirement of land for housing has increased significantly. Though the increase in population was only 4% and 7% during 1981-91 and 1991-2001 period, the housing requirement increased by about 34% and 42% based on a conservative estimate. This was due to the reduction in average size of households and typical habitation practice of Kerala characterized by all inclusive households with surrounding farm land. In early years, the increased requirement of housing was largely met by the subdivision of garden land. But during the last 10 years, the conversion of paddy field for housing, especially adjacent to the NH 208 and MC Road, is on the increase due to easy access to water, better communication and nearness to growth centres. Increase in the cost of filled-up paddy field by 4 to 5 times also intensified the 900 .,------, reclamation. The broad-gauge conversion of the Railway line, that passes through wards 2, 14, 16 and 17 of the Panchayat and widening of the MC road, accentuated the landscape modification 700 especially paddy field reclamation and alteration 600 o of hill slopes and subsequent landuse changes. Z 500 Kottarakkara town is the point of intersection of 400 +----,,..-----r---.-----i two major highways of KeraLa, the Main Central (MC) Road and the Quilon - Shenkotta (QS) Road 2003 2004 2005 2006 (NH 208), both having significant commercial Year importance. The traffic congestion is generally experienced on the QS Road, between Figure .1.2. Cumulative increase in Mahaganapthi TempLe junction and Pulamon shops at Kottarokkara junction. Though there are bypass roads on both southern and northern sides of the QS road, they are narrow and underdeveloped and hence not designated for vehicles bypassing Kottarakkara. As a resuLt, the traffic congestion during the peak hours is severe. The situation is accentuated by lack or improper traffic regulations enforced in an adhoc manner. This includes indiscriminate parking of vehicles, improperly located taxi and auto-rickshaw stands, roadside hawkers etc. There is no traffic plan for the town.

The overall domestic solid waste generation in the grama panchayat is estimated as 8 tons/day. It includes about 5 tons from households and institutions, 2 tons from the market and nearby commercial centres and 1 ton from the hotels and shops in the town centre. The waste characteristics from the three sources are given in Table 1.1. The household waste mostly gets disposed off at the source itself as the biodegradable part is generally left to degrade within the house compound and the non-biodegradable except paper, bottle etc is burnt in the open. The market waste and part of the waste collected from the main road side are moved to the incinerator for burning. The colLection is improper and inadequate. The fish

5 and chicken waste from the market is also transported to the incinerator yard where it is dumped in concrete tanks for anaerobic digestion. The transportation of the waste is qone in open trucks causing spillage and foul smell enroute. There are only eleven labourers engaged for the solid waste management activities; collection of waste, transportation and operation of incinerator. Therefore, waste is collected only from the market and street dumps.

There are five private and Table 1.1. Solid waste generation at different sources and their one government (Taluk characteristics hospital) hospitals in Type Households Market Commercial Kottarakkara town. % % Centres Altogether, the bed strength % is 400 and the waste Biodegradables 70 58 52 generation from the hospitals Plastics 10 18 16 is about 0.5 tons per day out Non-biodegradables 20 24 32 of which about 75-100 kg is biomedical waste. The medical waste from the Govt. Taluk Hospital is collected by an external agency (IMA) regularly for disposal as per the Biomedical Waste Management Rules, 1998. One of the hospitals namely, Vijaya has an incinerator for burning the solid wastes. Other hospitals burn their waste in the open. The outpatients and inpatients data obtained from different hospitals is given in (Table.1.2).

Table 1.2. Average daily OP and IP All the waste water generated in various establishments records in the town as well as hospitals, either percolate Name of hospital Av. Av. underground or disposed to way-side drains to reach one Daily Daily of the natural streams draining the area. Absence of OP IP proper effluent treatment systems in hospitals and small Taluk Hospital 317 34 scale industries and improper drainage system causes Vijayas Hospital 395 153 groundwater contamination. There are 5 watershed Kristuraj Hospital 100 60 areas in the Panchayat, covering a total area of 1701 ha TOTAL 812 247 and a total stream length of 24.5 km. Among the streams, Pulamon stream, which flows through the town, is found to be the most polluted.

Pressures Table 1.3. Number of persons depending on agriculture as Overall, 90% of the paddy fiel.ds are livelihood filled or subjected to crop change No Category No. of persons or left fallow. The haphazard fill'ing CenslJs 2001 of paddy fields and encroachment 1 Total workers 8448 on drainage channels have lead to 2 Main cultivators 184 water logging in many areas. There 3 Marginal cultivators 343 are also change in crop type from 4 Main agricultural labourers 331 seasonal to annuals in valley floor region and from annuals to 5 Marginal agricultural labourers 1156 perennials in the gentle slope 6 Total non workers 21317 regions. The reduction in seasonal crops in valley floor and annual crops in slope regions reduced the employment potential (Table 1.3). Over the years, the dependence of labours on paddy cultivation diminished significantly. The shift in plantation crop from cashew to rubber is affecting the traditional industry based on cashew.

The rate of reclamation is very high, about 8.4 ha/year (Table 1.4). At places, the natural drains are either filled up or blocked due to indiscriminate reclamation. Most of the minor drains in the valley floor got filled up and medium ones got dilapidated due to partial filling, discontinuity and clogging.

6 Table 1.4. Landuse change The construction of roads along erosion prone areas Kottarakkara 1978-2002 increased the soil erosion. The slopes have been cut Landuse Area (ha) I Area deep and the vertical slope is left unprotected, as seen 1978 • (ha) at Ugrankunnu, where the vertically cut sLope exposes .2002 the embedded heavy rock boulders. Erosion is most • Net area sown 432 230 severe in AmbaLappuram, Muslim street, for paddy Padinjattinkara town, Kizhakkekkara and Ugrankunnu. Plantation 109 204 crops The traffic volume count at Pulamon junction during a Mixed crops 1010 1196 peak hour and lean hour are given in Table. 1.5. The Others 189 110 traffic load is as high as in any busy junction of NH. Though the road in general, is wide, there are constrictions at places which add to the traffic difficulties. There are about 1500 shops by the side of major roads. Parking of vehicles 'in front of the hotels and shops and other establishments on either side of the roads add to the congestion probLem.

The average per capita Table 1.5. Traffic volume count of Pulmon Junction in pev waste generation in· Type of vehicle No. of vehpesf;cu No. of vehicles PCU I Kottarakkara is (peak hour) (lean hours) 250g/ person/ day based on HMV 405 1215 186 558 • sample survey. With the ! LMV 482 482 391 39T1 present trend of increase 3 wheeler 917 917 433 433l in population, the solid 2 wheeler 829 415 612 306 waste generation in the Cycle 8 8 3 3 I panchayat is expected to TotaL 2641 3037 1625 1691 I increase at an average rate of 0.5 % per year. The projected solid waste is 5 times than the present capacity of the incinerator by the year 2010. The practice of waste being sent to the panchayat stream is increasing. The technology adopted is not the appropriate one for the type of solid waste generated in the panchayat. The annuaL average generation of biomedical waste from the Taluk Hospital alone is estimated at 31.3 tons/yr, out of which 6.26 ton necessitates special treatment, the cost of which is high. Handling of the rest of the waste without polluting the environment is a major concern. The incinerator, installed at Ugrankunnu in the Padinjattinkara ward at a total cost of Rs. 21 lakhs, has a capacity of onLy 2 tons/day. The efficiency of the incinerator is declining fast due to poor technoLogy and mismatch with the type and quaLity of waste being dumped in the incinerator. The incinerator is Located on a hilltop with residential houses on the surrounding side slopes. The smoke, smell and dust cause heaLth concern among the pubLic. The meat, fish and chicken waste is dumped in concrete pits for anaerobic digestion. The leakage, if any, from this pit causes concern of groundwater contamination.

The per capita waste generation at Kottarakkara is on the increase with new waste materials, especially plastics and packaging. The absence or inadequate facilities for biomedical waste management, indiscriminate discharge of waste water from hotels and hospitals, congested buildings and clogged drains, water logging and unhygienic situations in and around reclaimed land, possibility of serious public heaLth issues etc exert significant pressure on the environment of Kottarakkara.

State The present cropping pattern of Kottarakkara shows that mixed crops with houses dominate the landuse (TabLe 1.6). Paddy Lands and area under rubber are the other major categories. About 202 ha of paddy fields is Lost over 24 years. The Left over paddy fieLds are mostly Left uncultivated. Most of the paddy fieLds are water Logged due to unplanned land filing and

7 encroachment of drainage streams. Some of the paddy fields are intenseLy used for annual crops Like plantain, tapioca etc. Table. 1.6. Crop pattern of ALmost 90% of the commercial activities are Kottarakkara (2002) concentrated within a length of 2-3 km and within a No. Crop Area (ha) width of about 500 m from the MC and QS Roads . The 1 Mixed crops 1296 commercial buildings have come up without any norms 2 Paddy 230 as part of the ribbon development. There are 6 3 Rubber 197 hospitaLs, 2 bus stands(KSRTC and Private bus), schools, 4 Coconut 7 paralleL colleges, market, government offices and 5 Others 10 nearly 1500 shops and hotels within about 3 km L area. Total 1740 Other areas of the panchayat have not been affected by urbanization and Land without buildings are abundant. The areas within 100m radius of schooLs, hospitaLs, etc are also subjected to intense development, which is not desirable. Considering the administrative classification of the area as rural, the traffic volume count of Kottarakkara is well above the des'irable level of 10,000 PCU per day fixed for rural two lane roads with 7.0 m wide carriageway and earthern shoutders. The peak hour traffic at Pulamon junction is found to be 3040 PCUs/hr on a normal day. The traffic volume count also exceeds the specified standards fixed for urban roads, which is 750 PCU/hr for a two lane road of 7.0 7.5 m width and free frontage access, parked vehicles and heavy cross traffic.

Though not desirable, the market wastes with high moisture content such as vegetables and discarded food items from hotels are burnt in the incinerator. Out of the 4-5 tonnes of wastes that reaches the site everyday, hardly 2 tons are burnt daily. The leftover wastes are heaped at the site, which along with the incinerator ash is used as manure. During rainy season, the system fails due to wet condition of the waste brought to the incinerator. The incinerator is fuelled by coconut shell and there is high mismatch of incinerator technology to the wet solid waste brought to the site.

Out of the 8 tonnes of solid waste generated, 4 tonnes are collected daily and 2 tonnes are disposed using incinerator. The State of Solid Waste Management System in Kottarakkara is given in Table 1.7. The problem due to solid waste accumulation is more prominent in 5 wards namely Muslim street, Chandamukku, Pazhayatheruvu, Pulamon and Kizhakkekkara and Town. At present, only the solid wastes from hotels and shops are being collected. There is no mechanism for collecting household wastes in the area. Since the population density in these wards are high, the poor waste disposal system will have implications on public health.

Table 1.7: The State of Solid Waste Management System in The waste water discharged Kottarakkara from hospitals and hotels to Date of installation of incinerator 21.02.2004 the wayside drains, improper Cost of installation Rs. 21 Lakhs Hushing of drains and Total population (2001 census) 29765 persons accumulation of waste water

i Solid waste eneration 8 tonnes in valley floors at places are 10406 persons very serious problems at 2.6 tonnes Kottarakkara. There is no Type of incinerator monitoring on the Capacity of incinerator 2 tonnes implementation of the No. of collection staff 11 persons penalty clauses of Bio­ Collection staff 1 unit population 0.4/1000 Medical Waste management opulation rules. The daily input of Amount of waste collected tonnes liquid wastes from the entire Amount of wastes incinerated tonnes hospitals into the stream is about 1,35,000 lpd at a rate

8 of 300 lpd for inpatients including one bystander and 75 lpcd for outpatients including one bystander. The sullage from the public sewerage and the liquid wastes from th~ Kristuraj Hospital behind the Grama Panchayat office and the Vijaya Hospital eventually drain into the stream near the Pulamon Bridge. There fore Pulamon stream is highly contaminated.

Both solid and liquid wastes reach the stream. The stream is infested with prolific growth of aquatic weeds. Siltation of the stream causes to water stagnation at many places in its course. The low DO values upstream and downstream of the Pulamon thodu is indicative of high organic pollution (Table 1.8). The stream originating from Meenpidippara also indicates low dissolved oxygen levels (Table 1..9).

Table 1.8. Water quality of Pulamon thodu Table. 1.9 . Comparison of pH and DO levels Location Approx. pH DO in stream water at Meenpidippara and distance from (mg/L) downstream source (m) Location pH DO (mg/L) Upstream Om 6.67 2.01 1 6.71 1.86 100 m 6.51 2.45 2 6.7 2.22 400 m 6.86 2.51 3 6.59 1.97 Downstream 1000 m 6.27 0.80 KSPCB 6.5 - 8.5 5 (min) 1200 m 6.25 0.50 standard I

Impacts Considerable extent of paddy field is converted for residential and commercial purposes. The filling up of these wetlands is done indiscriminately without considering drainage aspects. Therefore, water logging at places is severe. The water logged areas and drainage streams are often used as places for clandestine dumping of solid waste and discharge of liquid waste. Many of the water logged paddy fields are highLy polluted due to discharge of 'Naste water from medical institutions and storm water runoff from markets and commercial areas. The result of analysis of water sample from a water logged paddy field adjacent to KNS hospital is given in Table 1.10. It indicated high level of physico-chemical and microbial pollution. The nearby well water also indicated presence of total colliforms and e-coli. The water Logging also 'induces growth of disease vectors and enhances the potential threat of communicable diseases. Such issues can be considered as one of the reasons for increasing disease incidences in Kerala against declining death rate as indicated in the Figure 1.3. (Data from Economic Review, 2005).

Table 1.10. Result of analysis of water sample from a water logged paddy field adjacent to KNS hospital ,No Parameters Unit Values Tolerance limit 1 pH -­ 7.05 6.5-8.5 !2 Colour Hazen 410 300 3 Temperature °C 29.2 -­ 4 Conductivity ~S/cm 77 -­ 5 Total Hardness mg/l 60 300 16 Total Dissolved Solids mg/l 450 500 7 TotaL Suspended Solids mg/l 23 -­ 8 Chlorides mg/l 35 250 9 Sulphates mg/l 19.62 400 10 Nitrates mg/l 16.2 20 11 Fluorides mg/l 0.8 1.5 12 Dissolved Oxygen mg/l 3.2 6 (min) 13 BioLogical Oxygen Demand (3 days at 27°C) mg/l 3.53 2 (max) 14 ChemicaL Oxygen Demand mg/l 56.2 -­ 15 Oil & grease mg/l 0.73 0.1

9 17 Iron as Fe mg/l 0.82 0.3 18 Copper mg/l 0.003 0.05 19 Zinc mg/l 0.006 5 120 Lead mg/l 0.007 0.05 121 Cadmium mg/l 0.002 0.01 22 Chromium mg/l 0.002 0.05 23 Total coliform MPN/100ml 2200 50 124 Fecal coliform MPN/100ml 400 Nil

Incidence of Communicable Diseases and Death 720000 "r---..,.------," 250

700000 +----"'-----""--~ 200 680000

::: 660000 t--~'------__I--~___, 150 ~ , ~ ~ ~ g 640000 100

50 600000 +--,-~,... ,.-----~ --- ...,.. ­

580000 L-___~--~-_---_~. 0 2000 2000 2001 2001 2002 2002 2003 2003 2004 2004 2005 Figure 1.3. Incidence of communicable diseases and death at Kottarakkara The reclamation of paddy fields significantly reduced the natural process of surface water conservation during the rainy season. It decreases groundwater recharge and soil moisture retention. Most of the rainwater that is received in the area now flows instantly to River Kallada enhancing the flood waters in the river. The deepening of river bed due to sand mining increased water carrying capacity and therefore level of inundation is not affected significantly. However, the high flow situation leads to river bank collapse and water logging in the lower reaches of River Kallada.

The paddy fields sans reclamation are converted for crops like plantain and tapioca wherein the labour input frequency is relatively less. This is a general phenomenon, particularly in the midland regions of Kerala, raising the issue of food security. There is also a general trend to convert garden lands and cashew plantations to rubber plantations.

This conversion is taking place after making huge investment for irrigating paddy and coconut through the Kallada Irrigation Project. The decline in cashew plantations has reduced the local employment potential. As a result, there is an undesirable trend in the sectoral distribution of state Contribution of Primary Sector to the income as given in Figure 1.4 (Data from Economic State Income Review 2005). 60 ~ 50 There are reports of declining groundwater table from ';f 40 people who own dug wells. This is true for wells in the -5 30 high slope as wells as foot slope regions. Energized ~ 20 pumping from dug wells is widespread and ~ 10 indiscriminate. Therefore, pumping and increased o consumption are reasons attributable to the declining 1960-1970-1980-1990-2004­ groundwater table. Most of the valley head ponds, once 61 71 81 91 05 the source of irrigation for the paddy fields prior to the Year Figure. 1.4 Contribution of Primary Sector to the State Income 10 implementation of the major irrigation project, are now in a dilapidated condition due to siltation and poor maintenance. The resource value of these structures is not well,recognized by the local government as well as by the society. The natural drains are also getting destroyed due to encroachment, constrictions, siltation and poor maintenance. This is more evident at Ambalappuram, Muslim street, Kizhakkekkara, Aanakkuzhy area.

The attention paid to irrigation channels is poor leading to canal seepage and water loss. As a result, the canals at many places are in a deteriorating state with weed growth, solid waste dump and siltation. The incessant seepage, at places, causes water logging in low slope regions and valley floors, which may convert some of the valley floor ,as marsh land. The channels that extend westwards from Pandivayal exemplify the situation.

The location between Pulamon junction and Ganapathi Temple junction indicates very high concentration of Suspended, Particulate Matter and Respiratory Suspended Particulate Matter (Table 1.11). The increased particulate matter concentration is attributable to high density traffic, traffic congestion and poor maintenance of roads. The noise level in the area is also high (Table 1.12). The increased dust and noise may cause loss of concentration in driving, a causative factor for increased accident rates in the location. The average number of inpatients at the Taluk Hospital with acute respiratory infection during December 2005 and January 2006 was 405 and 406 respectively. A majority of these patients are from the town locality.

Table 1.11. Dust concentration in air samples from Kottarakkara town and rural area The land area at the solid waste Parameters Market Pulam ETC management yard is inadequate. The IJg/m 3 In. on In. In. biodegradable wastes that are dumped • Suspended Particulate 175.5 209.6 40.8 'in the incineration site on decaying • Matter (SPM) contaminate the ground water sources Respiratory Suspended 56.4 108.2 30.4 of the area. The average cost of Particulate Matter(RPM) mamtenance of the mcmerator 1S Rs.2.5 Table 1.12. Ambient noise levels from lakhs/year, which is a considerable setback on the Kottarakkara town and rural area (Day­ revenue of the Grama Panchayat. The open time) dumping of solid wastes behind the market and Location Sound Pressure Level Pulamon stream is leading to the incidence of LA eq (dBA) vector borne diseases. This is also leading to the 1. Markt In. 59.6 dispersion of wastes by scavenging birds and 2. Pulamon In. 66.7 animals, ultimately leading to 3. ETC In. 40.4 contamination of water bodies. Table 1.13: DIseases reported durmg 2005-2006 Disease Dec 2005 Jan 2006 According to the ninth plan development Acute Diarrhoeal diseases 218 218 report, 95% of the population in Dysentery 24 - Kottarakkara Grama Panchayat depends Chickenpox 9 5 i on wells for drinking water. During Res. Infection 4465 4482 summer, about 55% of the people Pneumonia 10 9 experience drinking water scarcity as the Typhoid 1 1 wells dry up. Contamination of ground Hepatitis A 9 7 water will create adverse impacts on the Hepatitis B 4 6 health of the population especially Veils disease 1 2 during summer, depending on the type Pulmonary TB 10 10 and concentration of the contaminants. One of the immediate effects could be a rise in the number of diarrhoea diseases (Table 1.13). The prioritization matrix based on the magnitude and importance of the environmental issue on various critical aspects of development is given in Table 1.14. Some of the environm~ntally sensitive areas are depicted in Figure 1.5.

KOTTARAKKARi\. GR4.MA PANCHAYAT

ENVIRONMENTALLY SENSITIVE AREAS 70"45'68" 9',------...,------.-'-----'-'--'-.:-=--,9· 0' -t' 4" Klk:mSW ODI on2

Figure 1.5. Environmental sensitive areas

Table 1.14: Prioritization matrix Environmental issues Socio­ Undesirable Increasing Poor waste Cumulative economic/Ecological landuse traffic management Score Impacts changes congestion practices Impact on Public Health 3 3 4 10 Loss of Biodiversity 3 1 2 6 Impact on Vulnerable 11 5 2 4 Groups Productivity loss 4 3 3 10 Impact on critical 4 2 4 10 ecosystems Irreversible (- )/Reversible -3 +5 +5 7 (+) Urgency for Action 4 5 5 14 ScaLe: 1=Low; 3= MedIUm; 5= HIgh

12 Responses Virtually, there are no comprehensive efforts towards a desirable landuse plan .. There are certain initiatives for improving the drainage system by constructing roadside drains and culverts across major streams. But these adhoc measures, without capturing the issues in a watershed framework, can only enhance the adverse impact rather than mitigating it.

Widening of roads and imposing traffic regulations are taking place at a slow pace. Under the Kerala State Transport Project, widening of Me road is going on. But, the progress is very slow. The Broad gauge conversion of railways and construction of over bridge, etc are progressing. Traffic diversion through by-pass roads is yet to be streamlined and regularized.

The incineration plant set up at Ugrankunnu is opposed by the nearby residents due to .the high and long-term pollution potential and poor management. There is proposal for a biogas plant. The project is yet to be implemented. A thorough pre-implementation studies like quantification of biodegradable wastes, source locations, assessment of rate of increase in solid waste generation, cost-benefit analysis, environmental protection measures, proper maintenance techniques to prevent rodents and birds etc are essential prior to implementation.

1.3. Action plans • The nature of landuse change, declining paddy cultivation and reclamation of paddy fields has a state level dimension. Therefore, panchayat level action plans to counter the undesirable changes in land use may not be effective. However, preparation of a master landuse plan considering the local desirability of crop types, employment provisions, development prospects and problems will enable appropriate planning of primary sector development and environmental upgradation. • A watershed based mitigation plan for water logging should be evolved and implemented as a comprehensive scheme. As part of this, the lost primary drains should be reinstated, and the medium and major streams maintained for improving their carrying capacity. This is a major work involving societal concerns and sustainability strategy. One of the strategies should be to adopt appropriate technology measures for side protection of streams instead of conventional engineering interventions. • Kottarakkara town area requires a thorough traffic study. The two possible by-pass roads should be widened and repaired for introducing one way by-pass traffic thereby reducing the number of vehicles entering the town. • Adequate parking facility should be set up preferably behind the row of road side buildings. The provisions in the Kerala Building Rules should be enforced strictly. • The quality of groundwater, the most prominent source of drinking water, should be maintained and periodically monitored. As such, the groundwater is not polluted except for bacteriological contamination. This can be managed with periodic disinfection. Therefore, a participatory monitoring system shoul.d be introduced for ensuring the quality of drinking water. • The solid waste management system is improper and inadequate. Therefore, a comprehensive solid waste management plan incorporating the components of primary storage, primary collection, street sweeping, secondary storage, secondary collection, transportation, processing and refuse disposal should be prepared making use of the service of expert agencies or a professional. • A collaborative project should be evolved for biomedical waste management with the cooperation of medical institutions. 2. Nedumudi Grama Panchayat

2.1. Resource Analysis

Location Nedumudi Grama Panchayat is in Alappuzha District and is located between North latitude 9° 27' 44" and 9° 23' 01" and East longitude 76° 22' 14" and 76° 26' 29" (Figure 2.1). It falls under lower Kuttanadu agro-ecological zone. The lower Kuttanadu region is characterized by flat alluvial plain often under waterlogged condition. It is a 76'22'14" NEDUMUDI GRAMA PANCHAYAT peck of depositional land in the 9' fluvio - estuarine environment 27' 27' modified by reclamation. 44" KAlIIAKAlU 44" Numerous interconnected distributaries of Rivers Pamba, Achankovil, Meenachil and Manimala discharge water to this low lying zone. The banks of these water bodies are elevated artificially by means of embankments or bunds to protect the adjacent low lying land. An overall evaluation of the area gives an appearance of a reworked estuary that is filled up by the alluvial deposits brought by Pamba and other river systems. The elevation of the area rarely exceeds 1m above MSL, and is characterized by both natural and manmade landscapes. Total area of the Grama Panchayat is 25.98 km 2 of which 20.22 km 2 lies in Nedumudi village and 5.70 km 2 in Kainakari village. The geographical disposition of the area is quite significant as it lies 1.0 to 2.5 m below MSL, on an average. Due to this, the entire area is prone to water logging. 9" 9~ Flash floods are common during 2:3' 23' the monsoons. This is a unique 'I' I' area where paddy cultivation is 76"22'14" carried out below sea level. Figure 2.1. Location map showing wards of the Panchayat

Land resources Quaternary sediments are the base of the region. The area is covered with black organic rich clay classified as Kari soil that is acid saline in nature. Thickness of the Kari soil layer varies from place to place. Sandy clay intercalations are seen at depth but are not seen as continuous layers. Decayed woody fragments are entombed within the soil. Lime shell deposits are seen in both lake bottom and also in the subsoil of polders (Kayal Padasekarams). Lime shell and mud (chettukatta) are major building materials of the area. Anthropological ac~ivitie~ 'in recent

14 times have changed the natural landscape and the substrate to a large extent in Kuttanadu region. The general drainage is towards northwest. The mainstream channels used to be tidally active. But the construction of Thannermokkom bund and Thottappally spillway altered the natural drainage in the area. Many of the embankments are modified for the purposes of settlement. Bunds are mostly converted to roads without proper drainage facilities causing permanent stagnation of water in polders.

Water resources This panchayat is endowed with extensive network of water bodies. River Pamba channels through the eastern boundary while its tributary Pookaitha River flows in the south west direction in the southern boundary. The entire agricultural activities of the area depend on the water fluctuations as the intricate network of water bodies compartmentalize this Grama Panchayat. Poothapandam Kayal, Pookaitha River, Pallathuruthi River and Nedumudi River, which are arms of Pamba, are the major water bodies. Among the streams, Kapumuttu Thodu is a prominent one. Irrespective of the river network, shortage of safe drinking water is a major constraint here. Groundwater occurs under phreatic conditions in the alluvium and under confined conditions in the tertiary sediments. Wells are very limited in number. The dug wells, tapping shallow ground water aquifers, is generally low yield'ing and the water is brackish and turbid. The sandy layers at depths are potential aquifers that yield fresh water. The quality of water from the polders, lake and tube wells is given in Table 2.1 The tube well water is characterized by high TDS, low DO and hardness. The surf~ce water is good except for the microbial contamination. Presently, there are 4 tube wells. The KWA serves the population through 260 public taps and about 987 house connections with 71 km length of pipeline.

Table 2.1. Water quality of the area Parameters Unit Polder Lake water Tube Criteria for analysed water well drinking water pH 6.19-6.65 6.25-6.57 7.02 6.5-8.5 TDS mg/l 285 - 1160 187 - 260 2635 500 Calcium mg/l 4.25 4.2 - 7.8 92.18 75 (Max) Magnesium mg/l 4.29 5.6 -32 5.59 NS Total alkalinity mg/l 30 -88 20 -30 480 NS DO mg/l 2.84 - 4.53 3.85 - 4.21 0.86 6.0 (Min) Nitrite ~mol/l 3.88 - 4.52 1.66 - 2.61 1.25 NS Nitrate ~mol/l 12.7-19.9 5.63 - 10.35 16.63 45 (Max) Ammonia ~mol/l 0.6 - 1.8 0.4 - 0.5 TR TR Phosphate ~mol/l 10.5 - 22.7 5.98-8.55 2.31 NS Total coliforms MPN/100 ml 1625 - 8800 350 - 4050 Nil 50 (Max)' E-coli MPN/100 ml 350 - 5200 150 ­ 850 Nil Nil

Biodiversity The area fosters diverse flora and fauna of terrestrial, aquatic and estuarine species, representative of lowlands and backwaters of Kerala. Natural and cultivated varieties of plants grow I,uxuriously in the area. Owing to the change in salinity, the aquatic vegetation is mostly weedy. The intricate network of inland waters and their linkage with Vembanad Lake is the reason for fresh water and brackish water biota. Abundant fish species is present in the region. Mollusks include black calms, ostrea etc. The mussel Perna sp. and brackish water oysters occur abundantly. Penaeid and fresh water prawn Macrobrachium sp. are also present. This extensive wetland provides a congenial habitat for a wide range of resident and migratory avifauna. Due to the open nature of the landscape and the abundance of food make the visit of birds to this place regular. Since 90% of the land is submerged, terrestrial biota is less than

15 aquatic and estuarine. During peak monsoons, the flood waters occasionally carry snakes like pythons to the area.

Atmosphere The area has a tropical humid climate with an oppressive summer and plentiful monsoons. The average annual rainfall here is 281.72 cm, which is marginally less than the State average. The rainfall from June to September constitutes about 61% of the annual rainfall, June being the rainiest month. The weather is oppressive during March - May due to high temperature and the dampness of air. The mean monthly maximum temperature varies between 28.5° C (July) and 33.5° C (March) and mean monthly minimum temperature fluctuates between 22.5° C (January) and 25.5° C (April). The average relative humidity is around 80%. The air quality is generally good. No anomalous value of oxides of sulphur and nitrogen is observed. The total suspended particulate matter is generally low, but show higher values along unsurfaced roads (82 ­ 3 2 210/pg/m ). The methane emission in the area is reported to be of the order of 2.0 mg/hr/m •

Human settlements The total population of the Grama Panchayat is 23,260 (Census 2001) with a household size of 5.1. The pattern of increase in population is givenin Figure 3.6.3. The current literacy rate is 94.47% and work participation rate is 37.35%. The female work participation rate of 26.2% is fairly high compared to the district average (12.3%). There are 4226 farmers in the panchayat with land holdings, who do paddy cultivation. The area has a rice-centric economy with scope for multifarious economic activities like fishing, fish rearing, poultry especially duck rearing, coir making and pisiculture. White shell mining is also a source of income. The average yield of rice during Puncha crop is 4.5 tonnes/ha and during Virippu is 4.75 tonnes/ha compared to the state average of 3.9 tonnes/ha. The houses are located on bunds which serve as flood barriers in the wetland. At times of floods, breaches of bund pose problems. The stabilization and maintenance expenditure of bunds is quite high. Along the navigation channels, collapse of bunds due to strong waves is common.

Heritage Nedumudi has a prestigious heritage of its own. It is a land known for boat races and the birth place of 'Vanchi pattu', the songs sung during boat races. 'Moolam Vallam Kali' is the most famous boat race of the area. The boat races and associated celebration show the cultural heritage of this area. The age-old Kallurkadu Church, established in AD 427, depicts stone carvings and murals. This church is the epitome of religious harmony. Kallampalli Devi Temple, Madathil Devi Temple, Sree Bahgavathi Temple, Mathoor Temple, Ganapathi Temple, Pullikkakavu Temple etc symbolizes the Hindu culture and heritage in the area. The heritage art form of Kerala, Kadhakali was highly nurtured in the area. It is a place of many great freedom fighters, poets, artists and writers of Kerala.

2.2. DPSIR Analysis of Key Environmental issues

The major environmental issues are (i) Water pollution, (ii) Water logging and (iii) Weed infestation. These problems are evaluated in detail using the DPSIR format.

Driving force The area experiences severe shortage of potable water, mainly due to water pollution. The area was under rice cultivation only during alternate years and that too, without using fertilizers. In 1963 onwards the Integrated Agricultural Development Programme implemented in Kuttanad including Nedumudi changed the cultivation pattern. The conversion to annual cropping and then from single cropping to bicroping system (Oruppu to Irippu krishi) since 1971, introduced High Yielding Varieties of rice to the area. The introduction of alien species necessitated intensive nurturing with application of heavy dose of fertilizers and pesticides.

16 The heavy subsidies and promotional efforts further accentuated the indiscriminate use of dangerous weedicides, pesticides and fertilizers. Intense agriculture in the upper Gatchments of the rivers flowing to Kuttanad also contributes to water pollution.

The soil of this region is highly acidic and contains toxic salts. Hence, annual application of lime is essential for correcting the problem. Relatively large quantities of urea are also applied despite the relative abundance of nitrogen. The leachate from these changes the physico­ chemical character of water.

The lack of sanitation facilities and existing sanitation practices are also causative factors for water pollution. Most of the houses in the area use single leach pit latrines. The pits are open to nearby water bodies especially during floods. Many houses have latrines with direct outlets to canals causing faecal contamination of water bodies. Disposal of solid wastes to water bodies or on its banks is also very common in the area. The wastewater from the houses is also channeled to the nearby canals and rivers. Increased 'incidence of duck rearing, especially in stagnated water and waste from duck stalls are also water polluting factors.

The houseboats cruising through the canals dispose off untreated sewage and kitchen waste directly into the water bodies. Used plastic bottles, cups and paper plates are thrown to the water bodies indiscriminately from the luxury boats. The mechanization of lUxury boats accentuated the problem of pollution due to oil spillage. The commissioning of Thannermukkom barrage and Thottapilly spillway reduced the problem of salt-water incursion significantly, but enhanced stagnation.

The basic cause for water logging is the geographical disposition of the area. The heavy spell of rain in the catchments of rivers like Pamba, Achankovil, Manimala and Meenachil causes significant flood flows to the low lying wetland system. The river sand mining and reclamation of paddy fields enhanced the monsoon flows but reduced the lean period flows. The extent and depth of the wetland system reduced significantly over the years, decreasing the assimilative capacity of flood waters. The dewatering of farms to the channels increased the siltation and consequent reduction of channel capacity. Excessive weed growth in water bodies is another reason for reduction in drainage and increase in water logging. The ill designed roads cause significant reduction in drainages of flood waters. The Thannermukkom barrage, when it is closed, virtually makes the Kuttanadu region a static pool of water. The poor efficiency of Thottapally spillway further enhances the stagnation of water bodies.

Aquatic weeds are a group of plants growing 'in abundance 'in undes'irable locations. The major cause of the invasiveness and prolific growth of weeds in the area is excessive enrichment of nutrients in the water bodies due to high input agriculture. The construction of Thannermukkom barrage prevents the smooth flow of flood waters and escape of weeds to saline environment where the weeds get destroyed. The siltation of interconnecting channels, constrictions due to narrow culverts and clogging of drains also enhances stagnation of water bodies and weed infestation.

Pressure About 1.4 MLD of potable water is required to cater the entire population with 60 lpcd of water. But currently less than 2.0 lakh litres of water is supplied daily through about 260 public taps and 987 house connections. Thus, only about 15% of the minimum required drinking water is supplied. The pipelines are old and weak and hence leakage and repair are rampant. The water supplied from Nelpara Madom Scheme is turbid and cannot be used as such. Large quantity of chemicals, mainly organo chlorides and organo phosphates get into the water bodies as aresult of high input agriculture. The major weedicides like 2-4 D, Gramason and Almix are used in large proportions. Pesticides like monothrophores, confidore, hostathion and acetaph are the major chemicals used against stem borer, BHP, leaf roller etc. The quantity of

17 pesticide use ranges from 750 g-1500 g per hectare. For an area of one acre the use of phosphorous, potash and urea is 90 kg, 30 kg and 30 kg respectiveLy. On the whole, the farmers in the panchayat use about 1300 tons of fertilizers, 12 tons of solid pesticides and 2900 litres of liquid pesticides. The excess fertilizers, pesticides and weedicides ultimately reach the water bodies (Table 2.2). The soil in the Grama Panchayat is found to be acidic and relatively poor in nutrients (Table 2.3). Therefore, application of lime is essential for preparing the Land for cultivation, warranting high additional financial strain.

Table.2.2. Use of chemicals during 1993-96 in The total coverage of latrine is moderate Nedumudi Grama Panchayat in the Grama Panchayat with 35-40% of Pesticides 1993-94 1994-95 1995-96 the population do not have any latrine facility and resort to open defecation. Kg Ltr Kg Ltr Kg ltr Most of those who own latrines have only single leach pit latrine with many having 364 -­ 210 concealed outlet to water bodies. Even 64 55 otherwise, the system does not work 124 -­ 138 during monsoon due to flooding. As a 145 101 result, the discharge of sewage, directly 324 or indirectly, contaminates the water 22 resource system. Though marginal, • Fernoxan 1455 -­ coconut husk retting is done using SHC 12 conventional methods, resulting in the release of organic pollutants to water bodies. Table 2.3. Soil analysis data (2006) Source: Mobile soil testing lab Nedumudi is subjected to flood on a regular TSS Organic P K basis during monsoons. The flood waters from arbon (kg/ha) (kg/ha) the upstream areas spread out on the low land 4.4 56 and higher floods overtop pol.der bunds and 0.60 2.6 224 floods the homesteads. Though, Thottappally 0.90 6.1 140 spillway was designed to mitigate the severity 1.15 15.7 157 of monsoon floods with a design discharge of 0.55 4.5 56 1915m 3/sec, the actual discharge through the 0.80 6.1 67 spillway is reported to be Less than on-third of 0.60 7.8 168 it. The shrinkage in area and depth of the 0.63 6.1 56 Vembanad backwater system to more than one 1.20 7.8 118 third over the last 50 years, has reduced the 3 3 overall carrying capacity of the wetland to 0.6 km from the original capacity of 2.4 km • The decline of carrying capacity by 75% has its share on Nedumudi. The peak discharge during an extreme flood in Kuttanadu from the four rivers is given in Table. 2.4. During monsoon season, total flow reaching the Kuttanad region is 6588 Mm 3 which is 79% of the total input from the river basins.

Table 2.4. Peak discharges At Nedumudi alone, 37.12 ha of paddy field is reclaimed for during extreme flood in road construction and about 3.05 ha of land is converted for Kuttanad construction of lanes. In addition, the clogging of canals, r Discharge siltation of drainage channels etc has reduced the holding and 3 m /sec. drainage capacity of flood waters. Pamba 1464 Achankoil 680 Currently vast stretch of wetland (both rice fields and water Manimala 634 ways) in Nedumudi is under invasive weed species. Except the i Meenachil 630 Pookaitha River, all other water bodies and small streams are facing acute problem of intensive weed growth. As many as 350 weed species in more than 150 genera and 60 plant families are- reported from Kuttanad. Water Hyacinth and African Payal dominates the scene. The agricultural developments have resulted in the input of large

18 quantities of agrochemicaLs. The pLant nutrients of nitrates and phosphates stimulate the growth of aquatic weeds and plants in the lake. The decay of these plants results in localized eutrophic conditions. The weed infestation causes economic constraints to the farmers since huge investment is needed for deweeding.

State Since the land area is dominantLy below MSL, most of the area is water logged and flooded during monsoon and post monsoon period. The agriculture pattern is quite unique. The area has abundant water resources but are highly polluted and subjected to high degree of chemical contamination from the paddy fields. The soil is acidic due to accumulation of sulphur compounds which on microbial action is converted to sulphuric acid. Due to acidity, iron, aluminium and manganese accumulate in toxic· proportions. Liming of soil and improved drainage results in the transformation of ferrous iron to ferric iron, thus reducing iron toxicity. About 19 polders (Padashekarams) in the panchayat has bi-cropping system. Hence, the water bodies are enriched with chemicals and fertilizers and are now facing the problem of pollution and eutrophication. The cultivators concern for maximizing returns from Land results in high input agriculture, which deteriorates the ecological systems and threatens its sustainability.

Health and disease data from the Primary Health Centre of the Grama Panchayat at Chempumpuram indicate that acute diarrhoeal disease and cholera are maximum. Incidence of Japanese encephalitis and leptospirosis are also reported. The pesticides discharged into the waterbodies are found to be a threat to the aquatic species as well as human beings. The bio­ accumulation of pesticides in the food chain results in serious health hazard problems. The leached pesticides from paddy fields accumulate in the stagnant water body and cause severe deterioration in water quaLity. Water contamination and presence of potential breeding ground for vectors are the reasons of high incidence of these diseases.

During floods, the latrines flushes out raw sewage to the water body causing bacterial contamination. The main contaminant that is generated by sewage is in the form of coliforms. It is reported that raw sewage contains approximately 1 million bacteria/ml and the daily percapita contribution could be of the order of 300billion. Presently, an average of 20 house boats sails through the Pallathuruthi River and Pookaitha Rivers for tourism purposes. Kerala State Water Transport Corporation operates regular boat services in the area. Sewage discharge from these boats add to the contamination.

Presently, most of the water bodies in the area are stagnant. The totaL annual sediment yield draining into the Vembanad lake is of the order of 32 million tones. This is deposited in the water bodies hampering the water hoLding capacity and flow. Increased rate of nutrient enrichment and subsequent eutrophication is seen. The water-logged regions are now turned as potential breeding grounds for disease causing vectors. In many of the streams the flow is hampered due to weeds.

During floods the water bodies overflow to the adjacent regions and remain stagnant. The areas, adjacent to the Poothapandam Kayal and AC road, remain water logged through out the year. These areas are comparativeLy Low lying areas. The hampered flow of the streams and rivers result in water stagnation in the associated paddy fields. Water logging is an added cause for development of soil salinity.

Many of the embankments are now modified for settLements owing to limitation in land resource. Bunds are converted to roads causing permanent stagnation of polders. Currently reclamation is going on in a very fast rate for construction and agricuLture. Area under various crops has been reduced considerably (Table 2.5). Table.2.5. Area of land reclaimed Almost all water bodies of Nedumudi face the • Cultivation I During During problem of intensive growth of Eichornia and i • 1996 2005 Saivinia. The indigenous plant species are now facing I (in ha) (in ha) the threat of extinction due to the prolific growth of Paddy 2090 2041 water weeds. The aquatic vegetation is dominant Coconut 380 350 with marshy plants like Nymphaea nauchali, i Vegetables 25 10 Cabomba aquatica, Rotala rotundifolia, Ammania Banana 180 100 baccifera, Ipomea aquatica, Limnophila hetrophyla, • Others 150 16 Vallisneria spiralis and Blyxa auberti. Phragmitis karka . Even alien weeds are noticed in the region. The plant nutrients of nitrates and phosphates stimulate the growth of aquatic weeds and plants. Later, the decay of these plants results localized eutrophic conditions causing fish mortalities due to oxygen depletion.

Impacts Intensive agriculture practices deteriorate the land and water quality. The pesticides discharged into the lake water are found to be a threat to the aquatic species as well as human beings. The bioaccumulation of pesticides in the food chain results ~n SeriOi.i5 health hazard problems. Pesticide impacts are manifested in fauna, flora and humans as bioaccumulation. Excessive use of fertilizers results in nutrient enrichment in water bodies and in paddy fields. Extensive weed growth and further eutrophication of water bodies are the result. Invasive weed species in the aquatic environment has adverse impacts. Siltation of the rivers due to increased pumping of water from the fields during field preparation is quite common. Though marginal, coconut husk retting releases organic pollutants into the water. The polyphenols released from coconut husk retting interferes with the microbial activity: Anoxic conditions, excess hydrogen suphide and increased turbidity reduce primary productivity.

The majority of the disease reported is mainly due to the use of unsafe drinking water. The unhealthy environment offers optimal condition for the vectors to survive and multiply. These regions act as sink for many of the agro chemical compounds. Water logging has increased the rate of putrification of dead vegetation and buried organic remains thus increasing acidity of the soil. Hence liming is necessary causing economic constraints to the farmers.

Dilapidation of bunds and its numerous breaches had mined the dewatering system. It makes the cultivation difficult. Floods, siltation and associated water logging can cause geomorphologic changes in river channels and associated flood plain. The regular maintenance of embankments and bunds is a financial burden.

Land for settlement and infrastructure development is limited. Therefore, many polders are converted for construction purposes. During construction of roads the flow is distracted. The unavailability of land for the disposal of waste is another probLem. As a result the waste is being disposed in water bodies causing water pollution. Due to lack of land, sanitation facilities are also very poor.

Nedumudi faces acute shortage of safe drinking water and the peopLe are forced to depend on contaminated water bodies. Low sanitation status and water scarcity adversely affects the health and hygiene of the people. Most of the diseases reported are waterborne and vector borne (Figure 2.2 8: 2.3). During 2005, nearly 331 acute diarrhea cases was reported from the region. Increased incidence of cancer, acute respiratory diseases, skin allergies etc are also reported.

20 Health status-2005 Cancer cases reported during the year 2005-2006 ,

• Acute diarrhoeal Bone _2 diseases .Cholera Limbs _2

o Hepatitis i Uterine filAII'••'4 DDengue Brain •••4 Stomach ____5 • Malaria

• Typhoid BloOd •••••? Breast ••••••••••13 • Leptospirosis Oral •••••••••••15

Throat ••••••••10

Figure. 2. 2. Et 2.3 Health status of Nedumudi

Aquatic weeds create conspicuous problems in farming, fishing and navigation. Spreading in thick mats, these weeds enhance the cost of cultivation, reduce crop yields, clog canals and waterways, impede navigation and fishing operations, spread diseases and interfere with recreation pursuits. Due to multiplication of water weeds like Eichornia, Salivinia etc., the canals and water bodies are blocked and the inland navigation has become difficult in the wetland. Chocking of main drainage channels has augmented siltation of the canals thereby, affecting the drainage channels. The weeds also get deposited in the canals, blocking the free movement of water and polluting the water bodies. The exotic weeds pose constant threat to the native biota. Flash floods bring in mats of aquatic weeds, masking the entire water body for quite Long time. Weeds impede runoff causing anoxic conditions in the area. Further, aquatic weeds have become a constraint to aquatic productivity and provide a breeding ground for mosquitoes and other vectors causing health hazards. Dead plants settle in the bottom of the water body causing water quality deterioration. The localized eutrophic conditions causes fish mortalities due to oxygen depletion.

The socio economic and ecological impacts of major environmentaL issues are tabulated in Table 2.6 for prioritizing the issues addressed.

Table 2.6. Prioritization matrix Environmental issues Socio-economic/Ecological Cumulative Water Water Weed Impacts Score pollution logging infestation i Impact on Public HeaLth 5 5 3 13 Loss of Biodiversity 5 3 5 13 Impact on Vulnerable 5 5 4 14 Groups Productivity loss 4 3 5 12 Impact on critical 5 3 3 11 ecosystems IrreversibLe (- }/Reversible +2 +1 +2 +5 (+) Urgency for Action 5 3 3 11 Scale: 1=Low; 3= MedIUm; 5= HIgh

Response The Puncha Special Office, Padasekara Committees, Krishi Bhavan and the Mankombu Rice Research Institute are giving directions to the farmers regarding the Limited and controlled use

21 of fertilizers and pesticides. Certain poLders are doing integrated pe;st management (IPM). Through the Krishi Bhavan initiatives, soil quality parameters, are examined periodically to decide on fertilizer dose. But this is not done considering the assimilative capacity of the area. The Grama Panchayat has taken steps to get the benefit of Kuttanad Water Supply Schemes to the people of Nedumudi. Sanitation is another area of concern. As a part of the total sanitation campaign, the Grama Panchayat provided 1250 latrines. The PHC undertakes vector reduction activities and vaccination programmes. Field visits were also conducted by Health Inspectors during the outbreak of epidemics. Vaccines and medicines are provided to the people on voluntary basis through the PHC.

Through the Puncha special office, pump set are supplied to the farmers and 50% of the total expenditure is provided for dewatering the polders. Ela Vikasana Samithi helps the farmers for the maintenance of bunds and embankments. Through Krishi Bhavan extend support is extended to the farmers to abate flood, water logging and associated problems. During floods, on emergency basis, the natural drains are dredged and the weed mats are removed for channeling the floodwater. The Padasekara Samitis, on co-operative basis, undertake the dredging of canals before cultivation and also prior to the onset of monsoon.

Land is the major limiting factor for infrastructure development in the region. In order to meet the increasing need of land, reclamation of wetland is undertaken. Polders are now being converted into settlement areas, roads etc. Migration, due to the non-availability of infrastructural facilities and lack of better living conditions, also exists, though marginal. The Karshaka Thozhilali Union has started an active campaign against wetland reclamation. Under the Land Utilization Order 1969, reclamation of wetlands and conversion of paddy fields are banned. But the activity is still continuing without any hindrance. The Grama Panchayat undertook certain initiatives to ameliorate the problem of weed infestation by employing people to clean up the main rivers and streams daily. People on voluntary basis also undertake cleanup action.

2.3. Action plan

All the important environmental issues identified are applicable to Kuttanad, in general, and Nedumudi, in particular. Therefore, to mitigate the environmental problems and manage the ecosystem, action plans have to be evolved by considering Kuttanad as a whole. However, any mitigative action will contribute to improvement of the overall assimilative capacity of environment. Therefore, the following action plans are proposed for implementation at the local body level.

• A comprehensive action plan is necessary to address the different problems relating to the pollution of water bodies in and around the panchayat. It should include reducing the input of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, improving the drainage system, optimizing lime application and adopting integrated pest management and low external input sustainable agriculture (LEISA). Intensive awareness campaign on the issue is extremely important. The panchayat while planning its waste management programme should adopt a strategy to make compost from biodegradable wastes and other biomass including agricultural residues. • Adoption of appropriate sanitation technology is essential for the area. Considering the condition of water logging and limiting land area, single leach pit latrine should be promoted only in the absence of more eco~friendly alternative. In any case direct discharge of sewage and waste water to water bodies should be prevented strictly. • The water drawn from the local surface and groundwater sources should be subjected to disinfection. An intensive campaign should be taken up for popularizing household or

22 community rain water harvesting systems. It is also desirable to introduce community based water quality monitoring programme. • Adequate sewage collection and treatment facilities should be provided in the house boats as per the specifications of the State Pollution Control Board. Common sewage and garbage disposal facilities should be ensured for the tourism and transportation boats at the landing centres. • The connectivity of canals and streams should be reinstated by removing the blockage across canals and streams and reinstating the streams that are lost. • The present pattern of bunding does not allow sedimentation during flooding in Padasekharams. The design of the bunds should be modified in such a way that it maintains flood water flow through the bunds which promote silt deposition into the padasekharam during flooding.

23 3. Vadakarapathy Grama Panchayat

3.1. Resource Analysis

Location Vadakarapathy Grama Panchayat, one of the eastern most panchayats in Palakkad district, is located in the middle of Palghat gap. It lies between 10° 45' 22" and 10° 49' 9" North latitude and 76° 48' 40" and 76° 54' 4" East longitude. It form part of Chittur Taluk, and shares its boundary with Pollachi Taluk of Tamil Nadu. The panchayat has a total area of 49.53 km 2 with 16 wards and is spread out in three villages, namely, Vadakarapathy, Attayampathy and Ozhalapathy (Figure 3.1).

Y.-ill.-U~ARAP.·UlIY GRA~L\.PANCIL\.Y..\.T

49' PUDHUSSElty

,UlIL\,\}}

S Kllppaud., konn(blU100r

10" 10': 45' SII 611 . L-______~==~j 76°54'29" Figure 3.1. Location map· Vadakarapathy

Vadakarapathy is signified by its location in the Palghat gap, probably the biggest mountain pass in the world (30-40 Km) separating the two folds of Western Ghat. The mountain ranges on the north and south end precipitously in abrupt rock faces and escarpment. There are forests nestling in between the rock faces. The elevation of the gap region is about 100 to 200m above MSL, whereas that of the north and south periphery of the Western Ghat is about 1100m and 2000m above MSL respectively. It is one of the picturesque areas with distinctive palmyra trees and extensive paddy fields.

The gap has a width of about 37.5 km at the widest portion with gentle undulating surface having deep loamy soil. The ranges on both north and south constitute the catchments of River Bharathapuzha, which drains the gap. The meteorological and geographical features of the

24 panchayat is influenced by the geographical disposition of the gap, which facilitate unproductive passage of monsoon clouds, As a result, Chittur Taluk,in general and Vadakarapathy panchayat, in particular are rain-shy areas.

Land environment The major rock type in the area is biotite granite-gneiss of Archean Group. The rock consists essentially of quartz and feldspar with variable amounts of biotite (black mica). At places, it has a banded appearance and is called 'Granite'. They are well foliated and folded in an east­ west orientation. Minor enclaves of amphibolites are also seen in the gneisses. There are numerous hillocks of porphyritic biotite and hornblende in the region. The rocks are characterized by the presence of hypersthene, bluish grey quartz arid feldspar. Laterite is found extensively forming low flat-topped ridges and hills. Important deposits of Kankar occur in Valiavallampathy and Ozhalapathy near Eruthempathy and alorlg River Varattar. The road metal, granite gneiss, is extracted from a number of quarries. There are numerous small granite quarries, like the four quarries in a small area like Kanakkankalam alone.

Vadakarapathy posses an agro~centric economy. The land use pattern of the area is Land use of the Vadakarapathy depicted in Fig. 3.2. Vegetable and sugarcane are the major crops grown followed by ground nut, cotton, coconut and paddy. The area consists of isolated rock out crops, • Ariculture immature laterite soil and a small portion of • Cultivable waste land o Uncultivable waste land incipient rocky soil. o B uiltup land • 'vVater bodies • Mixed trees Water resources • Others The area experiences tropical climate, with 84% an oppressive hot season and a moderate rainy season. The average annual rainfall is below 1100 mm and the mean maximum daily Figure 3.2: Lans use pattern temperature is 37.40C. The relative humidity is generally above 70%. During summer, the average humidity falls below 50%. Wind during south-west monsoon attain a velocity up to 30 to 55 km/h. The temporal distribution of Water source availablility (%) rainfall in the region is 70% during south west 1% 6% monsoon, 17% during north-east monsoon, 2% 23% • Pond during winter and 11% during summer. • Open well • Borewell The Panchayat is drained by a system of .. Stream ephemeral streams with their origin in adjacent eastern areas in Tamil Nadu. Varattayar, a 70% seasonal river in Walayar basin, flows through the southern boundary of the Panchayat. There are 27 small streams with a total length of 67.9 Figure 3.3. Sources of water availability­ km and 2 major streams with a length of 11.2 Vadakarapathi km. The drainage density of the area is 1.6 km/km2. The region has 120 ponds of which 103 are seasonal. 23% of the ponds yield water only for 3 months, 44% up to 6 months and 18% beyond 6 months, limiting the surface water availability. Figure 3.3 gives the different sources of water in the region. The dependence on ground water for domestic, industrial and irrigation purposes is high. There are 1371 open wells and 320 bore wells excluding private wells. The total ground water availability is estimated as 12.64 Mm3 of which 59.3% is used for irrigation and 31.6% for domestic and industrial purposes (CGWB, '2004). The groundwater is over exploited with stage of

25 development around 90%. The groundwater quality also shows deterioration with total hardness exceeding the limit in almost all bore wells and fluoride concentration between 1.1 to 1.5 mg/l, especially at Velamthavalam, Ozhalapathi and Chemanampathi.

Traditional irrigation systems, like Chella kounder system, Nattayar system and the Muthukounder system, is abandoned s'ince long. Competing demands and excess withdrawal has depleted the water resources appreciably. The area has high potential for water conservation structures (Panchayat Development Report, 1997).

Biodiversity Characterized by a unique blend of geographic, geologic, edaphic and climatic gradient, the region represents a distinct ecotone, known for its biotic richness. It is estimated that the flora of the region consists of about 500 plant species; many are rare and endemic to Kerala. The area is also rich in medicinal plants and timber trees. The faunistic pattern includes several genera and species of amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals that are unique to the western Ghat.

Human Settlements & Heritage The population density and literacy rate are Table.3.1. Demographic details Year lower than state average (Table 3.1). There are Category 3118 full time and 1038 marginal farmer 1971 1981 1991 2001 families. Of the total working population, Population 18283 21256 23834 25717 55.4% are agricultural labourers. There are 101 Population 392 429 481 519 small-scale industrial units, providing moderate density employment opportunity. The area is Literacy 34.5 45.4 58.44 63.1 characterized by significant emigrants from rate (%) Tamil Nadu, and the culture and language of Agriculture 58.3 57.2 56.8 55.4 the region greatly resembles that of the labors (%) neighboring state. 'Maari Amman kavu', is a popular place of worship, with a sacred grove. This is a living testimony of the conservation ethos of the natives. The area is famous for native bred 'Cock fights', an ent.ertainment.

3.2. DPSIR Analysis of Key Environmental issues

The key environmental issues prevailing in Vadakarapathy are (1) water scarcity and (2) poor quality of life. These problems are analyzed with respect to the driving force, pressure, state, impact and response (DPSIR).

Driving force Low rainfall, declining storage and increasing consumption rate are the reasons for acute shortage of water during greater part of the year at Vadakarapathy. It is a 'rain shy' area due to typical geographical disposition, where the annual rainfall is below 1100 mm. 70% of the rainfall is received during the three months of south west monsoon and therefore, temporal balancing of recharge-discharge is poor. The near-surface aquifers are generally thin limiting the groundwater availability from localized shallow sources. The bore wells are over-exploited as a result of shift in crops like sugar cane with high water consumption rate (Table.3.2). Bore wells are also over-exploited for industrial purposes regionally. The natural and man made surface water storages are poorly maintained and mostly degraded due to siltation and weed infestation.

26 J I Sugarcane 1200 m / halseason The poor quaLity of life (QoL) is a function of the Vegetables 600 mJ/ha/season objective conditions and subjective attitudes of the Banana 500 mj fha/season population in the area of concern. It is measured i Betel Leaves 500 mj fha/season based on the indices of housing, clothing, education, I Tubers 250 mJ fha/season culture, social security, human rights, empLoyment, I Coconut 100 lit/palm/day transport and energy, communication, health, water • Nutmeg 100 Lit/tree/day supply, sanitation, environment, food and nutrition, Other species 100 lit/tree/day(av.) Family Assets and Facilities (FAF) index and Accessibility index. Low per capita income, I Other trees 100 lit/tree/day(av.) inadequate community facilities, low literacy rate i Clove 60 lit/tree/day (Fig. 3.4), lack of basic amenities, attitude of I Arecanut 30 lit/palm/day population, etc are the major driving forces of poor quality of life. The infrastructure facilities for education and health care are inadequate. Increased sub division and partitioning of Land hoLding among the family members reduced the economic viability of cultivation. There is no urge among the people to be at par with mainstream panchayats of KeraLa due to the cross-cuLtural Linkages with the nearby remote villages of Tamil Nadu. Increased Literacy rate (%) __90.86 indebtedness due to repeated crop failures, 2001 declining productivity and poor finance management add to the difficulties of peopLe. 1991 WIJ.- 89.81 Decline in cottage industries, inadequate investment in agriculture, poor upkeep of 1981 .... 69.17 common property resources, deficiencies in marketing agricultural products, conventional _~,,_ 60.42 • State average 1971 ;;4.0 II Study area production practices, etc are some of the main contributory factors to the poor quality of Life. Figure 3.4. The literacy rate in Vadakarapathy

Pressure The prevalence of meteorological drought leads to over dependence on natural water bodies and underground water resources that in turn result in hydroLogicaL drought. Shift in cultivation pattern leads to increased water consumption. Introduction of water intensive crops like sugar cane and its popularity necessitated increased demand and supply of irrigation water (Table 3.2). The increasing population and per capita water consumption is another factor for increased water demand. Over dependence on groundwater resources exerts pressure on ground water table Leading to deepening of tube wells. There has been a 30% increase in the cultivated land over the past 15 years. Vast stretches of paddy fields are converted for sugarcane cultivation. About 26 industries in Kanjikode area that draw groundwater for industrial purposes also exert pressure regionally on the existing groundwater resources.

Owing to poor income, peopLe are unabLe to access even basic minimum amenities including medicaL facilities. The poor status of housing and isolation from mainstream reduces the social security for women and children. The increased indebtedness among farmers leads to desperation and anxiety. The unfavorable economic conditions also alienate children from even elementary education. The low income also forces the people to change traditional crop practices to ones that are sponsored by money lenders. It also keeps them away from maintaining common property resources. Improper sanitation facilities and lack of adequate medical care pose threat to the health of the people especially the child ren and the old age groups. Illiteracy, poorly organized agricultural sector, absence of industrial units, etc significantly reduces the employment security. The women, mostly engaged 'in manual labor, are unable to find time for their children and own health care.

27 State Acute water scarcity is faced in many areas such as Table .3.3. Water resources at Ozhalapathy, Velamthavalam, Kuppandakaundanoor Vadakarapathy and Sathram. The two minor rivers and all the Open Bore Strea Category Pond streams are seasonal. Of the 120 ponds, 80% are well well m seasonal (Table 3.3). Regionally, 10.8 million liters Private 63 1121 379 - of groundwater is exploited daily by the 26 industries located in and around the Panchayat. The Chittur Public 40 250 73 29 Co-operative Sugar Factory,' Menonpara and Perennial 1 296 - Bannariamman Sugar Factory located in Seasonal 102 1124 - Sathyamangalam and Pollachi have promoted sugarcane cultivation leading to a manifold increase •Useless 15 42 - in the groundwater demand, both by the crops as !Total 120 1371 452 29 well as by the sugarcane processing factories. Farmers now are inclined to cultivate sugarcane which necessitates prolonged irrigation.

The normal water table is at 5m below ground Level. The demand of irrigation water for sugarcane cultivation is 1200 m3/ha/season, which necessitated the farmers to dig more tube wells extending up to a depth of around 130 m and draw more water. This has led to substantial lowering of groundwater table. It is inferred that during 2003-2004, there was a marked decline in the groundwater tabLe.

Table .3.4. Status of ground water sources The drinking water supply is Perennial Seasonal Bore Well inadequate, often leading to Locality wells wells well density community clashes and ! Ozhalapathy 1 138 68 30 agitations. Sixteen of the total Kuppanda 8 164 39 26 18 drinking water supply schemes Koundanoor are dependent on groundwater, ! Valiyakkaliya 121 134 40 27 and the source strength is i m-para stretched beyond its potential. . Menonpara 5 155 55 22 The CWRDM and CGWB have I Sathram 12 173 52 43 reported high concentration of . Kozhipara 159 73 30 39 fluoride and hardness in I Kinarppalam 39 189 36 36 groundwater. The area is characterized as "Over exploited", indicating more than 100% development. Table. 3.5. Well water quality variation at Velamtahvalam pH ! Year S04 TH EC Na N03 Ca Mg Cl i 1996-97 80 685 1730 7.83 76 200 148 77 341

1997-98 148 445 1340 8.75 64 102 80 60 i 277 1998-99 179 435 1438 8.5 102 140 58 71 259 Drinking 400 300 2250 6.5 to 26 45 75 30 250 water 8.5 standard

About 75% of the houses have mud walls and thatched roof. Palm leaves, reeds, thatch weeds and bamboo are the principal roofing material. About 25% population has no access to safe drinking water. Elementary education is limited to a few in the region. The educational 2 2 facilities one HSS and UP each for every 25 km and one LPS for every 8 km ; are lower than 2 2 2 the State average. There are one LPS/ 5.7 km , one UPS/12.8 km , one HS/13.9 km and one HSS/23,47 km 2 on an average in the State (Economic Review, 2005). The availabiLity of easily accessible schools with suitable medium of instruction is a limiting factor. The total work participation rate is 51,42%, the male work force accounting for 59.71% and the female work force accounting for 43.1%. About 65% of the population depends on agriculture for

28 subsistence. There are 3118 effective farmer families and 1208 marginal farmer families as the industrial sector is very weak (Table-3.6). Table. 3.6. 551 in Vadakarpathy The area is dominated by BPL families. The average Category Number annual income of a family is reported to be less than Rs.24, 000/-. More than 60% of the population is laborers ! Agro -based 9 and wage earners. Even though the per capita land Rubber based 6 availabHity is 48 cents, higher than state average, the I Plastic 4 economic return is low due to enervated agricultural Forest based 9 production owing to poor land and water management. AH based 2 Littering the premises and public places, indiscriminate I Texti le based 13 dumping of solid wastes on the roadsides and defecation Chemical based 3 in the open is found common. The sanitation facilities are Engineering based 20 very poor in four wards (Table-3.7). Malnutrition among Electronically 1 children is Mineral based 1 Table. 3.7. Wards without sanitation facilities found Building materiaL 2 Ward no. Area common. Other I Thenampati, Attayampati, Nutritional Total • Ward 5 Velamthavallam care for Wo1 Kamaraj colony, Ozhalapati, children is provided through the Anganvadis. • Ward 6 Chinnagound There are 21 Anganvadies in the Panchayat, one Kenarapallam colony, Anganvady for every 1225 persons, but the Ward 7 Kuppandakaundanoor benefits are not percolating to the entire Neelipara, Kaliampara population. The reach of various rural Ward 16 Harijan Colony development schemes are poor due to lack of communication and awareness, one of the problems being dual language requirement, the Tamil and Malayalam.

Impact The prolonged water scarcity and the vagaries of monsoon lead to destruction of crops and economic loss to the farmers. The water scarcity led to the over-exploitation of ground water resources causing appreciable lowering of groundwater table. The shift to high water consuming crops and increased pumping has accentuated the situation. The quality deterioration of both surface and groundwater (Table 3.5) has appreciable adverse impact on public health. It is reported that 75% of school students in the region are affected by ailments like brittleness of bones, skin lesions, rashes and dental caries (Health Department, 1997).

Owing to inadequate water for irrigation, certain patch of land is Left barren. Increased incidence of soil erosion and subsequent siltation of water bodies also causes adverse impacts on the economy and environment. Infestation of Parthenium and Prosopsis is common in the area. These weeds pose threats to the naturaL flora and are known to causes heaLth impacts.

The poor quality of life in Vadakarapathy is impacted by low literacy, poor health management and pitiable nutritional status of the people. Due to low per capita income, the amount spent on basic needs, education, sanitation and health care are very limited. The contamination of water bodies and lack of cleanliness leads to unhygienic living conditions, which are manifested in the health status. The employment of female as manual labourers limits their time for child care and geriatric care. A survey conducted by the Primary HeaLth Centre at . Ozhalapathy indicated that 60 %of the children «10 years) are undernourished.

The socioeconomic and ecological impacts of the major environmental problems have been captured in the PriOlitization matrix given in Table 3.8.

29 Table.3.B.Prioritization matrix Isocioeconomic/Ecological Environmental issues Impacts Water scarcity Poor Quality of Life Cumulative Score Impact on Public Health 5 5 10 Loss of biodiversity 3 3 6 Impact on Vulnerable Groups 5 5 10 Productivity loss 5 5 10 Impact on Critical Ecosystem 4 5 9 Irreversible (- )/Reversible (+) +3 +3 +6 Urgency for action 5 5 10 Scale: l=Low; 3= MedIUm; 5= HIgh

Response In order to meet the acute water scarcity, several mini drinking water schemes have been implemented at Velemthavalam, Kariyanchettikalam, Mallampathy, Ayyampathy, Ozhalapathy, Anupur and Nalluveettuchalla. The panchayat launched a Programme called 'Potteri Community I rrigation Scheme' in which 2 ponds; potteri and chinnaeri are connected by means of a canal so that water from the Walayar irrigation project reaches the area. During the last 2 years, 50 acres of uncultivated and abandoned land has been brought under cultivation. The pisciculture in abandoned ponds, particularly in Menonpara, for rearing economically important fish Clar;us batrachus and feeding it with chicken waste available locally is another important response to improve water harvesting, groundwater recharge, soil moisture enhancement, irrigation and waste management in addition to direct economic benefit. The water from the pond is used for irrigating coconut plantation, improving its yield. This initiative is being replicated elsewhere in the panchayat.

The innovative initiatives of rainwater harvesting in abandoned land by the Ahalya Foundation Eye Hospital in its premises has significant demonstration value for the entire region. The Hospital has developed 35 Ha of catchment in its compound to harvest rainwater by developing a reservoir/pond with a storage capacity of 43 crore litres of water. This has been achieved by constructing a pond and a subsurface dyke cum earthen bund as retaining structure at a total cost of Rs.32 lakh; RsA lakh for the retaining structure and Rs.28 lakh for excavation of pond and removal of mud for landscaping the hospital compound. The resource, thus generated is being utilized for all the purposes of the hospital and also for irrigating medicinal herbal plantation. The storage and consequent groundwater recharge has improved the yield of bore wells as well as soil moisture. The improved soil moisture scenario and availability of water for irrigation during summer has significantly improved the coconut productivity. The hardness of bore well water in the region is high so also the bore well water of the hospital compound. Otherwise, the quality of harvested water is tested to be very good.

A non-governmental organization, Maitri, has facilitated a community initiative of renovating a silted pond to double the storage capacity of water with total participation of the beneficiaries. The pond located near Narippattupara has a dimension of 70m x 45m x 1m and a catchment of about 25 Ha. This has been renovated by desilting it to achieve a depth of 2m and storage of 63, 00,000 litres of water benefiting about 20 Ha of paddy and sugarcane fields. The scheme sponsored by the Western Ghat Development Project at a total cost of Rs. 1 lakh, is being implemented with 10% contribution mobilized from 30 beneficiary families. In addition, the dredged mud to the tune of 3150 m3 is collected and transported free of cost by the farmers of the locality for top soil replenishment of agricultural fields.

There are various community development programmes being undertaken in the panchayat making use of the plan fund of the panchayat or under centrally sponsored schemes. These include rainwater harvesting, renovation of ponds, agricultural promotional programmes, total sanitation programmes, nutrition programmes through Anganvadies etc. The panchayat is also

30 benefited by the centrally sponsored schemes such as Swarnajayanthi Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY) and Sampoorna Gramin Rozgar Yojana (SGRY), Rashtriya Shram Vikas Yojana etc. The schemes that required beneficiary contributions have not shown appreciable success due to inadequate environment building. There is significant lapse from the part of the panchayat 'in making use of the centrally sponsored schemes by mobilizing community support and facilitating speedy implementation.

Environmental hotspots The hotspots of major environmental issues are delineated as follows:

Environ mental jss_u_e_s-+:H=-o-;-t_s,;-p_ot_s-:-;--~~_-:-___~.._.____.~_ --:-;-;-:---;- ..~___.. _ ..~.. Water scarcity Ozhalapathi, Anupur, Sathram, Valiyakalliampara, Kuppandakaundanoor, Velamthavalam, Chemanampathi ror Quality of Li.fe Ozhalapathi, Sathram, Valiyakalliampara, Velamthav-a"":"l-am-,-=r""h--en-a-m-p-a-t.,....ji, Attayampati, Kamaraj colony, Kenarapallam colony, Kuppandakaundanoor, Neelipa~2..~aliampara Harijan Colony

3.3. Action plan 1. There is genuine demand for water on the one hand and serious supply constraints on the other hand, the latter in terms of deteriorated surface water structures like ponds, streams, link canals etc, declining groundwater table and worsening water quality. The latter two aspects are irreversible in a short term period. There exists immense potential for different modes of rainwater harvesting including rejuvenation of traditional water harvesting systems. Considering these, the Grama Panchayat should come out with a Water Conservation and Management Policy along with Detailed Action Plans with the support of professional agencies like CWRDM, CESS etc. 2. The proposed water conservation and management action plan should be prepared on the basis of micro watersheds for ensuring sustainability and avoiding conflicts. 3. The proposed water conservation and management action plan should have the following aspects incorporated. • Financial assistance and incentives for encouraging private initiatives for rainwater harvesting of various types. • Intensive awareness campaign and Information, Education and Communication (IEC) exercise on participatory watershed based development and management, water quality, surface and groundwater occurrence, groundwater and surface water harvesting structures, soH moisture aspects, crop planning etc by entrusting appropriate government or non-government agencies on a clear output - outcome basis. • Construction and maintenance of rainwater storage pits, embankments, etc. • Desiltation, deepening, periodic maintenance of ponds, streams, rivers etc. • Registering all the bore wells, determining the safe yield of wells with respect to quantity and quality, periodic monitoring of water table and water quality • Regulating the type and construction of wells depending on the regional well field. • Identification of unexploited and potential fracture zones for sinking bore wells making use of modern scientific practices. • Appropriate use of large ponds and quarries as water conservation and storage structures. • Appropriate planning of water harvesting structures making use of the landform and landscape advantages. 4. The Grama Panchayat should prepare a Policy on Agriculture incorporating the principle and approach of micro watershed, crop suitability considering soil and water as limiting factors, sustainable economic return and employment management.

31 5. Special efforts should be made to understand the prospects, possibilities and conditionalities of centrally sponsored schemes and mobilize community tArough awareness, incentives, disincentives, cross subsidies etc for taking maximum benefit of such schemes. 6. The Grama Panchayat should resort to an intensive campaign on public health linking disease burden, nutrition, various components of sanitation including solid waste management, water quality etc. 7. An action plan should be prepared to provide latrines to all population in the panchayat within one-year. Two hindrances are the lack of awareness and inability to raise individual beneficiary contribution. In order to overcome the latter, ward-wise planning, targeting and if necessary, public mobilization of fund should be resorted to.

32 4. V;zhinjam Grama Panchayat

4.1. Resource Analysis Location Vizhinjam is known for its beautiful coast line, undulating terrain, thick green coconut groves, vibrant fishing activity, Kovalam tourist destination and marvelous beach resorts. The area is characterized- by beautiful palm-fringed coves, rocky headlands, calm bays and picturesque stretches of sandy beaches, light house and fishing Harbour. The near-shore deep sea enables it to qualify for a major Harbour and Terminal for International Container Shipment". The area is also known for traditional agricultural practices with coconut trees in the slopes, mixed trees surrounding residential buildings, seasonal crops like plantain, betel leaves, paddy, vegetables etc., in the valley floor. The Grama Panchayat form part of Athiyannur Block in Thiruvananthapuram district and has a total area of 12.62 km2 with a shoreline of 8 km (FigA.1). The Grama Panchayat is characterized by high population density, crowded fishermen colonies, and large number of tourism resorts and hotels.

\lZHIN.JAIH GRAl\fA PANCHAYAT

VENGANOOR

8' I

Figure 4. 1. Location Map

Land resources The terrain is undulating with small hillocks, coastal cliff, rocky promontories, gentle to steep slopes and valleys except for the pocket beaches. The area has an altitude variation from mean sea level to 10m above MSL within a distance of 1.5 km perpendicular to the coast. The spatial distribution of different landform units is depicted in Fig. 4.2. The area form part of the crystalline terrain of southern India consisting of granulites and gneisses of Precambrian age. This formation is hard and resistant to weathering and acts as good foundation for buildings and other structures. The crystalline formation is overlain by recent sand, alluvium and laterite soil in the beach, valley floor and stope areas respectively.

33 Land forms units (%) • Coastal plain • Rolling plain! valley The percentage distribution of differen~ types o gentle slope 1% 1% 1% 3% of soil in the area is depicted in Fig. 4.3.4.3 The • Nbderate slope 3% 0 29% coastal region is characterized by coastal sand • Steeps lope rich in heavy minerals. The inland areas are iii Ridge crest covered by thin laterite soil cover, with • Abadoned quarry occasional rock exposure. The permeability of • Cliff this soil is very low. The soil is moderately o Rocky coast acidic and deep having sandy loam and gravelly clay Figure 4.2. Spatial distribution of Figure .4.3. Soil types and their spatial landform units - Vizhinjam distribution- Vizhinjam loam texture with poor organic matter content. Soil Type (%) The heavy minerals, sillimanite and zircon with predominant thorium content, are prominent in Kovalam beach. i • Red loam I [J Alluvial sand 3% 3% 1% 13% 3% I landuse I • Rocky with The sandy beach in the sea front is followed by incipient soil I dense settlements and coconut groves towards the , [J Cliif beach and interior (Fig. 4.4). The important crops • Laterite! of the area are coconut, arecanut, banana, , lateriate soil ! • Beach sand tapioca, spices/ pepper, vegetables etc. There are 75% jack trees, mango trees, fuel wood trees in the

homestead. Coconut trees dominate the Landuse % • Mixed trees with settlement entire area, the yield of which is • Reclaimed paddy moderate (10,000 nuts/annum/ha). Most 8% 1% of the paddy fields are either reclaimed [J other cultivated areas for construction of houses or converted 17% [J To uris m establishmentll for cultivation of tapioca, banana, vegetables, and coconut. There are no • Waste land-quarries, wastelands except rock outcrops and rock outcrops abandoned quarries. The inland water • Communityfacilitles bodies, in the form of ponds, streams and • Inland water bodies canals are mostly dilapidated. No forests or water bodies exist which can support Figure 4.4. Landuse pattern Vizhinjam wild flora and fauna.

Water resources The surface water availability is confined to inland ponds and streams. There are five streams among which the Gangayar thodu flowing by the side of Vizhinjam town is the most prominent and perennial one. The stream, having a length of 3.6 km, is highly used by the hinterland population for washing and other domestic purposes. It is highly polluted towards the sea shore due to dumping of wastes and discharge of sewage. During rainy season, the polluted stream water overflows to areas adjacent to the Fisheries Harbour causing significant land and water pollution. Other streams, originating from ponds, used to be perennial in the past, when the upkeep of the ponds were good. The stream, originating from Vayakalkulam, is now used for disposing liquid and solid waste from the resorts, restaurants and ,houses concentrated in the area adjacent to Avaduthurai beach. In addition, there exist small and localized seasonal drains confined to valley head areas. ALL the streams are in a dilapidated stage due to poor maintenance and reclamation by adjacent land owners. There are 11 ponds and 6 tanks in the panchayats. All the tanks and 8 ponds are being maintained well. However, one pond,

34 Vayakalkulam is highly infested with weeds while Amakulam is not used due to excessive pollution from cattle waste.

Groundwater availability is confined to coastal alluvium, laterite and weathered and fractured crystalline aquifers. The annual groundwater availability in the Grama Panchayat area, as deduced from the report of the Central Ground Water Board (2004) is 1.90 Mm3. The area is categorized as over-exploited and the stage of development is 112.8%. The cliff and moderate to steep slope areas indicate deep water table of the order of 20m below ground level. Towards foot slope and coastal plain, the depth to. water table decreases and groundwater availability improves. Generally, dug wells are used for extraction of groundwater, the density of which varies from 398/km2 to 425/km2 from hinterland to the coastal zone. The wells in the hinterland are mostly seasonal causing severe drinking water shortage during summer.

The physico-chemical quality of surface and groundwater is generally good. But bacteriological pollution is high. The pond and well waters generally contain E. coli and Faecal streptococcus bacteria. The near-shore sea water also indicates high microbial pollution due to Faecal streptococci, Faecal coliform, Stigella sp.and Vibrio choleri. Faecal contamination of sea water near Eve's beach and Vayakalkulam stream is very high. The .sea water also shows pollution due to petroleum hydrocarbon. The level of sea water pollution decreases significantly towards deep waters.

Biodiversity The region contains 525 species of flora and 150 species of fauna, which includes 7 rare species of plants. No endangered biota is observed in the area. The entire land in the study area except the narrow stretch of beach is settlements and under cultivation of coconut (Cocos nUcifera). Inter cropping is practiced in coconut plantation with a variety of crops such as vegetables, spices and other economically important plants. The native species found within homesteads and hedges are Artocarpus hirsutus, A. heterophyllus, Tamar;ndus indica, Psidium guaja, Mangifera indica, Morinda tinctoria, Canthium angustifolium, Adenanthera pavon ina, Desmodium triquetrum, Crotalaria retusa, Cussia tora. Mimosa pudica, Melastoma malabathricum, Sida cordffolia, Urena lobata, Ziziphus oenoplea, Borreria stricta, Merremia tridentata, Scoparia dulcis; Euphorbia hirta, Phoenix humilis, Aristida setacea, Clitoria ternatea, Panicum repens, Thespesia populnea, Borassus flabellifer etc. Economically important trees like Mangifera indica, Artocarpus heterophyllus and Anacardium occidentale are commonly seen in residential compounds.

The area is better in terms of zooplankton biomass, population density and faunal diversity. The highest biomass of 18m1l100m3 was reported at 2.5 km off Kovalam and the lowest biomass of 3.61 mll100m) at shore sample. The pigment concentration was found to be good with chlorophyll value varying from 0.32 mg/m3 to 1.95 mg/m3. The photosynthetic rate is around 0.038mgClm3/hr, the low value indicating low phytoplankton production.

Rocky shores are unique and fascinating and bathed daily by the recurring tides. The area is marked by the presence of wide variety of flora and fauna population. The salt tolerant Scaevola sericea is found on rock crevices near the lighthouse, which is subjected to constant salt spray. Other common species of vegetation found along the beach are Calotropis gigantea, Ipomoea biloba, Ipomoea repens, Dregia volubilis, Cleome .viscosa, Leucas aspera, Portulaca tuberosa, Rothia trifoliata etc and a few grasses and sedges.

35 Table 4.1. List of Marine Algal Flora- Vizhinjam I The density of avifauna is very low in Kovalam I Order IGenus / SpecIes ~ beach. In beaches and near shore waters, : Bryopsis pennata =J occasional presence of sea birds is noticed. I Viva fasciata Bryopsis sp. i Migratory birds that come to the nearby Vellayani Chaetomorpha antennina : Kayal region flock to the area. The most common Chloro h ta Cau.lerpa peltata I among them are Wood Sandpiper, Green p y • Halimeda tuna ~ Sandpiper, Marsh Sandpiper, Black-winged Stilt, Cladophora fascicularis I' Garganey and Pintail. Major groups of macro Asparagopsis sp. '--J, benthos are Polychaets, Bivalves and Gastropods. Valonopsfs pachynema The important fishes are grey dog shark, hammer Chnoosporia minima headed shark, pale-edged sting ray, giant herring, white sardine, short bodied sardine, oil sardine, Dfctyota sp. white bait, Indian anchovy, dorab wolf, giant sea Phaeophyta Padina tetrastomatica~ pike, mullet, glassy perchlet, rocky cod, yellow fin Stoechospermum I trevally, Russell's cod, horse mackerel, etc. The big maculatum I jawed, two spined Jaw fish, Indian mackerel, " Sargassum wlghtii stripped tuna, seer fish, pomfret etc are also Centroceras ciavulatum available. Champia parvula ___ Gracilaria corticata The marine algal flora of the Vizhinjam-Kovalam Gelidium pusillum sector composed of 16 species belonging to the orders- Chlorophyta, Rhodophyta and Phaeophyta Rhodophyta ; Gelidiopsfs variabilfs (Table 4.1.). Chlorophytic algae are confined to Hypnae ni rescens the high tide region and Phycophyta and Hypnae sp. Rhodophyta to the mid and low tide regions. The Laurencia brandenii faunal elements include Gastropods, Balanus, ~___~,I Spyridia insignis Amphipoda, Isopoda, Polychaeta, Coelenterata and Echinoderms. Perna virdis, P. indica, ' Cellana Source : N.Balakrishnan Nair ftV.Sobha (1990) radiata, Acmae sp. Node littorina, Thais sp. Pyrena sp; Chthamalus malayensis, Chiton sp; etc are the common forms observed in the rocky shores of Kovalam.

Atmosphere The area has a tropical humid climate with an oppressive summer from March to May followed by southwest monsoon (SWM) from June to September and northeast monsoon (NEM) from October to December . The area has an average of 98 rainy days and receives an annual average rainfall of 1890 mm, which is below the state average of 3000 mm. But, there exists a fairly good temporal rainfall distribution with 50% rainfall received during SWM, 30% during NEM, 17.5% during summer and 2.5% during winter. The mean monthly temperature is very modest with a minimum of 22.2oC in January to 32.6oC in April. During summer, the area generally experiences drought. The air is highly humid all round the year with relative humidity varying from 70% in January to 86% in June. Skies are, heavily clouded or overcast during the monsoon months. During post monsoon and summer, the cloudiness generally increases in the afternoons. Generally, the wind is light to moderate which intensifies during monsoon. The area also experiences thunderstorm activity, especially during post-monsoon months and summer. The climatic water balance indicates water surplus (37% of annual average rainfall) during July to December and water deficit (9% of annual average rainfall) during January to March. ' The area is free of any major industrial units. The main sources of air pollution are the vehicular traffic, operation of diesel generators in hotels/resorts/shops, household chulas and outboard engines of boats. The transport and dispersion of pollutants are mainly controlled by the local wind patterns and vertical temperature profiles of the atmosphere. The ambient air floating population, including tourists, workers and related migrants,. influences the coastal belt of Vizhinjam Panchayat significantly. Majority of the migrants are engaged in business and related activities, especially, as workers in hotels, restaurants and shops and as street vendors selling fruits, garments etc. In Vizhinjam area, most of the people are dependent on fishing (35%) while in the interior portion, farming is the major occupation. Farmers are few in number (7.5%) but agricultural labourers (20.8%) form the majority in farming sector. Vizhinjam Panchayat does not have any industrial centre and big industry. About 8 % of the working population in the panchayat is engaged in traditional cottage industries, mainly coir making, copra processing, stone quarrying and metal crushing.

Heritage Kovalam is a hippy idyll, picturesque and perfect tropical beach and a traditional Kerala fishing village, providing fresh fish and tender coconut. The Vizhinjam Lighthouse at the southern headland and the Kovalam Palace on the northern headland are built by the erstwhile Maharaja of Travancore. Vizhinjam Rock Cut Cave is a monument containing sculptures of the 18th century. The granite cave here encloses a one-celled shrine with a loose sculpture of Vinandhara Dakshinamurthi. The outer wall of the cave depicts half-complete reliefs of the Hindu god Shiva with goddess Parvathi.

4.2. DPSIR Analysis of Key Environmental issues The main environmental problems of Vizhinjam Panchayat are; (1) Water scarcity (2) Pollution and (3) Occupational pressure. The hotspots of environmental issues are depicted in Figure 4.5.

38 VIZHINJAM GR.\1\lA PANCIL4.YAT

go

33"

VErlGArlOOR

I I I I

rJ(; t.,t of "Mati"" -' I LAKSHAJ)W"EEF SEA ,., Solid .."I. dUtllPin~ - Po5uud sIn"" I so ..Sou "O$lOr. 19' _ CDooI.t"",iOll 19' 59" 59'~76°:':":5~::':':'30:-::'''---''------~--- ~--::-76=o58='2-:-:'2.. Figure 4.5 Hotspots identified in Vizhinjam Panchayat Driving force The surface water availability in the area is confined to the inland ponds and streams. These structures are mostly dilapidated, under used and poorly maintained. Poor resource utilization and management is the main cause of drinking water scarcity in the Panchayat.

The area faces severe water deficit during summer months from April to May. The estimated .climatic water balance for lateritic and coastal terrain based on monthly rainfall for the year 2001 is given in Table 4.4. The factors affecting the scarcity of drinking water are given in Figure 4.6.

The surface water bodies are contaminated mostly due to indiscriminate use of ponds and streams for laundry and bathing and also due to open defecation in nearby areas. The unacceptable level of coliform counts in surface and groundwater has reduced the availability of potable water. Table 4.5 gives a general status of waste generation in Kovalam area everyday. Part of these materials also reaches the water bodies. The accumulation of new generation non-biodegradable waste and their discharge to open spaces is on the increase. The increasing number of vehicles and reducing road capacity enhances the noise level and dust concentration. The near shore waters are subjected to pollution due to various reasons such as inadequate sanitation measures in coastal areas, poor environmental management in the fishing harbour, and effluent discharge from ponds and streams, dumping of fish waste etc. State The panchayat has 422 public taps, 135 public wells and 18 public tanks/ ponds. The number of bore wells are very less. The well density in the region is 4121km2 and only 50% of the houses have wells in their compound. About 23% of the houses are provided with public water supply, the service of which is irregular and inadequate. Drinking water scarcity is faced by 10567 families in the Panchayat which constitute nearly 95.16 percent of the total families. 44 percent of the total families face water scarcity through out the year, 23 percent of the families faces this problem for more than 6 months and 33 percent faces water shortage for 3 to 6 months. The groundwater availability is moderate and its development is mainly through dug wells. In the coastal cliffs, the water table lies as deep as 20 m below the ground level. Wells in the region are seasonal. A number of water supply schemes function in the panchayat (Table 4.6). The water supplied from Mukkola water supply scheme is turbid and not being used for drinking. .

Table .4.6 Water supply schemes in Vizhinjam Of the total 11 ponds in the region, 3 are panchayat reclaimed for various purposes. Most of Name of Water No of Hous Status the ponds in the region are subjected to I~I Supply Schemes Public e eutrophication. Aamakulam and lO taps taps Vayakalkulam are almost abandoned. Five 11. Vizhinjam 20 115 Good streams originate from the ponds and four l Theruvu of them drain into the sea. Gangayar 12. Pullurkkonam 65 80 Shortage thodu is the longest stream (3.635 km) 3. Pullurkkonam 48 50 IShortage that passes through the panchayat. It Township originates outside the panchayat area and 4. Mukkola 1227 690 Poor drain into the sea at Vizhinjam Harbour. It 5. . Pulinkudi 46 135 Shortage is highly polluted due to dumping of solid 6. Venniyur 14 100 Shortage waste and discharge of sewage from the 17. Trivandrum 2 0 Shortage. community latrines, especially in the lower stretches. In the upstream portion, the stream is used for laundry and bathing. The stream that originates from Vayakalkulam and drains to the sea at Edakkal rocks (between Light House and Eve's beach) is a sewer at present receiving liquid and solid wastes from the commercial and domestic establishments in the area. The contaminated water is discharged to sea using a partially concealed pipe at the sea shore. The contaminated water from the pipe often forms a cesspool right on the beach area. The public latrines provided at Osanvila and near Vizhinjam-Poovar road junction are very poorly maintained.

The physico chemical parameters and microbiaL. count in seawater samples off Kovalam coast up to 5km is given in Table 4.7. Water samples show high bacteriological pollution in the near shore regions. Selected water quality parameters have also been assessed for samples collected from typical surface and groundwater sources in the region . The faecal contamination of sea water near Eve's beach and Vayakalkulam stream is very high. The pond and well waters are also found to contain E. coli and Faecal streptococcus.

42 IZone I IZone 1\ Zone III Zone IV Total Area i - r-­ Desir- Fetai'~-- Desirable Actual Desirable Actual Desirable Desirable Actual ' Actual Actual able Resort density (beds) 127 1370 323 483 1222 97 983 0 2655 i1950! Beach capacity based on beach length 1029 2384 2331 3330 Nil lNil Nil Nil 3360 4800 (persons/ day) I 1 Beach capacity based on 980 2384 2697 3853 beach area (persons/day Nil Nil Nil Nil 3677 5253

Water requirement MLD 0.935 0 0.409 0 0.370. 0 0.350 0 2.064 0 b------;--' Sewage disposal Space 1 35 ,0 requirement (Ha) : . 0 0.83 0 10.81 0 0.84 0 3.83 'parking area for tourists 0 65 0 00 1.71 0.39 0.15 0.00 0.01 0.00 2.52 0.39 ,(Ha) . 1 . I ~rrentlY available open 2.74 0.42 0.97 2.88 0.19 1.75 0.00 0.00 3.90 5.05 ~ace (Ha) Shop space (Ha) at 0.09 0.72 0.03 0.94 0.01 0.58 0.00 0.01 0.13 2.25 ,current status 1 Iswimming pool spacel0.41 0 0.14 0 0.03 0 0.00 0 0.58 0 ,required (Ha) 1

The prioritization matrix considering the impacts of environmental issues on various vulnerable aspects is given in Table 4.10.

Table 4. 10. Prioritization Matrix Environmental issues Socio-economic/Ecological Cumulative Water Occupational Impacts Pollution Score scarcity Pressure I Impact on Public Health 5 ,5 4 14 I Loss of Biodiversity 3 3 4 10 I Impact on Vulnerable Groups 5 3 5 13 1 Productivity loss ' 3 3 3 9 -- Impact on critical ecosystems ! 3 4 4 11 ~.~--, Irreversible (-)/Reversible (+) L+3 +3 ·3 l +9 Urgency for Action 5 5 5 15

Responses In order to provide safe drinking water, a number of schemes were implemented, but the operational efficiency of the schemes are beset with problems. The rain water harvesting structures are made mandatory for all the structures, but the compliance is very poor. The civic authorities have taken effort for the renovation of the ponds and tanks, but the upkeep is inadequate. Various actions are being taken by the Tourism Department for beautification of the area. But the adhoc approach, irrespective of a detailed master plan prepared by them, does not facilitate the improvement of carrying capacity of the tourism areas. Though the Grama Panchayat has the prime responsibility or environmental upkeep, there are no effective and sustainable plans evolved and implemented. The major lacunae is the poor prioritization and lack of technical support to the local governments.

The Tourism Department, Government of Keala in 2002 has commissioned a detailed study on the depth of problems of Kovalam and mitigation measures by a Committee comprising of experts in the field of Environment, Tourism and Town & Country PLanning. The Committee submitted a detailed report incorporating various integrated action plans to manage the tourism area within the carrying capacity.

44 The Kovalam tourist zone is maintained as no waste zone by the Eco-preserve with the funding and co-operation of Tourism Department and Vizhinjam Grama Panchayat. They collect and segregate the solid waste from the hotels and resorts as well as from the residences "in the tourist zone. Plastic wastes are crushed, cut and sent for recycling and organic wastes are sent for composting to Panachimukku, located in Tamil Nadu. Authorities have undertaken measures to demolish the building that are violating the CRZ rules in 1995, but did not achieve desired success. Though participatory action planning and implementation of development and conservation projects is a prime mandate of the local government, the efforts in these lines are declining, hampering appropriate response to various environmental issues. A zero waste programme was" launched at Kovalam in 2001 for the first time in the country. The key objective of the project was material substitution and appropriate recycling. The project was supported by Tourism Department and facilitated by a non-governmental organization but failed to deliver in full spirit.

4.3. Action plans • Implementation of drinking water supply schemes planned by the Kerala Water Authority on a war footing. • Performance evaluation of the existing drinking water schemes "implemented by Grama Panchayat and Kerala Water Authority (KWA) for identification and rectification of operational and maintenance problems. • Environmental upgradation of abandoned quarries and its use for rainwater harvesting and potable water supply. • Planning and implementation of appropriate measures for groundwater recharge with the objectives of enhancing the resource potential and subsurface discharge for cleansing the hydrogeological environment. • Systematization of maintenance of ponds, tanks and streams for resource enhancement as well as environmental cleansing. • Popularization of rainwater harvesting, especially roof top harvesting methods for all feasible structures. • Replacing or redUCing the plastic bottled drinking water by "introducing hygienic drinking water kiosks with quality certification and dispenser jars. • Preparation and implementation of a master plan for total sanitation drive that include management of human excreta, solid waste, liquid waste and overall environmental upgradation. • Explore and evaluate the viability of introducing biological toilets (currently manufactured by Integral Coach Factory - see Fig 4.10) initially in tourism establishments and then to the publics to reduce pollution risks and disease burden. • Tourism is an important activity in the region that generates good revenue. The prevalent scenes at Kovalam indicate appreciable env"ironmental degradation and exemplify lack of proper planning, judicious allocation of land, poor compliance to regulations etc threatening the sustenance of high quality tourism and other development process. • Rejuvenation of Kovalam necessitates evacuation of unauthorized occupants from the beach front, establishment of integrated centre for culture, recreation and resource

45 development, environmental conservation and beach beautification, solid waste management, waste water and sewage disposal system etc as priority interventions. • Updation and implementation of detailed action plans suggested in the study sponsored by the Tourism Department in 2002. • De-congestion in the tourist spot and fish landing centres by evicting all encroachments and unauthorized establishments along the beach. • Rehabilitation of shop owners and hawkers, evicted from the beach area, in the hinterland areas in close proximity to the tourist spot. • Building of adequate infrastructural facilities for Vizhinjam and township colony so as to reduce the adverse effect of congestion. • Formation of local monitoring committees in each ward and empowering them to monitor the environmental upkeep systems and prevent critical destruction activities such as dumping of waste near water bodies, reclamation of water bodies, discharge of sewage to streams and storm water drains etc. • Reorganize and strengthen the effort for zero waste Kovalam programme by incorporating amendments considering the resource and technological sustainability. • Ensuring special emphasis to environmental upgradation programmes in the plan evolved by the Grama Sabha and approved by the Grama Panchayat.

46 5. Koyilandi Municipality 5.1. Resource Analysis

Location Koyilandi is located 20 km north of Kozhikode between North latitudes 110 24' 29" and 110 29' 16" and East longitudes 7S0 40' 03" and 7S0 41' OS". It is bounded by Akalapuzha on the east, Lakshadweep Sea on the west, Mudadi Panchayat on the north and Chengottukavu Panchayat on the south. The Municipality consists of 41 wards out of which 12 wards are coastal (Fig.S.1). Koyilandi has a total area of 29.05 km2 and population of 68,982 (2001 Census). The population density is 2375 persons/km2, which is three times more than the state average. About 6 km long NH-17 and the Shornur-Mangalore stretch of Southern Railway run parallel through the Municipal area.

75°40'18" KOYILA.NDl NTIJNIClPAI.lTV 75°43'33" 11<' 9' 21" KEZHARIYUR 1"

KilOlneters

ARIKULAM

11° 24' 57" CHENGOTTUKAVlJ

Figure 5. 1. Location

Land resources Major rock type seen is composite gneiss. Bands of charnockite are found in the northwestern corner close to the promontory. Laterite formation is prominent towards the eastern side of the Municipality. The eLevation rarely exceeds 10 m above MSL with generaL sLope towards

47 west having remains of typical ridge runnel topography. The eastern part has undulating topography with elevation upto 20 m above MSL. The hilly portion is covered with pebbly­ gravelly laterite soil and hard ferricrete as cap rock in patches. Clayey soil, rich in organic matter, is seen in the low-lying areas. The coastal zone is covered with sand and sandy clay soil. In general, soil is fertile and is suitable for any type of cultivation. Coconut is the main crop grown and paddy is seen at places in the valleys. The central portion of the Municipality is more or less covered by mixed crops and settlement. Beach, coastal plain, low rolling terrain and mesa surface are the broad terrain classes that can be identified.

The high density of population along the coastal stretch exerts severe pressure on land. Rapid development interventions in the form of construction of houses, building of infrastructure, reclamation of wetlands particularly mangrove along the banks of Akalapuzha etc are impacting the environment. The land use change over a period of 8 years is given in Table 5.1.

Table 5.1. Land use pattern The coastal zone of Koyilandi SI. Type Area in Hectares Municipality has both sandy and No. 1996 2003 narrow beaches and lateritic 1 Agricultural field 115 303 headlands. Most of the sandy 2 Settlement 1986 2036 shoreline is protected by sea walls. 3 Open land 10 15 Near shore area is generally rocky and muddy. The mixed crop is i 4 Cultivable waste land - 0.76 is Uncultivable waste land 50 54.24 spread over an area of 2.38 km2 Total 2161 2410 out of which 0.44 km2 is on the banks of Akalapuzha. This land is converted for coconut tree plantation. The paddy fields occupy an area of 0.098 km2, mainly along the river banks. The CRZ occupies an area of 0.97 km2, out of which 0.94 km2 is clustered settlement and 0.027 km2 is open space. The settlements along the coast are too close to the sea, strong waves can cause loss of life and property. Six small streams (thodu) flow into the sea in this coastal stretch. During monsoons, sea enters the land area through these streams and cause active erosion along its bank. Tsunami waves that struck India in December 26, 2004 had hit this region with a run up of 8 m, but no loss of life or property occurred. Most of the coastal stretch is protected with sea wall. The coast at Chungam area experiences severe erosion.

Water resources The sandy ridges in the coastal zone and lateritic formations are good aquifers and are tapped using dug wells. However, summer scarcity of drinking water is appreCiable due to saline water intrusion along the coastal stretch and river banks, especially 'in levy formation of River Akalapuzha. The water from dug wells in the valley formations are turbid, especially in summer due to clayey intercalations in the aquifer.' River water is mostly saline and is not potable. Municipality operates 16 water supply schemes and the Kerala Water Authority operates six main water supply schemes. But less than 20% of the MuniCipal area is covered by these schemes. The details of the schemes are given in Table 5.2.

Table .5.2. Water supply schemes aperated by KWA in Koyilandi Sl Capacity Taps Name of the I Source of I N Mode of supply of tank scheme water Publi Domes Non- I 0 . (litres) c tap tic domestic L I Rural water From overhead 25,000 Open well 20 10 1 ...... • supply scheme to tank I

48 : Kollam i 1 i I I 2 RWSS to Koyilandi Direct supply - Open well 9 - 4 I i 3 RWSS to From overhead i 15,000 Open well-2 57 91 - Komatkara tank l Tubewell-1 I RWSS to From overhead 115,000 i Tube well 31 18 - 14 Varakunnu tank I 15 ! RWSS to Direct supply i Tube well 21 - 1 I Kakarathukunnu I- 16 • RWSS to From overhead 1) 40,000 i Tube well i 58 - i - I i I Muzhikamittal tank 2) 25,000 i I Source: Kerala Water Authonty (KWA)

Figure 5.2 indicates the trend of

groundwater table over 7 years. It 9 Groundwater level does not indicate any significant lowering of groundwater table over the years except for the ~::s ~r=~~~~~~~~~~~~~~t ~'7f.::.=::="'--J .a 6 -1---"----'"------­ water table during post-monsoon ... period. The local information, ~ 5+--== =~------~~~-r-:.::---;A~P:;;-R----J ~ however, points towards .s 4 T---=:~===~=~===~====:7'__l-- AUG increasing saline water intrusion. t 3 }';OY '" The river based tourism is now Q 2 '--JAN introduced in Koyilandi stretch of +------l'-Linear(JAN) - Linear (A PR) Akalapuzha. The hotspot of O+--~-~-~-~-~-~---l - Linear (/'iOV) drinking water shortage during 1998-99 1999-00 2000-01 summer is given in Table 4.3.5.3. - Linear (A VG Figure .5.2 Hydro geological data of National Hydrograph station at Koyilandi

Table 5.3. Locations affected by drinking water shortages during summer

i ard Location Problems INo ~1 Puttanikunnu, Kolerakunnu, NalucentreDeep water tabLe or dry groundwater patches kolony, Valiyanjathil bhagam 2 Perukkunni Saline water intrusion 3 Panachikkunnu, Orerikkunnu Deep water table or dry groundwater patches I Kannakandikunnu, Thattarikunnu Deep water table or dry groundwater patches • Kalurkunnu Lakshmiveedu colony 5 Kottakunnu Deep water table or dry groundwater patches I

Pootherikunnu, Chathothukunnu Deep water table or dry groundwater patches I 16 17 Kuttathukunnu Deep water table or dry groundwater patches I !8 Kottakunnu, Kunnyoramala, Kuzhichali Deep water table or dry groundwater patches 1 I methal colony, Mundakunnu, Arekunnu 9 Nellikodu kunnu, puthalathukunnu'IDeep water table or dry groundwater patches Koyari kunnu 10 ~rekunnu Lakshamveedu colony,Saline water intrusion [rhunnathu Methal Kunnathuthazha 1 Bhagam, Padikkal Vayal 11 Parattukunnu, Manaval Contaminated water I 12 iKakrathukunnu, Aruvayal Saline water ! 13 Kuppanipurathu Thazha, Padanappuram Deep water table or dry groundwaterpatchesl Bhagam, Chamarikunnu, Vattakunnu,i i

49 lAarathukunnu

114 [Varakunnu, Kanayamkodu Saline water intrusion !15 Kayalakandi Thazha, NalUPUraYkkarrying up of wells during summer months Irhazha, Pavuvayal Thazha, !Varanakkadithazha 16 Komathukara Drying up of wells during summer months 19 Amachankaudi, kothamangalam, Drying up of wells during summer months Korangadu

1 28 Coastal areas Saline and contaminated water .29 Urankunnu Contaminated water !30 Kaniyan kunnu, Pallikandi, Chulliyil Saline water intrusion 31 Kaniyamkunnu bhagham Drying up of wells during summer months 32 Kaniyamkunnu Nalu cent colony IDrying up of wells during summer months , .. Source: KOYllandl MUniCIpality

The wells located near the Kuttiadi irrigation canal are invariably perennial due to recharge from canal seepage. The well water, especially in the coastal regions, are found to be baceriologically contaminated.

Atmosphere Koyilandi has a tropical humid climate with plentiful rainfall . The average annual rainfall during 1997-2004 is 2693 mm. The atmospheric temperature during summer varies from a minimum of 22.60C to a maximum of 350C and during winter from 180C to 34.20C. The average relative humidity in the area is 82%.

Biodiversity The coastal stretch and the estuarine portions are rich in biodiversity. Mangrove vegetation is relatively abundant 'in the region especially on the banks of Chittaripuzha and Akalapuzha. However, removal of mangrove stretch from an area of 44 ha on the banks of Akalapuzha causes concern. Dominant mangrove species in the area are Avicennia officinalis, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, Excoecaria agallocha, Kandelia candel, Acanthus ilicifolius and Aegiceras corniculatum.

Human Resources Fishing is the main occupation of the people in the coastal wards. About 1238 families are fisherman who venture into sea for fishing. 40 families in the interiors also are engaged in fishing. The work participation rate in agriculture is comparatively low owing to the emergence of industrial clusters and high level of uncertainty in agricultural sector. More than 600 people are engaged in small industriaL sector.

Culture and Heritage Tracing back to history, Koyilandi was better known as 'Kovil Kandi' under the regime of Payyanadu Kings. The name has an inseparable relation to the Subramanya Temple situated here. Historians root out a reLation between Koilanther - an Arabic word and KoyiLandi due to the trade reLations existed. The history PanthaLayani -Kollam is closeLy Linked to Koyilandi as a commercial centre. The area is also near to Kappad where the Portugese first set the foot. The region owns a rich culture and heritage of religious brotherhood. Parapally and Basal Mission Church are the culturaL epitome of the area. The importance given to the art forms and cultural activities like Theyyam, Thira, Damphumuttu, Oppana, Thiruvathira etc is high.

50 5.2. DPSIR Analysis of Key Environmental issues

The major environmental issues in the area are: (1) Inadequate waste disposal; (2) Water logging; (3) Water pollution; (4) Biodiversity loss. The locations of environmentally sensitive areas are given in Figure 5.3.

Driving Force The solid waste generation in the Municipal area, as per the estimate of the Municipality, is 8 tpd with a per capita contribution of 116 gms/day. This is only a guestimate and a sample survey indicates that the solid waste generation in the area is as high as 15 tpd. The waste generated in the suburban portion of the Municipality gets managed by the producers themselves as the land holding is marginally high. However, waste generated in the town centre, institutions and coastal stretches reaches the Municipal stream which works out to be about 8 tpd. It is estimated that 30% of the waste reaching the Municipal stream is from domestic sources, 38% from commercial institutions and 32% from other sources including construction debris. Though, about 50% of the waste is managed at source, it is not done based on any environmental prescription. Storage of waste is practiced only by about 20% of the population and level of segregation is extremely poor.. The collection efficiency is only 20%, though vehicle availability is 80%. As a result, large quantum of waste reaches public places causing unsanitary, litter covered roads and drains. The upkeep of the waste dumping yard is poor and the composting process need improvisation. There are 24 institutions in the Municipality that generates biomedical waste. The total generation is estimated to be 0.4 tpd. Two hospitals use their own facility for waste disposal and 6 hospitals transfer the waste to common facility established by Indian Medical Association at Palakkad. It is assumed that 50% of the biomedical waste reaches the Municipal stream. Unplanned growth of the town, failure to collect the wastes on time on a regular basis, inadequacy of the composting yard at Varakunnu and accumulation of waste in the coastal areas accentuates the problem.

The coastal zone of the Municipality originally had a ridge -runnel topography parallel to the coast and the river stretch. The natural landform used to facilitate drainage of storm water either to the sea or river. The interventions in the form of National Highway, Railway line and various parallel and perpendicular roads have blocked the natural drains. The reclamation of low land for residential purposes, conversion of paddy fields for tree crops have curtailed the drainage system. Though, wayside drains are constructed to collect storm water and drain it to the four major drains namely Vayanari thodu, Cheriya thodu, Kulam thodu and Valia thodu, the performance efficiency is poor due to siltation of the streams, discontinuity of the wayside drains and chocking of drainage lines due to solid waste materials including silt. Water logging is severe during the entire rainy season, the problems due to which enhances especially during high tide.

51 KOYILANDI MUNICIPALITY ENVIRONMENTALLY SENSITIVE AREAS 11° 29' 21" KEZHARIYUR 1"

Kilometel'S

Road = ~ UrunetalledlOad -- Nat-ion...t:bighway Mifi Solid wasle ma.."l;S.gl!!tt\ent ...... Ra.dwayhne - Roads w11h traffic COtl)ost1()r.j \V...d bound",y _ Goasta1 erQ::uOf't .. P.eterllllfll t'iUeam 110 Mmgrove fouot una','1 .... ffiVM 11° 24' f;iit.forMRl ..MajOf)unclionswithtraffic CHENGOTTUK.....VU 57"~__~~~~.______L~~_~~~~_~______~ 750 -13'33" Figure 5. 3. Environmentally sensitive areas

The Municipal area does not have a sewerage system. Most of the households have only single leach pit latrine. The water table in the coastal zone is shallow. The permeability of the sand, sandy clay and silty clay aquifers in the zone, particularly in beach area and sandy ridges, runnels and levy formations on the river banks is of the order of 1-15 mId facilitating the contaminant movement. Water sample from all the 20 wells selected at random are tested positive for bacteriological pollution. Open defecation also exists, especially on the beach area. The surface drains carry appreciable quantity of waste load to the surface water bodies. The waste water from the Taluk hospitals, bus stand and all the hotels and restaurants are let out to the surface drains. No waste water treatment facility is available for any establishments. Saline water intrusion to groundwater aquifers as well as surface water regime, worsens the situation.

Agriculture, coir retting, wood stacking, timber sale and sawing are activities of the people living along the riverbanks. It also pollutes the surface water body. Husk retting and coir making along the banks of Akalapuzha pollutes the river water due to discharge of hazardous dyes and bleaching agents. The increased interventions in the river banks and beach front and

52 the destructive activities have resuLted in the Loss of vast stretches of· mangroves. The compliance to CRZ rules is poor. The water poLLution due to coir retting, increased presence of motor boats, waste discharge from urban area etc has adverseLy affected the aquatic habitat. . The fishing pressure exerted by different gears, in the lnshore waters, increasing number of mechanized crafts etc has caused reduction in marine biodiversity. The fishing pressure is aLso high in the riverine-backwater region due to size overfishing, over fishing during spawning season, ecosystem over fishing on fin and shell fishes. The leveL of expLoitation of juveniles, especially of prawns is highly undesirabLe. RareLy, there are aLso destructive fisheries especially in the upper reaches of the river. The high density of population in the coastaL stretches has lead to decline in coastal vegetation.

Pressure The absence of a system of segregated storage of waste, primary collection, poor scheduling of transportation, clean processing and appropriate disposaL strategies for refuse, causes appreciable pressure on the environment. The Lack of segregation Leads to poor composting efficiency and increases the quantum of refuse. It also increases the toxic/contaminant levels in the MunicipaL waste due to mixing of domestic hazardous waste and biomedical waste. The poor system of primary or secondary collection leads to waste dumps on the roadsides and their entry to storm water drains, streams and other water bodies. Manual Loading and unloading operation, that too stale waste, enhances the occupational disease potential. The vermi composting is done for small quantity of selective waste. The rest of the waste is dumped in uncovered masonry pits, which gets decayed in water Leading to foul smell and outflow of contaminated water, which gets stagnated around the pits. An appreciable quantum of waste is dumped, Leveled and covered with soil, Leading to probable groundwater contamination in the long run. The Land availability in the dumping yard (1.28 acre) is also too small. The dumping yard is close to human habitation.

The inflow of waste water from various sources in the town and disposaL of soLid wastes into the drains choke the drainage system. The storm water drains and streams are aLso mostly silted up and dilapidated and is not contiguous. This causes water logging and stagnation providing good breeding ground for mosquitoes. The possibility for percolation of the contaminated water to groundwater is aLso high. The reclamation of wetlands reduces water holding areas and enhances flood.

There are about fourteen small restaurants and several small shops in the city centre, which discharge their liquid and solid wastes into the drains. The waste from fruits and vegetable shops also get discharged to the drains during monsoon. The TaLuk Hospital has about 188 beds from where, the waste water is disposed off to the ground without any treatment. Similarly there are a few ice pLants and fish processing units discharging their effluent into the ground or sea without any treatment. From the domestic sources, the sewage is allowed to percolate into the ground whereas the sullage is Let into the open drain.

The water in Akalapuzha is marginally polluted as indicated by low DO and presence of sulphide due to retting activity. This, if increases, will cause large scale depLetion of living resources such as pLankton and nekton. The clearance of mangroves along the banks of Akalapuzha adversely affects the river bank stability. It aLso replaces or depletes the specially adapted plant and animal communities and degrade the habitat. It may Lead to invasion of exotic weeds, increased growth of pest and pathogenic organism and reduces water cleansing property. The reduction in marine fisheries affects the LiveLihood of locaL population and economy. The reduction in fish Landing and the increase in popuLation involved in fishing is given in TabLe.5A.

S3 State The vermi compost plant at Varakunnu has a maximum capacity of about 1.5 tpd. The upkeep Table 5.4. Fishing villages, fisherman population and fish landing of Koyilandi Municipality ! SI.No I Name of • 1998 - 99 2003 - 04 Village Population Fish Population Fish L Landing Landing i 1 Valiyamangadu 1342 4751 1419 3716 12 Cheriyamangadu 1880 7929 1989 6201 ·3 Virunnukandy 1704 8171 1804 6392 i4 Koyilandi 3220 11522 3407 9012 l5 Kollam - Mudady 3163 2085 3345 1631 ! of the plant need 1mprovement. Only selected bIOdegradable waste 1S used In the vermi composting plant. The rest of the waste after removing plastic, is dumped in the masonry pit. The practice is not found appropriate. The leachate diluted with water is spread all around the pit during rainy season. The sites do not have enough space to manage the waste that comes to the Municipal stream. The overall compliance to the Municipal Solid Waste (Management and Handling) Rule, 2000 is minimal. The Municipality segregates plastic waste and hand over occassionally to an outside agency for the purpose of recyling.

The Municipality has 53 ponds to collect rainwater and provide cushion for flood water. This also facilitates recharge of groundwater and subsurface flushing. But most of the ponds are poorly maintained, silted and subjected to eutrophication. The town has two major drainage systems namely Vayanari thodu and Valiya thodu and two minor drainage systems namely Cheriya thodu and Kulam thodu. The Vayanari thodu, a natural drain on the eastern side of the railway track, gather water from the northern and western side of the new Bus Station, a low laying area, through a network of drains. This drainage network receives waste water from hotels, commercial establishments, comfort station of the bus station. It is the largest drainage network of the Municipality responsible for the drainage of south-eastern portion of the Muncipality to river Akalapuzha at various points. The network is not very effective now due to blockage at various points and poor contiguity as a result of encroachment, constructions due to bank failure, siltation due to poor maintenance and clogging due to solid waste dumping.

The Valiya thodu, a man made drain, drains the storm water to sea from the area covering old bus stand, Taluk Hospital etc. This drain terminates 6 m away from the shore protection dyke and is silted and dilapidated. The two soak pits constructed at Taluk Hospital for collecting their waste water to the tune of 66 m3/day, is not found to prevent waste water discharge to the storm water drains. There are also various other dra'ins 'in the coastal region, west of the National Highway, many of which are silted and not contiguous and functional. There are two other major drainage channels, one carrying storm water northwards from the eastern portion of the old bus station and the other carrying storm water southwards to Melur-Edakulam thodu in the neighbouring Chengottukavu Panchayat. The northward drain has poor carrying capacity and slope and is in dilapidated stage at many locations. As a result, the area near KDC junction has stagnant water almost through out the year.

The bacteriological contamination is evident in 10 well water samples from the coastal regions, near the city centre and eastern lateritic terrain. In all these water samples, the total coliform count was found to be more that 1100 MPN/100ml of water and faecal coliform of the order varying 500-1000 MPN/100ml of water. The DO values in the groundwater varied from 1.54 to 4.2 mg/ml, the lowest values reported from the areas near city centre. The surface water samples from Vayanari drain indicated pollution with respect to traces of oil and grease, lead (0.02 mg/l), total coliform (>1100 MPN/100ml), faecal coliform (300 MPN/100ml) and high

54 BOD (7.5 mgll) and low DO (1.21 mg/l). The water sample from Akalapuzha indicated higher concentration of hydrogen sulphide of the order of 0.9 3.7 mg/l and dissolved oxygen varying from 3.6 to 4.5 mg/l. The values indicate decomposition of organic matter indicative of marginal retting or discharge of sewage.

The number of people involved in fishery is increasing and the catch indicates a decline, the reason for which cannot be attributed locally. It is reported that in the Kerala coast, about 50% of the commercially important marine fish species are under over exploitation. Koyilandi Municipal wards 3,5,7,8,10,12,13,14,18 and 19 have mangroves. Anelakadavu area, which falls in ward number 19, is having the highest concentration of mangrove population and the whole river stretch is favorable for mangrove growth. In many area,s trees are periodically cut for firewood and timber. Lack of awareness of people regarding the utility of mangroves to the society is an important factor for their massive destruction.

Impact AccumuLation and piling of waste in open place Leads to emission of methane, carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulphide causing air pollution. The emission of methane and hydrogen suLphide from the waste dumping site at Koyilandi is of the order of 110 mg/m3 and 7 mg/m3 respectively. The leachate discharge that invariabLe contains high BOD and COD, hydrocarbons, heavy metals and micro organisms will pollute the groundwater in the long run. Since the site is located in the Lateritic terrain, the clayey subsurface, probably, decelerate the percolation of pollutants to groundwater body. There are no major surface water bodies nearby. The bad odor, multiplication of diseases vectors and rodents etc is on the increase in the city, in general, and city centre, in particular. The unsanitary conditions of dumping yard lead to devaLuation and downgrading of land and increases anxiety and stress to the people. The open dumping of wastes along roadsides is an eye sore and causes unhygienic conditions. The anaerobic composting process in open masonry pits emanates foul smell and leachate and also facilitate mosquito breeding.

The bacteriological contamination of water bodies, both surface and ground, is indicative of poor sanitation conditions. Though the household latrine coverage is about 90%; the use of single-leach pit latrine leads to direct disposal of sewage into the groundwater aquifer, especially in the coastal zone where the porosity and permeability is high.

Koyilandi has a high rate of filariasis, a condition caused by mosquito-borne parasite leading to extreme swelling of the legs. The Municipality is rated to be second to Chertala, in the number of filaria patients reported in Kerala. According to a 1993 WHO survey 1,400 to 1,500 persons, (about 2% of the population) suffer from filaria and another 4% (2,800 to 3,000) are carriers. Malaria, Japanese encephalitis, Acute Bronchitis and Acute Rheumatic are aLso noticed in this municipality. An indicative figure of disease incidence in the area is given in Table 5.5.

Table 5.5. Disease incidence - Data from Taluk Hospital, Koyi[andi 2003­ Diseases 2001-2002 2002-2003 2004-2005 2005-2006 2004 IP OP IP OP IP OP IP OP IP OP

. Food i i 348 - 32 - 52 4 - 134 14 I poisoning - • Infections 2300 1250 11600 1320 ---- 16 10 Intestinal diseases 5500 250 - - - -- . 114 12 TubercuLosis 96 · 25 6 30 12 14 4 110 17 Leprosy 5 - 20 - . -- - 1 - Measles 90 - 94 14 5 . . - - - Viral hepatitis 10 · 36 15 15=i15 - . 10 5 Malaria 1 · - - 6 6 . . - 16 16

55 i Filariasis 150 - 104 - 50 - 15 5 100 - I Nervous system 180 28 20 - - - - - 62 2 Acute rheumatic 34 8 44 - 735 30 161 185 45 fever - I Acute bronchitis 1,20000 - 90712 - 92413 . 156573 120 213524 1628 I Pneumonia - - 600 412 300 60 - . 800 270 i Typhoid fever 5 - 45 23 4780 160 48 42 . i -. ~ Source: Taluk hospItal, Kay,land,

The removaL of mangroves from the banks of river AkaLapuzha has enhanced the bank erosion. Mangroves are breeding ground for fishes and other microorganisms their destruction means the aLteration of the whoLe estuarine and marine biodiversity trophic chain, which are closeLy Linked and interdependent for survival. The Loss of mangroves depLeted the indigenous flora and fauna and lead to introduction of exotic species. This is also causing habitat degradation, disturbing the breeding grounds of aquatic fauna, in turn, depLetes the marine species. The reduction in mangrove will also cause the reduction of assimilative capacity of the area as mangrove ecosystem is known to be a good cleansing system.

The socio economic and ecological impacts of the major environmental issues are tabulated in TabLe 5.6 for prioritizing the issues to be addressed.

Table 5.6. Prioritization matrix :Socio-economic/Eco logical Environmental issues Cumulative Impacts Inadequate Water logging Water pollution Score waste disposal Impact on Public Health 4 4 5 13 toss of Biodiversity 3 3 3 9 !Impact on Vulnerable Groups 3 4 5 12 1 Productivity loss 3 2 3 8 Impact on critical ecosystems 4 2 4 10 Irreversible (- )/Reversible (+) +5 +2 +3 10 Urgency for Action 5 4 5 14 Scale: 1=Low; 3= MedIUm; 5= HIgh

Response The Koyilandi Municipality has taken several measures to tackle the problem of waste management. The solid waste management programme evolved under clean Koyilandi Programme and approved under the Clean Kerala Mission is being implemented. The project components implemented so far indicate the requirement of technical improvement and better monitoring. The Municipality has also prepared a comprehensive Drainage Project for the Municipal area which includes introduction of waste water treatment and management of storm water runoff. This project requires a technical evaluation prior to further implementation. The slum improvement programme at a total cost of Rs.1.75 crore and drainage improvement programme at a total cost of Rs.1. 93 crore has produced only marginal benefit.

Malabar Natural History Society has prepared a draft plan for a Mangrove Resource Research Centre in the Anelakadavu area. The purpose is to conserve the existing mangroves and to advise and develop actions programs to conserve and manage mangrove biodiversity of the region. As a follow up the Municipality now proposes to set up a Mangrove Conservation and

56 Research Centre. There are various steps taken by the Municipality to provide safe drinking water to the population. However, source protection and pollution control measures are far from satisfactory. In stagnant pools and other mosquito breeding sites, chemical insecticide, bitex, an organo-phosphate used to be sprayed for the past 10 years as part of the National Filaria Control Program. It is reported that mosquitoes are becoming more resistant to the chemicals.

Koyilandi was selected as the third best Municipality in the state during 2003-2004. This was in response to proper utilization of Kerala Development Fund, project materialization for BPL families and various other development funds. It was also selected as the best Municipality by the Kudumbashree Mission of Kerala for the quality it maintained in the functioning of more than 40 Kudumbashree micro enterprises and providing jobs to as many as 769 women hailing from the BPL families.

Municipality introduced programmes for clean Koyilandi, poverty elimination, anti mosquito campaign (Table 5.8), drainage construction, Chittarikadavu DWSS, mobile crematorium, and Filariasis control jointly with appropriate I.ine Departments such as Health Department. Under the Clean Koyilandi programme, the Municipality introduced night cleanings of main roads twice a day and regular collection of waste by employing 24 workers. Segregation of plastic is done in the collection point itself. The Municipality also undertakes bio-farming practices. All these actions have directly and indirectly helped in mitigating some of the environmental issues. But these initiatives are not commensurable with the poor state of environment and various environmental issues.

Table 5.8. Status of Biological Mosquito Control Programme ~o. of houses where ~verage no. of larvae~pproximate no. 01 1M0nth vitraps were destroyed weekly per larvae destroyed in 'nstalled house OOOs ISeptember 1999 300 901 1,151.2 IOctober 1999 300 810 972.0 November 1999 500 612 1,224.0 ~cember 1999 800 410 1,312.0 . anuary 2000 800 310 1,116.0 February 2000 ~OO 141 507.6 ~arch 2000 1900 52 187.2 lApril2000 43 154.8 , ~OO May 2000 1900 23 82.8 ~une, July 2000* Not functioning due to heavy rainfall i ~ugust 2000 1200 215 1,032.0 September 2000 1500 201 1,206.0 October 2000 1800 181 1,303.2 November 2000 2100 154 1,293.6 December 2000 2100 138 1,159.2 January 2001 ~100 108 907.2 February 2001 ~100 88 739.2 March 2001 ~100 41 344.4 April 2001 ~100 27 226.8 ~ay 2001 2100 18 151.2 Uune and July 2001 * Not functioning due to heavy rainfall

57 5.3. Action plans • Solid Waste Management System has to be streamlined for improving efficiency and compliance level. It requires a relook at the project on Solid Waste Management being implemented drawing technical assistance from local and external experts. Components of solid waste management namely segregation at sources, primary collection, street sweeping, secondary collection, transportation, processing and refuse disposal need strengthening after considering Reduction Reuse Recover options to the largest extent possible. In order to facilitate this, intensive Information, Education and Communication exercise has to be launched along with appropriate tuning of the existing facilities to improve the system. • The drainage project prepared for Koilandy Municipality has to be subjected to a detailed evaluation by an expert group. The project proposal, at present, is only a conceptual one and it has to be detailed with engineering and technological details. The possibility of organizing a Voluntary Technical Team may be explored with students and staff of nearby Poly techniques and Engineering Colleges to redesign the proposal based on the engineering and hydrological details. The ponds that are in dilapidated condition, has to be renovated giving priority. All the ponds in the Municipality should be sanitized. It is suggested to organize a Pond Committee for the upkeep of each pond to support the Municipality to maintain the ponds. • The main reason for groundwater pollution is the discharge of sewage into the groundwater aquifer due to single leach pit latrines. Since the total number of single leach pit latrines are very high, changing this to septic tank latrines or providing total sewage disposal network for the entire municipal area or even to the coastal zone is difficult due to economic constraints. Therefore, regular sanitation of the wells and maintenance of water quality with user participation has to be popularized. Concurrently, initiative should be taken to set up cost effective sewage network at least in the city centre area for evolving a replicable model. • Biological protection measure to the extent possible has to be adopted for protecting the natural streams and river banks in the Municipality. More vigil has to be exercised to conserve the existing mangrove belt. Mangroves or other coastal vegetation has to be popularized all along the coastal stretch and river banks for the protection of the zone based on a master plan and with active participation of people.

58 6. Manjeri Municipality

6.1. Resource Analysis Location 0 0 Manjeri Municipality, located between 76 4' 1" and 76 11' 40" N latitudes and 11 0 9' 54" and 11 0 4' 27" E longitudes, is one of the largest Municipalities in Kerala and a prominent commercial centre of Malappuram district. It is a Class II grade Municipality in Eranad Taluk, located 25 km from Calicut International Airport and 50 km from Kozhikode railway station. Formed in 1978, it consists of the villages of Manjeri, Narukara and Payyanad. Spread in an area of 53.06 km2, it is surrounded by Pandikadu Grama Panchayat in the east, Pookottukar and Pulpetta Grama Panchayats in the west, Pulpetta and Thrikalangodu Panchayats in the north and Anakkayam Panchayat in the south (Fig. 6.1). ------_._-----,

76"41\4 l\L-\.NJFRJ l\IlTN1CIPALITY ~~------~-----~-~-----~~'11· g' i~ 54'

PULPPAITA '------") \j

11 ANAKKAYAM 11' 4' 4'

map

Percentage distribution of landform units 17.4% Land resources

5.5% The landform in the Municipal area is 45.9%r"--:-_--i &I Hilly area dominated by residual hills and valleys &I Slope 15.4% D Gentle slope DRain &I Field 59 (Fig 6.2). The hills are often rounded with gentle lower slopes and moderate to steep upper slopes. The crestal portions of the hills are flat in many cases. The elevation of the hills ranges from 100 to 165 m above MSL. The valleys are broad and flat and are below 60 m elevation. The dominant rock type in the area is Charnockite. The rock is usually massive, dark in colour, coarse-grained and weakly foliated. The general structural trend is NW- SE which controls the disposition of hills, streams and valleys.

Deep tropical weathering of these rocks has given rise to the formation of extensive laterite cover. The hard variety of laterite is being exploited as building stone. In flat-topped elevated areas, laterite occurs as hard ferricrete. The slopes are covered with bouldery/pebbly lateritic soil. The valleys have fairly good thickness of alluvium covered with clay. The soil types, textural composition and nutrient content are given in Table 6.1.

Table 6.1. Soil characteristics of Manjeri I Soil type pH Gravel% Coarse i Fine Silt % Clay% I N% 10C% P% K% sand% I sand% i i Gravel i I I mixed i 4.3 58.1 40.4 . 14.35 5.25 38.94 i 0.08 0.59 0.017 0.120 red soil I I Alluvial 0.21 10.41 28.68 21.90 33.60 0.19 13.04 0.047 0.252 soil I 5.1 I Laterite 4.8 62.60 44.60 7.05 6.13 41.18 0.12 0.60 0.047 0.252 I

Land use Manjeri has long been an important agro-economic region of Eranad Taluk. Cash crops like coconut, areacanut and cashew dominate the crop pattern. Paddy, rubber, banana, tuber crops, vegetables and pepper are the other • Paddy • Coconut major cultivated crops of the region C Rubber (Fig.6.3). The per capita land • Cashew availability is 19.1 cents. The landuse _Areca nut • Mixed trees of Manjeri has undergone drastic • Cultivable wasteland changes over the years, with regard to , C Quarries cropping pattern. Tapioca cultivation i • Others on the slopes 'increased soH erosion. Figure 6.3. Landuse pattern of Manjeri The extent of human interventions on the landform of Manjeri has led to severe soil erosion in many places such as Vattaparakunnu, Collegekunnu and Parayarukunnu.

Water resources Manjeri falls in the upper catchments of Northwest flowing Punkudi thodu and southeast flOwing streams that debouch into River Kadalundy. The area has a well developed drainage system. All the streams generally are seasonal. The area receives more than 300 cm rainfall, the bulk of which is lost as runoff. Thick alluvial formations in the valley areas, laterites on slopes and summit and weathered and fractured charnockites form the major aquifers in the area. The lower slopes and valley floors are mostly rich 'in groundwater availability. The wells in the laterite aquifers on the slopes are mostly seasonal. The weathered zone, in general, is thin and therefore, the yield from this zone is low, if the rock is not fractured. The bore wells are found successful only when it is sunk in fracture zones. The annual availability of groundwater in the Municipal area is 48.96 Mm3 based on 2004 data from Central Groundwater Board. The area is categorized as semi-critical and the stage of development is 72.65%. The surface and groundwater quality at Manjeri is generally good, except for the two streams

60 flowing through Vettayakkadu and Melakkam that receives storm water, sewag~, hospital wastes and solid wastes from the town area.

Table 6.2. Water supply schemes in Manjeri The Anakkayam (Kadalundi) river, Non- Domestic Public flowing through the southern border of Schemes domestic connections connections the Municipality and the Chaliyar river connections flowing through the Areekkulam KWA 3600 250 550 Grama Panchayat are the major fresh scheme water sources on which the population Other 553 1 17 depend for their water demand (Table 6.2). About 60% of the populatlOn depends on groundwater for drinking and domestic purposes and about 60% of the wells dry up during summer. There are two urban and five minor water supply schemes, the major sources being the Kadalundy River and the River Chaliyar. 85 ponds including 12 public ponds, 11 temple ponds, 2 church ponds, 82 streams, 47 wells and the River Kadalundi are used as sources of irrigation and potable water. MeLakkam stream and the Vettayakkadu stream originate from Vettayakkadukunnu and flows parallel to the Kovilakal11 road.

Biodiversity Manjeri is rich in biodiversity, especially in terms of wild and Table 6.3. Biodiversity cultivated plants. Of the 367 common plant species in Manjeri, there Crop Variety are 63 cultivated varieties, 55 tree species, 225 medicinal plants and i Paddy 21 24 ornamental plants (Table 6.3). Scattered distribution of forest . Cowpea 4 trees like Santalum album, Dysoxylum malabaricum, Lagestroemia Sesame 1 indica, Anthocephalus chinensis are observed. Several paddy (Oryza Vegetables 12 sativa) varieties like Ponnaryan, Thavalakannan, Chenkazhama, i Banana 8 Cheruvithu, Thakara, Mundodan and Modan that were once popularly • Tapioca 3 cultivated have been lost during the course of modern agricultural Wecanut 3 practices. Manjeri local Cowpea (Vigna ungiculata) and local Banana Pepper 7 (Musa paradisica) are widely cultivated in the region. The distribution I Sweetpotato 3 of many intercrop species such as sesame, finger millet, muthari, Trees 55 sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas), ginger (Zingiber offkinale), kachil i Medicinal (Dioscorea alata) and naduthala kizhangu have also become scarce. 225 plants Rare medicinal plants like Plumbago capensis, Acacia catechu, Butea Ornamental 13 monosperma, Gloriosa superba, Clerodendrum viscosum, Nothapodytes nimmoniana, etc. are found in this region.

Atmosphere Manjeri has more or less the Rainfall character in Manjeri same climatic conditions prevalent in the Malabar region 4000 of the State. The climate is 3500 generally hot and humid, with ~OOO the temperature ranging .52500 between 20-34°C. The ~2000 maximum temperature is '~1500 ~ recorded during the month of 1000 May. Annual average rainfall of 500 the area is 2517 mm (Fig.6.4), O+--T--~~--~~~~~-,--~-.--~~--rl with the highest rainfall 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 199920002001 20022003 20042005 received during the month of Year July. -State -Man"eri Human settlement Figure.6.4. Rainfall pattern

61 According to 2001 census, Manjeri Municipality has a total population of 83704 (1577 persons/ km2) and a literacy rate of 92.5%. The Municipal area consists of 47 wards; the urban nature of the region is confined to only 14 wards. About 6403 families of the area are below Poverty Line. Around 8% of the population belongs to backward classes. There are 77 settlement colonies for the deprived classes. Labourers constitute 17% of the population, among which majority are engaged in agriculture (5046 persons) and trade (Table .4). 6About 417 industrial units function in Manjeri, majority of which are textiles (72), wood (63) and rubber based (61), followed by food processing (51), printing (40), Table 6.4. Working class of Manjeri automobiles (37), engineering (36), chemicals (9) and Number other units (48). Category Male Female Cultivators 1269 49 Heritage . Agriculture Manjeri was one of the headquarters of Mysorean troops i labors 3052 676 during Haider Ali's invasion. The place rose to I FFP workers 223 35 prominence during the freedom struggle as the seat of the renowned Manjeri Political Conference of 1920. It I Mining was a live centre of the National Movement and the 1921 • &Quarrying i 120 33 Sipoy Mutiny of the erstwhile Malabar. Anti-British revolts I 105 MPSH 24 in Manjeri can be dated back to 1790. Kunnath Ambalam, Construction 644 26 a temple dedicated to Goddess Durga at Thrikkalangode, Trade 2622 141 belonging to Manjeri Kovilakom and the annual festival, TSC 2075 24 Manjeri Pooram, are famous. Many of the government Other service 2116 942 institutions in Malappuram district such as District Court, District Hospital and the District Medical Office etc are Total 12226 1950 located at Manjeri.

6.2. DPSIR Analysis of Key Environmental issues The major environmental problems of Manjeri are: 1. Poor Waste Management 2. Traffic Congestion and 3. Occupational Pressure

62 The environmental issues are analyzed using the driving force-pressure-state-impact-response (DPSIR) format. The hotspots of environmental issues are depicted in Figure 6.5.

~------....------'-=--'----'n 11' 9'

II' 4'111 ip 27'1...-.-'1'-. 1:-1.,..-,Jl'40. 76 4 ------,=,e ·

Figure 6.5. Environmental hotspots in Manjeri

Driving force Waste management is one of the crucial issues in Manjeri, where the population and commercialization is on the increase. Though, collection and composting of the municipal solid waste is practiced, it is not commensurable with the requirement. The sewage and sullage from the municipal area are discharged directly into open water bodies without treatment.

Though, solid waste collection network is operational in some areas, throwing of waste to the roadsides and into the water bodies are common. Solid wastes, dumped in the open drain, block the drains and causes wastewater overflow at many places. The hospitals in Manjeri including the district hospital, 6 privately managed hospitals, 6 PHCs and several clinical laboratories, most of which are located within the town area, also contribute heavily to the pollution load.

63 Most of the liquid wastes generated in the area are discharged directly into natural streams or open drains. A proper bio-medical waste management system is yet to be implemented in Manjeri, which houses about 8 hospitals in the town area itself (approximately 70 beds/1000 populations). High population growth (Fig. 6.6), unplanned urbanization, lack of awareness, non-availability of a common disposal site for bio-medical wastes and the lack 90 of will in enforcing the Bio-Medical ~ 80 i 70 Waste (Management and Handling) Rules III 5 60 are major issues. ;3 50 c: .;; 40 The presence of a multitude of .2 30 'Iii institutions, government offices, the '5 20 g. 10 district court, district hospital, etc in 0­ Manjeri makes it the biggest town of the o . district and gives an impression that it is 1971 1981 1991 2001 the defacto District Headquarters of Malappuram. Most of the infrastructure Figure 6.6. Decadal population growth in Manjeri development activities are concentrated in this region. The narrow road network and heavy traffic is another major issue. The Municipality has 449.5 km length of roads, which include 17 PWD roads (49.5 km), bitumen roads (199.24 km), metal roads (34.89 km), concrete roads (120 km) and mud roads (45.85 km). About 2749 public service motor vehicles operate within the municipal limits.

The traffic congestion is mainly due to the unplanned development. The change in occupational pattern of the population from agro based to commercial enterprises has also caused drastic increase in the number of shops. The intricate road network, absence of appropriate parking facility, the proximity of two bus stands and poor traffic regulations also contribute to congestion.

The topography, commercialization and population growth are the major causes of occupational pressure in Manjeri Municipality. The population of Manjeri increased from 15734 to 83704 in 30 years, accounting for a five-fold increase (Fig. 6.6). The per capita land availability in Manjeri is 15.8 cents, compared to 30.5 cents of the state. But, only 21% of the total area of 53.06 km2 is available for settlement activities, the rest being hills and fields. Hence, the effective per capita land availability for settlement purposes is deducted to only 3.3 cents, as per the population of 2001.

Pressures The total waste generation in Manjeri is estimated to about 60 tpd out of which 46% is disposed directly by the producers in their residential compounds. The solid waste collection in Malljeri is inadequate to keep the entire Municipality clean, with only 4 of the 47 wards and 9 km roads are being cleaned everyday (Tables 6.5). Nearly 80 % of the wards do not have enough access to SWM facilities. The land available for waste disposal is inadequate and located on the top of a hill. The number of shops in Manjeri is 213/ km2 of settleable area. Around 30 hotels, 2391 shops and 8 hospitals are the main solid and liquid waste generating centers of Manjeri, which produces between 14 -23 tonnes of solid wastes per day. Besides, about 1.5 tonnes of hospital wastes are generated everyday in Manjeri (Fig. 6.7).

64 Table 6.5. Details of solid waste collection

• Category No. -= 700 I ~ I Total waste a> 600 a>= 14 tones c:» 500 i collected!day U> 400 2 I Total no. of wards 47 U> 300 "'" . No. of wards 3: 200 4 'E 100 c:» I cleaned daily ~ 0 I No. of wards GH KMH BH PHH MH MMH i cleaned on 3 N arne of Hospitals I alternate days 1 I Total no. of 142 Figure 6.7. Biomedical waste generation per day workers I 2 lorries, 2

1 No. of vehicles tractor, Road density comparison i one JCB LNo. of Hotels 30 Vllith in tow n I No of shops 2391 limit

There is a significant increase in population along with shift in Stale level occupation from agriculture to commercial activities. Increase in the number of shops and unplanned Nalionallevel 1110.9 EI Density in km'sq.km road network aggravate congestion. The high road density (Fig. p.8) and ribbon development along the road Figure 6.B. A comparison of the road density status sides is a prominent feature of the town area. Malapuram-Manjeri road, has only a width of 5.50 m and lack link roads, dividers or islands. The heavy traffic at Melakkam In., Thurakkal In. and Mullanpara In., along with poor adherence to traffic regulations and lack of traffic islands and dividers worsen the congestion. From 297 persons!km2 in 1971, the population density in Manjeri increased to 1577 persons! km2 in 2001 (Fig 6.9). 1800 The average ward wise population is E 1600 -&1400 1339. Out of the 47 wards, 25 wards !! 1200 have a population greater than the ~ 1000 average value of 1339 persons. Highest f 800 population occurs in Thadathikkuzhi ~ 600 '0 400 ward (1952 persons). There is almost ~ 200 80% reduction in per capita land o availability from 1971 to 2001 (Fig. 6.10 1971 1981 1991 2001 and 6.11). About 417 industrial units Year .. Siale average function in Manjeri, majority of which

______J-II __Study~ area__ ~ are textiles, wood and rubber based. Fiqure 6.9. Decadal rise of population density

65 Oecadal change in percapita land availability Comparison of percapita land availability 35 'DO 3D

.;:.l 80 t:: 25 c """Q) Q) u 20 u 60 .5 .5 ro 15 co 40 !!! i:!! « 10 « 20 5 , , 0 I I II 0 1371I "981 "991 2001 Kerala Malappuram Manjeri

Figure.6. 10. Decadal change in Figure 6. 11. Percapita land avaUability-a percapita land availability comparison State

Table 6.6. Details of street There is no source segregation of solid waste at Manjeri. sweeping The primary storage is practiced by about 30% producers. Locality Distance The availability of solid waste collection service in in km Manjeri is one worker per 1.26 km2. Primary collection, Daily market to Old 2 i.e., from door steps, is almost absent except for certain · bus stand to New bus hotels. The secondary collection is also not in stipulated manner as waste is dumped on the roadsides in the • stand absence of • Malapuram-Manjeri Table .6.7. Groundwater quality - Well 1.5 properly kept I Road water from the valley of dump sites bins. About I Parameter Unit Value i Bypass In to 1.5 41% of the i pH i Vyparapadi - 8.4 waste (14 tpd) Kozhikode road to • Conductivity I-IStcm 271 1.5 reaching the Municipal office Dissolved mgtl 3.9 Municipal Nilambur road oxygen stream is · ( bypass In to 1 Hardness mgtl 92 collected Nelliparambu) TDS mgtl 196 every day, the Pandikkad road In to Chloride mgtL 32 1.5 rest is left to KMH hospital . Sulphate mgtl 24 decay along i Fluoride mgll 0.21 the road sides, drains and water bodies. The street Iron as Fe mgll <0.01 sweeping is confined to the main junction only i i Manganese Mn mg/L 0.05 (Table 6.6.). The biodegradable wastes such as vegetables, and fruits from the market and hotels i Oila grease mgtl <1 are composted by a self-help group organized by •Mercury mgtl <0.001 Socio-Economic Unit Foundation. The unsegregated Copper mgtl <0.01 wastes collected from streets and other public Zinc mgtl 0.01 places are dumped in the open. The dry wastes are Lead mgll 0.01 burnt in the open at times to reduce the quantity of Cadmium mgtl <0.01 dump. The dump site is on the summit of a hill and Chromium mgtl <0.01 the leachates, especially during the monsoon flow TotaL coliform MPNt100ml 350 through the open drains. The groundwater quality Faecal coliform MPNt800 ml Nil in a well downstream of the dumping site indicates traces of heavy metal concentration attributable to leachate pollution (TabLe 6.7). The upkeep of the slaughter house is aLso poor. Inadequate financial resources, institutional weakness, improper choice of technology and public apathy hamper upgradation of solid waste management through a systematic and comprehensive approach in tandem with environmental and Legal obligations.

66 Ribbon deveLopment aLong MaLapuram-Manjeri road, Nilambur road, Arikode road, Bypass road, and Manjeri-OLipuzha road is a prominent feature at Manjeri. Almost 90% of the infrastructure development is within a Length of 2-3 km and radius of less than 1 km around the Bypass junction. The carriageway width of Malapuram- Manjeri road passing alongside the district hospital is only 5.50 m, which is below the prescribed standard of 7m. The carriage width of other roads are even Less. The availability of roads in Manjeri is 5.37 km/1000 popuLation, as against that of 4.8 kml 1000 population in the State.

There are 58 schooLs, 2391 shops, 2 industrial areas, 2 major bus stands, 8 hospitals (Fig. 6.14) and 2 markets in the municipal area. The most populated wards are Thadathikuzhi, Arumkizhaya, PuLlancheri, MangaLasseri, Nellikuthu HS, Vakkethodi and Santhigram. Three SC/ST coLonies exist in Thadathikkuzhi ward. Commercialization is most prominent in Palakkulam, Payyanadu, Chullikkadu, Punnakkuzhi and Pattarkulam wards where 70% of the· total shops in Manjeri are located (Fig. 6.13). The 5 acre SIDCO Industrial estate at Manjeri has 23 units and employs about 70 people. 16 rubber based industrial units employing about 64 people operate at the FunctionaL IndustriaL Estate for Rubber at Payyanadu. The land available for waste management is limited in these areas, especially in the Industrial Estate, Bypass junction, NeLliparambu junction, New and old Bus Stands, Kacherippadi junction and District Hospital. Even though a large number of public and private vehicles both heavy and light vehicles, operate in the town area, Manjeri lacks parking facility leading to congestion.

Impacts Accumulation of waste in open place leads to a·ir, water and land pollution. The town centre and adjacent areas are often unaesthetic due to littering and waste accumulation. The road side drains are clogged with soLid waste due to which public are to waLk on roads with full of waste water during rains. The open dump is in highLy unsanitary condition. The foul smell, flies, insects and scavenging animals affect the social life of the locality. A residential school, located down hill of the dump site, is the most affected institution. The open buming of waste at the dump site resorted to by the Municipal authorities makes the life of the school students, especially inmates of the school, hostel difficult. The discharge of Liquid wastes into surface water bodies affecting its quality and contamination of ground water, eventually expose the popuLation to health problems. The Vettayakkadu stream and MeLakkam stream is perennial, but is not being used for irrigation purposes due to pollution. The wastewater discharged from district hospital to the Kovilakamkuzhi is making the area unaesthetic and contaminate the dug wells nearby. There exists a social stigma against using weLL water for drinking due to the potential threat of source contamination. Due to road widening and construction of large number of establishments along the roadsides, construction of sewers is not effectively carried out in the region. Improper sewage disposal will eventually contaminate soil as well as groundwater, exposing the popuLation to high risk of contracting communicable diseases, especially in the valley areas.

The congestion in the town area has Led to dust and particuLate matter pollution in the region. The level of Suspended ParticuLate Matter and Respiratory Suspended Particulate Matter at the town centre varied from 114-170 mg/m3 and 30-55 mg/m3 respectively from forenoon to afternoon. The carbon monoxide vaLues indicated a variation of 170-950 mg/m3. The incidences of traffic accidents are also more.

The rate of increase in urban population will Lead to an increased demand for residential and industriaL sites leading to reclamation of paddy fields and destruction of midland laterite hills. This will have adverse impact on the agricultural activities, other primary occupations and resource depletion. Urbanization will also lead to further congestion and pollution. The effective carriageway width of roads is considerably reduced due to the haphazard parking of vehicles aLong the roadsides, making the area more vulnerable to traffic accidents.

67 The prioritization matrix considering the impacts of environmental issues on various vulnerable aspects is given in Table 6.8.

Table 6.8. Prioritization matrix I Socio­ Environmental issues Cumulative • economic/Ecological Poor Waste Traffic Occupational Score • Impacts Management Congestion Pressure Impact on Public Health 4 3 5 12 Loss of Biodiversity 3 2 4 9 • Impact on Vulnerable 12 4 3 5 Groups Productivity loss 3 3 5 11 Impact on critical 3 2 3 8 ecosystems Irreversible (- )1 ReversibLe +5 +3 +2 +10 (+) Urgency for Action 5 5 2 12 Scale: 1=Low; 3= Medium; 5= High

Responses A vermi composting plant is set up and operated at Vettayakkadu hill by the Socio Economic Unit Foundation. The performance of the pLant is moderately satisfactory. The vermi composting pits are poorly covered causing hindrance to plant operation. The slaughter house waste and chicken waste are dumped in pits adjacent to the vermi composting plants. It is undesirabLe. Plastics and paper are burnt in the open at the dumping site. This is an activity to be prevented as it pollutes air environment and causes serious health implications. The treatment and disposal of biomedical wastes is not proper in any of the hospitals. The Prasanthi Hi-tech Hospital is the only one having its own anaerobic sewage treatment system. Large quantum of hospital wastes are dumped into the Melakkam stream and the Vettayakkadu stream that opens up near the Town hall at Vellathiparambu area.

Manjeri is a major traffic point between Palghat & Kozhikode and Kozhikode & Ooty (via) Nilambur. However, the traffic regulations implemented in the town area is not found appropriate to control or reduce congestion since the road network is devoid of any islands, dividers or link roads. Moreover, the two bus stands located close to each other adds to the problem. The construction of a new bus stand 3 km away from the town is in progress, which will be effective to a great extent to reduce the congestion subject to comprehensive traffic planning by a professional agency.

The care taken to set up the industrial areas and common facility centres away from the busy town area is a highly desirable act. However, the large number of schools and other educational institutions, commercial establishments and government offices will continue to contribute to the occupational pressure in the region.

6.3. Action Plans 1. The overall compliance to the Municipal Solid Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 2000 is poor. In order to improve the level of compliance, the following activities may be undertaken with utmost priority. 2. The Municipality may prepare a comprehensive plan for solid waste management incorporating segregation at source, primary collection, street sweeping, secondary collection, transportation, processing and sanitary disposal of refuses. The plan may highlight the strategy for reduction, reuse, and recycle of different types of municipal

68 solid waste to ultimately address the poss'ibility of Zero Waste scenario. In order to prepare such a plan the Municipality may seek the support of R&D Institutions, Clean Kerala Mission, Experts or appropriate NGO's, preferably on a voluntary basis. 3. The success of a comprehensive solid waste management system depends on the awareness, knowledge and internalization of the different components of the system. 4. Considering this, the Municipality may launch a vibrant campaign 011 Information, Education and Communication on various aspects of sanitation, in general and solid 5. waste management, in particular through appropriate formal or informal agencies. 6. A specific plan for cleansing and recovering land available in the dump site may be conceived and implemented. The existing waste dump aggregates in the dumping site may be moved to a specific spot within the dumping yard and capped and closed based on the provisions of MSW Rules, 2000. 7. The hospitals, hotels, restaurants, marriage halls and other institutions are found to be the sources of bulk waste water discharge. The Municipality may adopt a strategy to reduce the waste water discharge to the drains from institutional sources. This may be achieved initially by directing the above said institutions to set up their own waste water management system. Besides, these institutions may also be persuaded for establishing their own solid waste management system. 8. The compliance of Biomedical Waste Management Rules is also poor. The Municipality in consultation with the State Pollution Control Board may draw up an action plan for achieving satisfactory compliance by the hospitals within the town. 9. A comprehensive plan for optimally widening the roads and for traffic planning is essential for Manjeri town. In order to achieve this, long term plan may be worked out for Manjeri with the support of a competent professional agency, such as National Transportation Planning and Research Centre. 10. The air and water pollution and noise level are relatively high in the city centre and adjacent areas. Majority of the population also depends on well water for drinking and other domestic purposes. Water quality surveillance covering dug wells and river water may be planed with the support of Community Development SOciety (CDS). The air quality and noise level also may be monitored twice in a year to keep track of the pollution level. 11. The drainage system in the Municipality is poorly functional irrespective of the topographic advantages. A drainage map of the area covering natural and road side drains may be prepared, and a comprehensive drainage management plan may be prepared. 12. While establishing new facilities, the Municipality may adopt a spatial distribution approach, so as to reduce traffic congestion and occupational pressure in the city and nearby areas.

69 70 Annexure VIII List of Projects or Activities Requiring Prior Environmental Clearance as pet EtA NQtifkaUtlo LIST OF PROJECTS OR ACTIVITIES REQUIRING PRIOR ENVIRONMENTAL CLEARANCE

Category 'A' in the Schedule : The list of projects or activities that shall require prior environmental clearance from the Central Government in the Ministry of Environment and Forests , before any construction work, or preparation of land by the project management except for securing the land, is started on the project or activity.

Category 'B' in the Schedule: The list of projects or activities that shall require prior environmental clearance from the State Environment Impact Assessment Authority (SEIAA) , before any construction work, or preparation of land by the project management except for securing the land, is started on the project or activity.

Category with threshold limit Conditions Project or Activity if any A ------~IB--~------~ Mining, extraction of natural resources and power; 1 generation (for a specified production capacity) I (a)«1 ) (2) (3) (4) (5) 1 Mining of minerals ~ 50 ha. of mining <50 ha General 1(a) lease area ~ 5 ha .of mining Condition lease area. shall apply Asbestos mining Note irrespective of mining Mineral area prospectin g (not involving drilling) are exempted provided the concession areas have got previous clearance for • physical survey Offshore and All projects Note onshore oil and Exploration gas exploration, Surveys development &. (not production involving drilling) are exempted provided the concession areas have got previous clearance

2 I for physicaL survey

. 1 (c) River Valley (i) ~ 50 MW (i) < 50 MW ~ 25 MW I General projects • hydroeLectric power hydroelectric power· Condition generation; generation; shall apply . (ii) ~ 10,000 ha. of (ii) < 10,000 ha. of . cuLturabLe command. cuLtu r a be l co mmand area i area 1(d) Thermal Power ~ 500 MW < 500 MW General PLants (coaL/lignite/ naphta 8: ! (coal/lignite/naptha Condition gas based); 8: gas based); shall appLy ~ 50 MW (Pet coke <50 MW diesel and all other· ~ 5MW (Pet coke fuels ) ,diesel and all other i fuels ) • 1 (e) Nuclear power All projects projects and i processing of . nuclear fueL

2 Primary Processing 2(a) Coal washeries ~ 1 million ton/annum <1 million General throughput of coal ton/annum Condition shall throughput of apply coal (If located within mining area the proposaL shall be appraised together with the mining, proposal) 2 (b) Mineral ~ 0.1 miLLion ton/annum < 0.1 million General beneficiation mineraL throughput ton/annum Condition shall mineral apply throughput (Mining proposal with Mineral beneficia tion shall be appraised together for grant of clearance)

3 Materials Production i------+--___-----+------'-"--:...:.....----.-----.,------I 3 (a) Metallurgical a)Primary . industries (ferrous • metallurgical . 8: non ferrous) industry

All projects

b) Sponge iron I manufacturing Sponge iron Genera_l__---..JI

3 ~ 200TPD manufacturing Condition shall <200TPD apply for Sponge iron c)Secondary manufacturing metallurgicaL Secondary processing industry metallurgical processing industry All toxic an~ heavy metal producing i.)All toxic units andheavymetal ~ 20,000 tonnes producing lannum units <20,000 tonnes lannum

ii. )All other non -toxic secondary metall u rgica l processing industries

>5000 tonnesl annum I 3( b) Cement pLants ~ 1.0 million <1.0 million! General tonnesl annum tonnesl annum Condition shall production capacity production apply capacity. All Stand .

i alone grinding units

Materials Processing Petroleum All projects [ ­ refining industry

4(b) Coke oven plants I ~2,50,000 1<2,50,000 & i tonnesl annum . ~25,000 tonnesl annum

4(c) Asbestos milling AU projects and asbestos 1­ based products f----c-~~--+-~-_'_=-'----'-~--+~ -:-----_____+----=-::--=:------==-r-::::----:-::::----­ 4(d) ChLor-alkaLi ~300 TPD <300 TPD Specific ! industry production production capacity Condition shall capacityor a unit and located within apply located out side the a notified industrial notified industrial areal estate No new ! areal estate . Mercury Cell . based plants will be I permitted and existing units i i I converting to

4 Annexure VII Focus Group Discussions at Selected local Governments Q.u~t~Qnna.f~ rQfmat and Oetan~d fe~ts; List of Local Self Government Institutions were the FGDs were conducted: Grama Panchayats: District Panchayat: 1. Tanalur, Malappuram District 8. Wynad District 2. Thatikulam, Thrissur District Municipality: 3. Kumbalanghi, Ernakulam District 9. Koilandy, Kozhikode District 4. Elor, Ernalulam District 10. Perinthalmanna, Malappuram District 5. Vengola, Ernakulam District 11. Nedumangad, Thiruvananthapuram District Block Panchayats: 6. Perambra, Kozhikode District 7. Mullasse Thrissur District

KERALA LOCAL GOVERNMENT AND SERVICE DELIVERY PROJECT Focus group discussions in LSGls ILocation: Date:

General Information about the LSGI I Name Corporation .. Municipality DJ~rlct~.,/~.. Block Grama Panchayat Panchayat panchayat

I

I Population . PrimarY occupations

i Area ; • Overall budgetJ2009~2010 Revenue2008~2009 Any other relevant information i I

Questionnaire SI No Questions . i 1 What arethe various developmental activities;t~ken:Jupby the'{SGI? I Economic Development • Social development !

Environmental management! mitigation i Infrastructure development

What are the pertinent environmental issues in the area und.er the jurisqiction of the LSGI? .. ." ..

3 What is the procedure for identification of various deveLopmehtal activities?

4 I What is the Code of Practices adopted by the LSGI? " ., Planning ImpLementatibn Financial management ! Conflict resolution I ·5 I What is the sanctioning mechanism of the developmental activities? r----­

I 16 I What are the monitoringmeehanisms for developmental activities? i Financial Eiwironmental Socio economic

7 I Are there any local technologies being adopted for developmental activities?

I i 8 I What are the deviations in activities taken up by themlin:t.~rms of tne design, planning, financiaL outlay etc? "

I KERALA LOCAL GOVERNMENT AND SERVICE DELIVERY PROJECT Focus group discussions in LSGls Location: Date:

9 IAre any environme~t.a~ guidelines being adopted atpresent while taking up (l,ny 1 developmental actlvltles?

1 10 I Are you aware of any environmental impacts of any developmental actiVities? beneficial Adverse i . 11 I What resources are being used for the specified developmental activities?

12 I What are the trends in resource mobilisation? ! i

Whether any alternative resources are considered while, taking the decision?

~ What are the possible environmental impacts arising due to the activities taken up? I Beneficial impacts I Adverse impacts

, 15 I What are the indicators of impact?

~ I Quantification of impact? i I 17 Ilf impacts are positive, what needs to be done to ensure it? I

Is it possible to mitigate negative impacts? Yes I No If yes, what mitigation measures could be suggested?

20 Indicators for mitigation measures? ------~

21 I Are there any indigenous mitigation measures available?

22 I Are there any best practices available?

! 23 I What are the available decision making tools?

24 Who is responsible for addressing issues! technical queries whil~,implementing specific I sectoral interventions? KERALA LOCAL GOVERNMENT AND SERVICE DELIVERY PROJECT I I Focus group discussions in LSGls I Location: Date: .~ p= .. I Identify training/ support needs I I

I Are there instances where in the local community / citizE;DS raj~ed envirql)men.tal/ 126 I developmeht issues andlor positively contributed to identification, design:and implementation of developmental interventions? i

i

Attendance I Sl Name Designation Contact Signature i No details

I i

i

I i i i I

i

I I

I i I l I i i I I I I i I I i i I i i i I I I L! I I LSGl I Page.l KERALA LOCAL GOVERNMENT AND SERVICE DELIVERY PROJECT Focus group discussions in LSGls

Questionnaire 51 No I Questions 1 I What are the various developmental activities taken up by the LSGI? Economic Development Social development • Agriculture: Increasing • Housing schemes: 470 houses constructed in the last 5 yrs. Since the wastelfallow land panchayat received more number of applications than they could cultivation and possibly fund from own fund, plan fund and central schemes, special incentives for coconut sanction was obtained for mobilizing additional resources though bank and vegetable loan from SBT. The Panchayat is now paying back the principal amount cultivation and the interest is paid by beneficiaries. This was a precursor of the EMS • Aashraya, the Diary housing scheme mooted by state govt this year. Bhavanasree loan development and provided for 40 beneficiaries employment scheme • Sanitation for all households, schools, public places for Women SHGs- • School infrastructure development Project for door to • Arivakam programme to improve quality of education- evening classes in door collection of milk 40 anganvadis- 5 awards for the scheme and supply to kottakal • Onnam taram onnam class programme- to improve the physical arya vaidya saala (200 infrastructure in first standard and increase the enrolment rate in govt beneficiaies). The unit schools also has a vermin • Students run radio stations in their schools and produce there own composting unit. the programmes manure is used for • Health scheme for free medicine supply and geriatric care- sneha- for vegetable cultivation. 600 beneficiaries • Health calendar developed and supplied to households • Detailed socio economic survey as part of computerization. • Ayurveda- Free consultation and medicines for senior citizens, yoga classes for public. •• Partnership with Aravind eye hospital for catrat surgery. Environmental Infrastructure development management! mitigation • Road development projects • Electrification (40L) • IT and governance: computer training I computerization of the panchayat Information Kerala Mission. Touch screen facility for the public, to track the status of a grievance based on application number allotted while submitting the grievance. The citizen can escalate the matter, if the grievance is not addressed with in the specified time limit. lone among the 3 panchayats in kerala to implement this facility .• Mobile ayurvedic clinic, What are the pertinent environmental issues in the area under the jurisdiction of the LSGI? •• Railway line passing through the middle of the panchayat- approval for construction of level crossing has not been sanctioned by Railway and hence road project pending • Canoli canal is the boundary on one side. Since the canal is not under the jurisdiction of the I LSGi I Page.2 KERALA LOCAL GOVERNMENTAND SERVICE DELIVERY PROJECT :=J" Focus group discussions in LSGls ! Location: T:c;;a=na'--lu'--r______D;...;.a-"'-te:...;.:_1::;,.2;.c.M"",aY,-,=2009

panchayat, the GP is unable to tackle pollution and health problems arising due to solid waste dumping into the canal. Solid waste management: land value is high and identification and acquisition of land is difficult. - Panchayat is trying to promote decentralized composting. While issuing liscence, an undertaking is taken from commercial establishments that they will do the needful to process the waste produced. Bio degradable waste is collected by panchayat and supplied to composing units. No burial ground for hindus. Burial in premises of the house is causing ground water contamination. : - Land value is high, where as revenue assessments are much lesser than the prevailing land value. Hence the Panchayat has not yet been able to identify land for burial ground. No facilities for plastic waste management. Proposal submitted for establishing a shredding unit. - To handle wastes from the veterinary hospital, an incinerator has been established; Cow dung from - the dairy unit is used for vermi composting Not enough toilet facilities in high school and aided schools. : -3 I What is the procedure for identification of various developmental activities? . Grmasabhas, working groups and development seminars 4 I What is the Code of Practices adopted by the LSGI? Planning I Implementation I Financial management I Conflict resolution 5 I What is the sanctioning mechanism of the developmental activities? i :6 I What are the monitoring mechanisms for developmental activities? Financial Environmental ! Socio Monitoring committee- there is a format for approval of Road development undertaken economic : completed work and for release subsequent installments. only after requisite approvals. 7 I Are there any local technologies being adopted for developmental acti'{i.ties? Wanted to promote low cost technologies, but could nt taken up for want of timely technical support. 8 I What an~ the deviations in activities taken up by them in terms of the. design, planning, financial outlay etc? I : - Bureaucratic bottlenecks causmg delays m procurement Implemented projects might vary slightly from the plan. This is mainly when there are not enough I - beneficiaries for a scheme, or when govt announces a similar scheme or new scheme. :9 IAre any environmental guidelines being adopted at present while taking up any developmental activities?

: 10 I Are you aware of any environmental impacts of any developmental activities? i Beneficial . Adverse 11 ... I What resources are being used for the specified developmental activities? : Own funds, plan fund and central! state schemes

I 12 I What are the trends in resource mobilisation? Service sector funding not sufficient for construction of anganwadi buildings. .13 I Whether any alternative resources are considered while taking the decision? ! i 14 I What are the possible environmental impacts arising due to the activities taken up? i Beneficial impacts I Adverse impacts : 15 I What are the indicators of impact? ....

_.16 LQuantification of impact?

17 I If impacts are positive, what needs to be done to ensure it? i 18 I Is it possible to mitigate negative impacts? I Yes I No 19 I If yes, what mitigation measures could be suggested? The desittation of canalas will be taken up in NREGA. This will solve problems of water logging. - Canoli canal is under the control of irrigation department. There has been issue of dumping solid - waste, especially waste from chicken stalls in to the Canoli canal. Cleaning up done under NREGA. As a permanent solution for the problem, it is proposed to establish a bio gas plant to handle waste from chicken stalls. I LSGI 1 Pagd KERALA LOCAL GOVERNMENT AND SERVICE DELIVERY PROJECT Focus group discussions in LSGls Location: Tanalur Date: 12 May 2009

A ward level monitoring committee established to look at problems of water logging and related I health hazards ! 20 llndicators for mitigation measures? I

I Are there any indigenous mitigation measures available? i• 21 22 I Are the~e any best practices available? Housing scheme which has been adapted and upscaled by state govt. 23 I What are the available decision making tools?

24 I Who is responsible for adqressing issues/technical queries while implementing specific sectoral interventions? • Resource persons from govt departments and retired professional support the plan preparation process I : . Working groups take a proactive stand in developmental issues Escalation of technical issues if the local officials doenst provide enough technical support or when I· their suggestions are not satisfactory/ suitable. 25 Identify training/ support needs • Training is beneficial. Computerization training from KILA was very beneficial. • Staff shortage in Village offices and agriculture department • Aashraya has a farmers training unit. They are consulting agency for all kudumnashree trainings in malappuram district. 26 Are there instances where in the local community / citizens raised envir, onmentall development , issues and/or positively contributed to identification, design and implementation of . i developmental interventions? ' List of participants: SINo Name Designation Contact details P. Krishnan Standing Committee Chairman 9895525790 • 21 M. Mohandas Working Committee Member 9446631460 3 C. Prabhakaran President 9847345454 4 K. K. Vilasini Secretary 04942400951 :5 V. M. Abdhulla Junior Superintendent 9446324758 ,­ i 6 Dr. P. Karthikeyan Veterinary Surgeon 9745068809 17 Bhargavi. P Supervisor, ICDS 9747054835 18 Abdulrahman. M Head master 98470530623 9 Premarajan. O. K U D Clerk 9895475790 Dr. P. raghuprasad Medical Officer, Ayurveda Mobile dispensary 9447680477 • 1011 R. Sandhya Agricultural officer 9447680477

12 P. Chandramathy Agricultural Assistant ,,­ LSGI 2 Page 1 KERALA LOCAL GOVERNMENT AND SERVICE DELIVERY PROJECT Focus group discussions in LSGls Location: Thalikulam Date: 13 May 09

Questions Whatare the various developmental activities taken up by the LSGI? Economic Development Social development • Primary sector: Agriculture improvement schemes for • The GP implemented housing promotion of paddy and coconut implemented in 12 clusters in programme with additional the block panchayat. The area under cultivation was financial support from NRls and increased from 120 ha to 6300 ha. In Fisheries sector, the vikas trust (556 houses) block provided support for fish processing and marketing. • Computer literacy programme • Block providing skill development training to youth; through akshaya centre kudumbasree is very active. • Website for panchayat • Panchayat, in association with Vikas trust (a local NGO) www.Talikulampanchayat.in conducted a employability survey. Appox 3000 people need • Health survey with support from jobs. Job oriented training provided and approx 2000 people Trissur Medical College employed till date. The Panchayat also supported networking with banks for financial support to SHGs. Environmental Infrastructure development managementl • Panchayat: computerization mitigation • Complete sanitation • Drinking water supply for all through stand pipes with in 100 m of every household . . 2 I What are the pertinent environmental issues in the area under the jurisdiction of the LSGI? • Coastal area with high population density. Hence sanitation is an issue. Awareness programmes proposed. Solid waste is not a problem as of now. Talikkulam school conducted awareness reg sanitation and sold waste management. • Water logging in monsoon season. Conversion of paddy fields etc is one reason. -Drainage network constructed as part of NREGS. • Depleting drinking water sources due to salinity intrusion. Pumping of water from wells in coastal areas is increasing salinity intrusion. Support of IRTC sought for preparing a mitigation project Sne hateeram- tOUrist. centre started' usmg centra l an d state f un d s. I mp l emente d b y DTPC an d no I • direct stakel benefits to panchayat. I ·3 I What is the procedure for identification of various developmental activities? Participation in gramasabhas and woring groups has reduced over time. • 4 I What is the Code of Practices adopted by the LSGI? Planning I Implementation I Financial management I Conflict resolution .5 I What is the sanctioning mechanism of the developmental activities?

.6 I What are the monitoring mechanisms for developmental activities? Financial I Environmental I Socio economic • .7 I Are there any local technologies being adopted for developmental activities? Coconut pith composting, vermi composting. 18 I What are the deviations in activities taken up by them in terms of the design, planning, financial i outLay etc? • Changes during impLementation due to lack of fund or technical snags or due to changes in guidelines (for instance: Changes in subsidy norms towards the end of the financial year). • Inconsistent recommendations and guidelines- TAG, DPC approval accorded but GO has a different guideline. Lack of clarity in the recommendations of TAG. I LSGI 2 Page 2 KERALA LOCAL GOVERNMENT AND SERVICE DELIVERY PROJECT Focus group discussions in LSGls I Location: Thalikulam Date: 13 May 09

9 1 Are any environmental guidelines being adopted at present while taking up any developmental 1 activities? I I 10 I Are you aware of any environmentaL impacts of any deveLopmental activities? I Beneficial I Adverse I 11 I What resources are being used for the specified developmental activities?

I 12 I What are the trends in resource mobilisation? i ResolutlOn to Increase advertIsement fee and hcense of moblLe towers. But thIs has been contested In the

i· court b y t h e mo b'L1 e operators. an d t hever d' lct was in f avour 0 f mo b'l1 e operators. i i 13 I Whether any alternative resources are considered while taking the decision?

! 14 I What are the possible environmental impacts arising due to the activities taken up? I Beneficial impacts I Adverse impacts • 15 I What are the indicators of impact? 16 I Quantification of impact?

! 17 I If impacts are positive, what needs to be done to ensure it?

! 18 I Is it possible to mitigate negative impacts? I Yes I No 19 LIf yes, what mitigation measures couLd be suggested?

! 20 I Indicators for mitigation measures?

21 Are there any indigenous mitigation measures availabLe? 1

22 Are there any best practices available?

23 What are the available decision making tools? I i 24 ! Who is responsibLe for addressing issues/ technical queries while impLementing specific sectoraL I interventions? .

25 Identify training/ support needs • Inadequacy of technical support related to engineering problems. • Staff shortage in engineering, health sector till ambulance drivers. Hierarchy issues while working with govt departments. • SC funds-no clarity on what can be done. Guidelines need to be improved. · . The training is very generic for the state context and has not improved over years to include new topics/ tools. Localization and customization of training content and focus on project development are the suggested improvements. 26 Are there instances where in the Local community/ citizensraised environmental! development issues and/or positively contributed to identification, design and implementation of developmental interventions? .. i LIst of PartICIpants: I Sl No Name Designation Contact details I 1 C. G. Rajalakshmy LVEO 04872292815 ..­ L2 Vasantha Maheswaran President, Block Panchayat i 3 K. R. Devadas Secretary, Block Panchayat 14 P. R. Ramachandran Secretary, Grama Panchyat 15 Harroon Rasheed Vice president, Grama Panchayat l6 M. K. Babu President, Grama Panchayat I LSGI 3 Page 1 KERALA LOCAL GOVERNMENT AND SERVICE DELIVERY PROJECT focus group discussions in LSG Is ,Location: Kumbalanghi Date: 14 may 2J

Corporation Municipality

Tourism Project • The pan~hayat is benefited under the JNRUM Project for K~Chi'

! Corporation .. ~--~--~------~--Questionnaire ------­ SI No I Questions 1 I What are tne various develo~mental activities taken up by the LSG I? Economic Development Social deveLopment • Fisheries Sector: The Panchayat, based on the technicaL advice from • Housing: 316 houses in ADAC, release prawn seedlings into shallow areas in the back waters. first phase of JNURM These will grow in 120 days. The initiative has helped increase the catch 1.2L per house. Since for inLand fishers and has been beneficiaL for the pokkali farmers as the funding for housing weLl. The prawn seedlings were purchased from govt hatcheries. in JNURM is almost • Agriculture: Promoted vegetabLe cultivation and supported the Pokkali twice that of other cuLtivation. The panchayat has1500 acres of pokkaLi Land which has schemes, it is difficuLt paddy cuLtivation for 6 months and fish farming for another 6 months. to find beneficiaries The panchayat provided incentives to farmers to promote cultivation for lAY, EMS schemes. (seeds, fertilizers, attempts made to promote organic manure, support • T oUets supported for harvesting, subsidy for motor 20%) through TSP. • 254 kudumbasree units. .. 24 DTPC approved home stays in the Pachayat to promote toursim . ELected representatives invoLved in the implementation of the project. (no direct income to GP from homestays as of now). Tourism project pLanned with pubLic consuLtation. Awareness programmes conducted to ensure public participation • Training programmes under UNDP endogenous tourism programme- boat making training, Promotion of LocaL art forms Environmental management! mitigation Infrastructure development • Decentralized solid waste management promoted • Road deveLopment • All toilets dumping wastes directLy to canaLs and backwaters- hanging • Electricity toilets - removed through awareness, public support. 600 bio gas plants • Drinking water- no (govt contribution+ subsidy+ beneficiary contribution) and 165 eco house connections. friendLy toilets for individuaLs. SLurry from the bio gas pLant used for Water supply onLy on agricuLture. One common bio gas pLant to handle biodegradable waste aLternate days from markets in two panhayats pLanned to prevent solid waste dumping Recurring cost of 2L in canaLs and backwaters. every month on stand • 5 rainwater harvesting structures aLready built. Given the drinking water post. shortage problem, the Panchayat is pLanning to promote more rainwater harvesting structures. • Mangrove restoration in 5L- 4 acre of Land was implemented with support from Fisheries department, environmental sector experts and kudumbasree 2 I What are the pertinent environmental issues in the area under the jurisdiction of the LSGI? • Ground water in the area is mostly saline and drinking water shortage is a concern. Water authority's Water suppLy is available onLy in alternate days and since the source is at Always which is 50 km away from the village,.. due to pressure drop,. the supply is not. efficient. In addition, water is suppLied in tanker lornes. Planmng to promote ram wat.~e_r_h_a_rv_e_s_tl_n=g.______.-----, I LSGI3 Pall.e 3 KERALA LOCAL GOVERNMENT AND SERVICE DELIVERY PROJECT Focus group discussions in L5G Is . Location: Kumbalanghl Date: 14 may 2009

.22 Are there any best practices available?

23 What are the available decision making tools?

, 24 Who is responsible for addressing issues! technical queries while implemel'lting specific sectoral interventions?

25 Identify training! support needs

Training beneficial. But resource persons do not have enough practical exposure. i 26 Arethere instances w~erein the local community! citizens raised environmentall development issues and/or positively contributed to identification, design and irnplementation of 1 developmental interventions?

List of participants: I Sl No Name Designation Contact details , 1 M. P. Ratnam Member 9446717420 I 12 Antony Joseph Member 9387383238 I I 3 K. N. Venugopalan Secretary 9645111465 I [4 Sudheer. D VEO 9446592327 ! . 5 John o·<;;.JI\.I<;;lll 9388465633 [ .6 Sheeba Member 9995228006 I I LSGI 4 Page I KERALA LOCAL GOVERNMENT AND SERVICE DELIVERY PROJECT Focus group discussions in LSGls I Location: Elor Date: 14 May 2009

Corporation

industries.

Questionnaire i SI No I Questions 1 I What are the various developmental activities taken up by the LSGI? Economic Development Social development Initiatives to promote Vegetable and coconut cultivation. • Education i Since fifty percent of the land is with industries and rest • Womens development of the area is densely populated, promoting agriculture is • 9000 families benefited from the health not a easy task. ! insurance scheme implemeted by Kerala I Govt industrial department. Environmental management! mitigation Infrastructure Sanitation and health- clean city camapigh. The Panchayat has a solid waste development management site managed by Kudumbasree. Food waste from househ.olds collected and vermi composting done. Technical support for this was provided by from rajagiri extension centre. User fee of INR 30 per month per household is collected to meet the recurring expenses. From the waste from meat stalls, electricity is produced. A Bio gas plant was established by jyoti bio tee last year which is also run by Kudumbasree units. 2 I What are the pertinent environmental issues in the area under the jurisdiction of the LSGI? • Air pollution- erratic and isolated problems reported. But in general, the pollution levels are with in acceptable limits. • Water pollution: ground water pollution in the Panchayat due to the impact of 4 polluting industries. 2144 families 6 wards are supplied free drinking water by these industries. Fixed cost on the waters hupply network and recurring expenses met by the industries, based on Supreme court directive. FACTs water treatment plant supplies treated water to these households. • Cleaning of canals taken up as past of NREGS • To monitor pollution, KPCB organizes meeting every month in which Panchayat also participates. In addition, Panchayat authorities inspects the industries. Panchayat is the liscencing authorities. • Local Environment Committee constituted by court order- Panchayat is part of paristhiti kaaval sangham. FACT invested 3 cr on pollution mitigation measures. TCC upgraded as a no waste industry. i ; . Sewage system well developed, along side roads. Canals cleaned every year. 3 I What is the procedure for identification of various developmental activities? I Grama sabhas meet 3 times a year. 10% partic'Ipal'10n. i Working groups participate in plan preparation scope for improvement in the operation of working group. Support of working group during implementation phase can be improved. 4 What is the Code of Practices ado ted by the LSGI?

i Planning Implementation Financial management Conflict resolution . 5 What is the sanctioning mechanism of the deveLopmental activities_? ______,

What are the monitoring mechanisms for developmental activities? . Financial Environmental Socio economic 7 Are there any local technologies being adopted for developmental activities? LSGI4 Page 2 KERALA LOCAL GOVERNMENT AND SERVICE DELIVERY PROJECT Focus group discussions in LSGls Date: 14 May 2009

8 What are the deviations in activities taken up by them in terms of the design, planning, financial outlay etc?

9 Are any environmental guidelines being adopted at present while taking up any developmental I • activities?

10 Are you aware of any environmental impacts of any developmental activities? Beneficial I Adverse 11 What resources are being used for the specified developmental activities?

!12 What are the trends. in resource mobilization? ! 6 Cr own funds. Professional tax, building tax etc are major sources. ,13 Whether any alternative resources are considered while taking the decision?

I I 14 What are the possible environmental impacts ariSing due to the activities taken up? ! Beneficial impacts I Adverse impacts i 15 What are the indicators of impact? I , 16 Quantification of impact? I 17 If impacts are positive, what needs to be done to ensure it? i i 18 Is it possible to mitigate negative impacts? I Yes I No i . 19 If yes, what mitigation measures could be suggested? ~I 20 Indicators for mitigation measures?

21 Are there any indigenous mitigation measures available?

22 Are there any best practices available? I '23 What are the available decision making tooLs?

24 Who is responsibLe for addressing issues/ technical queries while implementing specific sectoral I interventions? , Local technical support mobilized the local resource institutions like Rajagiri out reach society. 25 Identify training! support needs Training in general beneficial. 26 Are there,instances where in the local community! citizens raised ~nvironmentaL! development issues and/or positively contributed to identification, design and implemel"ltation of developmental interventions?

.. .. -­ L1St of partlclpants: Sl No Name DeSignation Contact details , 1 C. P. Usha President, GP 9895908052 2 P. Prasannakumari Village extension officer 9447055153 3 Biju. V Sanitary inspector 9995511415 LSGI 5 Page 1 KERALA LOCAL GOVERNMENT AND SERVICE DELIVERY PROJECT Focus group discussions in LSGls Location: Vengola Date: 14 May 09

Corporation Munici

Questionnaire 151 No I Questions • 1 l What are the various developmental activities taken up by the LSGI? Economic Development , Social development Agriculture: Promoted cultivation of waste land (10 Ha •• New school buildings utlising SSA fund and land) through kudubasree and padasekhara samiti, panchayat fund for 3 govt schools. Need for main crops being vegetables a plantain; kudubasree additional class rooms is cultivating 75 acres of land (taken on lease) from • Panchayat building under construction 2002 onwards. • 47 anganwadis- 38 has own buildings, land procured for another 6 more Environmental management! mitigation Infrastructure· development • Maintenance of roads • 2 minor irrigation projects. 2 I What are the pertinent environmental issues in the area under the jurisdiction of the LSGI? • Waste management - solid waste from near by areas and slaugher houses dumped in the Panchayat. • Quarrying of granite - license is issued by the mining and geology dept, panchayat issues license only for sale and has no other control. The quarries are located at isolated places and hence no direct impact of pollution; but accidents are frequent in the quarry site. Labour sourced from other states and their details are not provided to the panchayat. The migrant workers don't have proper accommodation, medical extension or sanitation facilities and waste is dumped in near by places. PCB is the monitoring agency. • Pollution from plywood companies - dust, smoke, chemicals • Shortage of irrigation Water and drinking water- looking for minor village level projects for drinking water supply. • Land reclamation. Large tracts of land owned by real estate agents are not available for cultivation and kept fallow- hillocks are mined and used for reclaiming the land. GW level depleting due to cutting of hillocks revenue department sanctions permission for reclamation of vaUarpadam terminal, but soil is taken elsewhere. • Not enough funds of infrastructure maintenance and road development • Protection of banks of rivulets in paddy fields, maintenance of irrigation canals- periyar valley irrigation project- are not proper. • Issue of land identification for landless for housing schemes- approx 200 families. 3 I What is the procedure for identification of various developmental activities? Suggestions from grama sabha; Working groups and handed over departments contribute. 4 I What is the Code of Practices adopted by the LSGI? · Planning I ImpLementation I Financial management I Conflict resolution 5 I What is the sanctioning mechanism of the developmental activities? I Gramasabhas once in 6 months- 10% partiCipation

16 I What are the monitoring mechanisms for developmental activities? i · Financial I Environmental I Socio economic 7 I Are there any local technologies being adopted for developmental activities?

8 I What are. the deviations in activities taken up by them in.term~>of the deSign, planning, financial outlay etc? • Staff shortage in panchyat- not enough staff for special grade panchayat I LSGI 5 Page 2 KERALA LOCAL GOVERNMENT ANI) SERVICE DELIVERY PROJECT Focus group discussions in LSGls ~ation: Vengo\a Date: 14 May 09

• Delays in fund allocation, fund transfer and necessary sanctions • Need for flexibility in sectoral allocation based on local requirements. for instance this panchayat needs emphasise on infrastructure sector, funding insufficient. • Guidelines regarding subsidy in agriculture sector are not suitable for local conditions. • Financial resources wastefully utlised to avoid lapse of fund, and to avoid reduction in plan allocation for the next financial year. • Relevance of block panchayat; cerain geographic areas are left out in projects implemented by Block/ District panchayats. , . Delays in provision of subsidy or inputs in agriculture sector, due to delays in plan preparation Plan for this panchayat was approved only in December and hence delays in implementation : : Not enough technical inputs- guidelines keeps changing '9 I Are any environmental guidelines being adopted at present while taking up any developmental l activities?

10 I Are you aware of any environmental impacts of any developmental activities? Beneficial I Adverse ! 11 I What resources are being used for the specified developmental activities?

12 I What are the trends in resource mobilisation?

13 I Whether any alternative resources are considered while taking the decision?

14 I What are the possible environmental impacts arising due to the activities taken up? Beneficial impacts I Adverse impacts , 15 I What are the indicators of impact? f-­ 16 I Quantification of impact?

17 I If impacts are positive, what needs to be done to ensure it?

18 lis it possible to mitigate negative impacts? I Yes I No , 19 I If yes, what mitigation measures coul.d be suggested?

,20 I Indicators for mitigation measures?

21 l Are there any indigenous mitigation measures available?

22 I Are there any best practices available?

23 I What are the available decision making tools? ,

Who is responsible for addressing issues/ technical queries while implementing specific sectoral interventions?

25 LIdentify training/ support needs • Need to improve the quality of training! resource persons. Both implementing officers and elected representatives should be given training together to avoid contradicting positions. • Engg department is not good- specialization of the engg should be suitable for the LSGls requirements· ex: posting of irrigation department engg may not be suitable. • Sharing of Engg Staff between panchayats and transfers (4 engg in one financial year). Special grade panchayat should get a full time engg. 26 Are there instances where in the local community/ citizens raised environmental! development issues and/or positively contributed to identification,design and implementation of developmental interventions?