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Online Publication Date: 01 August 2007 To cite this Article: Maussen, Marcel (2007) 'Islamic Presence and Mosque Establishment in France: Colonialism, Arrangements for Guestworkers and Citizenship', Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 33:6, 981 - 1002 To link to this article: DOI: 10.1080/13691830701432889 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13691830701432889

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The publisher shall not be liable for any loss, actions, claims, proceedings, demand or costs or damages whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with or arising out of the use of this material. © Taylor and Francis 2007 Downloaded By: [UVA Universiteitsbibliotheek SZ] At: 14:16 27 August 2007 SN16-8XpitIS 4995 online/07/0600981-22 1469-9451 print/ISSN 1369-183X ISSN O:10.1080/13691830701432889 DOI: ocle nihorodIlm,ada nieial euto h iest and diversity Marseilles France; the Colonialism; Mosques; of Islam; result Keywords: inevitable France. an the in of as communities At multiplicity emergence Muslim France’. and the the of of Islam’, of independence see illustrative ‘neighbourhood as ‘Islam to cities so-called began an French in in a authorities of mosques Mosques’ public medium-sized symbols ‘Cathedral and century, smaller as central twenty-first of establish stand the to would of emerged which controversial beginning idea deeply cities, the a French 1980s became the society major late in French of the in located period In the Islam rooms During of issue. prayer lived. presence workers in France migrant visible practised the in the of was practice citizenship most it where Islamic blocks because 1970s, apartment and of view cellars 1960s from and the hidden workers In largely colonial supportive workers. as was also migrant France was in transient state sojourned French as Muslims The later was when 1926. mosque practice and 1922 religious monumental between Muslim a Paris symbols of and of Islamic expositions centre Europe, colonial the In at in territories. built displayed imams French overseas were of the mosques the salaries in as the times, mosques such paid colonial and of leaders maintenance During religious the selected discourse. and establishment with public mosque itself aligned and French state presence in colonial Islamic represented which in been ways have the reconstructs article This Maussen Marcel Citizenship and Guestworkers for Arrangements Colonialism, France: in Establishment Mosque and Presence Islamic aclMusni etrri h eateto oiia cec tteUiest fAmsterdam. of University the at Science Achterburgwal OZ Political Amsterdam, [email protected] of E-mail: of University Netherlands. The Science, Department Amsterdam, Political DL the of 1012 Dept 237, in Maussen, Marcel Lecturer to: Correspondence is Maussen Marcel o.3,N.6 uut20,p.981 pp. 2007, August 6, No. Studies 33, Migration Vol. and Ethnic of Journal 1002 # 07Tyo Francis & Taylor 2007 Downloaded By: [UVA Universiteitsbibliotheek SZ] At: 14:16 27 August 2007 rmda neouinr rcs hc eiswt mirto n hnmoves then and institutionalisation. is and immigration emancipation Europe with settlement, Western begins of in stages which successive presence process through Islamic evolutionary newcomers, an as Muslim religious framed of the for needs provide which and institutions of France. practices development in Islam gradual on the studies of for speaking constraining By and enabling both been have they valuable, seulmmeso utrlydvrescey hsbgntepoesof process the began Thus society. diverse culturally a freedom religious France. of in to their Islam of rights institutionalisation for members their provide defend equal to to mobilised as infrastructure temporary minorities community a Muslim of and a ‘myth needs, developing and the migrants abandoned started migrant- had postwar they a newcomers sojourn’, as about migrant population narratives Once Muslim in offspring. French represented their the usually portraying is France religion, in origin Islam of history The Introduction au 15) ulmcmtr a rae ett h ulmhospital established Muslim also were the others and to 1935, next in Paris) created to close was Fre town in cemetery small (a Muslim Bobigny in A (1955). Hague rnhct fMrele,weeIlmadmsu salsmn aebeen have establishment mosque century. southern twentieth and the the of Islam in beginning discussions the where since on Marseilles, issues focus political of meaningful I around production Specifically, city meaning of diversity. French picture wider cultural the and at look buildings Islam to mosque which of through establishment prism the a on in as discussions sojourned use I they migrants. citizenship. citizens, labour transient new and and and subjects guestworkers colonial immigrants as Europe for became Western Europe arrangements Islamic in the Muslims colonialism, accommodate Before sometimes France: to though representation in consecutive, and presence different regulation three of distinguish regimes frame overlapping, a I within migration, from exclusively postwar Islam at of looking of Instead France. twentieth-century communities. migrant Muslim postwar of emancipation (1887), Liverpool Fre in objects (1926), established ethnographic artefacts, were London cultural mosques (1928), of Europe, Newly-built and Berlin-Wilmersdorf Western were studies structures. in and Islam presence urban texts Islamic of and and of form traces the Europe with many in fascination left both Western intellectual colonialism The and between imperialism. Orient by the contacts shaped and century, beginning influenced the nineteenth profoundly Since Britain. representatives Great the or official Netherlands of of merchants, the armies France, the as in as soldiers such it or powers workers colonial be students, travellers, there, independent states, settled Muslim of or sojourned and Europe h ntttoaiaino sa sta fa‘e’religion ‘new’ a of perspective that as evolutionary Islam the of cannot institutionalisation meaning within the their constructions, understood meaningful were be symbols Islamic and facilities 982 nti ril eosrc h rcs fmaigpouto rudIlmin Islam around production meaning of process the reconstruct I article this In to travelled also religion’ their as Islam had who ‘people times earlier in However, .Maussen M. ´ u 13) asils(95 n h au 13) hl,a h ie these time, the at While, (1932). Hague The and (1945) Marseilles (1930), jus 1 huhteenraie aebe heuristically been have narratives these Though * nteerydy fpswrmigration postwar of days early the in ´ u 13) ai 12)adThe and (1926) Paris (1930), jus * mle ysekn of speaking by implied * o ntrso the of terms in nor 2 * as Downloaded By: [UVA Universiteitsbibliotheek SZ] At: 14:16 27 August 2007 ela nvrigdgesadfrso eiiu reo o ulm ndifferent in State Muslims French for the freedom of religious on implications of based specific forms as The and Islam countries. degrees of State European institutionalisation varying Different of in Religion. patterns as different and well in State resulted between a have of separation regimes that Church the of for terms and arrangements institutional in freedom different Europe Western religious to attention in specific Islam paying of religion, governance minority the of think usually Regimes We Three Presence: Islamic Regulating and Representing enwl documented. well been etArcnclne uha eea,Muiai n h vr os,teFrench that: the arguing Coast, advanced, Ivory more the culturally and were Mauritania In Muslims Islam. Senegal, that to as thought related such matters all colonies over African authority West full had administrators colonial French 80 tpltdta h rnhwudgaatetergtt sai practice. Islamic to religious the right of of estate the real Convention and guarantee land The ( the would foundations of 1995). most French expropriated French (Lorcin in the the Algeria Nevertheless, over religious’ that rule and stipulated ‘fanatically expansion Algerians French Arabised 1830, of be beginning the the than to marked which assimilated Bourmont, said be easily displayed were they more instance, because could who race for and Myth’, superior zeal a ‘Kabyle religious were so-called less Kabyle between Berberophone the distinguish the an racist Algeria, to that the In suggested used became with peoples. administrators intersected Islam indigenous colonial it because different Islam the centuries, only of that if twentieth recognition systems ambiguous, was The classification early colonies West administrators. African and and colonial the North for in nineteenth in issue rule late important colonial increasingly the French of in extension Africa and intensification the With Colonialism France, the transient citizens. as account twentieth-century subjects, as colonial into or under- in as take Muslims workers In of practice migrant to positioning empire. the religious have to according colonial we Islamic varied which Islam a of to had interpretations relation still varying in France secularism applied while never French were practice dates standing treatment State religious the equal and or Muslim dealt Churches non-interference have of to of society Separation principles French the but on and Law it 1905, state the from decades, French thing, two the one past ways For the Islam. the with in of France many in for Islam account towards cannot policies and practices regulatory vntog hsaayi esetv a otiue oorudrtnigof understanding our to contributed has perspective analytic this though Even otoewohdrmie eihs,i oilognzto,itleta culture, intellectual Cruise in organization, cited (Quellien 305). social education 1967: and in O’Brien life fetishist, of style remained well-being, industry, had commerce, who those to ... ti nvral eonzdta h ulmpolso hs ein r superior are regions these of peoples Muslim the that recognized universally is it laı ¨cite habous ´ n titsprto,o h eeomn fIlmi rnehave France in Islam of development the on separation, strict and n,truhthe through and, ) 3 ueu Arabes Bureaux ora fEhi n irto Studies Migration and Ethnic of Journal * diitaiebureaux administrative hrhregime, Church 983 * Downloaded By: [UVA Universiteitsbibliotheek SZ] At: 14:16 27 August 2007 h euaino sa nAgrawsas established. also was Algeria in Islam of regulation the rnhMnsr fteItro sudanwtx n15 hc ugse htthe that suggested which 1950 in text new a the issued Algeria, Interior of in principle rule the colonial of French jeopardise Ministry might French Muslims for religion of freedom oiywihwsajse olclrlgostaiin.I h ogrn h French the run, long the In The traditions. sensitive 97). religious a 1988: conducting local Harrison by to in Islam adjusted (cited African was ideas’ of which French particularities of policy traditions of the the supported sense in also the nor French nationalism in Turko-Egyptian that but of ensure sense states, to the as Muslim in so evolve administrators colonial not ‘did the and by it elements influences African ( animist West North with Islam in and fused African Arab developed been This had had traditions. practice beliefs cultural Islamic and local rituals of ideas. Islamic form pan-Islamist which specific in of a Africa spreading French, the the to and According movements Muslim anti-colonial counter translation). my 167, 2005: Achi is in ‘the which (cited countries’ matters, Islamic support spiritual in conception and traditional to earthly the both continued controls which who State, theocratic populations, a of native concept the amongst to referring by resistances’ justified was ‘certain Islam of treatment unequal the of continuation the cynically, ero sai eoms oeet n a-saimge ntecus fthe of course the Combes Emile in minister grew French and pan-Islamism the 1902 and negotiation In movements century. nineteenth reformist in Islamic intermediaries of fear as 1988). Harrison lineages) 304; 1967: saintly O’Brien (Cruise of administration descendants used administrators (living French Africa, West a over as rule colonial Arab of decades first the During 06.AtrWrdWrI e a a sudi 97t rvd oegaate for guarantees more provide to 1947 in issued Islam of was law theindependence new Bozzo a 2006; II Achi War determine also World see After helped 169; sponsor 2006). 2005: which (Achi fellow-believers dossier, he to his whether a upon and France’ influence and towards continued some ‘loyalty had exam of these degree an 1920s authorities sufficient a of the had candidate Since colonial basis the Algeria. whether the in French on imams selected official the were 400 imams the decree, remunerate and this mosques On the Algeria. of in Religion and basis a State down of laid the separation which of issued principle was the decree of special application a modified 1907 In Algeria. in developed further was sa noa salse eiini h fia oois eproposed: He colonies. African State the the in and religion established Churches an of into Separation Islam the on 1905 of 984 oee,i h etArcnclne h rnhdvlpdadfeetsrtg to strategy different a developed French the colonies African West the in However, oto vrIlmi h ooisbcm nraigyiprata h French the as important increasingly became colonies the in Islam over Control vntog obs rpslwsntefcutd h akn fa fiilIslam official an of backing the effectuated, not was proposal Combes’ though Even ol eitreire iha neeti iigorwr fsrelac and surveillance of work 308). 1967: our O’Brien aiding Cruise in in interest (cited an reform moral with intermediaries be our would under the brotherhoods place religious would the we of heads temporal direction. and spiritual the placing .Maussen M. igafranca lingua laı ¨cite ... ´ ewudtu sals oto eua lrya h edo which of head the at clergy regular of sort a establish thus would We ol o eapidi ulwe eln ihIlmi lei.Rather Algeria. in Islam with dealing when full in applied be not could Chioukh-El-Islam n aeacuilpsto oMsi edr and leaders Muslim to position crucial a gave and vis-a ` -vis h ooilsaei lei.Aseilcmiso on commission special A Algeria. in state colonial the urm ed fteMsi eiin who religion, Muslim the of heads supreme , ’sa noir l’islam * 4 a heddfo further from shielded was ) ugse fiilymaking officially suggested oee,faigta full that fearing However, * uhro h Law the of author marabouts Downloaded By: [UVA Universiteitsbibliotheek SZ] At: 14:16 27 August 2007 ) hs id frgm eefrtdvlpdi newrFac opoiefor provide to schemes. France recruitment interwar guestworker countries, European similar in Western developed many developed 1974 France, and first including 1950 were Between shortages. regime labour of 1983: specific (Cross kinds workers recruit- foreign These with and agriculture 6). agencies and industries regulatory in guest- provide system, develop to A schemes corporatist jointly ment regulatory indirect governments migration. an representations, and of labour emergence companies of the accommodate which by set characterised to is specific regime serving worker a arrangements distinguish and to practices useful regime’ worker ( workers’ ‘immigrant oiisfrtercuteto oeg aorr,kona ‘ as known labourers, foreign Dutch or of German recruitment about speaking the when used for generally policies is ‘guestworkers’ term The Guestworkers a for by Arrangements 1970s. succeeded and thus 1960s the were in workers workers colonial migrant transient migrant of post-colonial of substantial Generations generation a France. of emergence in immigration the to family population led by followed that migrants, migration, civilians labour chain sided as of and had influx or who continuing North soldiers Algerians the in mostly ethnic as was of colonies rulers group French French substantial the former the a was 1960s, the with period the from In post-colonial people Africa. the West of and to France colonial in in the factors presence from key continued the continuity of of One self-government. production attaining the colonies of majority vast population. the European with the from colonial distance Europe a a in at maintain colonies, stay lived could their the During who mostly in discipline. and subjects served military cultures, on had and based who peoples regime commanders indigenous behavioural with military management familiar to the were given Usually who was colonial Europe. house camps in to temporarily these served sojourned of that who in (C barracks soldiers artefacts and or cultures’ as camps workers of the exhibited was summaries and arrangement themselves cities institutional were American were that cultures and ‘Other European a this pavilions Europe: were Western to in exhibitions in piecemeal The society arrangements brought camps. colonial institutional barrack introducing the of key way and Two specific exhibitions colonial colonial mainland. the and were European societies respect colonial ruled the of presence administrators on the colonial to subjects representations the applying the regulation which informed of also in practices colonialism and of ways regime the The territories. to Africa overseas their limited in not developed were be ideology, could Islam’ ‘modern a tutelage their (cf under that thought aormgat eeuulysoe fa frinwres ( workers’ ‘foreign as of spoken usually were migrants labour ‘ gastarbeiders sa dooyada e frgltr rcie rnhclnaimddntend not did colonialism French practices regulatory of set a as and ideology an As colonial French of part were which diversity, cultural and Islam about Ideas . arsn18;Rbno 2000). Robinson 1988; Harrison .I rnetetr getokr’wsntcmol sd and used, commonly not was ‘guestworkers’ term the France In ’. rvilusimmigre travailleurs ora fEhi n irto Studies Migration and Ethnic of Journal ´ s .Nvrhls,Ifn h em‘guest- term the find I Nevertheless, ). * the harkis ¸ lk19:1.Asecond A 1). 1992: elik rviluse travailleurs * ete nFac.It France. in settled Gastarbeiter ´ trangers ’or )or 985 Downloaded By: [UVA Universiteitsbibliotheek SZ] At: 14:16 27 August 2007 a,i h od fteFec coa ihlPe that Michel discipline scholar a French to the subject of were words residents the the and the in suburbs since was, French recruited of were periphery the who at ( workers hostels foreign in the lived of 1950s Most culturally. and arrived physically newly of reception the for 2005). and for (Spire workers responsible policies migrant made immigration were that of indepen- services implementation after public the French repatriated the being in were many re-employed who were because dence, veterans, reinforced war was and trend administrators This colonial them. accommodate and to workers ideas practices prevailing Algerian shaped for regulatory still 1962, colonial colonialism evident in however workers’; most ‘colonial independent allowed longer the became no were was also Algeria continuity After arrangements It This workers. emerging 1997). African newly migrant. MacMaster North into (cf. labour migrants feed labour of to unequal for practices or and categories regulatory differentiated various and colonies Europeans a representations the the created for of This from and treatment Spaniards). Tunisians) workers Portuguese, existed Moroccans, Poles, there migrant 1960s, (Italians, Algerians, early for and (Vietnamese, 1950s the arrangements protectorates in and institutional 1930s, and parallel 1920s the in Both empire. practices. created religious and labour for housing provisions foreign activities, minimum provide leisure-time of to care, authorities health recruitment public and active and companies ethnically enable for The otherwise to obligations an society. served in existence segregation homogenous separate spatial and and culturally parallel social a live of be 1985: to practices (Castles workers could hand, foreign requirements’ which other market the to units, according On labour of 519). as mobile disposed seen and were ‘temporary workers utilized foreign or recruited, hand, subjects one the economic On temporary principles. key two around organised rgn rte ol eiet tyadb netdeooial n oilyinto socially and economically inserted of be country and the stay to to return decide to could decide the they could to have they or should destiny’: encouraged origin, migrants State their that were of ‘choose idea Under-Secretary to the they the developed opportunity 1976, expired, Dijoud, Paul In Workers, had practices. Migrant cultural permits for their work develop and their maintain once countries home society mainstream from different Western culturally as in seen workforce were who non-citizen Turkey or a Africa of accommodation societies The European 2003). Alexander (cf. n 4 fte a okdi ot fia(Gine Africa North in worked veterans, had management army them property were of main (SONACOTRA) the 141 housing for and workers’ working activities. directors for leisure-time hostel responsible and 151 places organisation of meeting out not canteens, 144 workers with 1975, foreign also In provided but hostels housing The with translation). only my 44, (1990: status’ colonial 986 aormgat ie hi ie tadsac rmFec society French from distance a at lives their lived migrants Labour colonial a had still France while developed were regimes guestworker France, In eas twscmol xetdta aormgat ol eunt their to return would migrants labour that expected commonly was it Because diversity religious and cultural about ideas specific produced regimes Guestworker .Maussen M. * otyyugmnfo tl,San uolva otgl North Portugal, Yugoslavia, Spain, Italy, from men young mostly foyers ,brak rsat-on.Tefyr eeestablished were foyers The shanty-towns. or barracks ), ´ ad,‘ oa otnaino the of continuation local ‘a raldi, ´ yGln 94 128). 1984: sy-Galano * socially, * was Downloaded By: [UVA Universiteitsbibliotheek SZ] At: 14:16 27 August 2007 ihih susrltdt eiiu rcie h ihso ulm nFac,adthe and they France, because in Muslims prism, of a rights as the practice, used religious be to can related Maussen issues establishment (cf. highlight establishment mosque mosque on around discourses Discussions the perceived into 2004). twentieth-century and was religion’ Islam imagery in a which the in of on Islam ways focus birth the I of analyse ‘the To regulation. resembling development of process regimes the linear different three of and evolutionary image an the as France down broken have I Mosques on Discussions France in discussions contentious decades. to meaning two subject as the been past perspective, participate has the this should practice in Within Islamic they sphere. and that public Islam secular but of and difference, neutral religious a or in of citizens ethnic model and French cultural, 297 uniquely practices their a 1995: of social as see (Castles are or academics population’ and immigrants cultural ‘ politicians majority French adaptation: linguistic, what the to of distinctive Central from process their indistinguishable incorpo- up one-sided become be give a can to ‘through newcomers expected society migrant assimilation: into on rated based integrated model be incorporation could diversity religious and cultural and societies. societies of European non-nationals forms Western of their 1980s, new into rights which early political in in and and ways newcomers social the the 1970s migrant defining late and of laws, the civic naturalisation incorporation and Since immigration both rights the religion. regulate equal to and of policies have be new freedom citizens developed governments to and the European Western equally, as had citizens treatment. such equal all practices of liberties, treat principle and should the on representations state based The are these hierarchy regimes citizenship however, because and regimes redefined, citizens, permanent became guestworker segregation immigrants and Muslim and When treatment, residents society. colonial host diversity, unequal the and cultural Muslims legitimised between and and Islam to institutionalised immigrant came Republican it When more a favoured Citizenship who multiculturalism those French of to kind out a policy. into lose incorporation identity’ soon cultural ‘ to would so-called ‘right (the schools the state developing d’origine in intended cultures cultural migrants culture et of who maintain and langues mother-tongue children to those special the right created for for the government classes French guarantee Particularly the would 1976, 1991). France In identity. home, Kepel return 1998; to eventually (Favell society French inte rnei sal ersne sa example an as represented usually is France ´ gration steie htmnrte hudntmbls oiial ntebasis the on politically mobilise not should minorities that idea the is ’ rEC) oee,toewospotdteie of idea the supported who those However, ELCO). or ’ ora fEhi n irto Studies Migration and Ethnic of Journal a excellence par fa immigrant an of * negeetde enseignement yredefining by 987 8). Downloaded By: [UVA Universiteitsbibliotheek SZ] At: 14:16 27 August 2007 mrs uoenadecs h atta h xoiin okpaei European in place took expositions the that fact the the 1999). audiences, Simpson-Fletcher thirdly, European (cf. and impress original workers; African the indigenous than by the bigger though far out even was carried replica engineers, French was French by work designed secondly construction was 1909; been actual Marseilles and had 1907 in between Djenne mosque French the replica in of the mosque help the the with firstly, improved and was times: in renovated three African mosque tower indigenous original craftsmanship over the imitation superiority and than technical architecture bigger their The displayed times French three engineers. the itself Thus the building and Djenne. the under and authorities century high, nineteenth colonial metres the 57 Palace. construction, French in African West rebuilt larger of the and of a renovated directive part been build as had Timbuctu, to and mosques decided Djenne These African of West organisers mosques the the in the by high, inspired 1922 metres 35 in tower, In However, sand Marseilles. typical pavilion. in a expositions erected at organisers the articulated 1906, being were faithful ideologies the and representations to only accessible was mosque 136). functioning 1999: the (Simpson-Fletcher and prayer, Muslim for nieosclueadrlgo.Tu,i h uiinscin a section, Tunisian the respected in rulers Thus, colonial religion. French how and show culture to indigenous intended also but architecture, mosque aiino 96hdamnrt n n12 oqe ol ese nteAlgerian, the Algerian in The seen be 202). could (1922: mosques 1922 Mediterranean sections. in the Moroccan and minaret, and of Tunisian a side had 1906 other of the pavilion Andre on journalist the being mountainous pavilion, actually the Tunisian and the sun Mediterranean in natural the around that the fact pavilions constituted the and to streets landscape in replica part of in form worship success the its in would owed Tunisia the and in Morocco peoples life Algeria, of village Indigenous evocation daily 1894. of exhibitions part in a the of as Lyon at houses practice 1986). religious in villages (Leprun Islamic stage colonies Senegalese Small and to the mosques metres. 1889 imitation of 30 the in parts at Paris as standing displayed which in minaret built, also a was were with pavilion worship Algerian Tlemcen, an of 1878, city in time, cafe Paris first Moorish the in a the For contained were exposition Europe. century in universal twentieth exhibitions the the colonial of and at part exhibitions first world the of and days nineteenth glory the of part second The Marseilles in Exhibitions Colonial Establishment Mosque and Marseilles. Colonialism in discussions on particular in focus the I on France. discussions broader in to presence access Islamic provide and symbols, Islamic to attached meaning 988 lhuhteehbtossre odslytesceso ooilrl n to and rule colonial of success the display to served exhibitions the Although colonial ways the about informative also is pavilion African West the of story The n10 n 92Mrele otdtontoa ooilehbtos h realistic The exhibitions. colonial national two hosted Marseilles 1922 and 1906 In .Maussen M. ´ n erdcino oqei h otenAlgerian northern the in mosque a of reproduction a and 5 h xiiindslydeape fprestigious of examples displayed exhibition The de ´ cor o ooilehbto.Wiewalking While exhibition. colonial a for ´ uoqehdtefeigof feeling the had Dubosque muezzin aldout called Downloaded By: [UVA Universiteitsbibliotheek SZ] At: 14:16 27 August 2007 ulmPwr seilytwrstegvrmnso rbntosadthe and nations Arab of Great governments a as the and Islam’ of towards ‘friend a especially as itself Power, position to tried Muslim had France war Mosques the Monumental During Power: Muslim Great a as village’. France ‘Muslim replica a the of version in genuine worship a or in live villages actually replica interesting would ‘Arabs’ create the Here, workers to exhibitions. in as colonial live so the to mosques at seen pretend be version the sometimes could genuine in a would that France as complexes conceived in replica also built was the been village of Kabyle had the which But villages’ century. nineteenth ‘workers’ late and cities’ ‘garden the from nteedwsnvrbit otpoal eas ftewar the of because probably most built, never Islamic was end with the accordance in the the Even for ‘in minaret. accommodation square built appropriate prepared 20-metre-high be and a to be and was mosque windows central North-African would arched typical with the a that square On the food streetlights. On prescriptions’. religious and selling system shops ( sewer several bathhouse a better a village introducing Kabyle square civilising the by the village of version to original, their true make the However, to Algeria. than tried Northern also had of architects mountains the workers, the mission, colonial in of villages the housing of village the conditions. living The in unhygienic year. problems and a existing poor francs the the 100 of notably for most some workers solve to to out served rented be would accommodation eeoe ealdpa obidacp usd h iyo ayevlaeo plot a m on village Kabyle 39,000 a of some city the outside land copy a build of to plan detailed a developed faMngmn soito o h osrcinadEpotto faMuslim a of Exploitation and Construction the Establishment ( the for for Village’ Association Project Management ‘Preliminary of entitled a Commerce 1916 of of was Chamber in the report mosque war, a the issued wooden during Marseilles and a before in recruited Nogent-sur-Marne hospital 328 were 2003: the who of Pautremat workers of Le garden the section (cf. visited colonial 1916 Muslim in the imams the established in soldiers: in created African was and North room Neuilly, provide and prayer to Senegalese a efforts camps, Muslim their military of multiplied needs authorities the military for French I, War World During Workers and Soldiers Colonial Accommodating that 143). in declaring 1999: place] a took Simpson-Fletcher by [that 1922 in plundering (cited May exposition, the civilization’ all of murders, In colonial the name colonialism. all the the thievery, the against against all ‘symbolized protest it protested to orator opportunities communist created also cities ’xliaindu ilg musulman village d’un l’exploitation rnhaciet n ii nier a u uhefr nomkn recopy true a making into effort much put had engineers civil and architects French vn-rjtd rainduesocie d’une creation de Avant-projet 2 h ilg a oeitfraot3 er,and years, 30 about for exist to was village The . hammam alaxvivants tableaux ). a ob salse swl sacafe a as well as established be to was ) 6 muezzin td are u n11 n 1917 and 1916 in out carried study A ora fEhi n irto Studies Migration and Ethnic of Journal ´ te ´ 3.I re opoiefrAlgerian for provide to order In 33). eeicue.Tevillage The included. were ’xliainpu l’e pour d’exploitation nMrele,clna Muslim colonial Marseilles, In . * okisinspiration its took minbar ´ iiainet dification * (throne) which ´ and 989 Downloaded By: [UVA Universiteitsbibliotheek SZ] At: 14:16 27 August 2007 rmNrhr fia gp,Lbnnadee ni.Tenwmsu was mosque new Ben The and Islam’, of leader India. gifts ‘global a of even as help France declared: of and the role Ghabrit with the Lebanon of raised illustration were an Egypt, as funds represented Africa, necessary the Northern Paris, a of from and City hostel the a from bathhouse, a francs library, a contained cafe complex Moorish mosque the room, prayer a Kpl19:7;Mcatr20:7) h edro h ainls movement nationalist the of leader The 74). 2002: MacMaster 76; 1991: (Kepel ie nPrs uha h 000Agra irn okr,wr icuae from discouraged were who workers, Muslims migrant of Algerian majority 60,000 mosque vast the the the as using contrast, such By Paris, Paris. in visited lived who elites Muslim the cafe the Moorish 281). to 2000: neighbour Bayoumi in bourgeoisie a (cited France’ be for would died who Institute Fleurot soldiers Muslim Muslim Paul those new member the council that Panthe Municipal of 1922 soldiers. symbol a in colonial into remarked mosque the the making towards by introduced gratitude also was motive discursive new A or war holy a Guillaume’’, the out under ‘‘Haj Islam: set of Emperor champion campaign the global the of propaganda as Germany leadership German imperial as of counter-balance, image well-organised an to establish ‘a meant to were writes, efforts MacMaster These colonies. Neil African the of inhabitants eainhp ihteMgrbadteMdl at salse a established East, Middle a Musulman the and Maghreb ideas the the the 1916 with of In relationships capital. One French 72). the in (2002: mosque Africa’ Interministe a North establish to and was East emerged Middle that the from French infidel u yaMsi eiiu onaincle the called foundation religious Muslim a by out re n ht iae tniga 6mtr’(aom 00 275). 2000: (Bayoumi meters’ 26 a at and arches standing columned minaret of arcades white by flanked and courtyard green airy ‘an with style Maghrebi 1991; (Kepel 1954 arrondissement in death his of until new voice Sbaı the remained of 73; the he rector 2002: the which and MacMaster became Paris, also interests Ghabrit in French Ben Institute Algeria. Ben of Muslim in Kaddour and ambassador France Si in an co-opted Islam the become loyalist was would foundation who the of Ghabrit, president The colonies. French l’Islam 990 utlk h ooilepstos h e oqewst eejydb h Parisian the by enjoyed be to was mosque new the expositions, colonial the like Just h oqeo ai a eindb w rnhaciet n ul ntefifth the in built and architects French two by designed was Paris of Mosque The Frmti lc fmdtto,wr rpae,pltclaiainwl be divide will to agitation not and political together prayer, bring 283). to or 2000: is Bayoumi work thought in meditation, (cited our because of excluded rigorously place this [F]rom .Maussen M. ´ rae n11 ofcltt h igiaet ec o ulm nthe in Muslims for Mecca to pilgrimage the facilitate to 1917 in created , nadwudsada acmeoaiemnmn asdt h eoyof memory the to raised monument commemorative ‘a as stand would and on h ol ii h ta ah rdikcfe n ittai the in tea mint and coffee drink or baths steam the visit could who , ´ ` iledsAfie Musulmanes Affaires des rielle ´ ´ Paris oevr h oqeadtehse ol euiie ytaelr and travellers by utilised be could hostel the and mosque the Moreover, . swl sagf f5000fac rmteFec tt n 1,620,000 and state French the from francs 500,000 of gift a as well As . ntecnr fPrs ewe 92ad12.I a ul in built was It 1926. and 1922 between Paris, of centre the in , * Mcatr20:7) twsdcddt e h ntaieb carried be initiative the let to decided was It 72). 2002: (MacMaster hywr culytre wybcueo hi hbyclothing shabby their of because away turned actually were they ¨ 2006). hc vra rnhpoaad and propaganda French oversaw which , Socie ´ te ´ e aose iu ansde Saints Lieux et Habous des jihad Comite ol rv the drive would ´ Commission el’Institut de 7 Besides E ´ toile Downloaded By: [UVA Universiteitsbibliotheek SZ] At: 14:16 27 August 2007 ot fia nieospol iigb u sides’. our by living people indigenous African North loage htIlmcihmto iul a otk lc namosque, a in access have place could mosque take a to in purified had been had rituals Paradise’. ‘Allah’s who Cottin to inhumation those Marseilles. the only in improve Islamic that sojourned to mentioning that or will transited the argued who by also Muslims motivated of primarily two conditions was with developed miserable Marseilles, had in he which living initiative, Algerians the that underlined Cottin Interestingly, communique A workers. migrant 2,000 some by attended was which Africaine Nord uhrte o h rjc,Cti rt etrt h rfc fteBouches-du- the follows: of as prefect initiative public the the of promoted support to He the letter committee. enlarge a to wrote effort Cottin an Rho project, In mosque the station. this the railway for of of Charles construction president authorities the the St. for become the estate to to in real agreed next group offered only also real-estate not but Tasso, a committee, Henri of patronage city, founder the other of the Mayor in the 1937 The created appeared In Cottin, period. also Louis interwar mosque’ Marseilles, the ‘monumental in a cities with French soldiers Muslim honouring niis once hog eain fcmec,taeadacmo history. common the a and to trade commerce, dependent contrast mutually of two relations as in Africa through North Parisian connected was and the entities, Marseilles both of This created by was Marseilles. enjoyed image African An be transited elites. North to ordinary was or for which Mosque, in provide Paris to sojourned intended again, who foremost once Interestingly, and Muslims Marseilles. first of was council put mosque municipal the be the the by Marseilles because discussed of was and Paris. Mosque issue in the struggles, Institute that Muslim political the insisted of party had aegis Mosque the local Paris under of the because of president 1937 in abandoned ie h ra ubro aulisaogteclna odes h daof idea the soldiers, colonial the among casualties of number great the Given h dao uligamsu nMrele eperdi coe 92we the when 1942 October in reappeared Marseilles in mosque a building of idea The ˆ edprmn,i hc erqetdhsapoa n nie i oji the join to him invited and approval his requested he which in department, ne oqeo asilswl eatsioyo h rnhgaiuetwrsour towards gratitude French the fatherland. of the of building. for testimony possibility sanctified died a the have a be who of of brothers will absence deprived Muslim Marseilles the are of of city them. because Mosque for our religion hostel in a their to reserving inhabitants Marseilles by practicing for affection 20,000 obligation our Muslims an of the was of testimony Moreover, it a condition that brothers miserable thought Arab have the our we offer to and city repeatedly our drawn transit who been has attention Our leaders treacherous We the brothers. make Muslim our and 287). of France 2000: blood Bayoumi imperialist the in of Steegs, from (cited the game hands wither Saints, red the the have Lyauteys, unmask still the must them with of banquet will All Habil etc. el Mohammed Si inaugurated. Bey be will mosque so-claimed The EA,MsaiHd,ognsdapoetaanttemsu n1926 in mosque the against protest a organised Hadj, Messali (ENA), 9 oevr h oqecudhl o‘oal nt h 22,000 the unite ‘morally to help could mosque the Moreover, Comite ora fEhi n irto Studies Migration and Ethnic of Journal ´ ... asili el Mosque la de marseillais h utnMua ose n the and Youssef Moulay Sultan The 8 10 eetees h rjc was project the Nevertheless, bourgeoisie ´ ´ eMarseille de e proclaimed: n Muslim and ... The 991 . Downloaded By: [UVA Universiteitsbibliotheek SZ] At: 14:16 27 August 2007 rnhitrss nyteproaiyo e hbi,‘ Ghabrit, 152). 2000: Ben (Renard an of developments become such personality might against against the be Ghabrit guarantee would French Only Ben that Marseilles. the activities’ co-opted interests. ‘non-religious in the that in French by project engage mentioned might controlled mosque ‘Arabs’ 1951, not where the enclave was April abuse that 21 might mosque report nationalists dated A A influence. that Services, his feared use Secret to authorities Churches tried French also of Ghabrit Separation the Ben the said scenes, by on now the elites. Law Behind was 1905 Muslim State. It the the directly. co-opted and violated intervene far- the subvention to of a municipal decided part the government was that not national This the the were in point who francs. now this Muslims was million At Marseilles Algerian in 2 local project of mosque of the hands subvention that meant a which Louis decision, with reaching in new together partner a committee, a founded new been had 1937, had Mosque of who project tradition’. Talmoudi, Islamic mosque shopkeeper, the Cottin’s ‘against Algerian be to an said was However, Frenchmen non-Muslim of committee a project that mosque feared the They controlling Mosque. on insist Paris again the once Marseilles. of would in Ghabrit, leaders Ben the rector, consulting the from refrained had oetbihamsu nra saeta a enlae y‘ non-Muslim ‘a by leased the that been gift suggested rector its had the reconsider interests, that should strategic municipality estate his pursuing the real further Ghabrit, and, on Ben tradition’ Islamic to mosque the According ‘against representatives association’. was a with it that Marseilles establish said in he to officials meeting these To a municipality. organised the of himself he 1950, November oiy,tikn htcmlac ihti eaieycepdmn o ryrrooms prayer ‘mosque for pragmatic demand a cheap developed relatively company this to The with decided strikers. compliance hastily the that SONACOTRA Kepel of thinking policy’, by (see demands and France the owned in to food foyers foyers in ritually-prepared the give other until of to rent administrators spread their The strikes pay 1991). The lived provided. to who customary were refused workers rooms daily Saint-Denis Muslim prayer in when and developed foyer foyers. workers, needs strikes a African of religious in West in movement their and a lived 1975 North for In with 1950s feasts provisions practices. populated religious demanded the were Christian that also celebrate since foyers Muslims to the France able in been in and had there, arrived workers Italian who and Portuguese workers migrant Practice Islamic Most for Facilities and Guestworkers for Arrangements during Marseilles in Mosque Grand a establishing escape vanished. to of year, times chances same colonial the last of August the in Tunis creditors, to his fled Committee Muslim the of secretary aose iu ansd l’Islam de Saints Lieux et Habous 992 h uiiaiynwfcdapolmbcueteetbiheto h oqeby mosque the of establishment the because problem a faced now municipality The they that Marseilles of Mayor the to mentioned architects mosque the 1949 In .Maussen M. ´ e h uiia oni fMrele o eie ogv h adt the to land the give to decided now Marseilles of council municipal The . 11 paetyBnGartddntlk en ietakdbcue in because, side-tracked being like not did Ghabrit Ben Apparently ih sals oqei asilsinstead. Marseilles in mosque a establish might Comite 13 m el France la de ami hn nadto,the addition, in When, ´ uumn orla pour Musulmane Socie ,wsa was ’, ´ te ´ 12 des Downloaded By: [UVA Universiteitsbibliotheek SZ] At: 14:16 27 August 2007 ntect.I hsnwcnet oqeetbihethdbcm contentious a become had Gaston establishment Marseilles, mosque context, of Islam new and Mayor this immigrants of the In rejection city. of of the climate growing response in the of The illustrative appearance’. was Defferre, ‘Islamic more a Marseilles of Mosque Grand the as known colloquially h iy nteery18steAgra weso h mosque the of owners fac Algerian a add the to and mosque 1980s of the centre enlarge early the in larger office the A post housing former Marseilles. In a in public in worship city. 1977 of large in established houses the from been Islamic and hidden had 30 worship largely foyers about of remained house were in there and 1985 there lodging By established view. found were rooms had Prayer complexes. workers 142). migrant 1991: Kepel Most 2005; rights cultural Galembert the (De for workers outdated support migrant rapidly about 1977 the became ideas countries, immigrants of towards from home of many policies their because, that to restrictive return acknowledged ideas more not was and would these of it municipal favour When of of in immigration. out labour funds decided if came politicians Public subventions extra French France. much add onwards, in would not imams, government worship and the Nevertheless, of used; books necessary. be asked religious houses to send were up authorities to authorities set French workers regional help migrant Moreover, the to the spaces. of to and origin those financially municipal of contribute of countries to and neighbour- the asked equipment the departmental were in and They that prayer-houses lived. decoration create Muslims suggested to many (Kepel where was available duties’ hoods for spaces It religious ‘traditionally, make their translation). public would that from authorities included given my separated worship, which be 143, of and cannot 1991: life migrants houses cultural of of their life establishment Muslims, cultural the the for for of support State favour of Under-Secretary in the programme 1976, a In life’ allow out daily translation). sent their would my Workers of Migrant worship 141, rituals important 1991: of the Kepel Houses of in one Islam. (cited France, practise in ‘recreate, to to able workers migrant be should migrants African migrants the The the 81). of in 1996: activities Michalak cultural and for l’immigration Diop France. support 2005; in advocated Galembert stay commission (De their social foyers during French practice a religious 1971 and In cultural their maintain to workers and (Diop religious environment and physical cultural 82). and into 1996: social rooms Michalak inhospitable migrant prayer otherwise Muslim make rooms. an 1986, to prayer in with money safe-havens and equipped and were 1976 time France invested in between foyers workers all and, and of foyer-owning cent example residents, Other per SONACOTRA’s 126). Muslim 80 1991: followed the (Kepel foyers by soon the gesture in companies peace symbolic social significant reinstate thus a would as perceived be would n15 leinwresetbihdasalIlmchueo ryri Marseilles. in prayer of house Islamic small a established workers Algerian 1953 In migrant of will the of supportive whole the on were authorities public French 17)soeo epc o h utrliett n eiiu practices religious and identity cultural the for respect of spoke (1977) * h ocle ‘ so-called the circulaire rmto culturelle promotion ¸ d otebidn hc ol ietemosque the give would which building the to ade otepeet hc addw departmental a down laid which prefects the to ora fEhi n irto Studies Migration and Ethnic of Journal ’ * * n etoe htNorth that mentioned and se h uiiaiyto municipality the asked ovlepltqede politique Nouvelle * hc was which 993 Downloaded By: [UVA Universiteitsbibliotheek SZ] At: 14:16 27 August 2007 hr euaimwsrsetd h e oqewst eoeapaeof place a become to was mosque and new spoken was The French respected. where ( mosque ‘integration’ was a become secularism to in Marseilles 1863 worship in where Muslims would enable and who would Muslims’, mosque new ‘French 1862 the that argue between also could for Marseilles said, be of community could centre This organisations. and community the emancipate religious Jewish invoke to the their could able about Mosque of instance, been Grand had because a who accepted establishing minorities become of immigrant idea about the discourses Marseilles, local of context the In In established. be should ( would of Mosque France’ Mosque seat Grand of ( the the ‘Islam Moreover, Grand city. an as the represent function central in symbolically Muslims would of a Mosque’ representatives ‘Cathedral main city the so-called idea the French the around terms together each institutional came a France 1980s in in late Islam the of new that In future a country. the that the about acknowledge in notions to developed of began had number France presence that Islamic 1980s permanent the of of form beginning the at only was It the leaving Mosques Cathedral Arabs the Establishment Mosque see and to Citizenship Marseilles to come who tourists Committee: Mosque the mosque’. the want of chairman don’t the I to said place Mayor a the it, ‘Make has rumour As issue. salsmn fahg oqewt oa rudsraeo ,0 m 9,000 of surface ground total a with mosque the huge which for planned mosque a project a The of complex. for cultural establishment project and commercial a religious, presented a comprised Slimani, Mustapha businessman, Algerian iae iig5 ersit h k,adwihwudpoiefr1,0 o17,000 to 15,000 for provide would which and sky, the into metres 50 rising minaret ieso faCterlo h n nPrs.H added: He Paris’. in one Marseilles the or of Cathedral Mayor a the of 1989 dimension and October premises In existing view. in Vigouroux from located were hidden mosques largely larger were the worship, of houses smaller 2004). Bowen (cf. France in Muslims of presence 994 nilmfranc islam un este e asatrteMyrhdoee hswno fopruiy local a opportunity, of window this opened had Mayor the after days ten then Less nMrele hr xse he agrmsusi h ae18s utlk the like Just 1980s. late the in mosques larger three existed there Marseilles In htmsu,adntol h ulm.Ta twl ea beto curiosity. of object an be will it That Muslims. the only not and mosque, that atta h epe the people, the that want I utb yblfrteMsiso asils i ieteCterli o the for mosque is a Cathedral such the Moreover, like city. bit the A Marseilles. for of place Muslims first the the for Christians. In symbol a beautiful. be be must to it want I .Maussen M. 14 * * elrdta efvue h salsmn fa‘elmsu fthe of mosque ‘real a of establishment the favoured he that declared inte hc ul nAotlcCuc ewe 98ad13.Btone But 1933. and 1928 between Church Apostolic an built which ¸ ... 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Downloaded By: [UVA Universiteitsbibliotheek SZ] At: 14:16 27 August 2007 salsmn fa‘elmsu’i asils ulm eesi ob forced be be to said to shelters’, said religious Marseilles. degrading were in and Islam Muslims of ‘unworthy marginalisation in Marseilles. the of and in emblematic cellars mosque’ in worship ‘real to speech debate. a public of of in trope figure establishment important the legiti- among an as for institutions, exclusion function need representative and to the continued injustice and Mosques’ on ‘Cathedral of debates interlocutors ongoing feelings Muslim the mitigating mate given of and Moreover, visibility populations. space the something Muslim worship, public as for represented spaces in was adequate Islam creating mosques agenda about Building the simultaneously on France. high was in figured that Islam still establishment on mosque discussions 1990s the of of half second Marseilles the of In Centre Religious and Cultural Islamic The decided and project joint 1990. a in with project up come the to off able call not to were that Marseilles argued municipality in problems the Muslims with protest, ‘overburdened the public already with was Confronted city immigration’. the by that caused arguing by mosque the against ersne h urn iuto napooaiehaln:‘asils 1 church 117 ‘Marseilles: headline: provocative a in bells situation current the represented ( n gtIlmoti h pn olaetefre fdrns eidadt go to and behind darkness of forces religion’. the our leave organise to to as open, so the light in the towards out Islam ‘get and 99o hte ulmsuet eealwdt ertehasafi French in headscarf the wear to allowed were in the students discussions schools, polemical Muslim public of whether background on the Against 1989 Marseilles. of identity became Christian project Marseilles. extreme-right of the this Mosque’ ‘Cathedral opinion future the public of Marseilles. illustrative within in as representatives understood unfortunately, associations’ Muslim somewhat the of with However, expectations touch of and out ideas completely the seemed project megalomaniacal Slimani’s worshippers. ihnsmr pcs codn oShi Bencheikh place taking Soheib and to invisible According as practice spaces. religious sombre Islamic within of image an construct to helped dawsta eta oqewudb ul htwudb diitrdb a by administered be would that with combined built be would be centre would religious The mosque representatives. 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Marseilles imams Greater and associations of Muslim institute, cultural local local of a faction with ‘transparent’, combined be be would would the that and mosque Islam resembling liberal a a of for favour stand in would out spoke who Bencheikh, Soheib hnteCM n hi liscm u itrosi h lcin o regional a for elections the in victorious out came However, allies ‘mufti’. their the and and Paris CIME of Mosque the the when with affiliated committees mosque the 996 fe h is eiso ernsi perdta iecnesswsgrowing was consensus wide a that appeared it hearings of series first the After nteps-etme 1cnet hnpbi pno nFac a increasingly was France in opinion public when context, 11 post-September the In n20 tbcm la httemncplt neddt ina gemn with agreement an sign to intended municipality the that clear became it 2003 In ilgs h er lrclgr hnh rahsadlycohswe eteaches Algerian he when bearded clothes a lay Islam. strict One and Zerfaoui, preaches a dancing. he Mourad when and preach ( by garb music clerical who led wears like who clerics is activities biologist movement fundamentalist opposes popular that in Koran increasingly however, surge the years, big, recent a of a Islam’ In interpretation witnessed of wants performances. face dance beautiful has He ‘the and show tie. 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Sarkozy, the anti-colonial Nicolas in of Mosque Interior, Paris protests the the of to establishment the resemblance against striking leaders a Muslim displayed arguments These and ethnic Fre in each (cited worship where of houses neighbourhoods own different its an has was in leading community France religious practiced in A Islam parishes’, of obsolete. that number of suggested become greater Geisser, Vincent ‘Islam perhaps a Marseilles, that has in Islam now had concept on However, built scholar the be 1980s. should exists, late Mosque mosques the Grand since middle-sized single France a city, in French voiced major been a each in of that, idea terms The in worship of houses Islam Islamic of future the Perhaps of the Marseilles. think foresaw ( in Islam’ which to centres ‘neighbourhood way better Islamic under renovated was and were been projects mosques it had new middle-sized Marseilles of of in number worship establishment a of Besides, houses outdated enlarged. was existing Mosque or the Grand of a of municipality establishing Many the of idea anyhow. situation, the new perhaps the that with argued Faced Marseilles associations. these bypass Bouches-du-Rho to afford the in council Muslim n‘sai utr’ a lose sadbosmrto hs ulig.Arepre- A buildings. declared: these region of Lyon merit the in dubious and association a foreign Muslim to, as local of a enthusiastically seen alien interest of an also non-Muslims of sentative that as was out Centre culture’, that Islamic and seen ‘Islamic the fact visit in was to authorities wanted the and Mosques’ mosques, Moreover, public beautiful welcomed ‘Cathedral Islam. French of with, of incompatible concept who tutelage communities, The Muslim the governments. of emancipation both the of rejected illustrative was mosques ghettos’.private ‘ethno-religious as of spoken was what in populations France de Islamiques h edfra Ilmo rne ore htteetbiheto rvt Islamic private of establishment the on that insisted who worried those France’ France and of however, in ‘Islam some, centres an by for questioned was need thing the good a was this ersnaie fteUI lorjce rpslfo h iitro the of Minister the from proposal a rejected also UOIF the of Representatives ersnaie fteUI rudta h ilt sals uooosand autonomous establish to will the that argued UOIF the of Representatives orciewmn hti l.Wysol hr eamnrtwe hr sn alto is call translation). no which is my there space 129, when something minaret enough 2004: a want is Bouzar be there there in we should where (cited Why we, prayer? and all. is safety, But that hygiene, women, receive of us. to terms accepted in have adequate functional; they foreign Morocco of in that holidays them their remind impression of which them monuments remind interest beautiful which not want: countries, do they mosques what visible know and We beautiful us. establish to want who sociologists The eProximite de * ´ oal yascain fiitdt the to affiliated associations by notably (UOIF) sa eproximite de Islam * ol otiuet h ute slto fMuslim of isolation further the to contribute would ˆ e uiia uhrte ol olonger no could authorities municipal ne, ´ ora fEhi n irto Studies Migration and Ethnic of Journal ). 24 ... no e Organisations des Union hsgvste the them gives This ´ oi20) Whether 2004). gosi 997 Downloaded By: [UVA Universiteitsbibliotheek SZ] At: 14:16 27 August 2007 eargued he uhrte.Acrigt h OF twudb etrfrMsisi rneto France in either state. of Muslims French control the for the of avoid better to or order be donors in foreign would centres, which Islamic it idea middle-sized UOIF, this private, establish the to objected to Aloui, According Fourad authorities. time, the at UOIF the of president h omo xtcojcsadehbt.A h ooilehbtosaEuropean a exhibitions enjoy colonial and the colonialism, in French At of France exhibits. accomplishments in the exist and admire also objects both could interlocutor could exotic Islam audience privileged of 1980s. by early the form supported the financially the as was until and authorities function period public post-colonial to French Muslim the Great in continued a authorities in as political Mosque France institution for of key Paris symbol A a imams. The as perceived of Power. Mosque, salaries Paris the the was paid colonies respect African authorities the this several colonial of in Algeria, mosques of One in establish provision ‘fanaticism’. to and, the Arab helped through French was to The Islam support. of alternative control financial an and surveillance be ensure to would based mechanisms Islam’ resistance which ‘modern ideas’, for a develop ‘French inspiration to an on wanted French constituted the Moreover, movements rule. Western reformist was against control Islamic French an under that most Islam represented fear keeping who were behind the motive leaders West surveillance The co-opted and Islam. North loyalist backing and the and by over official control rule protectorates religious their and of for Islamic colonies support equal secure strategies African and to as tried the French Islam such the times as principles to prevalent, colonial apply freedom to In argued religious refused be practice. recently, also or can until non-interference it Western-style has, However, treatment, to state Church. and adapting French State State difficulties the of of has that separation separation Islam strict the of to that model or Churches hears French secularism of often the Separation of One the basis Religion. on the and Law forms the which of State centennial the and the celebrated France 2005, In Conclusion committees. mosque French within radicalism influences Islamic foreign of against spreading guarantee These the a members, fund. constitute and public council this then manage municipal could would representatives as that political association such the officials, of members elected become could that suggested Sarkozy 2005 ue20 hth a eie oakoldetene o utpiiyo ossof houses of multiplicity a for need an the for acknowledge and to worship decided had he that 2004 June ’uoee el Me la de et Arabe l’Europe the Monde renamed du establish- Institut now the centre, support Marseille to cultural de wanted Musulman a still municipality of The ment future. indeterminate an to 998 ntematm h ao fMrele,Ja-lueGui,hddcae in declared had Gaudin, Jean-Claude Marseilles, of Mayor the meantime the In .Maussen M. * aedw oteptoiigo ulmascain yFec public French by associations Muslim of patronising the to down came ´ sa eproximite de Islam diteranne h e etewst eetbihdi oprto ihthe with cooperation in established be to was centre new The . nPrsadwt h future the with and Paris in ´ e nMarseilles. in ´ h ln o rn oqewr relegated were Mosque Grand a for plans The . 26 27 ntttClue uMneArabo- Monde du Culturel Institut Muse ´ e iiiain de Civilisations des e 25 * The so Downloaded By: [UVA Universiteitsbibliotheek SZ] At: 14:16 27 August 2007 Notes would I text. based. Meindert English is his the article and this of for Hajer which Bader, Ine on Veit thank Maarten research issue, to PhD like to special my of this thanks supervisors of the Special guest-editor Fennema, encouragements. the thank and to comments like an and also 2005, would Religion May I ‘Public in Amsterdam workshop in the B6) in anonymous Cluster participants (IMISCOE the Democracy’ thank Secular to and like particularly would I control Acknowledgements the under not is which Islam the an seen state. from for be French place to the themselves a remains make of It liberate to governments. willing to foreign is France and seek whether authorities public infrastructure French of religious tutelage own their establish or retreat’ self-imposed ‘communitarian and so-called (the communautaire segregation France repli further in of communities migrant threat of private a isolation that constitute fear Some centres growing emerged. a religious way. have and Islamic centres under Islam’ Islamic ‘neighbourhood are middle-sized of projects private, reality of several urban number new and a established years but French recent been several in society, have However, In Islam’. French Mosques ‘French in a City of Islam these emergence for the ‘Cathedral cities of place establish illustrative 1990s, a to be was also need the would there the which throughout that of show terms and would in 1980s which about Mosques’, talked late was the a fully establishment as be mosque In function would ‘fundamentalism’. could which which France’ to and values of counterweight modern ‘Islam public and an secularism heated develop French to to with subject compatible was became idea such freedom important issues religious An France, and in debate. settling visibility became permanently treatment, were it equal Muslims When that as rooms. 1980s prayer early and the in meals clear ritually-prepared as willing such were practice, and Islamic practices, religious and contribute cultural practice to their Islamic maintain to and workers transient society, French from lives foyers their distance lived workers a Migrant guestworkers. at transient as later and workers colonial a as staged practice religious Muslim of and vivant architecture Islamic of displays 1 neapeo hsnraiei en rdcdi h ilso cdmcsuis hc use which studies, academic of titles the in produced being is narrative this of example An [1] sa a loapr fFec oit hnMsissjundi rneas France in sojourned Muslims when society French of part a also was Islam h mg fte‘it farlgo’t pa fIlmi rne(e eai19;Kpl1991). Kepel 1995; Cesari (see France in Islam of speak to religion’ a of ‘birth the of image the * . a agl idnfo iw rnhpbi uhrte encouraged authorities public French view. from hidden largely was JEMS * ˆ lofinancially also rg eSuaadNtleRwadfrterhl ihteediting the with help their for Rowland Natalie and Sousa de Trigo s eee,frtercmet na ale eso fti article. this of version earlier an on comments their for referee, .Oecnas ru htMsi omnte nFac which France in communities Muslim that argue also can One ). * oteetbiheto iiu rvsosfor provisions minimum of establishment the to ora fEhi n irto Studies Migration and Ethnic of Journal * nbrakcmsand camps barrack in tableau 999 Downloaded By: [UVA Universiteitsbibliotheek SZ] At: 14:16 27 August 2007 2]O estsfraMsi uinei rneoecnra ttmnsagigthat arguing statements read can one France in audience Muslim a for websites officiel’, islam On son rejette ‘Marseilles [24] See [23] 2]‘akz etasce e arsa maires les associer veut ‘Sarkozy [25] 2]Se‘ulm eaigodFrance’, old remaking ‘Muslims See [22] 2]S ecek,Mntso h ernsb h uiiaiyo asils coe 2001. October Marseilles, of the municipality by the represented by were Hearings associations translation. the These my of 2002, Minutes March Bencheikh, [21] 20 S. befriended Bencheikh, Soheib a with with [20] Interview together had, Bencheikh [19] Soheib 1995, in Marseilles in arrived he When [18] 1]Itriwwt h o ftefre rsdn fteMsu omte,Mhn Alili, Mohand Committee, over Mosque control Vigouroux, the keep Robert of to with president Mosque Interview former Paris the the of [15] of son strategy the a with of Interview part was [14] this that argues Renard ‘De Marseilles: Archives, [13] Municipal [12] 1]‘asil:17clochers 117 ‘Marseille: [17] 1]MncplAcie,Mrele:Dsirsu se sous Dossier Marseilles: Archives, Municipal [11] 1]‘Pe [16] 1]Cti,itriwo 7Ags 97 ie in cited 1937, August 27 of interview Cottin, [10] 2 onBwnpit oadfeet huhi yve eae,nraiewihwsdrawn was which narrative related, view my in though different, a to points Bowen John [2] 9 e Ctemosque ‘Cette See [9] 6 hsacuti ae nasuyo h rgnlfieo h Aatpoe evlaeaaeet arabe village de ‘Avant-projet the of file original the the of especially study and a (1986), on based Leprun is see account Marseilles This in exhibitions colonial the [6] of images For [5] and Islam, Algerian representing council single a of (2005). creation Soper the and suggested Fetzer commission (2007); This Bader example, for See, [4] [3] 8 etro h ‘ the Muslim of the Letter of website the and mosque the [8] of description detailed a for (2000) Bayoumi See [7] 1000 lam.com/article.php?sid acrigt sa’i smr motn omk oeshatbatfl hnt decorate to than beautiful’ mais heart d’accord ‘one’s mosques: make belles to de ‘Construire important See more buildings. is mosque it Islam’ to ‘according ltomta a salse ntelt 1980s. late the in established was that platform rhtc,dvlpdapoetfraGadMsu n ulmIsiuei Marseilles. in Institute Muslim a plans. and these Mosque of came Grand ever a much for nothing However, project a developed architect, asils 2Mrh20,m translation. 152). my 2000: 2002, (Renard March Bordeaux 22 and Marseilles, Lille Marseilles, in 1940s the in projects mosque 1949. March 25 administratifs, services d’E ilnns fimgat o‘nert’adaatt rnhclue n ftedge of degree the of and the culture, of French indicator to an 44 from as adapt (2004: abstained framed and Muslims was Muslims of ‘integrate’ headscarf, ‘assimilation’ some to a that immigrants wearing of fact or praying willingness the The as newcomers. or such migrant These practices, of practices, in integration 1990s. certain religious Islam the the of Muslim or assimilation development in of of the processes Islam significance studied of on and light the framework writing in analytical sociologists France common and a scientists used researchers political French by upon aye nteAcie fteCabro omreo asils Se Marseilles. of Commerce of Chamber the of Archives the in kabyle’ Boe and Religion Blanchard and by State book of recent separation the of principle the ( upon 2006). Algeria the infraction 2005; in by an (Achi scholars religious supported as Muslim Muslim and State by of of established both Council Council financing rejected Muslim and was official management state an the colonial of and idea worship this of However places practice. the of charge in nttt o itrso h osrcino h oqe www.mosque-de-paris.com, mosque: the of construction the 2006. (1992). June of Leprun 28 also pictures accessed See ‘Muslim’. for and ‘Kabyle’ ‘Arab’, Institute as village the to refer texts The 1917. .Maussen M. ´ ´ iinpu n mosque une pour tition icto ’n mosque d’une dification comite ´ u evtjmi ejour le jamais vit ne qui e ´ epatronage de ... ´ 1 cesd9Dcme 2005. December 9 accessed 61, ea ze ´ ´ ea ` ominaret’, ro Marseille’, ` asil’ Nt ormniu eMie,drcerdes directeur Maire’, le monsieur pour ‘Note Marseille’. ae 2Jn 97 ytranslation. my 1937, June 22 dated ’ ` tc (2005). ¨tsch ´ rfsinPolitique Profession agsindscultes’, des gestion la ieain osi uiia’ pi 1951. 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