Smart Distribution Networks: UK Vision and Implementation

Dr Luis(Nando) Ochoa Lecturer in Smart Distribution Networks luis_ochoa@ieee .org

Manchester, UK – December 2011 EPRI Wor ksh op

. “Electricity networks that can intelligently integrate the behaviour and actions of all users connected to it - generators, consumers and those that do both - in order to efficiently deliver sustainable, economic and secure electricityypp supplies”

... whereas in China, Smart = Strong.

... wh ereas in SSthouth Korea, SStmart = More RRlibleliable.

and the backbone? the electricity delivery system

. Political decisions

– Targets to decrease CO2 emissions – Targets to increase the use of renewables – etc., etc., etc.

Note: UK target is 15%

Source: Jenny Cooper, NG, 2011

. Perhaps the most competitive electricity market in the world (full unbundling) . 9 Distribution Network Operators (DNOs) . Business regulated by Ofgem . Assets in <132kV (LV and HV) account for 50%+ of the value of GB electricity networks . A significant part of the assets installed during the 1950s and 60s

Distribution Price Control Review 4 (2005-2010) . ItiInnovation FFdiunding IItincentive (IFI) – R&D, 0.5% of the DNO’s invoiced revenue – … to have more innovation . Distributed Generation (DG) Incentive – £2.5/kW/year (for 15 years) –… for DNOs to have a more proactive approach . Registered Power Zones (RPZ) – +£2.0/kW/year (for the first 5 years). Limit of £0.5m/DNO/year – … to develop more cost-effectives ways of connecting DG

(DPCR 5 2010-2015: no RPZ)

. Dynamic monitoring of line capacity (132kV) – increases the connection capacity of DG . Helps transporting energy from off-shore wind farms . Overhead line capacity calculated by using ambient tttemperature and wiidnd speeds . Power donut (www.usi- power.com)

. Coordinated control of OLTC . Uses (measures/ /tit)estimates) generation and demand data . Increases significantly the connection capacity of DG (might double it)

. The Orkney Islands have great wind resources but are connected to the mainland by subsea cables . The System uses: – circuit availability – wind power variability

Normally Open Point EDAY – demand variability ROUSAY SANDAY

Zone 1

BURGAR . Increases significantly the export HILL WESTRAY STRONSAY capacity Zone 2

SHAPINSAY

STROMNESS

Orkney Core

SCORRADALE

KIRKWALL

NORTH HOY

THURSO ST. MARY’S Zone 4 GRID

LYNESS Zone 3 FLOTTA

. Main Types of Distributed Generation (MW) according to the 2010 Seven Year Statement from National Grid

In addition to renewable distributed generation (DG): . GtGovernment itiincentives for mii/llcro/small-scale PV generati on . Government incentives for people to buy electric vehicles (EVs) . Full smart meter rollout by 2020 . Electrification of heat, advent of smart appliances?

New £500 million Low Carbon Networks Fund for large-scale trials of advanced technology and commercial initiatives

This £32 billion (~US$51 billion) is part of the estimated £200 billion that Ofgem estimates needs to be invested in the next 10 years to secure sustainable energy supplies.

“DPCR 6”  RIIO Framework (revenue=incentives+innovation+outputs)

. 2010 – CstomeCustomer-led Netwo rk Rev olu tion (CE Electric UK) – Low Carbon London (UK Power Networks) – Low Carbon Hub (Central Networks) – LV Network Templates for a low carbon future (WPD) . 2011 – Flexibl e Plug and Play (UK Power Net work s) – B.R.I.S.T.O.L. (WPD) – Thames Valley Vision 2 (SSE) – Capacity to Customers (ENW, £9.1m) – Flexible Networks for a Low Carbon Future (SP Energy Networks) – FALCON (WPD) www.ofgem.gov.uk/networks/elecdist/lcnf

. LV Distribution Networks (400V) – Voltage rise due to PV panels (drops due to EVs?) Observability – Thermal limits: Are the wires fit for purpose? – More unbalances? etc. Controllability . HV Distribution Networks (11kV and 33kV)

– Voltage rise due to wind power (rural networks) Voltage – Increase in shhtort ciiitrcuit lllevel ((burban unddd)erground) MtManagement – Power quality, “Islanding” and Protection ... Thermal, – Increased energy losses? Variability? Fault Mgmt . EHV Distribution Networks (132kV) – Thermal limits Integration of Solutions – Stabilit y and reserve requi remen ts – Variability?

. Business case in Italy  perhaps energy theft? – Alr eady looking at clev er wa ys of using the data . Business case in Sweden  manual metering too expensive and not frequent – Already looking at clever ways of using the data (expensive!) . Business case in the UK  I’m not sure, supposedly ‘empoweringempowering the customer for them to save energyenergy’

. UK smart meters – Owned by Energy Suppliers not DNOs – Central Data ‘Concentrator’ – No (pseudo) real-time info to DNOs

. Smart homes, smart appliances, smart meters, etc. are potential enablers of DSM schemes. . But we also need ‘smart customers’

*From the website of GE Nucleus™

. Distribution network operators (DNOs) face in some parts of the circuits congestion problems (particularly during contingencies) . Ofgem incentivises investment deferral (45p per £1)

 ENWL is contracting DSM services from big consumers  ENWL has started contracts with aggregators and looking at different services (demand shifting)

. DNOs are becoming more and more like TNOs . How does this affect TNOs? Energy suppliers?

What does DG have to do with this? ~600MW of DG tripped after second generator tripped due to ROCOF- based loss-of-mains detection.

. In European countries it is within distribution networks that we are going to see most of the envisaged Smart Grid – Main drivers: renewable targets, ageing assets, security of supply, electrification of transport and heat . First major challenge for DNOs is the lack of observabilit y of their LV and HV circuits . Second major challenge: transition from stand alone operation of solutions (although only trials now), e.g., storage, coordinated OLTC, towards an integrated approach – ICT remains a complex issue when it comes to reliable and cost- effective services . R&D is essential for deployment . International exchange of knowledge is key

Dr Luis(Nando) Ochoa Lecturer in Smart Distribution Networks [email protected] www.manchester.ac.uk/research/luis.ochoa